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NORTH AMERICA : 


CONTAINING 
j GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF 
RHE INDIGENOUS PLANTS AND COMMON 
tee EXOTICS, 


GROWING 


ey sre 2 OF PTE A ne OF MEXICO. 


ie og 


BY PROF. AMOS EATON. 


—j>—— 


“THAT EXISTENCE IS SURELY CONTEMPTIBLE, WHICH REGARDS ONLY 
THE GRATIFICATION OF INSTINCTIVE WANTS, AND THE PRESERVa- 
TION GF A BODY MADE TO PERISH.” Linneus, 


A SE ET ST 
FIFTH EDITION. 
REVISED, CORRECTED, AND MUCH EXTENDED. 


ALBANY: 


oe PRINTED BY WEBSTERS AND SKIN NERS, 
¥ nant their Bookstore, in the White House, corner of State and Pearl Streeis, 


NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW-YORK, ss. 


BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the tweilth day of 
January, in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the 
United States of America, A. D. 1829, Wxssrzrs and Szin- 
NERS, of the said district, have deposited in this office, the 
title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, 
in the words following, to wit: 


S| A Manual of Botany, for North America ; containing generic and specific 
Descriptions of the indigenous Plants and common cultivated Exotics, grow- 
ing north of the Gulf of Mexico. By Prof. Amos Eaton. Fifth Edition, 
revised, corrected and much extended,” 


In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled “an 
act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, 
and books, to the authorsand proprietors of such copies, during the times there- 
in mentioned,” and also to the act entitled ‘‘ an act supplementary to an act en- 
titled an act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, 
charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during | 
times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of de- 
signing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints.” , 


RICHARD R. LANSING, 
Clerk of the Dis. Court of U. §. for the N, District of New-York: 


i 0. a1 
Ea io) mm 
S 1329 NOTICES. 


— 


Sas - BOTANICAL DISTRICTS. 


The Northern and Southern districts are separated by a line 
drawn from the mouth of the Delaware river (N. Lat, 39°— 
_W. Lon. 75°) in a direction to intersect the south end of lake 

i. & Michigan (N. Lat. 41° 30/)—leaving all Pennsylvania and 
of the north part of Delaware, of Maryland, and of Ohio, in the 

<* Northern district. This direction of the division line is re- 
| quired, because southern plants extend to higher latitudes on 
the western side of the Allegany range, than on the eastern 
side. 

_ Plants of the Northern district are set at the head of the ge~ 
nera under each order or section, and at the head of the species 
nder each genus. Exotics stand next; and plants of the 
eee district last. 

= A plant of the Northern district, which grows in the Southern 

? district also, is marked with the letter S, at the end of the de- 
_ © scription. 

(The letters E and W are used, within the parenthesis follow- 
ie i ing the specific names, to denote that the plant is found in the 
~ Eastern or Western division of either of the districts. 

The Allegany mountain is the division line in the Southern 
district; a line drawn from the intersection of the Allegany 


mountain and the river Potomack, in the direction of Cayuga 


hy jake, is the division line in the Northern district. 

The letter O, (omnibus locis ) indicates, that the plant is com- 
mon to the whole district. 
<> Thé letter A, (alpine) indicates, that the plant is most com- 


mon on mountains or other highly cp ae places. 


ees ee! 
et? 2b 


bel 


sl Ge 
The letter L, (Uittoribus) indicates, that the plant is most 
common at or near the seashore, 


Particular localities will be referred to places by name. Few 
such cases, however, will occur. 


MisceLuaneous Notices. 


The alphabetical arrangement of genera, under which spe- 
cies are described, presents numerous advantages. One in- 
convenience, however, has hitherto attended this method. It 
arose from the difficulty of distinguishing the genera in some 
of those classes which include very natural assemblages of 
them; such as those of the classes Didynamia, Tetradynamia, 
Diadelphia, &c. Consequently we are obliged to resort to the 
characters of the species under several of the nearest genera : 
which are widely separated by the alphabetical araiiiecet 
To obviate this difficulty, the name of the next genus, in the 
arrangement of genera, is set at the end of the last specific de- 
scription ; which will enable the student to follow the species 
of genera, as set down where they are described. For exam- 
ple, the student supposed his plant to be a Sium ; but could not 
make it agree with any of the species. At the end of the des- 
cription of the last species, he would find Cicuta, whichis the 
next genus. He would turn to that and proceed through the 
species ; and at the end of the last find the name of the next 
genus, &c. &c,* 


* For improvements in localities, arrangements, additional materials, &c. I 
am chiefly indebted to the works of Pursh, Elliot, Torrey, Dewey, Nuttall, 
Bigelow, Darlington, James, Beck, Halsey, Schwinitz, Schoolcraft, De Kay, 
and Brace. Also to the labours and manuscript communications of many zeal- 
ous friends of the science. Amoug other favours of this kind, Doctors Pitcher 
and Cooley furnished me with extensive catalogues, mostly accompanied with 
specimens, of the plants of the Michigan and Northwest territories. Dr. Em- 
mons furnished me with the result of his investigations in the Cryptogamous 
class in the western part of Massachusetts.) My deceased son, Timothy Dwight 
Eaton, left in manuscript his minute investigations along the Erie canal line, ac- 
companied with specimens. Messrs. G. W. Clinton, J. Eights, and W. Akin, 
have furnished occasionally very acceptable materials. Several officers of the 
U. S. Army have contributed interesting localities This class of citizens are 
becoming very zealous in the cause of natural science; and will, probably, 
soon take the lead in this department of human knowledge. 


“ose ee ees se ee 


A ee - ¥ 
by ; 


The generic descriptions are considerably enlarged in this 
edition ; but some of the specific descriptions contain fewer 
words. In such cases, the terms used are more definite and 
expressive ; but inno case have I omitted a character, which 
was of any use in the description. In difficult and doubtful 
cases, the specific descriptions are enlarged. As the learner 
always commences with comparing generic and specific des- 
criptions with plants, which he has labelled from the mere dic- 
trim of his teacher, such condensed descriptions are most fa- 
vourable to his progress. 

For a mere pocket manual and school book, every experienc- 
ed collecter and teacher feels the want of a more extended sys- 
tem. Every where west of Cayuga lake, plants of a southern 
character extend to higher latitudes than they do farther east. 
But the 1 most important object in this extension of the Manual 
to the Southern and Wes «rn states, is, to furnish the student 
with a convenient book for examining plants received from dis- 
tant states by way of exchange. For, I presume, there is not a 
_ Northern or Southern botanist, but exchanges plants with very 
“distant correspondents. 


Norrn American Paenocamous GENERA. 


139 genera peculiar to the Northern district. 
203 genera peculiar to the Southern district. 
438 genera common to both districts. 
750 genera are indigenous to North America. 
85 genera of Exotics include those commonly cultivated. 
865 genera are all, that may be expected by the student in 
North American Phenogamous Botany. 7 


NortH AMERICAN Cryrprocamous GENERA. 


28 genera of Filices include the whole. 

43 genera of Musci include about all the proper Mosses, 
4 genera of Hepaticae include the Hepatic Mosses. 

‘17 genera of Algae include about all that order. 

33 genera of Lichenes include about all that order, 


r 


55 genera of Fungi include about all that order. 

180 genera of Cryptogamous plants are described in this Ma- 
nual. But, excepting Filices, the plants of this class 
require much improvement. e 

4045 genera are described in this Manual. See end of spe- 
cies. 

The star (*) is placed before generic names set at the end 
of orders or of sections, to denote that they must be referred to 
their proper places by the aid of the alphabetical arrangement 
of the genera. Such plants separate themselves from their na- 

. tural associates by varying from the artificial character. 


DirnecrTions ror Stupyinc Puanrs. 


We should always label our plants, before we put them in 
press between sheets of paper. If we have doubts as to the 
generic or specific name, we should annex the interrogation 
character, and take time for a more critical examination. 

Several specimens of a species should be collected for analy- 
sis, and set into water pots. ‘These will be suitable for exami- 
nation for several days; and some plants will remain in bloom 
a week or more. But all specimens which are to be preserved 
by absorbing the moisture contained in them with bibulous pa- 
per, should be collected when dry, and preserved without im- 
mersing any part of them in water. 

Small plants, and all sizes of species which crisp readily on 
being collected, should be put between the leaves of a port fo- 
lio in the field. Others may be collected in a tin box—the 
common tin candle box is well adapted to this purpose. 

Those who intend to become authors of botanical treatises, 
should collect large specimens. But small specimens are suf- 
ficient and most convenient, when the object is merely to re- 
fresh the recollection of a plant. In the former case, plants 
must be put up in large folio—in the latter case, pocket duode- 
cimos are best. Duplicates, triplicates, &c. should be collect- 
ed and preserved, of all scarce plants, or of those which are 


eo oe Wee ee .. ~T 4 
ns 9 


peculiar to a few districts. By this measure useful exchanges 
may be made, and the science improved, 

Specimens of all stages of growth and maturity should be 
collected in the most natural families; such as the umbellifer- 
ous, labiate, cruciform, papilionaceous, syngenesious, &c. be- 
cause the unopened and opened flower, the immature and ma- 
ture pericarp, seed, &c. are often required in the analysis of a 
plant belonging to such natural assemblages. 

In cases of doubt and difficulty, we must collect specimens 
in all stages of growth and maturity; but we may generally as- 
certain the genus and species without the developement of all 
the characters. This may be effected by an examination and 
comparison of all the descriptions in an order or section, so far 
as to exclude the plant under consideration from all the genera 
or species but one. This one may be assumed for the time; 
and the plant so labelied. 

We should never presume that the plant under examination 
is not described. Sucha decision requires much reflection and 
good advice. Many vain botanists are continually in search 
of new species ; and their vanity leads them into gross absurd- 
ities. Hence we see some of our ambitious botanists perpe- 
tually offering new species to the scientific public ; which they 
are compelled as often to retract. There is not, probably, 50 
undescribed species of Phenogamous plants in the United 
States—perhaps not one species, east of the Mississippi. But 
many plants are still badly described ; and every botanist 
should aid in correcting errors and deficiencies. 

‘This may be received as the result of universal experience. 
<* No one can be a botanist, without collecting plants and mak~ 
‘¢ ing up an herbarium with his own hands.” 

To prepare for analyzing a plant, the student should study 
the seven elementary organs, as defined by Linneus. The sta- 
mens and pistils must be carefully examined. The plant may 
then be referred to its place among the classes and orders. In 


ease of doubtful terms, the grammar of botany must be 
perpetually referred to. But in most cases, the annexed sy- 
nopsis will be sufficient, after studying the grammar of botany, 
or any other elementary system.* 

As the study of plants by their natural affinities is essential to 
a knowledge of the science of vegetables ; a reference to the 
natural order, to which every plant belongs, is set down, in a 
corresponding number, at the end of the generic description. 
The natural orders and the sub-orders are described in the gram- 
mar. But for hasty reference I have inserted the names, some 
examples, and the general properties of each order, in a com- 


pact form, in this introduction, 
AMOS EATON. 


Rensselaer School, Troy, Jan. 12. 1829. 7 


* Mrs. Lincoln, of Troy Female Seminary, is preparing a familiar elemen- 
tary system. Prof. Locke’s little Treatise is valuable., Mr. Nuttall has lately 
compiled a larger work of this kind. Mr. Sumner’s Compendium contains 
much important matter. 


9 


SYNOPSIS or ARTIFICIAL CLASSES anp ORDERS. 


Ss 
2. 
3. 


of 


4 
Number 5 
6 
Stamens. y 


8. 
9 
0 
%. 1 
Number 
and 
Position. 


Number 

and rela- 
tive 

Length. 


1 
1 
1 
1 


Connexion 
of the Sta- 
mens by 
filamets or 
anthers. 


Position 
of the 
Stamens 
relative 
to the 
Pistils. 


1 
2. 
| 3 
4. 
! 
6. 
| 16. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
l 
1 


Invisible | 21. 
or 
Caducous. 


. TETRANDRIA, 4. 
. PENTANDRIA, 6. 
. HexanpRIA, 6. 


CLAssEs. ‘ ORDERS. 
. umber of styles ; it 
oc iia ly ager se styles are wanting, number 
Tea eiith 3 of sessile stigmas. Mono- 
esi gynia, 1 style or 1 sessile 
stigma. Digynia,2. Tri- 
gynia, 3. Tetragynia, 4. 
Pentagynia, 6. Hexagynia, 
6. Heptagynia, 7. Octo- 
gynia, 8. Enneagynia, 9. 
Decagynia, 10. Polygy- 
nia, any number over 10. 


HeEpTanDRIA, 7. 
OcTanDRia, 8. 

ENNEANDAIA, 9. 
Decanpria, 10. 


IcosanpRia, over 10 

stamens, on the calyx. 

PoLyanpDria, over 10 

stamens, not on calyx. J 
| 1. Gymnospermia, _ seeds 

Dipynamia, 4 stamens, naked. 

2 of them longest. 2. Angiospermia, seeds in 

TETRADYNAMIA, 6 sta- capsules. 

mens,4 of them longest. | 1. Siliculosa, pod short. 

2. Siliquosa, pod long. 
Gla- Characters and names of 


BONA BBET HhAs receding classes. As, 1. 
aati aes ya ene Wotinndiie, 2. Diandria, 3 
EMER raat aa “si Triandria, 4, Tetrandria, 6. 
onkvedas: Pap enone 6. Segoe 
isk and ray florets com- 
Srvoenesta, anthers | ound, 1, Aequalis, 2. Su. 
pound perflua, 3. Frustranea, 4. 
. Necessaria, 5. Segregata. 
GywNanpria,stamenson) Characters and names of 
the pistil, distant from | preceding classes, (as un- 
coral. der the classes 15 and 16.) 
Monozcia, stamens in| 7 Heptandria, 8. Octan- 
flowers separate from { dria, 9. Enneandria, 10. 
pistils, on the same f Decandria, 12. Polyandria, 
plant. 16. Monadelphia. 
Diorcia, stamens in 
flowers separate from 
pistils on separate plants. ) 
Puesron larva. daineis Natural families. 1. Fi- 


lices, 2. Musci, 3. Hepati- 
cae, 4. Aigae, 6. Lichenes, 
6. Fungi. 


OMITTED CLASSES. 


invisible, wanting, or 
very caducous. 


The classes of Linneus, called Dodecandria, Polyadelphia, and Polygamia, are 
omitted ; and their respective genera are distributed among other classes. For 
the Dodecandria is a small class and the character variable. The Polyadelphia 
is exceedingly variable, and not necessary. The Polygamia is inconstant in its 
character, and the plant may be classed by the perfect flowers. See each of 
these classes and their respective orders in the Botanical Dictionary, accompa- 
nying or attached to, this Manual, under the words REJECTED CLASSES ane 
REJECTED ORDERS, 


Names . Examples. 
1. Fungi Washronty mould, 
2. Algae Lichen, eonferva. 
3. Hepaticae. Brook liverwort. 
4. Musci. Proper mosses. 
5. Filices. Brakes, polypod. 
6. Naiades. Duck meat. 

7. Aroideae, Wild turnip. 

3. Typhae. Cat tail. 

9. Cyperoideae. Sedge grass. 
10. Gramineae. Timothy grass. 

Crass IL. 

11. Palmae Date, cocoanut. 
12. Asparagi. Solomon seal. 
13. Junci. Sweet flag. 
14. Liliaceae. 
15. Bromeliae. Pine-apple. 
316. Asphodeli. Onion, hyacinth. 
17. Narcissi. Daffodil. 
18. Irides. 
19. Musae. Bread-tree. 
20. Cannae. Ginger. 
21. Orchideae. Ladies? slipper. 


10 


NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 


Pr ies. 
Tonic if drygnarcotic if juicy. 
Tonic, some used in dying. 
Tonic, refrigerant. 
Tonic, rarely cathartic, 
Secernant stimulants. 
Astringent. 


MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
Crass I. Stamens below the pistil. 


rags stomachic and antispasmodic. 
tonic. 

Tonic, coarse cattle fodder. 

Tonic, farinaceous, cattle fodder. 


Stamens surrounding the pistil. 


Weak tonic, farinaceous. 
Secernant stimulant, mild tonic. 


Secernant stimulant, antiscorbutic. — 
Tulip, addertongue. Emollient, weak secernant stimulant. 


Refrigerant. 
Expectorant, tonic, cathartic. 
Weak tonic, emollient. 


Iris, blue-eyed-grass. Antiscorbutic, tonic. 
Cuass III. Stamens on the pistil. 


. Hydrocharides. Tape-grass. 


Tonic. 

Warming stomachic. 

Emollient, stomachic, farinaceous. 
Weak tonic. 


DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, 
Section first, Flowers apetalous. 
Crass I Stamens on the germ. 


Tonic, warming stomachic, 


Stamens surrounding the germ. 


Week tonic. 

Mild emetic, antiscorbutic. 
Weak tonic. 

Secernant stimulant, stomachic. 
Mild cathartic, antiscorbutic. 
Aperient, cathartic. 


Cuass Ill. Stamens below the germ. 


23. Aristolochiae. Wild ginger. 
Crass II. 

24. Aeleagni. Pepperage tree. 

25. Thymeleae. Leather-wood. 

26. Proteae. Silver tree. 

27. Lauri. Sassafras. 

28, Polygoneae. Dock, rhubarb. 

29. Atriplices. Beet, pokeweed. 

30. Amaranthi. Cock’s comb. 

31. Plantagineay Plantain. 

32, Nyctagines. Four-o-clock. 

33. Plumbagines. Sea-lavender. 


. Lysimachiae. 


25. Pediculares, 


Weak tonic, secernant stimulant. 
Emollient. ; 

Cathartic, emetic. 

Cathartic, tonic. 


Section second. Flowers monopetalous. bes 
Crass IV. Corols belonae germ. 


Loosestrife. 
Snakeroot. 


Weak tonic, secernant stimulant. 
Tonic, cathartic. 


—/ 


11 


eS. Examples. Properties, 
6 Acanthi. Milahai wat. Emollient, weak tonic. 
37. Jasmineae. Ash, lilac. Tonic, secernant stimulant. 
38. Vitices. Vervain. Deobstruent, secernant stimulant. _ 
39. Labiatae. Sage, catnip. Secernant stimulant, stomachic, tonic 
40, Scrophulariae. Foxglove. Narcotic, absorbent, deobstruent. 
41. Solaneae. Red pepper, henbane. Narcotic,cathartic,warming stomachic. 
42. Boragineae. Comfrey. Astringent, vulnerary, emollient. 
43, Convolvuli. Jalap, dodder.  Cathartic. 
44, Polemonia. Lichnidia. Feeble tonic. 
45. Bignoniae. Snake-head. Cathartic, narcotic. 
46. Gentianae. Caroline pink.  Cathartic, tonic. 
47. Apocyneae. Milkweed. Cathartic, narcotic, deobstruent. 
48. Sapotae. Sour sop. Cathartic, antispasmodic. 
& Crass V. Corols surrounding the germ. 
49. Guaiacanae. Lignum vitae. Tonic, warming stomachic. 
50. Rhododendra. Laurel. . Tonic, narcotic. 
51. Ericae. Wintergreen. Tonic, astringent, refrigerant. 
52. Campanulaceae. Lobelia. Cathartic, emetic, deobstruent. 
Cuass VI. Corols on the germ—anthers united. 
53. Cichoraceae. - Lettuce, endive. Aperient, mild anodyne. . 
54. Cinarocephalae. Thistle, burdock. ‘Tonic, if nauseous cathartic. 


. Corymbiferae. Boneset, fleabane. Tonic, secernant stimulant. 


Crass VII. Corols on the germ—anthers separate. 


. Dipsaceae. Button bush, teasel. Weak tonic. 


Rubiaceae. Bedstraw, venus pride. Weak tonic, aperient. ' 
Caprifolia. Elder, dogwood. Tonic, cathartic if nauseous. 


Section third. _ Flowers polypetalous. 
Crass VIII. Stamens on the germ. 


59. Araliae. Ginseng, spikenard. Tonic, expectorant. 

60. Umbelliferae. Cicuta, fennel. Stomachic, narcotic if nauseous: 
Crass IX. Stamens below the germ. 

61. Ranunculaceae. Crowfoot,gold thread. Narcotic, astringent. 

62. Papaveraceae. Bloodroot, popy. Narcotic, anodyne. 

63. Cruciferae. Radish, cabbage. Diuretic, emollient stomachic. 

64. Capparides. Cieome, mignonette. Avperient, narcotic if nauseous. 

65. Sapindi. Soap-berry. Emollient. 

66. Acera. Maple tree. Aperient, diuretic. 

67. Malpighiae. Barbadoes cherry. Ayerient. 

68. Hyperica. Joho’s wort, sundew. Tonic, vulnerary. 

69. Guttiferae. Misseltoe-rose. Expectorant, secernant stimulant, 

70. Aurantia. Orange, lemon. Tonic, refrigerant. 

71. Meliae. Tea. Astringent anodyne. 

72. Vites, Grape. Astringent, refrigerant. 

73. Gerania. Wood-sorrel, geranium. Tonic, refrigerant, narcotic if nau- 

74. Malvaceae. Hollyhock. Emollient, aperient. [seous, 

75. Magnoliae. White wood. Tonic, aperient. 

76. Annonae. Custard apple. Tonic, aperient. 

77. Menisperma. Moonseed. Feeble narcotic. 

78. Berberides. Witch hazel. Astringent, refrigerant. 

79. Tiliaceae. Basswood. Emollient, aperient. 

$0. Cisti. Rock-rose, violet. Tonic. 

81. Rutaceae. Rue. Caustic, narcotic. 

82, Caryophylleae. Pink, flax, Emollient, aperient. 


12 


Crass X. Stamens surrounding the germ. 


Names. Examples. Properties. 

3. Sempervivae. Houseleek, live-forever. Emollient, vulnerary. 
84. Saxifragae. Saxifrage, currant leaf. Tonic. 
35. Cacti. Prickly pear, currant. Refrigerant, emollient, tonic: 
86. Portulacceae. Purslane. Emollient, vulnerary. 
97. Ficoideae. Ice plant. Emollient, refrigerant. 
38. Onagrae. Scabish. Tonic, aperient. 
89. Myrti. Mock orange. Tonic. 
90. Melastomae. Deer grass. Feeble tonic. 
91. Salicariae. Willow herb. Deobstruent, cathartic. 
92. Rosaceae. Apple, rose, peach. Refrigerant, tonic, astringent. 
93. Leguminosae. Cassia, pea, clover. Aperient, diureti llient. 
94. Terebintaceae. Sumach, butternut. Cathartic, emetic, narcotic. 
95. Rhamni. Winter berry, jersey tea. Cathartic, tonic. 


Section fourth. Diclinious or anomalous. 
Crass XI. Flowers mostly apetalous. 


96. Euphorbeae. = Castor bean. Cathartic, mild emetic. 

97 Cucurbitaceae. Cucumber, melon. Cathartic, refrigerant. 

98. Urticeae. Hop, hemp, fig. Tonic, anodyne. ; 

99. Amentaceae. Oak,willow,elm. Astringent, tonic, emollient. 

100. Ceniferae. Pine tree, cedar. Expectorant, secernant stimulant. 


“ABBREVIATIONS, CHARACTERS, &c: 


Time of Flowering. 
Ap. April—M. May—J. June—Ju. July—Au. August— 
S. September—Oc. October. 


Duration of Plants. 
® annual— % biennial— 24 perennial— kh woody. 
Colour of Corols. 
r. red—p. purple—y. yellow—w. white—b, blue—g. green, 


Abbreviations for /uthor’s Names, 
adjoining the specific name. 


A. Aiton—B,. Barton—Bk. Beck—BI. Bridel—Bw. Bige- 
Yow—Br. Robert Brown—C. Curtis—D. Desfontaines—Dc. 
De Candolle—Dn. Darlington—E. Elliott—Ea. Eaton—Eh. 
Ehrhart—G. Gronovius—H. Hedwig—Hn. Hoffman—Hr. 
WHeritier—J. James—Ju. Jussieu—Jn. Jacquin—L. Lin- 
neus—Lb. Lambert—Lk. Lamarck—M,. Muhlenberg—Mx. 
Michaux —Mn. Moenchausen—Mr. Murray—N. Nuttall— 
P. Persoon—Ph. Pursh—Pt. Poiret—Pb. Palisot de Beau- 
vois—R. Rafinesque—Rs. Roemer and Shultes—Rd, Richard 
—S. Smith—Sy. Salisbury—Sr. Screber—SI. Sprengel— 
Sw. Swartz—Sh. Schkuhr—Sz, Schwinitz—Sp, Sibthorp 
—T. Torrey—Tt. Tournefort—Tr. Turton—V. Ventenant— 
“W, Wildenow—Wr. Walter—Wm. Wangenheim, 


NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS. 


GENERA. 


| em BEG G«s0- 


CLASS I. MONANDRIA. 


OrperR I. Mownoeynra. 


SaLiconnia. Calyx inflated, entire, 3 or 4-sided, obconic: corol o: style 
2-cleft : seed 1, enclosed in the calyx. 12. 29—(sampbire.) S. 

Hrppuris. Calyx superior, obsolete, with a 2-lobed margin : corolo: seed 
1: stigma simple : style in a groove of the anther. 15. 88—(marestail.} 


Southern. 

Canna. Calyx double ; outer one short, 3-cleft, permanent ; inner one (or 
coro!) 6-parted ; one of the divisions reflexed: anther simple, attached to the 
margin of the filament, which is petal-like and 2-lobed: style thick, club-form ; 
stigma obtuse: capsule muricate, 3-celled: seeds numerous and globose. 8. 
20—(flowering reed.) 

Tuauia. Calyx double ; outer one small, 3-leaved ; inner one (or petal) 5; 
parted : anther simple, ovate, inserted into a depressed filament : style shor‘, 
bent from the anther: stigma perforated, ringent : capsule 2-celled, (in some 
species a l-celled nut.) 8. 20—(long stems.) 

* Scispus, Cyperus. 


OrpeER II. Dieynia. 


CALLITRICHE. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved : capsule 2-celled, membranaceous 
and margined: seeds 4, naked, compressed : {flowers sometimes monececious, 
and by some the calyx is called the corol.) 12. 88—water-starwort.) S. 

Burrum. Calyx 3-cleft, or 3-parted, berry-like: corolo: seed 1, imimersed 
in thecalyx. 12. 29—(blite.) 

Southern. 

ConisPERMUM. Calyx 2-parted : corolo : seed 1, naked, plang-convex, oval, 

‘having an acute, circular margin. 12. 29—(tickseed.) S. 
# Uniola, Saccharum. 


CLASS II, DIANDRIA. | 


OrperR I. Mownoeynia. 
A. Corol 1-petalled, inferior, regular: seeds ina drupe or nut. 


Lieustrum. Calyx 4-toothed: corol with 4 ovate divisions: berry 1 or 2- 
celled, 2to 4-seeded. 44. 37—(prim.) 

CuionanTHus. Calyx 4-parted : corol 4-parted, with very long divisions; 
nucleus of the drupe striate-fibrous. 44. 37—(fringe tree.) S. 

Ornus. Calyx 4-parted : corol 4-parted ; divisions long, ligulate : stamens 
with two barren flaments: fruit witha winged nut, 44, 37—(flowering ash.) 


ee Oi + 
14 CLASS Il, ORDER I, ; 


: née Fizoties, 

asminum. Corol salver-form, 5 to 8-cleft: perry 2-seeded, each seed soli- 

tary, arilled. 44. 37—(jasmine.) bs ws tc 
emia: Corol salver-form: capsule 2-celled. 44. 37—/(lilec.) 


Southern. 

Ores. Calyx small, 4-toothed : corol with a shorftube, 4-cleft, segments 
ovate : drupe 1-seeded, often with an abortive rudiment. 44, 37—(american 
olive.) ; 

E.yTraris. Calyx 4-parted, with the front segment cleft: corol 5-cleft, 
segments nearly equal: stamens with 2 barren filaments : capsule 2-celled, 2- 
valved; each valve having half the partition attached toit. 40. 36. 


B. Corol 1-petalled, inferior, irregular ; seeds in capsules. 


Veronica. Calyx 4-parted : corol cleft into 4 lobes, lower division small- 
er: capsule obcordaie, few-seeded, 2-celled. 40. rg gy 5 S. 

LEPTANDRA.* Calyx 5-parted, acuminate : coro! tubular, 4-cleft, with one 
division smaller : capsule ovate, 2-celled, opening at thetop. 40. 35—(cul- 
ver’s physic.) S. 

GratioLa. Calyx 5-parted or 5-leaved, sometimes with a 2-leaved caly- 
cle : corol 2-lipped, reversed, tubular, upper lip 2-lobed, under one equally 3- 
cleft: stamens 4, (2 of them barren :) stigma 2-lipped : capsule 2-celled. _ 40. 
40—(hedge-hyssop.) S. 28 

LinperRNIA. Calyx 5-parted, equal: corol reversed, tubular, ringent, the 
upper lip very short, the lower one unequally 3-cleft, 2-keeled at the base: an- 
thers cohering by pairs, 2 stamens longer, forked, barren : capsule 2-celled, 2- 
valved, the partition parallel to the valves. 40. 40. S. 

Pixcuicuta. Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip 3-cleft, lower one 2-cleft : corol rin- 
gent, with a spur at the base ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip 3-lobed, lower one 2 ; 
throat contracted : stamens and style short: stigma 2-lipped, covering the an- 
ther: capsule 1-celled, many seeded, receptacle of the seed central, uncon- 
nected, 24. 40—(butterwort.) S. 

Hemiantuus. Calyx tubular, border 4-toothed, cleft on the under side : 
corol with the upper lip obsolete, lower one 3-parted, with the middle segment 
linear, or strap-lixe and truncate, long, closely incurved : stamens with 2-cleft 
filaments, bearing the anthers on the lateral branches : capsules 1-celled, 2- 
valved, many-seeded : seeds ovate, shining. 40. 40. 

Cartatpa. Corol 4 or 5-cleft, somewhat inflated, bell-form: calyx 2-parted 
ar 2-leaved: stigma 2-lipped: capsule cylindric, 2-celled. 40, 45—(catalpa 
tree.) S. 

J ae Calyx simple or double, 5-parted : corol ringent, or nearly equal, 
upper lip emarginate, lower one 3-cleft : anthers 1 or 2 on each filament : cap- 
sule 2-celled, bursting with an elastic claw : partitions transverse. 40. 36— 
(malabar nut.) S. 

Urricunaria. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted, equal: corol ringent, with a 
sub-cordate palate, the upper lip bearing the stamens, thelower lip spurred : 
stigma 2-lipped : capsule 1-celled, globular. 24. 40—(bladder-wort.) S. 

Southern. 

MicraxTHemum. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-parted, and somewhat 2-lipped, 
with the upper one smaller than the rest : filaments incurved, shorter than the 
corol : capsule sub-globular, 1-celled, 2-valved, with many striate seeds. 20. 
34. 

C. Corol 1-petalled, inferior, irregular ; seeds naked. a4 

Lycorvs. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed : corol tubular, 4-cleft, nearly 
equal, 1 division broader and emarginate : stamens distant: seeds 4, retuse. 
42, 39—(water horehound.) S, ; 

Monarpa. Calyx cylindric, striated, 5-toothed : corol ringent, tubular, up- 

r lip lance-linear, involving the filaments, lower lip reflexed, 3-lebed. 42? 
39e-(Oswege tea, mountain-mint.) S, 


es 
3 CLASS III. ORDER I. 15 


Sarvia. Calyx tubular, striated, 2-lipped, under lip 2 to 3-toothed, lower 
lip 2-cleft : corol ringent : filaments transversely or laterally affixed toa pedicel. 
42. 39—(sage.) S. 

Coxuixsonta. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip 3-toothed : corol funnel- 
form, unequal, under lip many-cleft, capillary: one pertect seed. 42, 39— 
(horse-balin.) S. 


Exotic. 
Rosmanixus. Corol ringent, upper lip 2-parted: filaments long, curved, 
simple, with atooth. 42, 39—(rosemary.) 


D. Corol superior. 


Crrcara. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted: corol 2-petalled : capsule hispid, 2- 

celled, not gaping; cells 1 or 2-seeded. 48. 88—(enchanter’s nightshade.) S. 

* Salicornia, Cunila, Schoenus, Scirpus, Verbena, Hedeoma, Lemna, 
Crypta. 


OrveEr II. Dieynia. 


AnrHoxantHum. Calyx glume 2-valved, 1-flowered: coro! glume 2-valv- 
ed, acuminate, awned nearer the base. 4. 10—(sweet vernal grass.) S. 

Crrpta. Peps. Calyx 2-leaved, inferior: corol 2 or 3-petalled, closed : 
styles none : stigmas 2 or 3, very minute : capsule 2 or 3-celled, 2 or 3-valved : 
cells 4 or 5-seeded ; seeds sub-cylindric, striate, incurved. 13. 86—(mud- 
purslane.) The corol appears like a capsule with an aperture at the top, when 
examined without a lens. : 


Southern. 
Ertantnus. Calyx -valved, valves nearly equal, villose at the base: coro] 
2-valyed, unequal, inner glume bearing a long awn near itssummit, 4. 10. 
* Holcus, Festuca, Saccharum. 


CLASS Ill. TRIANDRIA. 


OrverR 1. Monocynia. 
A. Flowers superior. 


Fepia. Calyx 3 to 6-toothed, permanent: corol tubular, 5-cleft or 5-part- 
ed: nut or capsule, 2 or 3-celled: seed naked, or crowned withatooth. 48. 
56—(lamb lettuce.) S. 

fRis. Calyx spathe 2 or 3-valved: corol 6-parted, divisions alternately re- 
flexed: stigmas 3, petal-like : style short : capsule 3-celled. 6. 18—(flower- 
de-luce, iris or flag.) S. 

DiLaTRIs. LACHNANTHES. Perianth petal-like, hirsute outside, permanent, 
deeply divided into 6 nearly equal parts : the third filament less than the rest : 
stigma minutely 3-lobed, style declining: capsule globose, 3-celled. 6. 18. 


Exotic. 

Vateriana. Calyx 0, or with an extremely small margin: coro! funnel-form, 
ar base gibbous: seed 1: stamens 1,2,3 and 4, exsert. 48. 56—(vale- 
rian. 

Crocus. Spathe radical : corol funnel-form, with a long slender tube : 
stigma deep-gashed, crested. 6, 18—(saffron.) -* ss} 


Southern. 

PuHyiwactis. Involucre 1-leaved, sheathing : calyx marginal, minute : co- 
ro] 3-cleft : seed 1: styles and stamens exsert. 48. 56. 

TRIPTERELLA. Calyx (or corol) tubular, prismatic, with winged margins ; 
base ventricose ; limb 6-cleft, internal teeth covering the stamens: corol none : 
stigmas 3, capitate : capsule Ssiied, 3-celled, many-seeded: stamens included 

_ within the tube of the calyx. 7 


BoErRHAAvViA. Calyx tubular; margin entire; corol 1-petalled, bell-form, 


16 CLASS IIf, aeace ae 


¥ 


plaited :"seed 1, invested by the permanent calyx, naked or tubercled, 5-groor- 
ed, obconic : stamens various in number, as |, 2, 3, 4, 10. 7 See 

Catymenta. ALtion1a? Involucre perianth-like, 5-parted, permanent, i 
to 5-flowered : perianth none: corol sub-campanulate, plaited, 5-parted; lam- 
inae emarginate ; tube permanent: stamens exsert: seed 1, covered witha 
coriaceous membrane, obconic, 5 -furrowed. 48 56. » 

Ixia. Spathe 2 or 3-valved, ovate, short : corol 6-parted or 6-petalled ; 
sometimes tubular: stamens strait or incurved : stigmas sub-filiform. 6. 18. 


B. Flowers inferior. 


Comme tina. Spathe cordate ; perianth 3-leaved : corol 3-petalled sub- 
equal: 3 barren filaments—sometimes the whole 6 filaments bearanthers: stig- 
ma simple : nectaries 3, cross-form, inserted on peculiar filaments: capsule 
sub-globose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded or empty. 6. 13—(day flower.) S. 

Xyris. Calyx a cartilaginous glume, 2 or 3-valved, in a head : corol 3-pe- 
ae pee crenate : capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 6. 13—(yellow-eyed- 
grass.) S. . 

ScHOLLERA. Leprantuus. Spathe 1-flowered : corol long-tubular; border 
6-parted, with the stamens on the divisions; fila:nents equal. 6. 17. 

HETERANTHERA. Calyx a 2 or 3-flowered spathe : corol dull-coloured, 
membranaceous, with a long slender tube, border 4 to 6-parted : anthers 3, 2 
of them attached to the divisions of the corol, the other attached to the top of 
the style, and much longer : stigma sub-capitate, 1-sided : capsule 3-celled, 
many-seeded, dehiscent at the angles. This genus is intermediate between the 
class Triandria, and the class Gynandria. 6, 17. 


Southern. 

Syena. Calyx deeply 3-parted (or 3-leaved) acute, permanent : petals 8, 
roundish : anthers oblong : stigma 3-cleft: capsule rendered acuminate by the 
permanent style, 1-celled, 3-valved. 5. 33. 

Stiputicip1a. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-petalled, entire, as long 
as the calyx: style short, stigmas 3: capsule I-celled, 3-valved: seeds few, 
attached by filaments tothe receptacle. 22. 82. 

PotycHnemum. Calyx 3-leaved : petals calyx-like : capsule 1-seeded, 
membranaceous, not opening, covered by the calyx. Stamens vary from 1 to 5. 
12. 29. 


C. Flowers with glumes. 


Kyiutneta. Spike (or ament) roundish-oblong, imbricate, sessile, or umbel- 
like: calyx of 2 unequal leaves, or valves, 1-flowered: corol 2-valyed, longer 
than the calyx. 3. 9—(bog-rush.) S. ae 

Scripus.* Glume 1-vaived, 1-flowered, chaffy, scales imbricated every 
way: styles filiform, caducous: corol 0 : seed single, naked, or surrounded 
with hairs or bristles. 3, 9—(club-rush.) S. ; 

ScHorenus. Spikelets sub-convolute, acute ; scales or glumes heaped in fas- 
cicles, outer ones dry, shining, empty : corol 0: seed 1, roundish, naked ; style 
caducous. 3, 9—(bog-rush.) S. , ; 

Ruyrncospora. Scales or glumes of the calyx fascicled into a spike, lower 
ones erapty : corol 0: styles permanent at the base : bristles surrounding the 
base of the seed. 3. 9—/(false bog-rush.) S, ; ; 

Mariscus. Flowers distinct, sub-imbricate in a few-flowered spike: calyx 
2-valved, 3-flowered: corols 1-valved, the lower corols embracing the upper : 
style 3-cleft. 3. 9—(hedgehog-rush.) S. . 

DuticHium. Spikes sub-racemed, proceeding from the axils of the leaves « 
spikelets linear-lanceolate, sub-compressed : scales or glumes somewhat 2- 
ranked, closely embracing : styles very long, 2-cleft : germ with small bristles . 
rough backwards. 3. 9—(galingale.) S. qt 


* TRICHOPHORUM is united to this genus, a 


| Sa 


- 
CLASS III, ORDER II. 17 


Cyprrus. Corol 0: calyx scales imbricated 2-ways: seed single, beard- 
less : spikelets compressed, distinct. 3.9. S. 

ErrorpHorum. Glume chaffy, 1-valved, imbricated every way into a spike : 

corol 0: seed beset round with very long dense woolly hairs. 3. 9—(cotton- 
grass.) S. ’ 
Le eid Scales of the calyx mucronate or awned, every where imbricate 
in a spike: corol 0: seed beset round with broad chaff-like scales, sometimes 
awned. These scales are called valves of a corol by some, 3, 9—(umbrella- 
grass.) S. 

Cencueavs. Involucre laciniate, echinate, 3 or 4-flowered : glumes 2-valv- 
ed, 2-flowered, one flower barren: corol 2-valved, awnless : style 2-cleft, 4. 
10—(hedge-hog-grass.) S. re 

LimneEtTis. Spartina. Calyx 2-valved, compressed, one of them keeled and 
longer than the other: corol 2-valyed, awnless, unequal: flowers in unilateral 
spikes, somewhat imbricated in 2 rows. 3, 9—(salt-grass.) S. 

Oryzopsis. Calyx 2-valved, lax, obovate : coro] coriaceous, cylindric- 
ovate, surrounded with hairs at the base ; valves 2, outer one awned at thetip : 
seed with 2 linear appendages, or one 2-parted : styles united.in one, with 2 
diverging or reflexed stigmas. 4. 10—(mountain rice.) 


Southern. 

Mapanta. Flowers in heads, involucre 3-leaved : perianth none : corol 
slumaceous, 6-yalved, toothed, imbricate : stigmas 3: seeds enveloped in a 6- 
parted glume. 3. 9, 

Dicuroma. Flowers in a spike-form head with an involucre :. scales imbri- 
cated on all sides, lower ones empty: corol none : style brittle-form, 2-cleft : 
seeds without bristles, sub-lenticular, sub-rugose, terminated by the 3-sided base 
of the style. 3. 9. 

FimpristYLis. Scales of the calyx imbricated onall sides intoa snike: co- 
rol none: style ciliate, caducous, bulbous at the base. 3. 9. 

VacinaRia. Spike ovate, calyx-like scales imbricated on all sides, acu- 
minate: corol none: stigmas 3: seed surrounded at the base with three scales 
and three bristles. 3.9 

Narpvus. Calyx 1-flowered, 1-valved : corol 1-valved, included in the calyx : 
stigmal. Flowers spiked, alternating and sessile. 4. 10—(mat-grass.) 

Mirera. ARunDiINARIA. Flowers polygamoua, panicled: calyx 2-valved, 
many-flowered, short and unequal: coro] 2-valved, unequal, the larger one 
acuminate: style very short, 3-cleft, plumose: nectary 3-parted, divisions lan- 
ceolate, acute, as long. as the germ: seed naked, large, acuminate. 4, 10 
—(cane. 

st OE Calyx 2-valved, 1-flowered ; valves gibbous, compacted above, 
longer than the corol, 3-nerved, cuspidate : corol 2-valved, roundish, coriace- 
ous, invested with wool ; the outer valve terminated by a shori 3-sided cadu- 
cous awn: anthers bearded: seed sub-spherical, large. 4.9— ye te 

DicHromMeNA. Spike in a head, involucred ; scales imbricated on all sides 
into crowded sessile spikelets, with the lower scales empty: corolnone: style 
bristle-form,2-cleft : seed without bristles, sub-lenticular, sub-rugose, terminated 
by the triangular permanent style. 4: 9. 

# Juncus, Galium, Oryzopsis, Queria. 


Orvper If, Dieynia. 


A. Spikelets 1-flowered: corols without abortive rudiments of flowers at the 
base. 


‘ (Calyx and corol different in texture. ) 


Leersta.. Calyx 0: corol 2-valved, closed: valves compressed, boat-form, 
awanless: nectary oboyate, entire; stamens 1to6. 4. 10—(cut-grass.) S. 
» PasPaLuM. CExREsia. Calyx in 2 membranaceous, equal, roundish, valves : 
corol awnless, cartilaginous, of the form of the calyx: stigma plumose, colour- 
ed: nectary lateral: flowers in ee spikes. 4.10, S. 


a pas : = 
is. CLASS Ill, ORDER IZ. 


“ 


Minium. Calyx 2-valved, herbaceous, ventricose: corol 2-valved, awnless, 
coriaceous, oblong, concave, shorter than the calyx: seed 2-horned: nectary 
lateral: stigmas villose. 4. 10—(millet.) S. : 

PiptaTHERUM. Calyx membranaceous, longer than the corol : corol carti- 
sree oval; lower vaive awned at the tip; nectary ovate, entire: seed coat- 
ed. 4.1 


Stipa. Calyx 2-valved, membranaceous: coro! 2-valved, shorter than the 
calyx, coriaceous, sub-cylindric; valves involute, truncate; awn terminal, very 
long, caducous, twisted at the base: seed coated. 4. 10—(feather-grass.) S. 

Aristipa. Calyx 2-valved, membranaceous, unequal: corol 2-valved, pe- 
dicelled, sub-cylindric ; lower valve coriaceous, involute, 3-awned at the tip ; 
upper valve very minute or obsolete: nectary lateral. 4. 10—(beard- 
grass.) S. 


Exotic. 
SaccHarum. Calyx involucred with long wool at the base, 2-valved: corol 
tor 2-valved: stamenslto3. 4. 10—(sugar cane.) 


(Calyx and corol of similar texture—flowers in spreading panicles. ) 


Mvuuyrienpercia. Calyx 1 or 2-valved, very minute, truncate, unequal : coro] 
2-valved, base hairy, outer valve awned at the tip: seed 1, oblong, acuminate - 
4. 10—(dropseed-grass.) S. : 

TricHopium. Calyx 2-valved, valves nearly equal, acute; keel with small 
spines: corol I-valved, awnless, shorter than calyx: stigmas nearly sessile, 
sub-hispid. 4. 10—(thin-grass.) S. 

Acrostis. Calyx herbaceous, 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves acute, a little less 
than the corol : corol 2-valved, membranaceous, often hairy at the base: stig- 
mas longitudinally hispid or plumose, florets spreading: nectary lateral: seed 
coated. 4, 10—(redtop.) S. 

Cinna. Calyx 2-valved, compressed, nearly equal: corol linear, compress- 
ed, short-stiped, naked at the base; lower valve inclosing the upper, short-awn- 
ed near the tip. 4. 10. 

Potypocon. Calyx 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves nearly equal, terminating 
in a bristle : corol 2-valved, shorter than the calyx; the lower va!ve terminat- 
mg ina bristle. 4. 10. 

RICHOCHLOA. Calyx 2-valved, 1-flowered; glumes very minute: corol 
snuch larger than the calyx, 2-valved, naked at the base; lower valve convolute 
et the base, terminating in a long awn, not articulated.. 4. 10. 

ArunpDo. Calyx 2-valved, unequal, membranaceous, surrounded with hair 
at the base ; lower valve mucronate or slightly awned. Sometimes there is @ 
pencil-form rudiment at the base of the upper valve. 4. 10—(reed.) 


{Calyx and corol of similar texture—flowers in compact panicles, often 
spike-form.) 

Psamma. Calyx 2-valvyed, awnless: corol shorter than the calyx, surround- 
ed with hairs at the base: nectary lance-linear, longer than the seed: style 3- 
parted. 4. 10. 

Crypsis. Calyx 2-valved, oblong, keeled, membranaceous: coroil 2-valved, 
fonger than the calyx, wnich it resembles in texture and form ; nectary none: 
stamens sometimes but 2, 4. 10. 

Atopecurus. Calyx 2-valved, equal ; glume generally connate at the base : 
corol | valved, utricle-like, cleft on one side, awned below the middie. 4, 10 
—(foxtail-grass.) S. 

LEuM. Calyx hard, 2-valved, equal, sessile, linear, truncate, bicuspidate : 
coro! enclosed in the calyx, 2-valved, awnless, truncate. 4, 10—(timothy- 
grass.) S. 


Southern. : st 
Crresta. Flowers lateral, 2-rowed, under a wide membranaceous boat-form 
cachis: calyx 2-valved. 4. 10. 


~ 
CLASS Il, ORDER 11. 19 


Catamacrotis. Calyx 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves acute or acuminate : 
corol 2-valved, mostly shorter than the calyx, surrounded with long wool at the 
base. 4. 10. 


B. Spikelets 1-flowered ; corol with 1 or 2 abortive rudiments of flowers 
at the base. ; 


(Calyx and corol of different texture.) 


Cynopon. Calyx 2-valved, lanceolate, spreading: corol 2-valved, longer 
than the calyx ; the outer vaive larger, and somewhat oval, and surrounding 
the inner one : rudiment minute, pedicelled : nectary truncate: spikes digitate 
and fascicled : flowers solitary. 4. 10—(dwarf finger-grass. ) 

Gymnopocon. AnTHOPOGON. Calyx 2-valved, keeled, nearly equal, longer 
than the corol: valves ofthe corol nearly equal; a straight bristle a little below 
the tip of the lower one: rudiment awn-form, 4, 10. 


Southern, 
AvLaxantuus. Aubaxta. Calyx 2-valved, 1-flowered, with the rudiment of 
a second; valves equal, furrowed, the furrows villous: corol with 2 nearly 
equal valves. 4. 10, 


(Calyx and corol of similar texture.) 


Puat4ris. Calyx membranaceous, 2-valved, valves keeled, nerved, equal 
in length, including the 2-valved pilose corol. The corol is shorter than the ca- 
jyx and coriaceous: rudiments opposite, sessile, resembling valves: nectary 
lateral. 4. 10—(ribbon-grass, canary-grass.) S. 

BrRACHYELYTRUM. MUHLENBERGIA. Calyx very minute; lower glume scarce- 
ly perceptible: corol with the lower valve terminated by a long bristle; upper 
one with aclub-form rudiment at the base. 4. 10. 


Southern. 

Brucumannisa. Calyx 2-valved, 1 or 2-flowered, valves somewhat obcordate, 
inflated, equal: corol 2-valved, included in the calyx, valves unequal, the dor- 
sal valve acuminate-awned ; one flower often abortive. 4. 10. 

OrtHoPpoGon. Calyx 1-flowered; valves 3, awned, nearly equal ; awns 
straight, smooth, that of the outer valve longest. 4. 10. 


C. Spikelets many-flowered. 
(Flowers in panicles ; corol unarmed.) 


Puracmites. Calyx 5—7-flowered ; the florets on villose pedicels, except- 
ing that the lowest is sessile, and naked at the base; lower valve elongated, 
acuminate, involute; upper one somewhat conduplicate. 4—10. 

Giyceris. Spikelets terete, elongated: calyx many-flowered, shorter than 
the florets: lower valve of the corol membranaceous and somewhat herbaceous; 
upper one somewhat conduplicate: nectary lateral, connate: stigma’ decom- 
pound. 4. 10. 

Untota. Spikelets many-fiowered, flat, 2-edged, ovate: calyx 3 to 5-glum- 
ed: coro! 2-valved, awnless, inner one smallest, concave on the back ; outer one 
boat-form. stamens | to 3: appendages 2, somewhat 2-horned or emarginate. 
4. 10—(sea rush-grass.) S. 

Briza. Spikelets heart-ovate, many-flowered: calyx chaffy, shorter than 
the 2-ranked florets: corol ventricose: lower valve cordate, upper one orbicu- 
Jar, short. 4. 10—(quake-grass.) S. 

Poa. Spikelets oblong or linear, compressed, many-flowered : calyx shorter 
than the florets: corol herbaceous, awnless, often arachnoid at the base; lower. 
valve scarious at the margin. 4, 10—(spear-grass.) S. 


Exotic. 
Sorcuum. Florets in pairs, one perfect, with a 3-valved corol, and sessile : 
the other staminate or neutral, and pedicelled, 4, 10—(broom-corn.) 


29 CLASS III. OBDER Il a, 


(Flowers in panicles; corol armed or mucronate. } 


f ( Seeds free.) 

Korrenta. Calyx 2—4-flowered, shorter than the florets: lower valve of 
the coro] mucronate, or with a short bristle a little below the tip. 4. 10, _ 

Urnatepsis. Calyx scariose, 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowergd: corol 2-valved, stip- 
ed; outer valve with hairy nerves, much longer than the calyx, and tricuspi- 
date, with the middle cus longest, and terminated with an awn; inner valve 
short and arched: seedarilled: florets alternate and distinct, both flowers and 
culm purple. 4. 10—(purple hair-grass.) 

Winpsornta. Tricuspis. Calyx 2-valved, keeled, I-nerved, scariose, acute 
or cuspidate: corols 2-valved; outer valves having nerves with mucronate 
points, teeth between the points, and-ciliate below ; inner valves mostly naked, 
emarginate: flowers closely imbricated 2-ways in a thick spike. 4, 10. 


( Seeds adnate. ) 

Festuca. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered; spikelets compressed-teretish, 
or diverging when mature, awnless, or furnished witha terminal awn: corol 
somewhat terete ; upper valve acute, mucronate, or with a short bristle at the 
tip: seed growing to the corol. 4. 10—(fescue-grass.) WS. 

CERaATOCHLOA. Spikelets lanceolate, somewhat 2-edged, many-flowered : 
calyx shorter than the imbricate florets: lower valve of the corol compressed, 
mucronate below the tip; upper valve somewhat conduplicate; styles 2—3- 

arted. 4. 10. 
DiaRRHENA. Calyx 2-valved, very unequal, 2 to 5-flowered, rigid; glumes 
acuminateemucronate : corol cartilaginous ; inferior valve entire, broad ; supe- 
riorone very short, emarginate : seed.coated, in length equal with the superior 
valve of the corol: nectary ovate,cikate. 4. 10. 

Dacry.is. Spikelets aggregated in unilateral heads, many-flowered: calyx 
shorter than the florets, with one large glume, keeled, pointed: corol with the 
lower valve keeled, emarginate, mucronate ; upper valve sub-conduplicate. 
4, 10—(orchard-grass.) S. 


{Flowers in panicles ; corol more or less 2-cleft, and the lower valve awned 
on the back or a little below the tip.) 


DantHonta. Calyx 2 io 5-flowered, longer than the florets; glumes cuspi- 
date: corol bearded at the base ; lower vaive 2-toothed, with a twisted awn 
between the teeth; upper valve obtuse, entire. 4. 10—(wild oats.) 

TrisETuM. Calyx 3 to 5-flowered, membranaceous, as long as the florets : 
lower valve of the corol with 2 bristle-form teeth at the tip and an awn below 
the teeth. 4. 10. 

Bromus. Calyx shorter than florets, 2-vaived: spikelets terete-2-ranked, 
many-flowered: corol, outer valves bifid, awned below the tip; inner valve 
pectinate-ciliate, sub-conduplicate. 4. 10—(chess, broom-grass.) S. 

ARRHENANTHERUM. Calyx membranaceous, 2-flowered, rather shorter than 
the florets; lower floret bearing anthers; lower valve 2-cleft, awned below the 
middle: upper floret perfect ; lower valve cleft, unarmed, or with a short awn 
below the tip. 4. 10. 

“Avena. Calyx 2-valved; 2, 3, or many-flowered: corol, valves mostly 
bearded at the base, lower one torn, with a twisted awn on the back: glumes 
membranaceous, and somewhat follicle-like : seed coated. 4. 10—(oats.) S. 

Ara. Calyx longer than the florets, glossy, 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered: co- 
rol 2-valved; lower valve gnawed or toothed, awned on the back below the 
imiddle. 4. 10—(hair-grass.) S. 

D. Flowers in spikes. 

Lotium. Calyx 1-leafed, permanent, many flowered: florets in many-flow- 

ered 2-rowed simple sessile spikelets on a rachis: lower valve of the corol 


a re mucronate, or bristled.atthe tip. 4, 10—(darnel- 
grass 


CLASS III, ORDER UU. Q1 


Evevsine. Calyx awnless, keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, membranaceous, 4 to 6- 
flowered ; glumes obtuse, unequal: inflorescence an unilateral digitate spike - 
coro! 2-valved, awnless, membranaceous, unequal ; lower valve keeled, upper 
one concave on the back: seed triangular, transversely rugose. 4. 10—(dog- 
tail-grass,) S. 

Triticum. Calyx 2-valved, about 3-flowered ; florets sessile on the teeth of 
the rachis, obtusish and pointed: glumes beardless, or interruptedly bearded. 
4. 10—(wheat.) 

Acropyron. Spikelets sessile on the teeth of the rachis, 3 to 9-flowered : 
glumes lanceolate, keeled: corol with the lower valve mucronate, or ending in 
a subulate bristle. 4. 10. 

Secate. Calyx 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered: spikeletssessile on the teeth of the 
rachis, with the terminal floret abortive : calyx 2-va\ved; giumes subulate, op- 
06 shorter than the florets: coro! with the lower valve long-awned. 4. 10 
—(rye. 

dl General calyx involucre-like, with its glumes in pairs, subulate : 
corol with its lower valve entire, mucronate, or with a short bristle at the tip: 
spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis: 3 to ¥-flowered. 4. 10—(lime- 
Srass, wild rye.) S. 

Metica. Calyx 2 valved, unequal, coloured, obtuse, 2 to 4-flowered, and 
as long as the florets ; one or more of the upper fiorets abortive and incomplete : 
corol unarmed, membranaceous: nectary copuate: seed free. 4, 10—(melic- 
grass.) S. 

ATHEROPOGON. Spikes in unilateral racemes: calyx 2-valved, membrana- 
ceous, 2-flowered ; inferior valve bristle-form: periect floret 2-valved ; inferior 
valve 3-toothed, or 3-bristled ; superior vaive bifid: abortive floret pedicelled, 
2-valved, 3-bristled. 4. 10—(hairy beard.) 


Southern. 

Sesierra. Calyx2 to 5-flowered: coro! 2-valved, toothed at the tip: stig- 
mas sub-glandular : flowers often purplish; base of the spike bracted or involu- 
cred. 4, 10—(moor-grass.) 

Oxypenia. Spike panicled, filiform ; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered, alternating 
on a one-sided rachis: general calyx permanent, 2-valved, acuminate-subulate, 
1-nerved, longer than the florets; corol 2-valved, sma:l, caducous, obtuse, with 
or without awns: seed roundish, naked, smooth, somewhat gibbous, 4. 10, 

Cuioris. ATHEROPOGON. Spikes digitete, one-sided: calyx 2-valved, 2 ta 
ae er ; Valves keeled. Flowers dissimilar, and the abortive florets pedicell- 
ed. 4. 10. 

Axraitops. Calyx lateral, 2-valved, mostly 3-flowered ; valves coriaceous, 
broad, with many rigid diverging awns : coro! 2-valved, outer valve 2 or 3-awn- 
o spikes with the intermediate ones barren, lateral ones perfect, sessile. 

s 10. | 
E. Flowers polygamous. 
(In panicles.) 

Panicum. Calyx 2-valved, 2-ilowered: the lower glume generally very 
small: the lower floret abortive, 1 or 2-valved ; the lower valve resembling the 
calyx, the upper one membranaceous : perfect floret with cartilaginous valves, 
unarmed. 4, 10—(cockioot grass, panic-grass.) S. 

HrerocH1toa. Calyx 2-yalved, 3-flowered, with scarious glumes: lateral 
florets staminate, central ones perfect and diandrous, rarely triandrous. 4. 10. 

Houcus. Calyx 2-flowered; with membranaceous, boat-form, mucronate 
glumes: panicle compact ; lower florets perfect, sessile, unarmed ; upper ones 
staminate or neutral, pedicelied, awned near the middle of the back. 4. 10— 
(sweet seneca, or soft-grass. ) 

(In spikes.) 

Pennisetum. Seraria. Calyx 2 valved, 2-flowered ; glumes unequal, her- 

haceous ; sometimes with a second staminate or neutral floret: 1 or 2-valved, 


22 CLASS IVY. ORDER I. 


herbaceous: inflorescence a spike, with a2 or many-bristled involucre. 4, 10 
—(bristled panic.) 
Dieiraria. Calyx 1 or 2-valved, 2-flowered ; the outer valve very small or 
none; the inmost one of the length of the corol: corol 2-valved, oblong-ovate, 
awnless: style very long; spikes digitate, unilateral, linear : spikelets on short 
bifid pedicels, in pairs, lower floret abortive, 1-valved,sherbaceous ; upper floret 

perfect, with coriaceous valves. 4. 10—(finger-grass,) S. 

ANDROPOGON. Spikelets in pairs, involucred ; the lower one staminate or 
neutral ona bearded pedicel: calyx and corol often very minute or wanting: ~ 
upper spikelet sessile, 1-flowrered, perfect ; glumes sub-ceriaceous ; corol 2-valv- 
ed, shorter than the calyx, membranaceous, lower valve generally awned. 4. 
10—(beard-grass.) S. 

Horpeum. Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1 or 2-flowered, all per- 
fect, or the lateral ones abortive: glume lateral, subulate: perfect flower with 
tea corol; lower valve ending in a bristle: seed coated. 4, 10—(bar- 

ey. 
Southern. 

Monocera. Flowers in 2 rows on one side of the rachis: calyx 3-valv- 
ed, many-flowered ; valves awned below the tip. Perfect flowers have the co- 
rol 2-valved, unequa!; the outer valve awned below the tip. Neutral flowers 
have corols with 2 awnless valves. 4. 10. 

Manisunis. Perfect flowers mixed with the staminate, the calyx 1-flowered, 
valves 2, unequal; outer one coriaceous, roundish, emarginate on each side of the 
base: corol 2-valved, smaller, and included in the calyx. Staminate and neu- 
tral have the calyx uniform or regular. 4, 10. 

Lepturus. RoTBOELLIA. Rachis articulated, filiform; articulatious single- 
co hea : calyx growing to the rachis, 1 or2-valved; valves simple or 2-part- 
ed. 4.10. 

Rotgoritia. Rachis fragile, articulated, cylindric, often filiform; arti- 
culations 2-flowered or more : calyx lance-ovate, flat, 1 or 2-valved: coro 
smaller, 2-valved. 4. 10. : 

PLEURAPHIS. Central spikelet perfect; calyx 1-flowered, with wedge-obo- 
vate, 2-cleft, 5-bristled glumes : latera! spikelets staminate; calyx 2-flowered, 
with one valve bristled near the base. 4. 10. 

* Stellaria, Anthoxanthum. 


ORDER 11. TRIGYNIA. 


HotostEum. Calyx 5-leaved, coloured within: corol with five 2-parted pe- 
tals: capsule 1-celled, bursting at the summit. 22. 82. 
' Mottuco. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior, coloured inside: corolQ: capsule 3- 
celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 22. 82—(carpet weed.) NS, 
Lecuza. Calyx 3-leaved: petals 3, linear: stigmas 3, plumose; capsule 
3-celled, 3-valved, with 3 inner valvelets: seed 1. 22. 82—(pin-weed.) WS. 
Proserpinaca. Calyx 3-parted, superior, permanent; corolQ: nut bony, 
3-sided, 3-ceiled, crowned by the calyx. 15, 22—(mermaid weed.) S. 
Southern. ; 
Potycarpon. Calyx 5-leaved: petals 5, very short, emarginate, perma- 
nent: capsule ovate, 1 celled, 3-valved. 22. 82. _ 
* Zanthoxylon, Stellaria, Eriocanlon, Queria or Anychia. 


CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. 
OrvDER 1. Monoeynia. 


A. Flowers superior. 


(1-petalled.) 
CEPHALANTHUS. Inflorescence in a head: general calyx none; proper calys 
superior, minute, angular, 4-cleft; corol funnel-form: receptacle globular, 
mere i capsules 2 to 4-partible ; seed solitary, oblong. 48. 58—(button-bush. ) 


CLASS IV. ORDER Y. 23 


Drrsacus. Common calyx involucre-like, many-leaved ; proper calyx 1- 
leaved, superior: receptacle chaffy: corol tubular, 4-cleft: seed 1, crowned 
with a wineglass-form egret: inflorescence an ovate head. 48. 56—(teasel.) 

Gauium. Calyx 4-toothed: corol flat, 4-cleft: fruit dry: seeds 2, roundish - 
{leaves stellate.) 47. 57—(bedstraw.) S. , 

Spermacoce. Calyx 4-toothed : corol funnel-form, 4-cleft: capsule 2-cel!- 
ed: seeds 2, 2-toothed. 48.57. S. 

Dropra, Calyx 2-cleft: corol tubular, funnel-form, 4-cleft: capsule 2-cells 
ed, I-seeded. 47.57. S. 

Hepyotis. OLpENLANDIA. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted : corol funnel-form 
4-cleft, or 4-petalled: capsule 2-celled, many-sceded ; receptacle adnate to the 
partition. 13, 84. S. 

Hovustonta, Calyx half superior, 4-toothed: corol salver-form, 4-cleft: 
capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, opening transversely. 47. 57—(Venus-pride. } 


Mircnetta. Calyx 4-toothed: corols 2 on each germ, tubular, limb 4-part- 
ed, spreading, villose inside : stamens scarcely exsert: berry double, 4-seeded - 
stigmas 4 or 4-cleft. 48. 57—(patridge berry, checker berry.) S. 

Linnza. Calyx double ; that of the fruit 2-leaved, inferior; that of the 
flower 5-parted: coro] bell-form, 5-lobed: stamens somewhat didynamous : 
stigma globose: berry 3-celled, dry, generally producing a perfect seed in but 
onecell, 48, 58—(twin flower:) 

sf Exotic. 

Scapiosa. Common calyx many-leaved; proper one double, superior: re- 

ceptacle chaffy or naked. (Flowers aggregate.) 47. 56—(scabious.) 


Southern. 

Potypremum. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-cleft, wheel-form, bearded at the 
orifice: stamens inciuded: capsule compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. 40, 
40. 

Aion1a. Common calyx oblong, simple, 3-flowered; proper calyx obsoe 
lete: corol irregular: receptacle naked. 48. 56. 

Rusia. Calyx 4-toothed : corol 4 or 5-cleft, bell-form: berries 2, one-seed- 
ed, (stamens 4-5 ; leaves stellate.) 47. 57—(madder.) 


: (4-petalled. ) 

Cornus. Calyx 4-toothed: drupe with a 2-celled nut. Some species have 
a 4-leaved involucre. 45. 58—(dogwood, false box.) S. 

Lupwie1a. Calyx 4-parted, the divisions long, permanent: capsule 4-cor- 
nered, 4-celled, perforated at the top, many-seeded—(petals sometimes want- 
ing.) 17, 88—(seed box.) S. 

( Apetalous. ) 

Iswarnpia. Calyx bell-form, 4-parted or 4-cleft, superior: casule 4-celled, 
4-cornered, many-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. 17. 88—(water purs- 
lane.) 

. Southern. 

Exgacnus. Calyx 4-cleft, bell-form, coloured within : stamens alternating 
with the divisions of the calyx (coro! ?) anthers sub-sessile : style short: drupe 
dry, l-seeded, marked with 8 furrows. 31. 24. 


B. Flowers inferior. 


( 1-petalled.) 
Piantaco., Calyi 4-cleft : corol 4-cleft, reflexed: capsule 2-celled, open: 
{ng transversely : stamens exsert, very long. 54. 31—(plantain, ribwort.) 8. 
Saneuisornpa. Calyx 2-leaved: corol 4-cleft, wheel-form, adhering te the 
germ so as to appear as if superior: capsule 4-sided. 54, 92—(burnet saxi- 
frage.) S, s 


\ 


"9 iS | 


5 


? 


| 


: very long, linear: nut 2-celled, 2-horned. 54. 78—(witch hazel.) wers 


. 
24 CLASS IV. ORDER It. 


Bartoxts. Calyx 4-parted, close-pressed, permanent: corol 4-cleft or 4 
parted. bell-form, permanent: stigma thick, elandulous, ee Be sete = 
oe pevalsedls ane 20. 46—(screw-stem.) 

acum. Calyx deeply 4-parted: corol 4-cleft; tube globose: | j 
furrowed, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top ; sore sine Ps rmigge 

Swertia. Calyx flat, 4 or 5-parted : corol 4-part@d, wheel-form, besa 
tariferous pores at the base of the divisions: germ tapering to a point : style 
short, terminating in 2 stigmas : capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, acuminate. 47 46 
—(false gentian. ) ° 

FRraseRA. Calyx deeply 4-parted: corol 4-parted, spreading ; 
tie beswied glandy go the ine i capsule eee Sionarebied’ t-cell, 
ed. 2-valved: seeds few, imbricated, oval, witha b . 
46—(pyramid flower.) S. membranaceous margin, 41, 


: caaabcles, ts Southern. 

YCIUM. orol tubular, having the throat closed by the beards of a 

ments : stamens often 5: berry 2-celled, many-seeded. : 28. ajeuteattnnie 2 
ria pager on ae ; coro! 4-lobed, tubular, permanent tériler 

spreading : stamens short, naked : capsule 1-celled, dividing i ) : 

eel, many-seeded. 20. 34. i 9 OG ee a eee 

CatiicarPa. Calyx 4-cleft: corol tubular, border 4-cleft: sta , 
berry 4-seeded. 46. 72. ; nmrepihesge aa 

CENTAURELLA. Calyx 4-parted, close-pressed: corol somewhat bell-form 
4-parted ; segments sub-ereci: stigma thick, glandulous, sub-bifid : capsule 1. 
celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx and coro] 
47. 46. 5 

(4-petalled. ) 

Ammannia. Calyx bell-tubular, plaited, 8-toothed: petals 4, or none, on 
ihe calyx: capsule 4-celled, mmany-seeded—(sometimes 2-celled and 8-stamen- 
ed.) 17. 91—(tooth-cup.) S. 

PreLea. Calyx 4-parted: petals 4, spreading; stigmas 2: samare com- 
pressed, orbicular, 2-celled, 2-seeded. 43. 94: S. 

Southern. 

Kramerta. Calyx none: corol 4 or 5-petalled : nectary 4-leaved, 2-form- 

ed: anthers perforated : drupe prickly. 33. 93. 


( Apetalous. ) 

Rivina. Calyx 4-parted, permanent : berry l-seeded ; seeds lenti-form, 
seabrous : stamens 8, 4,12. 12. 29. * 

ALCHEMILLA. Calyx 8-cleft ; segments spreading, alternately smaller : 
style latera! from the base of the germ: fruit surrounded by the calyx. 35. 
92—(lady’s mantle.) 

IcropEs. SympLocarfus. PotHos. General calyx a spathe ; spadix sim- 
ple, covered with flowers : perianth corol-like, deeply 4-parted, permanent, be- 
coming thick and spongy : style pyramid-form, 4-sided ; stigma simple, minute: 
berries globose, 2-seeded, inclosed in the spongy spadix-receptacle. 2. 7— 
¢skunk-cabbage. ) 

Southern. 

Campuorosma. Calyx pitcher-form, 4-parted, segments alternately larger ; 

stamens exsert : style 2-cleft: capsule l-seeded, covered by the calyx. 12. 


‘e 


4c * Conyallaria, Cardamine, Prinos, Calymenia. 


x 
Orper II. Dicynia. 


Hamameris. Involucre 3-leaved: perianth 4-leaved or 4-cleft: petals 4, 


jn autumn, and perfects its seed the following spring. S. 


1 hh 


CLA8S8 V. ORDER Y, 25 


Southern. 

Apwanes. Calyx 8-cleft, alternate segments minute : petals none : stamens 
minute : styles 2: seeds 2, covered by the converging calyx, one of them often 
abortive. Stamens 1, 2, and 4. 

* Sanguisorba, Cuscuta, Swertia, Oldenlandia, Gentiana. 


Orper IV. TEerrRaGynNia, 


Intex. Calyx minute, 4 or 5-toothed: corol 4-parted, wheel-form : style Q : 
stigmas 4: berry 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. 43. 95—(holly.) 

AGINA. Calyx 4-leaved: petals 4, often caducous ; capsules 4-celled, 4- 
valved, many-seeded. 22, 82—(pearl wort.) S. 

Tiziaza. Calyx 3 or 4-parted: petals 3 or 4, equal: capsules 3 or 4, two. 
or > opainaoea Sometimes there are 4 barren stamens. 13, 83—(pigmy- A 
weed. 

Sei iulicidiiin: Calyx (or green corol) 4-leaved: petals 0: style Q : an- 
thers sessile, alternating with the divisions: nuts 4, 1-seeded, sessile: seeds 
4, 15. 13—(pond-weed.) S. 

Ruppia. Calyx 0: corol 0: seeds 4, pedicelled. 15, 18. 


Southern. 
Mycetnpa. Calyx small, 4-parted : corol 4-petalled or deeply 4-parted 
stigmas 2 or 4: drupe globose, l-seeded. 43. 95. 


CLASS V. PENTANDRIA. 
OrpErR I. Monoeynia. 


A. Flowers 1-petalled, inferior ; seeds naked in the bottom of the caty.x. 
Rough-leaved plants. 


Purmonaria. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled : corol funnel-form, with an open 
throat: stigma emarginate: seeds roundish, obtuse, not perforated at the base. 
41. 42—(lung-wort.) S. 

LitHosPERMuM. Calyx 5-parted, with acute keeled divisions: corol funnel- 
form, with an open throat, border 5-lobed : stigma 2-cleft : seeds ovate, point- 
ed, stony, not perforated : stamens and pistils mclosed in the tube of the corol. 
41. 42—(stone-seed or gromwell.) S. 

Onosmopium. PursHia. Calyx deeply 5-parted,. sezments linear : coro! 
oblong, somewhat bell-form, with the acute divisions converging, the upper 
part of the corol being ventricose and half 5-cleft, throat open ; anthers sessile, 
enclosed : styles exsert, seeds not perforated at the base. (Spikes revolute.) 
41. 42—(false gromwell.) S. 

Ecuium. Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect: corol bell-form, ob- 
liquely and unequally 5-lobed, tube short, throat naked : stigma cleft: seeds 
tubercled, not perfoyated at the base. 41. 42—(viper’s bugloss. ) 

Myosortis. Calyx half 5-cleft or 5-cleft: corol salver-form, curved, 5-cleft, 
vaulted, the lobes slightly emarginate ; throat closed with 5 convex converging 
scales : seeds smooth or echinate. 41. 42—(scorpion-grass.) S. aati 

Lycopsis. Calyx 5-cleft: corol funne!-form; throat closed with ovate con-— 
verging scales : seeds perforated at the base. 41. 42. 

Batscuia. Calyx about 5-cleft : coro! salver-form, with a strait tube longer 
than the calyx ; having a bearded ring within at the base; throat naked, or 
partly closed, with rounded divisions : seeds hard and shining. 41, 42—(false 
bugloss.) S. 

CyxoGLossum. Calyx 5-parted: corol short, funnel-form, vaulted ; throat 
closed by 5 converging convex processes: seeds depressed, affixed laterally tu _ 
the style. 41. 42—(hound-tongue.) S. eae 
_ Rocnetta. Calyx 5-parted : corol salver-form, throat closed with converg- 

ing scales: seeds prickly, compressed, affixed laterally tothe style. 41. 4% 


96 GLASS V. ORDER yr, 


" . Exotic. 
wae Corol wheel-form, the throat closed with rays. 41. 42— 
rage. ‘ 

Ancuusa. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, vaulted : throat 
seeds marked at the base, and their surface generally eined. a1, 42 (ba : 
Joss. ) . 

Sympuitum. Limb, or upper part of the corol, tubular- ing ; 
closed with subulate rays. AI. el coaatrey | a i in 


Southern. 
He iotroPium. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed: corol salver-form, 5-cleft, with 
teeth or folds between the divisions ; throat open. (Spikes recurved involute ) 
4}, 42—(turnsol.) . : 


B. Flowers 1-petalled, inferior ; seeds covered. 
( Capsule 1-celled.) 


Anacatus. Calyx 5-parted : corol wheel-form, deeply 5-lobed : capsule 
opening transversely, globose, many-seeded : stamens hairy. 20. 34—(scar> 
let pimpernel.) S. 

ystmacHiA. Calyx 5-cleft: corol wheel-form, 5-cleft : capsule 1-celled, 
globular, 5 or 10-valved, mucronate : stigma obtuse. (in some species the fila- 
ments are united at the base.) 20. 34—(loose-strife.) S. 

Privta. Umbellets involucred : calyx tubular, 5-toothed : corol salver- 
form, 5-lobed ; tube cylindric; throat open; divisions of corol emarginate : cap- 
sule ge with a 10-cleft mouth : stigma globular. 21. 34—(primrose 
cowslip. 

DopEcaTHEON. Calyx 5-cleft : corol wheel-form, 5-parted, reflexed : cap- 
sule oblong, 1-celled, opening at the apex : stamens on the inside of the tube 
short ; anthers converging : stigma obtuse. 20. 34—/(false-cowslip.) 

MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted : corol hairy, funnel-form, 5-lobed, equal 
and spreading : capsule ovate, I-celled, 2-valved, with the seeds attached to 
the valves : stigma 2-cleft, capitate. 47. 46—(buck bean.) 

Vittarsia. Capsule 1-celled, 1 or 2-valved, many seeded: coro] wheel- 
form, 5-lobed; divisions bearded at the base ; margin inflexed, having 5 glan- 
dular nectaries, alternating with the stamens : stigma 2-lobed. 47. 46—(spur- 
stem, heart water-shield.) S. 

Horronisa. Calyx 5-parted : corol salver-form, 5-lobed : stamens on the 
tube of the corol: stigma globular: capsule 1-celled, globose, acuminate, 2]. 
_ 34—/(feather-leaf.) S. 

- Samorus. Calyx 5-cleft, half superior, permanent: corol salver-form, 5- 
lobed, with & intermediate scales fencing up the stamens between them : cap- 
sule 1-celled, 5-toothed, many-seeded. 21. 34—(brookweed.) S. 

Sasppatia. Calyx 5 to 12-parted: corol wheel-form, 5 to 12-parted : stig- 
mas 2, spiral or coiled : anthers becoming revolute : capsule 2-valyed, many- 
seeded. 47. 46—(centaury.) S. - 

HypRoPHyYLiLuM. Calyx 5-parted : corol bell-form, 5-@left, with 5 margin- 
ed, longitudinal, honey-bearing grooves inside : capsule globose, 2-valved : sta- 
mens exsert; filaments bearded in the middle : stigma 2-cleft. 41. 42—(water- 
leaf, burr-flower.) S. 

i Southern. 

Evusta. Calyx deeply 5-parted: corol smaller, funnel-form, 5-cleft, naked 
within: stamens not exsert; filaments smooth; anthers roundish: stigma 2- 
cleft : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded ; seeds punctate. Capsule on the 
spreading calyx. 41. 42. 

Awprosack. Flowers in an involucred umbel : calyx 5-cleft, permanent : 
corol salver-form, 5-lobed, tube ovate, orifices glandular : capsule 1-celled, 
globe-ovate, 5-valved, many-seeded. 20. 34. ‘ 


, * mt ( Capsule 2-celled—rarely 3-celled.) 
Paacetia. Calyx 5-parted: corol somewhat bell-form, 3-cleft, with 5 mar 


is 


SS 
CLASS V, ORDER I. Dy4 


gined, longitudinal, honey-bearing grooves inside : styles filiform; stigmas 2: 
stamens exsert : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded; with partitions attached 
to the middle of the valves. 28. 41. S. + 

Spicetia. Calyx 5-parted: corol funnel-form; border equally 5-cleft : an- 
thers converging : capsule twinned, 2-celled, 4 valved, many-seeded.47. 46. S, 

Verpascum. Calyx 5-paried : corol wheel-form, 5-lobed, somewhat irregu- 
lar: stamens declined, hairy : capsules 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves inflexed. 
when ripened, many-seeded. 28. 41—(mullein.) S. 

Nicorrana. Calyx urceolate, sub-tubular, 5-cleft: coroi funnel-form, 5- 
cleft, limb plaited: stigma notched, capitate: stamens inclined : capsules 2- 
celled, 2 to 4-valved. 28. 41—(tobacco.) 

Hyoscyamus. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft : corol funnel-form, 5-lobed, obtuse, 
irregular : stamens inclined: capsule 2-celled, covered witha lid, 28. 41— 
{henbane. ) 

Convotyutus. Calyx 5-parted, with or without 2 bracts: corol funnel-form, 
plaited : stigma 2-cleft or double: cells of the capsule 2 or 3; each 1 or 2- 
seeded. 29, 43—(bind-weed.) S. 

' Ipom#a. Calyx 5-cleft, naked: corol funnel or bell-form, with 5-folds : 
stigma globe-headed, papillose : capsule 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded. 29. 43 
—(cypress vine, morning glory.) S. 

Southern. 

OpnHiorHizs. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 5-cleft, funnel-form : germ 2-cleft : 
stigmas 2: capsule mitre-form, 2-lobed, 2-celled, many-seeded. 47. 46. 

Bumetta. Calyx 5-parted: corol salver-form, deeply 5-parted: nectary 
{inner corol) 5-leaved : drupe I-seeded. 43. 48. 

ListantHus. Corol tubular, ventricose ; divisions recurved: calys bell-form, 
keeled : stigma in a 2-lobed head : capsule 2-:elled, 2-furrowed, 2-valved : 
seeds numerous, sub-imbricate, surrounded with a very small membranaceous 
margin. 47, 46. 


( Capsule 3 to 5-celled.) 


'Putiox. Calyx prismatic, 5-cleft; segments converging : corol salver-form, 
S#lobed, with a tube somewhat curved : filaments unequal in length, attached 
to the inside of the tube of the corol : stigmas 3-cleft: cells 1-seeded, seeds ob- 
long, concave. 20. 44—(lichnedia.) S. 

PoLtemonium. Calyx bell-form, haif 5-cleft: corol bell-wheel-form, 4 or 
5-lobed, erect: stamens bearded at the base, on 5 valves, closing the bottom of 
the tube : stigma 3-cleft, capsule roundish, 3-celled, many-seeded ; valves 


membrano-crustaceous : seeds oblong, sub-triangular. 29. 44—(Greek vale-_ 


rian, false Jacob’s ladder.) S. 

Diapeysia. Calyx dee; ly 5-parted, at the base, imbricated with 3 leafets : 
corol salver-form ; limb flat, 5-cleft : stamens compressed, crowning the tube 
of the corol: stigmas 3: capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 21. 43— 
(mountain box.) NS. « 

Datura. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous, with a permanent orbicular 
base : corol funnel-form, plaited : capsule 4-valved, 2-celled, and each cell half 
divided ; generally thorny. 28. 41—(thorn-apple.) S. 

AZALEA. Calyx 5-parted: corol tubular, half 5-cleft, somewhat oblique ; 
stamens on the receptacle, declined; stigma declined, obtuse, usually ending 
with 5 short papilla : capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. 18, 50 
—(wild honeysuckle.) S. be 

Southern. 

Ipomerta. Calyx somewhat bell-form, membranaceous at the base, 3-cleft: 
corol funnel-form, 5-lobed, entire : stamens unequal, exsert: stigma 3-cleft : 
“ag 3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; seeds angular, in 2 rows. 

Corttomta. Calyx wineglass-form, large, 5-cleft, acute: corol funnel-form 
with 5 short oval-oblong lobes ; tube straight, long, slender: capsule 3-corner- 


“i 


RS i 


25 CLASS V. ORDER 1, 


ed, 3-celled, 3-seeded, and 3 obcordate valves; seed oblong, angular, with « 
muciolaginous covering. 29. 44. = - 

Castua. Calyx3 to 5-cleft : corol funnel-form: stigma 3-cleft: capsule st- 
perior, 3-celled, 3-valyed, many-seeded; seeds winged. 29. 44 


(Seed in a berry.) 

Paysauts. Calyx 5-toothed: corol bell or wheel-form; tube with 5 concare 
impressions: anthers converging: berries 2-celled, contained in an inflated ca- 
lyx: seeds numerous. 28. 41—(winter cherry.) S. 

Soranum. Calyx 5 to 10-parted, permanent: corol bell or wheel-form, 5- 
lobed, plaited: anthers thickened, partly united, with two pores at the top - 
berry containing many seeds, 2 to 6-celled. 28. 41—(potatoe, nightshade, bit- 
ter-sweet.) S. 
« Exotic. 

Atropa. Corol bell-form: stamens distant: berry globular, 2-celled, sit- 
ting on the calyx. 28. 41—(deadly nightshade.) 

Apsicum. Corol whee!-form: berry juiceless, inflated: anthers conyers- 
ing: calyx angular. 28. 41—(red pepper.) u 


Southern. 

Anprocera. (Solanum.) Calyx inflated, 5-cleft, caducous: corol sub-rin- 
zent, wheel-form, 5-cleft : stamens unconnected, unequal, declined, one larger 
and horn-form; anther with 2 terminal pores: style simple, declined ; stigma 
not distinct: berry dry; seed without margins, rugose. 28. 41. 


C. Flowers 1-petalled, superior. 
( Seeds in a capsule.) 


CampanuLa. Calyx mostly 5-cleft: corol bell-form, closed at the bottom br 
valves bearing the flattened stamens: stigma 3 to 5-cleft: capsules 3 to 5-cell- 
ed, opening by lateral pores. 29. 52—(bell-flower.) NS. 

Lopetia. Calyx 5-cleft: corol irregular, often irregularly slitted: anthers 
cohering, and somewhat curved: stigma 2-lobed: capsule 2 or 3-celled. 29. 
52—(cardinal flower, wild tobacco.) 8S. ” 

Diervitta. Calyx oblong, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts: coro! 5-cleft, twice as 
long as the calyx, funnel-iorm: border 5-cleft, spreading: stigma capitate : 
capsule oblong, 4-celled, naked, many-seeded. 48. 58—(bush honeysuckle.) S 


Southern. 
Pinckyrya. Calyx 5-parted, 1 or 2 of the divisions large, bract-like : corot 
Tong, tubular ; border re-curved: stamens exsert: capsule roundish, 2 or 4- 
~ valved with contrary partitions: seed winged. 47. 57. 
- Cwrococca. Calyx 5-toothed: corol funnel-form, equal : berry compress- 
ed, twinned, 2-seeded: seed oblong, compressed. 47. 57. 


( Seeds in a berry.) 


Lonicera. Capirotium. Calyx 5-toothed: corol tubular, long, 5-cleft, 
unequal: stamens exsert : stigmas globose : berry 2 or 3-celled, distinct ; seeds 
many. 48. 58—(trumpethoneysuckle.) S. 

XyLosteum. Calyx 5-toothed, with 2 connate bracts. corol tubular 5 border 
5-parted, nearly equal: berries in pairs, united at their bases, or combined in 
one; 2-celled. 48. 58—-(fly honeysuckle, twin-berry.) 

SympHo Calyx small, 4-toothed, 2-bracted at the base : corol tubular, 
short, 5-cleft, sub-equal: stigma globose; berry ovate, small, crowned with 
the permanent calyx, 4-celled, 4 seeded ; (sometimes two of the cells are 
abortive.) 48. 58—S. i 
. Triosteum. Calyx permanent, of the length of the corol, 5-cleft, with linear 
divisions: corol tubular, 5-lobed, sub-equal, gibbous at the base: stigma capi- 
tate, sub-5-lobed: berry 3-celled, 3-seeded. 48, 53—(feverwort, horse gin- 

=.) S. 
bei Exotic. 
Murazrzts. Corol funnel-form, coarctate (compressed or narrowed) belor; 


not ae 


CLASS VY. ORDER I. * 29 


ealyx inferior: germ between the calyx and corol: stigma globular. 54, 32— 
(four o’clock.) 
D. Flowers 5-petalled, inferior. 
( Seed in a capsule.) 


Trea, Calyx 5-cleft, minute, bearing the 4 long linear reflexed petals ; stic- 
ma capitate, 2-lobed: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; the valves 
bearing the seeds, and having inflexed margins. 18. 50. S, 

Impatiens. Calyx 2-leaved, deciduous: corol irregular, spurred: anthers 
coheriug at the top: capsule 5-valved, bursting elasticatly when ripe. 24. 73— 
(tonch-me-not, jewel weed.) S. 

Viota. Calyx 5-leaved or deeply 5-cleft : corol irregular, with a horn be- 
hind ; (sometimes the horn is wanting or a mere prominence) anthers attached 
by a membranous tip, or slightly cohering : capsuie I-celled, 3-valved. 29. 80 
—(violet.) S. : 

‘canoe at Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted, the leaves valve-like: corol “3- 
petalled, emarginate: stigma 3-cleft : capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 to 5-seeded. 
13. 86—(spring beauty.) S. 

CEANoTuHts. Petals scale-like, vaulted ; claws long, standing in the 5-cleft, 
eup-form calyx ; stigma 3; berry or capsule dry, 3-grained, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 
3-parted, opening on the iuner side. 43. S95—(New-Jersey tea.) S. - 

Evonymus. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleit, flat: corol flat, inserted on the outer 
margin of a glandular disk: capsule 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved, coloured ; 
cells 2-lobed : seeds valyptred or arilled. 43. 95—(spindle tree.) S. 

Cevastrus. Calyx 5-lobed, flat: corol spreading: capsule, obtusely 3-an- 
gled, 3-celled, berry-like ; valves bearing the partitions on their centres; cells 
1 or 2-seeded: stamens standing around a glandular 5-toothed disk: style 
thick: stigina 3-cleft: seeds calyptred or arilled. 43. 95—(staff tree, false 
bittersweet.) 

Exotic. 

GompPHrReNA. Calyx 5-leaved, col d; exterior one 3-leaved; 2 leafets 
converging, keeled: petals 5, villose, rather no ccrol ;) nectary cylindric, 
5-toothed : capsule opening transversely, l-seeded: style semi-bifid. 55. 30 
—(bachelor’s buttons.) 


Southern. 

Cyritia. Calyx minute, sub-turbinate, 5-parted: petals 5, stellate: stig- 
mas 2 or 3: capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, not opening : seed ovate, attached to 
the summit of a columella by a filament. 40. 41. 

Gavas. ERyTHRORHIZA. SoLtanpra. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol 
twice as long as the calyx, 5-petalled, affixed to the base of the stamens; anther- 
bearing tube 10-cleft, the 5 shorter segments bearing the anthers: stigma 3- 
lobed : capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; seeds many, affixed to the columella. 28. 40. 

ZizypHus. Calyx 5-cleft: petais 5, resembling scales, inserted into the 
glandular disk of the calyx: styles2: drupe 2-ceiled, 1 or 2-seeded ; one celi 
often empty. 43. 95. . “4 

lontpiom. Ionta. (from Viola.) ‘Calyx 5-leaved, with bases extended : 
corol somewhat 2-lipped, not spurred: stigma simple: capsule 1-celled, 3- 
valved ; seeds on the middle valve. 29. 80.. 

{ Seed in a berry.) 

Ruamyus. Calyx cup-form, 4 or 5-cleft: corol consists of scales fencing in 
or opposite to, the stamens, and inserted on the calyx, (sometimes wanting :) 
stigma 2 or4-cleft ; berry 3 or 4-seeded, (sometimes polygamous or dicecious. } 
43. 95—(buckthorn, dwarf alder.) S. 

Vitis. Calyx 5-toothed, minute: petals.cohering at the tip, heod-like, with- 
ering: style 0: stigma obtuse, capitate: berry 5-seeded, globular, often die- 
cious ; seeds sub-cordate. 46. 72—(grape vine.) S. 

AmpPsEtopsis. Cissus. Calyx minute, 4 or 5-toothed: petals reflexed, 
spreading, 4 or 5, unconnected panes colyxclike, caducous : germs surrounded 


‘Y 


30 CLASS ¥. ORDER It. 


with a glandular disk: berry 2-celled, 2 to 4-seeded. 46, 72—(false grape, 
creeper.) &. 
- E. Flowers 5-petalled, superior. 
Rires. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft, (sometimes flat:) corel and stamens in- 
serted on the calyx: style 2-cleft: berry many-eecded 36, 85—(current, 
gooseberry.) S. 
Exotic. 

Hepers. Petals oblong: berry 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx: style 

simple. 46. 58—(European ivy.) 
F. Corols wanting. 


Tuesium. Comanpra. Calyx superior, half 5-cleft, with petal-like edging 
attached to its margin: anthers adhering to the edging by means of filamentous 
tufts: nut or capsule 1-seeded, covered with the permanent calyx. 31. 24— 
(false toad-flax.) S. ; 

Queria. ParonycHia. Anycuts. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted, segments 
oblong, inferior, converging, tough, bag-like at the tip: cape l-celled: seed 
i: stigmas sub-capitate : the capsule is bladder-like, and the seed somewhat 
veniform. Filaments 3to5. 22. 82—(fork chickweed.y S. 

Gravux. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 5-lobed, coloured: capsule globose, acu- 
minate, 1-celled, 5-valved, 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx : receptacle round- 
ed and punctured. 17. 91—(sea imilkwort.) 

* Queria, Prinos, Polygonum. 


Orver Il. Dieynzia. 
A. Corol 1-petalled, inferior. 
{Plants with follicles are removed to class gynandria, order pentagynig.} 


Gentiana. Calyx 4or 5-cleft: coro] with a tubular base, bell-form, without 
pores, 4or 5-cleft: stigmas 2, snb-sessile : oe 1-celled, oblong: columellas 
2, longitudinal: stamens but 4, w the divisions of corol are 4. 47. 46— 
(gentian.) 

Cuscuta. Calyx 4or 5-cleft: corol 4 or 5-cle{l, sub-campannilate, withering : 
capsule 2-celled, dividing transversely at the base; seeds binate. 29. 43—(ded- 
der. 

Southern. 

Getseminum. Calyx 5-leaved, very small: coro! funnel-form, border spread- 
ing, 5-lobed, nearly equal: capsule compressed, flat, 2-partible, 2-celled : seeds 
fat, attached tothe margins of the valves. 40. 45. 

Hyprorea. Calyx 5-parted: corol wheel-form or bell-form: anthers cor- 
date, and their filaments cordate at the base: styles long, diverging : “stigmas 
head-peltate : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. 29. 43. < Peme 

Dicuonpra. Calyx 5-parted; segments spatulate: coro] short, bell-form, 
§-parted: stigma head-peltate: capsule sub-compressed, twinned, 2-celled, 1- 
seeded: seeds globose. 29. 43. 

Eyotvutus. Calyx 5-parted, corol bell-wheel-form, with sub-emarginate 
lobes: styles 2, deeply 2-cleft, with diverging capillary divisions: stigma sim- 
ple: capsule 2-celled, 4-valved, 2 to 4-seeded. 29. 43. 

B, Corol 5-petalled. 


Hevcwera. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft: corol on the calyx: petals small: cap- 
sule 2-beaked, 2-celled, many-seeded, 13. 84—(alum root.) S. : 
Panax. Polygamous. Umbelled. Involucre many-leaved: calyx 5-tooth- 
ed in the perfect flower, superior: berry heart-form, 2 or 3-seeded : calyx, in 
the staminate flower, entire. 46. 59—(ginseng.) 
: C. Corol wanting. 
ArripLex. Pobygamous. Calyx 5-leaved, or 5-parted, inferior; style 2- 
parted: seed 1, vertical; fruit depressed, Pistillate flowers are intermixed, in 
srhich the calyx is 2-leaved or 2-parted. 12. 28—(erach.) 4, 


CLASS V. OBDER II. 31 


Cyenopopium. Calyx: 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, inferior: style deeply 
cleft : seed 1, lens-like, horizontal, invested by the calyx. 12. 29—( pigweed, 
oak of Jerusalem.) S. 

Sarsota. Calyx 5-parted, with a capsular base: style 2-cleft: capsule }- 
celled, with a spiral seed. The capsule is formed of the permanent calyx. 12, 
29—(saliwort.) S. 

Uxmus. Calyx bell-form, withering ; border 4 or 5-cleft: seed 1, enclosed 
re flat membranaceous samara. (Stamens vary from 4 to 8.) 53, 99— 

elm.) S. 

= ey Polygamous. Perfect flowers have the calyx 5-parted : styles thick- 
ish, spreading : drupe 1-seeded: staminate flowers beneath the perfect ones, 
with 6-parted calyxes: stamens often6. 53. 99—(nettle-tree.) S. 


Exotic. 
Bera. Calyx 5-leaved : seed kidney-form within the fleshy substance of the 
base of the calyx. 12. 29—(beet.) 


Southern. 

Kocura. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 5-cleft, forming a permanent band 
around the fruit, somewhat resembling 5 petals : corol none: styles short, stig- 
inas 2 or 3, long, simple: seed incurved. 12. 29. 

PLaNERA. Polygamous. Calyx membranaceous, sub-campanulate, 4 or 5- 
cleft: corol none: stigmas 2, oblong, glandular, recurved: capsule (nat) sub- 
globose, membranaceous, 1-celled, not opening, smooth or scaly, 1-seeded, noi 
winged. 53. 99, 

D. Plants. umbelliferous ; flowers 5-petalled, superior ; seeds 2. 
( Seeds prickly or hispid.) 

Sasicuta. Seeds hispid with hooked prickles: calyx 5-parted, permanent : 
umbel sub-simple, capitate: involucre few-flowered. 45. 60—(sanicle.) S. 

Daucus. Seeds striate on their joining sides ; outer sides convex, having his- 
pid ribs: involucre pinnatifid: flowerss diated, abortive in the disk. 45, 
60—(carrot.) S. * 

UnasPERMUM. Scanpix. Myrruis. CHakRopHYLtum.* Seeds sub-li: 
near, solid, acute-angled, not striate ; ribs 5, acute; angles a little furrowed, 
hispid ; the joining sides furrowed, and attached toa 2-cleft columella-like re- 
ceptacle: style subulate, permanent, rendering the seed caudate: involucre 
none or few-leaved. Fruit stiped, oblanceolate, polished, part of it hispid. 45. 
G—(sweet cicely.) S. , 

Eryneium. Fruit oval-oblong, with cbafl-like scales, often hispid: calyx 5- 
parted, permanent : petals oblong, inflexed at the apex and adnate at the base : 
flowers sessile, capitate, intermixed with chaff: involacre many-leayed, sub- 
spinous. 45, 60—(seaholly.) S. 

( Seeds with wing-like ribs.) 

Heracrevm. Seeds with winged margins and 3 ribs on the back, obtuse? 
and 3 grooves on their outer sides, with the intervals dotted half way down: 
joining sides flat, with 2 dots; germ oval, emarginate at the apex : petals emar- 
ginate, inflexed: general involucre none, partial involucre 3 to 7-leaved: flow- 
ers somewhat radiated. 45. 60—(cow-parsley.) 

Anesiica. Seeds with 3 ribs on their backs, and winged margins ; inter- 
vals between the ribs grooved: germ oval, corticate: general involyucre none, 
45, 60—(angelica.) S. 

Cnipium. Sxxinum.- Seed ovate, solid; ribs 5, acute, somewhat winged : 
intervals furrowed, striate: general involucre wanting; partial, 1-leaved or 
none. 45.60. S, 


bt 
* The sweet cicely is still an undefined plant. Bigelow has almost settled jts. 
sharacter—all others have obscured it. 


32 CLASS V. ORDER II. 


Pastinaca. Seeds emarginate at the apex, somewhat winged; ribs3 besides 
‘the wings; rtervals striate ; joining sides 2-striate: germ oval, ; 
perianth-calyx entire: petals entire, incurved, sub-equal ; involucre none. 45. 
60—(parsnip.) we 

Tuapsia. Fruit narrow, slightly compressed, scarcely ribbed ; wings 2, 
dorsal, marginal: invelucre none. 45. 60. > 


Exotic. 
AxetHeum. Seeds flat or convex, 5-ribbed: germ lenticular, compressed : 
calyx and petals entire : involucres none. 45, 60—(fennel, dill.) 


Southern. : 
Preucepanum. Calyx minute, 5-toothed: petals oblong, incurved, equal : 
fruit oval, compressed, surrounded with a winged margin, having 5 striae on 
each seed, and elevated intervals, joining sides flat. 45. 60—(sulphur wort.) 
FrrvuLa. Calyx minute, entire: petals oblong, sub-equal: fruit sub-oval, 
compressed, flat, wing-margined : seeds with 3 dorsal lines; intervals and join- 
ing sides striate: generai involucre caducous, partial ones many-leaved. 45. 


(Seeds with 3 ribs, nearly equal.) 


Hyprocotyir. Cranrzia. Ericenta. Seeds 3-ribbed, flat; dorsal rib 
‘sometimes obsolete ; joining sides flat, linear: germ sub-orbicular or reniform, 
compressed laterally ; styles short : stigmas capitate : perianth none: petals eu- 
tire, spreading: involucres various. 45. 60—(pennywort.) S. 

Smrrvyium. Seeds convex-gibbous, marked with 3 angular elevations : germ 
roundish-ovate and solid, somewhat compressed laterally: perianth obsolete : 
= acuminate, incurved: involucre wanting or few-leaved. 45. 60—(alex- 
anders.) S. ; 

Gostifin: Seeds 3-ribbed, (rarely 5-ribbed :) styles permanent: germ 
oblong-ovate, corticate, solid ; apex denticulate: perianth slenderly 5-toothed : 
petals of the disk florets of the umbel cordate-inflexed, sub-equal; those of the 
ray-florets large and deformed: ¢ _involucre mostly wanting. 45, 60— 
{water dropwort.) 

Zotic. 

Carvum. Seeds oblong-ovate, striate: petals carinate, emarginate, inflexed : 
involucre about l-leaved. 45. 60—(caraway.) 

( Seeds with 5 ribs, nearly equal.) 

Contum. Seeds 5-ribbed : ribs at first crenate with flat intervals between 
them: germ ovate, gibbous; perianth entire: petals unequal, cordate, inflex- 
ed: general involucre about 3 to 5-leaved ; partial ones mostly 3-leaved, uni- 
lateral. 45. 60—(poison hemlock.) 

Sium. Seeds ovate, gibbous-convex, 5-ribbed, with 4 intervening grooves : 
germ oblong-ovate, glabrous, compressed laterally : perianth obsolete : petals 
cordate, inflexed; involucres many-leaved, entire. 45. 60—(water parsnip.) 
S. ; 

Cicuta. Seeds gibbous-convex: ribs 5, obtuse, converging, with interven- 
ing tuberculate grooves and prominences ; joining sides flat: germ sub-globose, 
corticate, compressed laterally : calyx obsolete, 5-toothed : petals cordate-in- 
flexed: partial involucres 5 or 6-leaved, or wanting. 45, 60—(water hem- 
lock.) S. 

ey Ami. Seeds 5 ribbed, ovate, solid; intervals convex ; sides con- 
tracted: general involucre wanting, and sometimes the partial also. 45. 60— 
{bishop weed.) S. ’ 
~ Licusticum. Seeds with 5 acute ribs and 4 intervening grooves : a ob- 
long, corticate: general and partial involucres many-leaved. 45. (lov- 
age.) S. 

Exotic. nar. 

Apium. Seeds convex externally; ribs 5, small, a little promote: germ 
sub-globose : perianth entire: petals equal, roundish, inflexed at the apex ; 
involucre 1 to 3-leavedor wanting. 45. 60—(celery, parsley.) 


GLASS V. ORDER ¥. 88 


a 


Corranprum. Seeds sub-spherical : germ spherical : poet 5-toothed : 
Is cordate-inflexed, outer ones largest: invelucre 1-leaved, or wanting. 
45. 60—(coriander.) } 


Southern. 

Axrruusa. Fruit ovate, sub-solid, having bark ; ribs acute and turgid, inter- 
vals acute-angled ; joining sides flat, striate: involucre l-sided ornone. 46.. 
6D—(fvol’s parsley.) 

Seseut. Fruit lance-ovate, solid ; ribs somewhat obtuse ; intervals partly 
grooved : genera! involucre none, partial ones many-leaved, 45. 60—(meadow- 
saxifrage.) : 

Polygonum, Scleranthus, Salix, 


: Orveer Ill. Tricynia. 
A, Flowers superior. 


Visurnnum. Calyx 5-parted or 5-toothed, small : corol bell-form, 5-cleft, with 
spreading or reflexed lobes : stigmas almost sessile: berry or drupe l-seeded. 
43. 58—(snowball, sheep-berry, high cranberry.) S. 

Samsucus. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, smal! : corol sub-urceolate, 5-cleft : 
stigma minute, sessile : berry globose, 1-celled, 3-seeded. 43. 58—(elder.) 


B. Flowers inferzor. 


Ruvus. Calyx 5-parted: petals: berry 1-seeded, small, sub-globular. 43, 
94—(sumach, poison-ivy.) S. 

SrapHytra. Calyx 5-parted, coloured : petals 50n the margin of a glan- 
dular 5-angled disk : capsules inflated, connate ; nuts globular, having a cica- 
trice, 1 or 2 remaining in each capsule, though several appear as rudiments 
While in bloom. 23. 95—(bladder nut.) S. 

SaroTHRA. Calyx 5-parted: petals linear: capsule l-celled, 3-valved, co- 


Joured. 20. 82—(pin-weed.) S. wer. 
So 
Turners. Calyx 5-cleft, funnel-fo ten with bracts at the base: petals 


5, with claws, inserted on the calyx : stigmas many-cieft : capsule 1-celled, 3- 

yalved. 37. 79. 

_ LepuroPpeTaton. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5, resembling scales, inserted 
jnto the calyx: capsule tree near the summit, 1-celled, I-val ved. 21. . 


Orvsr 1V. Terrracysia. 


Parnassta. Calyx inferior, permanent, 5-parted: coro! 5-petalled : necta: 
yies 5 fringed, with stamen-like divisions ; globular tips: stigmas'sessi'e : 
sule 4-valved, 1 or 2-celled - seed membranaceous-margined. 14. 64 —(par- 
nassus grass, flowering plantain.) S. 


OrpER V. PENTAGYNIA. 


Arata. Umbellets involucred ; perianth 5-toothed, superior _ petals 5: 
stigmas sessile, sub-globose : berry crowned, 5-celled ; cells 1-seeded. 46. 59 
-—(spikenard, wild sarsaparilla.) S. 

Statice. Calyx 1-leaved, entire, plaited, scarious, inferior : corol 5-petal- 
Jed: capsule 1-seeded, valveless, covered with the permanent calyx. 48. 33— 
{marsh rosemary,) S. 

Linum. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted, permanent : corol 5-petalled, inferior, 
with claws: capsule 5 or 10-valved, i0-celled : seeds solitary, ovate, compress- 
ed : filaments spreading or united at the base. 14. 73—(flax.) S. 

Srppatpia. Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternating segments narrower : petals 
5, inserted in the calyx : styles attached to the germ laterally: seeds 5, in the 
kottom of the calyx. 35. 92. S, 

# Spergula, Cerastium, 


34 CLASS VI. OBDER f, 


Orper VI. Hexacynia.— - ae 


Drosera. Calyx oO deeply 5-cleft, permanent: petals 5, marcescent : 
anthers adnate: styles 6, or one deeply divided : capsule round, 1 or 3-celled, 
many-seeded ; valves equalling the number of 20. 68—(sundew.) 
The leaves of all the species are beset with glandule s resembling dew. S. 


Orver XIII. Potyernia. . .? 
ZantHorHIzs. Calyx 0: petals 5: nectaries 5, pedicelled : 7 psule half 


2-valved, l-seeded, about 5innumber. 26. 61—(yellow-root.) 8. 


CLASS Vie HEXANDRIA. : 


OrperR I. Mownoeynta. 


A. Flowers having a perianth and corol, without a spathe. 


TRaDEscanTiA. Calyx inferior, 3-leaved : corol 3-petalled ; filaments with 
jointed beards: capsules 3-celled, many seeded. 6. 13—(spider-wort.) S. 

CavuLopuyiium. Leonticr. Calyx inferior, 3 to 6-ieaved, caducous: pe- 
tals 6, opposite to the leaves of the calyx: nectaries 6, sub-reniform, fleshy, 
glutinous at the margin, attached to the claws of the peta's: anthers adnate te 
the filaments, opening longitudinally : drupe stiped, 1-seeded: anthers 2-celled, 
dehiscent at the margin. 24. 61—(pappoos root.) S. 

Berseris. MaHonta. Calyx interior, 6-leaved petals 6, with 2 glands at 
the claw of each: style 0: berry 1-celled, 2 or 4-seeded : (stigma umbilicate : 
stamens spring up on being irritated.) 54, 78—(barberry.) S. ‘ 

Prinos. Calyx inferior, 6-cieft, small : corol wheel-form, 6-cleft or 6-part+ 
ed : berry 6-seeded : seeds nut-like. 43. 95—(winter-berry.) S. 

FLerkea. Nectris? Calyx 3- , inferior : corol 3-petalled, shorter : 
style 2-cleft: capsule bladder-lik grained. 15, 22—(false mermaid.) 

CiLeome. Poxanisisa. Calyx , inferior: petals 4, ascending to one 
side : glands 3, one at.each sinuate division of the calyx except the lowest : 
stamens from 6 to 20, or more : capsule stiped or sessile, silique-like, often 1- 
celled, 2-valved. Does not belong to the class Tetradynamia by its natural or 
artificial characters. It has no Bish: though the capsule appears like a sili- 
que, until itis opened, 25. 64—(false mustard.) 


Southern. 

TILLANDRiA, ‘Calyx 3-cleft, sub-convolute, permanent: corol 3-cleft, bell- 
tubular: capsule 1 to 3-celled : seedcomose. 10. 17. @ 
PHYLLIA. Calyx 3-leaved, caducous: petals 6, opposite to the divisions of 

the calyx : anthers adhering to the filaments, with cells opening longitudinally - 
berry 1-celled : seeds 2 or 3, roundish, 54, 78. 


Pie ’ B. Flowers having a spathe or glume, without a perianth. 


* YLuts. Corol superior, 6-petalled, unequal: filaments unequal in pro- 
po or direction, declined, inserted in the throat of the tube. 9. 17—(ata-. 
mask lily.) S. 

ALLiIum. Spathe many-flowered : coro] inferior, 6-parted, very deeply di- 
vided ; divisions ovate, spreading : capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded : 
{flowers in close umbels or heads.) 9. 16—(leek, garlic, onion, cives.) S. 

Hypoxts. Glume-like spathe, 2-valved : coro] superior, 6-parted, perma- 
nent capsule elongated, narrow at the base, 3-celled, many-seeded : seed 
roundish. 10. 17—(star-grass.) S. , 
_Ponrepertia. Coro! inferior, Calgh, 2-lipped, with 3 longitudinal perfora- 
tions below : capsule witb utricles, fleshy, 3-celled, many-seeded: 3 stamens 
commonly inserted on the tip, and three on the tube of the corol. 6. 17—(pick- 
erel-weed.) S. fom 


* 


7. oes i uo td » 


_ CLASS VI. ORDER 1, 33) 


4 Exotic. 

GaantHus. Petals 3, concave, superior: nectaries (or inner petals) 3, 
emall, emarginate : stigma simple. 6. 17—(snowdrop.) 

Narcissus. Corol bell-form, spreading, 6-parted or 6-petalled, equal, supe- 
yior : nectary bell-form, 1-leafed, enclosing the stamens. 9. 17—(jonquil, 
daffodil. ) 

Southern. 

Pancratium. Coro] superior, funnel-form, with a long tube; nectary 12- 
cleft, bearing the stamens 9. 17. 

Bropraga. Corol inferior, bell-form, 6-parted ; filaments inserted in the 
throat of the corol: germ pedicelled : capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. 9. 17, 

Crinum. Coro] superior, funnel-form, half 6-cleft; tube filiform; border 
spreading, recurved ; segments subulate, channelled ; filaments inserted on the 
throat of the corol, separate. 9. 17 


C. Flowers having no calyx. 


Conostyuis. Corol more than half inferior, 6-cleft, permanent, with branch- 
ing hairs : anthers erect: style conic, 3-parted : stigma simple : capsule open- 
ing at top, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 10. 17. S. 

AtetTris. Corol superior, funnel-form, wrinkled, somewhat 6-cleft, with the 
stamens inserted at the base of its divisions: style 3-sided, 3-partible: capsule 
3-celled, many-seeded, half inferior, opening at the summit, when mature. 10. 
16—(false aloe.) S. : 

HemeErocatis. Corol 6-parted, tubular, funuel-form: stamens declined : 
stigma small, simple, somewhat villose. 10. 16—(day-lily.) 

Acave.  Corol erect, superior, tubular, or funnel-form : filaments erect, 
longer than the corol: capsule triangular, many-seeded. 10. 17—(agave.) S. 

PHaLancium. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, spreading : filaments smooth : cap- 
sule ovate : seeds angular. 10. 16. ‘ 

NartHecium. Coro] 6-petalled, inferior, spreading, permanent: filaments 
thread-form, hairy : capsule prismatic, 3-ce ied ; seeds many, appendaged, or 
Jong and slender, at both ends. 10. 16—(false asphodel.) 

ORNITHOGALUM. Coro] 6-petalled, inferior, erect, permanent, spreading 
above the middle : filaments dilated, or subulate, at the base: capsule round- 
ish, angled, 3-celled ; segd roundish, naked. 10. 16—(star of Bethlehem.) S. 

Litium. Cero] inferior, liliaceous, 6-petalled : petals with a longitudinal line 
from the middle to the base : staiuens shorter than the style: stigma undivided : 
capsule sub-triangular, with the valves connected by hairs crossing as in a 
sieve. 10. 14—(lily.) S. 

ERYTHRONIUM. Coro] liliaceous, inferior, 6-petalled ; petals reflexed, hav- 
ing two pores and two tubercle-form nectaries at the base of the three inner al- 
ternate petals: capsule somewhat stiped; seeds ovate. 11. 14—(dog-tooth vio- 
let, or eer) S. . 

Uvuraria. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, with a nectariferous hollow at the 
base of each petal: filaments very short, growing tothe anther-: stigmas re- __ 
flexed : capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, 3-valved : with transverse partitions 4 
seeds many, sub-globese, arilled at the hilum. 11. 14—(bellwort.) S. 

Streptopus. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, sub-campanulate : stigma very 
short : berry sub-globose, smooth, 3-celled : seeds few, not arilled on the hilum. 
31. 14—(rose bellwort.( S 

* CONVALLARIA. Smitacina. Potyconatum. DracaEna. - Coro] inferior, , 
a a berry globose, 3-celled, spotted before ripening. 11. 12—(solomon , 
Seal. . ~ * 

ASPARAGUS. ®orol inferior, 6-parted, erect ; the three inner divisions re- 1 
flexed at the apex : style very short ; stigmas3 : berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. 

HM. 12—(asparagus.) S. < 


. “ . 
* I follow Dr. Torrey, with pleasure, in bringing back these three g 
the Cenvallaria. . ~~ & 


‘ . * 


7 


¥ « 


5 


Bor 2-seeded. 15. 22. 


36 CLASS VI, OBDER Il. - 


Exotic. 

PoryaNtHEs. Corol funnel-form, incurved : filaments jnserted in the 
throat: stigma 3-cleft: germ within the bottom of the coro]. 10. 17—(tuber: 
ose, ) te 

Hyacrinravs. Corol roundish or bell-form, equal, 6-cleft : three téctariferous 
pores at the top of the germ: stamens inserted in the middle of the corel: cel!s 
somewhat 2-seeded. 10. bint Aap 

Touxipa. Corol 6-petalled, liliaceous: style none ; stigma thick : 
oblong, 3-sided. = 14— (tulip) : He ick : capsule 
_ AspHODELUs. Corol 6-parted, spreading : nectary covering the germ with 
valves. 10. 16—(king’s spear, Or asphodel. ) ie ae 


Southern. 

Yucca. Corol inferior, bell-form, segments not nectariferous : filaments sub- 
clavate: style none: capsule oblong, with 3 obtuse angles, 3-celled, opening at 
the summit: seeds flat. 10. 14—(adam’s Bee 

FritttLtaria. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, bell-form, with a nectariferous 
cavity above the claw of each : stamens of the length of the corol : seeds flat. 
10. 14—(crown imperial ) 

Sciz1a. Corol 6-petalled, spreading, caducous: filaments thread-form, at- 
tached to the base of the petals. 10. 14—(squills.) 


D. Flowers incomplete ; having perianth-like calyx or corol ; but neither in 
perfection. 

Orontium. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets : spathe 
@: corol 6-petalled, naked : style 0: capsule bladder-like, l-seeded. 2, 7—~ 
(floating arum.) S. 

Aconus. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets: calyx 6- 
parted, naked: corol 0; (or calyx none, corol 6-parted or 6-petalled :) style 
none ; stigma a mere point: capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. 2. 13—(sweet flag.) 


Juycvus. Glume or outer calyx, Q-valved : perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glume- 
Jike, permanent: stigmas 3: capsules 1 or 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; 
seeds attached to a partition in the middle of each valve. 5, 13—(rush-grass, 
bulrush.) S. 

Luzuta. Glume, or outer calyx, 2-valved; periarth 6-leaved, glume-like : 
capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; valves without partitions. 5, 13—~ 
(false rush-grass.) S. 

* Trientalis, Laurus, Lythrum, Corydalis, Polygonum, 


Orper If. Dieynia. 


Exotic. 
Oryza. Calyx, glume 2-valved, 1-flowered: corol 2-valved, adhering td 
the seed. 4. 10—(rice.) F 


Southern. uy 
VOoxynm. Perianth simple, 4-leaved, 2 inner leafets largest: coro! none : 
nut 3-sided, with a broad membranaceous margin: stamens 2 to6: stigma 
large, plumose. 12. 28 
Nectris. Casomga Calyx inferior, 6-leaved: corol none: capsules 3, not 
opening. The calyx may be considered as 6-parted, and the 3 inner divisions 
are petal-like, obtuse, and smaller. ‘The capsule is bladder-like, 1 or 2-celled, 


Orpee III. Trieysia. ¥ 


Merxastaiuy. Polygamous. Calyx 0: coro! wheel-form, 6-parted or 6- 
petalled, each part with 2 glands at the base: stamens from the lengthened 
claws of the petals : capsule ovatish, somewhat 3-cleft at the apex, 8-celled : 
seeds membraue-winged, numerous. 10, 13—(black-flower.) 4. 


pl e 


; CLASS VI. ORDER VT. oe 


Zieapenus. Calyx 6-leaved, spreading, with 2 glands above the narrow 
base of each leaf: stamens inserted in contact with the germ : capsule mem- 
branaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. (Calyx is coloured and corol-like.)—(ziga= 
dene.) NS. 

= Polygamous or dioecious. Calyx 0: corol 6-parted or 6-petall . 
ed, sessiles, spreading, without glands: capsules 3, adnate, many-seeded. (The 
staminate flowers have the rudiment of a pistil.) 10. 13—(itchweed, or swamp 
hellebore.) S. 

Heroniss. Calyx 0: corol 6-parted or 6-petalled, spreading, glandless - 
styles distinct : capsules 3-celled, 3-horned, few seeded. 10. 13—(helonias.) 
S. 

XeRopHytiuM. Corol wheel-form, deeply 6-parted: filaments contiguous 
at the base : stigmas 3, revolute, sub-connate at the base : capsule sub-globose, 
opening at the top into three fissures, 3-celled, each 2-seeded. 10. 13. 

Torrecpa. Calyx 3-cleftor 3-leaved, inferior: petals 6 : anthers roundish - 
styles vertical, short: capsules 3, joined at the base, many-seeded. 10. 13. S. 

Scwrvucuzenia. Calyx 6-parted, inferior: corol 0: (orcorol 6-parted anc 
calyx 0:) anthers linear: stigmas sessile, lateral: capsules 3, inflated, 1 or 2- 
seeded. 5, 13—(less flowering rush. ‘ 

Trictocuiy. Calyx 3-leaved, inferior : corol 3-petalled, resembling the 
calyx : (or a double calyx with 3 outer and 3 inner leaves) stamens 3 or 6: 
styles 0: stigmas 3 or 6, hairy : capsules 3 or 6, united above and separate at 
their bases, l-seeczd, not opening. 5, 13—(arrow-grass.) S. 

Gyromis. MepEota. Calyx 0: corol deeply 6-parted, revolute: anthers 
slightly attached to the filaments: style 0 : stigmas 3, long-linear, revolute- 
spreading, slightly united at the base : berry 3-celled, cells 5 or 6-seeded : 
seeds compressed, 3-sided. 11. 12—(indian cucumber.) S. 

Trittium. Calyx 3-leaved, inferior, spreading: coro! 3-petalled: styles Q: 
stigmas 3: berry 3-celled, many-seeded. 11. 12—(false wake robin.) S. 

Rumex. Calyx 3-leaved: petals 3, valve-like, converging, (or calyx 6-leav- 
ed, and corol none :) stigmas many-cleft : seed 1, naked, three-sided. 12, 28 
—(dock, field-sorrel.) S, : 


Southern. 

Sapar. Flowers perfect : spathes partial : filaments unconnected, thickish 
at the base: drupe spherical, dry-cartilaginous: seed 1, indurated. 1. 11— 
{false fan-palm.) 

CuHamaERops. Flowers polygamous: spathe compressed ; spadix branch- 
ed: perianth 3-parted : coroi 3-petalled: filaments partly united : drupe 38- 
celled, 2 of them often empty. The staminate flowers grow on distinct plants. 
41. 11—(fao palm. ) 

CaLocuortus. Corol 6-parted, spreading; 3 inner segments larger, with 
the upper side woolly, and marked near the base with a roundish smooth spot : 
filaments short, mserted on the base of the petals: anthers arrow-form, erect: 
stigmas reflexed: capsule 3-celled. 10. 17. . 

Nottna. Corol 6-parted, spreading ; segments nearly equal : styles very 
short; stigmas recurved: capsule 3-sided, membranaceous, 3-celled, vpening 
by 8 tae partition: seed 1, incurved, convex, abortive in 1 or 2 of the 
cells. 10. 13. 


Ornper VJ, Hexaeyyta. 


® Saururus (rarely. ) 
¥ Southern. —- 

Wenpraspia. MuyispeRmom? Calyx 6-ieaved ; corol 6-petalled (succr- 
Tent?) styles reclined: germs 6; berries with 1 compressed nut-like seed, 11. 
77—(false moenseed.) 7 


4 


38 CLASS VIII. ORDER I. 


Orver XIII. Potryeynia. 


Auisma. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3-: capsules numerous, 1-seeded, not oper- 
ing. 5. 13—(water-plantain.) S. 


CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA® 


OrperR I. Monocynia. 


Truentalis. Calyx 7 leaved: corol 7-parted, equal, flat: berry juiceless, 
i1-celled, many-seeded : number of stamens variable. 20. 34—(chick-winter- 
green.) : 

° Escuwvs. Calyx inflated, 4or 5 toothed: corol 4 or 5-petalled, inserted 
on the calyx, unequal, pubescent: capsule 3-celled : seeds large, solitarr, 
chesnut-form. 23. 66—(horse-chesnut.) S. 


Orper III. Tricyrwia. 
* Polygonum. 


— OrperR IV. TerracGynyia. 


SAURURUS. Calyx in an ament or spike, with 1-flowered scales: corol 6 - 
anthers adnate to the filaments: germ 4: berriesor capsules 4, 1-seeded : sta- 
mens 6, 7,8 or more. 2, 6—(lizard tail.) S. 


CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA. 


OrnpER 1. Mownocynsia. 
A. Flowers superior. 


Ruexa. Calyx pitcher-form, 4 or5-cleft: petals 4, oblique, inserted on tire 
calyx : anthers declined, attached to the filaments behind, naked at the base : 
capsule 4-celled, within the calyx, setose : seeds numerous, cochleate. 17. 90 
—(deer-grass.) S. 

OENOTHERA. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, caducous; divisions deflected : petals 4, 
inserted on the calyx: stigma 4-cleft: capsule 4-celled, 4-valved ; seeds not 
feathered, affixed to a central 4-sided columella. 17. 88—(scabish, or tree- 
primrose.) S. 

Gaura. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled, ascending towards the 
upper side ; nut 4-cornered, I-seeded. 17. 88—(virginian loose-strife.) S. 

Erimogzium. Calyx 4 cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled : capsule oblong and 
of great length: seeds feathered. 17. 88—(willow-herb.) S, 

Oxycoccus. Calyx superior, 4-toothed : corol 4-parted, the divisions sub- 
linear, revolute : filaments converging ; anthers tubular, 2-parted : berry ma- 
ny-seeded. 18, 51—(cranberry.) S. 


Exotic. Sue 
Fucusita. Calyx funnel-form, coloured, superior, caducous ee (or 
nectaries) 4, sitting in the throat of the calyx, alternating with its divisions - 
stigma 4-sided-capitate: berry oblong, 4-celled: seeds numerous. 17. 88~ 
{ear-drop.) ; 
Southern. : 
Crarkra. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled, 3-lobed-crossform, with 
laws: stamens 4, with roundish anthers, imperfect: stigma petal-like, 4-lobed : 
capsule 4-celled. 17. 88—(false tree-primrose.) 


B. Flowers inferior. 


Menziesta. Calyx monophyllous : corol monopetalous, ovate : filaments 
inserted on the receptacle ; anthers awnless: capsules 4-celled, the partiti¢ns 
€tom the inflexed margins of the valves: seeds many, oblong. 18, 60 & 


CLASS IX, ORDER I. 39 


Acer. Polygamous. Sometiimeshexandrous. Calyx 5-cleft: corol 4 or 5- 

talled, or wanting : samaras 2, united at the base, 1-seeded, often one rudi- 
ment of a seed. 23. 66—(maple.) S. 

Drrea. Calyx 0: corol tubular; limb obsolete, unequal ; stamens upequal, 
longer than the tube of the corol: style filiform : berry or drupe 1-seeded. 
{The coro! may be taken for a coloured calyx.) 31. 25—(leather-wood.) S, 

JerFrersonia. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved, coloured, caducous: corol 8-petalled : 
capsule obovate, sub-stiped, 1-celled, dehiscent below the top : seeds many, 
oblong, arilled atthe base. 27. 62—(twin-leaf.) 


Exotic. 

Erica. Calyx 4-leaved, permanent: coro! 4-cleft, permanent: filaments 
inserted on the receptacle : anthers bifid : capsules membranaceous, 4 to 8- 
celled, the partitions from the margins ef the valves : seeds many in each cell, 
18. 51—(heath.) 

DarHye. Calyx 0: corol 4-cleft, withering, including the stamens: drupe 
I-seeded. 31. 25—(mezereon.) 

Troparotum. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, coloured, spurred: petals 4 or 5, un- 
equal: nuts leathery, sulcate. 23. 73—(nasturtion.) 


Southern. . 
Extiottia. Calyx 4-toothed, inferior: corol deeply 4-parted : stigma capi- 
tate. 18. 51—(false spiked alder.) 


Orvper II. Dieynta. 


CurysosPpLeNntum. Calyx superior, 4 or 5-cleft, coloured: corol 0: cap- 
sule 2-beaked, 1-celled, many-seeded. (The terminal flowers in the European 
specimens are decandrous, but the plant is always octandrous in America.) 13. 
84—(goldea saxifrage, water-carpet.) S. 


Orper III. Trigyyia. 


Poryconum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, coloured: corol0; seed 1, angular, 
covered with the calyx. Stamens and pistils vary in number. The calyx in 


some species might be taken for acorol. 12. 26—(knot-grass, water-pepper, 
buckwheat, hearts-ease.) S. 


. Southern. 

Brounicura. Calyx tubular, inflated, 5-cleft ;angular at the base and de- 
current into the dilated peduncle, becomin coriaceous: corol none: styles 
short: stigmas2-cleft: pericarp lobed; seed 1, 3-sided. Stamens vary from § 
to10.. 12. 28. . 

CanpiosPERMUM. Calyx 4-leaved: petals 4: nectary 4-leaved, unequal : 
capsule membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobed, 3-celled: seeds round, marked at 
the hilam with a heart-form spoi. 23. 65—(heart seed.) 

Sapinpus. Calyx 4-leaved: petals 4, glandular at the base: capsuie 3, con- 
. hae fleshy, inflated, 2 of them often empty : seed spherical. 23. 65—(scap- 

erry. 


OrpER IV. TETRAGYNIA. 


. Southern. 
Apoxa. Calyx inferior, 2 or 3-cleft : corol 4 or5-cleft, apparently superior : 


berry 1-celled, 4 or 5-seeded, attached to the calyx. Flowers lateral, stamens 
told 13. $4, 


CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. 


OrpverR I. Monoeyrnia, 


Laurus. Calyx 4to6-parted: corol @: nectaries 3, each a 2-bristled or 2- 
isbed gland, surrounding the germ: drupe 1-seeded. Stamens vary from 3to 


AQ * CLASS X. ORDER 1. : 


14, but they are generally in two series-of 6 each, with 3 of the inner series 
barren—often dioecious. The calyx may be taken fora corol. 12. 27—(sas- 
safras, spice-bush.) S. ¢ 


Orver II. Dieyyia. 


Southern. _ 

Ernroconum. Calyx wineglass-form, tubular at the base; border 6-cleft; 
segments unequal, villous outside: corol none : seed 1, 3-sided, without mar- 
gins, covered by the calyx. Flowers involucred—nostipules. 12. 28. 

Pres. Calyx none: corol 6-parted, spreading; segments linear, acute : 
capsule roundish, 3-angled, 3-celled ; partitions obsolete: seeds numerous, mi- 
unte, sub-terete and caudate, atiached to the margin of the valves. 5. 13, 


OrvpeR ITI. Tricynra. 


; Exotic. 
Rueum. Calyx none: corol 6-cleft, permanent: seed 1, 3-sided. 12. 28-— 
(rhubarb. ) 


CLASS X. DECANDRIA. 


OrvER I. Monoeynra. 


A. Flowers polypetalous, irregular, (mostly papilionaceous. ) 


Cassta. Calyx 5-leaved: corol 5-petalled : anthers, 3 lower ones beaked, 
and on longer incurved filaments ; legume membranaceous. 33, 93—{eas- 
sia.) S. 

Baptista Popatyris. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft half-way, (sometimes 4-toothed) 
somewhat 2-lipped : corol papilionaceous ; wings of the length of the reflexed 
banner : stamens caducous: legume inflated, smooth, many-seeded. 32. 93— 
(wild indigo.) S. : 

Cercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous below : corol papilionaceous ; wings 
longer than the banner ; keel 2-petalled : legume compressed : seed-bearing 
suture margined: seeds obovate. 33. 93—(judas-tree.) S. 

Ruopors. Calyx 5-toothed: corol 3-petalled; or 2-petalled, with the up- 
per une deeply parted : stamen- declined: capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, open- 
ing at the top; partitions formed of the inflexed margins of the valves. 18. 50 
—(rhodora. } : 

Southern. ; 

SopHora. Calyx 5-toothed, bell-form, gibbous on the upper side: corol. 
-papilionaceous, wings of the length of the banner : legume with globular joints. 
32. 93. 

Terma. THERMOPSIS. Calyx somewhat bell-form, half 4-cleft; the up- 
per segment truncate and emarginate. corol papiltonaceous, with petals abowt 
equal length ; banner reflexed at the sides, keel obtuse : legume many-seeded, 
compressed, falcate, tapering to the base. 32. 93. ; > tat: 

Vircitta. Calyx 5-cleft : corol papilionaceous, with petals of abou 
length ; sides of the banner not reflexed : stigma beardless : leg Si 
ed, oblong,many-seeded. 32. 93. BaF i oc He. 

Pomants. Culyx turbinate, 5-parted, caducous: petals 5, with short claws, 
upper ones concave, short: filaments hirsute. below : stigma capitate : legume 
1-celled, 2-seeded. 32. 93. 


B. Flowers polypetalous, regular. 


Pynota. Calyx 5-parted : petals 5; styles longer than the stamens: an- 
thers with 2 pores at the base before, and the top after, the opening of the flow- 
er: capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the angles near the base. 18. 5i—=(shin- 
le S. : We 
: eS TN Calyx 5-parted: petals 5: anthers beaked, with 2 pores at 
ihe base before, and at the top after, the opening of thé flower: style immersed : 


t qual 


CLABS X. ORDER I, 41 


_ 
stigma thick, orbiculate : capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the angles near the 
summit. 18. 51—(prince’s pine, pipsissiwa.) S. 

Lepum. Calyx small, 5-toothed : corol flat, 5-petalled or 5-parted : stamens 
exsert: anthers opening by 2 terminal pores: capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at 
the base, 5-valyed, valves with approximating, inflexed margins : receptacle 5- 
lobed ; columella 5 angled, pedicelied : seeds numerous, winged. (Stamens 
sometimes 5; leavesdowny.) 18. 50—(Jabrador-tea.) 

LeropHyLium. Calyx 5-parted : corol flat, 5-parted or 5-petalled: stamens 
longer than the corol, with lateral anthers opening longitudinally on their in- 
sides: capsule 5 celled, dehiscent ai the top, 5-valved; valves ovate with 
margins inflexed, remote, straight; columella sub-ovate, terete, rugose: 
seeds small, not winged, (leaves aiways glabrous.) 18. 50—(sleek leaf.) S. 

Cietura. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-petal'ed: siyle permanent : 
stigma short, 3-cleft : capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, enclosed by the calyx. (Spik- 
ed.) 18. 51—(sweet pepper-bush.) S. 

Exotic. 

Ruta. Calyx 5-parted: petals concave: receptacle surrounded by 10 nec- 
tariferous dots: capsule lobed. (Petals sometimes 4, and stamens 8.) 26. 81 
—(rue.) : 

Southern. 

Mytocarum. Calyx 5-toothed: petals 5: stigma capitate, 3-cornered, ses- 
sile: capsule superior, somewhat.corky, 2 or 3-winged, 3-celled, |-seeded : seed 
subulate. 23. 71— (buckwheat tree.) 

Meu. Calyx 5-paried, smali: petals 5: nectary cylindric, 10-toothed ; 
teeti 2-cleft at the points, orifice bearing the anther within: style cylindric : 
stigma 5-rayed : drupe .:lobose ; nut 5-celled, 5-seeded. 23. 71. (pride of china, } 

Triputus. Calyx 5-parted: petals 5, spreading: style none: stigma part- 
ly 5-cleft: capsules generaliy 5, givbous sub-spinose, 2 or 3-seeded. 14. 87— 
(caltrops. ) ? ; 

Dionaka. Calyx 5-parted or 5-leaved : petals 5: stigma fringed: capsule 
roundish, gibbous, 1-celled, many seeded. Petals sometimes 6. 20. 68— (ve- 

us fly-trap.) 

Jussreua. Calyx 4or 5-parted, superior, permanent: petals 4 or 5, ovate 
eapsut 4 or 5-celled, 4 or 5-valved, obioag, cylindric or angular ; many-seed- 
ed; seeds minute, attached to an angular columella. Stamens sometimes but 
8. 17. 88. 

Prosopis. Calyx hemispherical, 4-toothed: petals 5, lance-linear, recurv- 
ed at the apex: filaments capillary, adnate at the base: stigma simple; le- 
gume long, many-seeded. 33. 93, 


C. Flowers monopetalous. 


Arputus. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, minute: corol ovate, pellucid at the 
hase ; border small, 5-cleft, revolute: filaments hairy: berry 5-celled. 18. 
51—(bear berry.) 

Epigara. Calyx double, cuter 3-leaved, inner 5-parted: (or calyx 5-part- 
ed, pag Pract) corol salver-form ; border 5-parted, spreading ; tube villose 
within: capsule 5-celled, many-seeded; receptacle 5-parted. 18. 51—(trail- 
ing arbutus.} S. : 

GAULTHERIA. Calyx inferior, double ; outer 2-leaved, inner 5-cleft; (or 
calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bracts :) corol ovate ; border smal!, 5-cleft, revolute : filae. 
ments hairy: receptacle 10-toothed ; (or witha 10-pointed nectary :) capsule 
ple if mpc with the inner berry-like calyx. 18. 51—(spicy winter- 
green ; 

Vaccinium. Calyx superior, 5-toothed or 5-parted: corol bell or pitcher- 
form, 5-cleft, the divisions reflected : filaments inserted on the germ with the 
cprol: berry 4 or 5-celled, many-seeded. (The foreign species are some- 
‘times octandrous.) 18. 51—(whortleberry.) S. 

AnpgpomeDa. Lyosta, Calyx ere or 5-toothed, inferior : corol ovate, 


¥ 


42 CLASS X. ORDER III. y 


roundish, or sub-cylindric, with a 5-cleft reflexed mouth : capsule 5-celled, 5- 
valved, with partitions contrary. (Stamens sometimes 8.) 18. 51—(white- 
bush, leather-leaf.) S.. - : 

Karmia. Calyx 5-parted: corol wheel-salver-form, with 10 horns beneath 
and 10 cavities within, containing the anthers until the pollen is mature: cap- 
sule 5-celled, many-seeded. 18. 50—(laurel.) S. © 

RuopopenprRoN. Calyx 5-parted . corol 5-cleft, somewhat funnel-form and 
oblique : stamens declining ; varying from 5 to 10 ; anthers opening by 2 ter- 
— pores: capsules 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. 18. 50—(rose- 

y.) &. 


D. Flowers without a calyx; (or with a coloured petal-like one,) whole 
plant destitute of green herbage. 


Monotropa. Corol confusedly polypetalous, permanent: petals about 5, 
with nectariferous hollows at their bases: anthers reniform, sub-peltate, 1-cell- 
ed, giving out pollen by 2 holes near the middle : stigma orbicular, not beard- 
ed: capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. 18. 51—(birds’ nest.) S. : 

Hyporiruis. Corol confusedly polypetalous, permanent; inner 4 or 5 pe- 
tals with nectariferous hollows at their bases ; outer ones without the hollows - 
anthers sub-peltate, 1-celled, «pening their whole length: stigma orbicular, 
picks a bearded margin: capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. 18. 51—(false beech- 

rops. 

Prato Corol 5-parted: nectary ovate, with a 5-toothed reflexed 
margin, enclosing the stamens: anthers 2-celled, 2-bristled, sub-peltate ; fila- 
ments flat: style short: stigma capitate : capsule sub-globose, 5-celled. The 
nectary is considered as a corol, and the corol as a calyx, by some. But these 
three genera should be united in one, by altering two or three words in the defini- 
tion. 18. 51—(albany beech-drops.) 


Southern. 

Monotropsis. Corol 5-leaved, withering, ovate-acuminate, close-pressed 
to the nectary : nectary bell-form, fleshy ; limb with 5 ovate-acute divisions: 
anthers clavate, bag-like : germ 4 or 5-sided : stigma sub-globose. 18, 51— 
(carolina beech-drops. ) 


OrveER IJ. Dieyntra. 


Hyprancea. Calyx 5-toothed, superior: corel 5-petalled: capsule 2-relled, 
2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. 13. 84—(hydrangea.) Vid. Horten- 
sia. S. 

Saxirraca. Calyx 5-parted, mostly half superior: corol 5-petalled: cap- 
sule 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks; many-seeded. 13. 84— 
{saxifrage.) WS. 

TIARELLA. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: corol inserted on the calyx, 5-pe- 
tallied ; petals entire, with claws: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, one valve larger. 
Sometimes the petals are more or less toothed. 13. 84—(mitre-wort.) 

Miretia. Calyx 5-cleft, permanent: petals 5 on the calyx, pinnati 
sule 1-celled, 2-valved, valves equal. 13 84—(ifalse sanicle. curra nt 

Saponaria. Calyx inferior, l-leafed, tubular, 5-toothed, witho 
petals 5, with claws: capsule oblong, 1-celled. 22. 82—(soap-wort. 

Dianraus. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, 1-leafed, with 4 or 8 sca 
base: petals 5, with claws: capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, dehiscent at 
22. 82—(pink, sweet-william.) 

Screrantuus. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed, 5-cleft: corol 0: seeds 1 or 2, en- 
closed in the calyx: stamens inserted on the calyx. 22. 86—(knawell.) 


OrpeErR Ill. Tricynta. 


Cucveatus. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed, bell-form, inflated: tals 5, with 
claws, not much appendaged at the mouth : capsule 3-celled. 2b. §2—(blad.- 
der-campion.) &, . 


‘ CLASS XI, ORDER I. 43 


Sitexe. Calyx 1-leafed, 5-toothed, inferior, cylindric, prismatic or conic : 
petals 5, with claws, appendaged at the mouth: capsule imperfectly 3-celled, 
6-toothed, many-seeded. 22. 82—(catch-fly.) S. : 

Sreviania. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior, spreading: petals 5, deeply cleft, 
mostly to the claw, spreading : capsule ovate, 1-celled, many-seeded, 6-toothed 
atthe top. 22. 82—(starwort.) S. 

Arpnaria. Calyx inferior, spreading, 5 leaved: petals 5, entire: capsule 
I-celled, many-seeded. 22, 82—(sandwort.) S. 

Exotic. 

Hortensia. Flowers deformed: florets solitary : calyx 5-toothed, minute : 
corol 5-petalled: the gay flowers composing the cyme have a large coloured, 
permanent, petal-like, 5-leaved calyx, and a minute caducous, 4 or 5-petalled 
corol: stamens8,10or11. 13. 84—(changeable hydrangea.) _~ 


OrverR IV. TETRAGYNIA. 


MicropreTatum. SpreRGcuLastrum. Calyx 5-leaved, expanding: petals5, . 


minute, entire, often wanting : stigmas 4, sessile: capsule ovate, longer than 
the calyx, 4-valved. 22. 82—(blind starwort.) S. 


OrpeR V. PENTAGYNIA. 


SpeRGULA. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior: petais 5, entire: capsule ovate, I- 
celled, 5-valved: (stamens often 3.) 22. 82—(spurry.) S. 

Crrastium. Calyx 5-leaved: petals 5, 2-cleft, or emarginate : capsule 1- 
celled, dehiscent at top, 10-toothed. 22. 82—(mouse-ear chick-weed.) S. 

AGrostremMa. Calyx 5-cleft, prismatic or tubular; coriaceous: petals 5, 
with claws; border obtuse, entire : capsule !-celled, many-seeded, opening 
with 5 teeth. 22, 82—(cockle.) S. 

Oxauis. Calyx permanent, 5-parted or 5-leaved, inferior : peta!s 5, coher- 
ing by the claws : capsule 5-celled, 5-cornered, dehiscent at the corners: seeds 
2 or more ina cell, covered with anelastic aril: stamens with 5 shorter, outer 
ones adhering at their bases. This genus and the Linum might be removed to 
the class Monadelphia. 14. 73—(wood sorrel.) S. 

PentHorum. Calyx 5 to 10-cleft: petals 5 or 0: capsule 5-cuspidate, 5- 
celled; cells divided -transversely, many-seeded. 13. 83—(virginian or- 

ine.) S. 
5 2 tia Calyx inferior, 5-cleft: petals 5: 5 nectariferous scales at the base 
of the germ: capsules 5. 13. 83—(live-forever, or orpine, stonecrop.) 


Exotic. 

Lycunis. Calyx 1-leaved, oblong, 5-toothed : peta!s 5, with claws: the 
limb somewhat 2-cleft: capsule 1 or 5-celled, with a 5-toothed opening. 22. 
82—(campion. ) ; 

i Orper X. Decacynta. 


POLACCA. Calyx 0: corol 5-petalied or 5-cleft, calyx-like, inferior: 
D-celled, 10-seeded. By some authors the calyx is called acorol. 54. 


(poke-weed.) S 
sot re CLASS XI. ICOSANDRIA* 


OrpER I. Monoeynta. 


Caerus. Calyx superior, many-cleft, imbricate: petals numerous, in man 
seri e inner ones larger: stigma many-cleft ; berry 1-celled, many-seeded, 


umbi - 13. 85—(prickly pear.) 8. 

% ‘ “ 
# Darlington proposes Catycanpra (calyx-stamens) as a substitute; and to 

extend the class to all stamen-bearing calyxes, 


my 
at 


«> 


_ Myrtvus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5: berry 2 or 3-celled, many-seed- 


44 CLASS XI. ORDER V. 


Prunus, Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, bell-form: corol 5-petalled; nut of the 
a smooth, with prominent seams at the sutures, 36, 92--(cherry, plum.) 
wn. a 
Lyturum. Calyx bell-tubular, 6, 8, ‘0 or 12-toothed, inferior: petals 5 or 
6, equal, on the calyx: capsule 2 to 4-celled, many-seeded, covered. 17. 91— 
{milk willow-herb.) A genus, DEcopon, has been®taken from this. It is 
founded on the cells of the capsule being always more than 2, and the teeth of 
the calyx being always 10, and of a peculiar form. Elliot places the species 
verticillatum under it. S. 

Cupnes. Calyx tubular-ventricose, 6 to 12-toothed, unequal: petals 6, 
mostly unequal, inserted on the calyx : capsule 1-celled, dehiscent, longitudinal- 
ly with the calyx, follicle-like, 3-sided: sceds lenticular. 54. 9i—(wax- 


bush.) &. 


Exotic. 


ed. 19, 89—(myrtle.) 


Amyepatus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5: drupe with a nut, perforat- 
ed with pores: flowers sessile. 36, 92—(peach.) 

ARMENIACA. Flowers sessile: calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5 : drupe 
fleshy, pubescent : nut with one margin acute and the other obtuse, furrowed 
both sides. 36. 92—(apricot.) 

Punica. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5: pome or berry many-celled, 


many-seeded : receptacle parietal: seed berried. 36. 92—(poinegranate. ) 
Southern. J: 


Menrzevia. Calyx 5-eleft, superior, caducous: petals 5: capsule 1-cell- 
ed, 3-valved, cylindric, 3 to 6-seeded ; top flat: seeds oblong, somewhat angu- 
lar, arranged longitudinally. 17 88. ; 

Decumaria. Calyx superior, 8 to 10-clef: petals 8 to 10: capsule 7 to9- 
celled, many-seeded : seeds subulate, minute. 19. 39. 

PHILADELPHUs. Calyx 4-5-parted, superior, top-form: corol 4 or 5-petall- 
ed: style 4-cleft: capsule 4-5-cel'ed, many-seeded ; seed arilled. 19, 89— 
(false syringa, or mock orange.) 

CurysopaLanus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5: style lateral : drupe 
prune-form ; nut 5-grooved, 5-valved, I-seeded. 36, 92. 

Ticarea. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft: petals 5: capsule 1-seeded, oblong, acu- 
minate, pubescent, opening longitudinally within. 36, 92. 

* Lythum. 


Orper II. Dicynra, to Onper V. Pentacynia ; or Di-PEntTaGy- 
NIA. a 


Acrimonta. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, invested with an outer lob- 
edone: petals 5: stamens 12: seeds 2, in the bottom of the calyx. 35. 92— 
{agrimony.) S. 

Crarzcus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5: styles 1 to5: berry mealy ; 
seeds 2 to 5, bony, 36, 92—(thorn-bush.) S. = 3 

Sorpus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5: styles 2 to3: berry pomaceous. 
or farinaceous : seeds 2 or 3, cartilaginous. 36. 92—(meountain ash.) S. 

FOTHERGILLA. Calyx inferior, truncate, obsoletely crenate : corol 0: germ 
Q-cleft : styles 2: capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled: seeds solitary, bony. 50. 
{witch-alder.) S. 

Sxsuvium. Calyx superior, 5-parted, coloured: coro] none; capsule 
3-celled, opening transversely, many-seeded. S. 

Aronia. Calyx superior, 5-toothed: petals 5: fruit pomaceous : 
30-celled ; cells 1 or 2-seeded; seeds cartilaginous. 36, 92—( r, 


choak-berry.) 8. ; 
celled, many. 


yrus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: coro] 5-petalled : pome 5- 
seeded ; seed compressed-ovate. 36, 92—(pear, apple, quince.) S.- 
Srimsga. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, spreadmg: corol 5-petalled ; petals equal, 


CLASS XII. ORDER I. 45 


youndish : stamens numerous, exsert : capsules 3 to 12, 2-valved within, each 
lto 3-seeded. 36. 92—(steeple-bush, hard-hack.) S 

Gittenia. Calyx bell-tubular ; border 5-toothed: coro] partly unequal ; 
petals 5, lanceolate, tapering at the claws: stamens included : styles 5, contig- 
uous: stigmas capitate: capsules 5, connate at the base, opening on the in- 
ner side, each 2-seeded. 36, 92—(indian physic.) S. 


e Exotic. 

Mesritus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior ; divisions generally foliaceous, serrate : 
corol 5-petalled : styles 2-5: drupe or berry with from 2 to 5 bony seeds, 36. 
92—(medlar.) 

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals numerous, linear, 
Gane at the base : capsule fleshy, many-seeded, turbinate. 13, 87—(ice- 
plant. 


~- Orper XIII. Poryeyntra. 


Rosa. Calyx urn-form, inferior, 5-cleft, fleshy; contracted towards the top; 
petals 5: seeds numerous, bristly, fixed to the sides of the calyx within. A 
mare for the multipiication of its petals, by richculture. 35. $2— 
(rose. as 

Rusus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: corol 5-petalled: pistils numerous: berry 
composed of many juicy, l-seeded acines, on a dry receptacle. 35. 92—(rasp- 
berry, blackberry.) S. 

Datiarpa. Calyx 5:cleft, (S-cleft?) inferior: corol 5-petalled: styles 
long, caducous, § to'8; berry composed of dry granulations. 35. 92—(dry 
strawberry.) S. 

Dryas Calyx 8 or 10-cleft, segments equal: seeds 5 to 8, with long plu- 
mose awns. 35 92. 

Grom. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions smaller : corol 5-pe- 
talled: seeds with a bent awn: receptacle columnar, villous. 35. 92—(avens, 
or herb bennet.) S. 
~ Bootra. Calyx i: ferior, 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions lanceolate, having at 
the base of the germ against them 5 nectariferous pits: corol 5-petalled: seeds 
awnless, affixed to a juiceless receptacle. 35. 92—(false avens.) S. 

PotenTILLa. Calyx flat, inferior, 10-cleft ; 5 alternate divisions smaller: 
corol §-petalled : petals roundish or obovate : seeds awnless, roundish, rugose, 
fixed toa dry smail receptacle. 35, 92—(five-finger, cinquefoil.) S. 

Comarum. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft: 5 alternate divisions smaller: pe- 
tals 5, lanceolate, acuminate, half as long as the calyx: receptacle ovate, 
spongy, permanent, villous. 35. 92—(marsh five-finger.) The habit of this 
genus differs sufficiently from the Potentilla. S. 

Fracaria. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft; 5 alternate divisions smaller: corol 5- 
petalled: receptacle ovate, berry-like: acines naked, immersed in the recep- 
tacle, caducous. 35 92—(strawberry.) S, ‘ 

Catycantuus. Calyx I-leafed, pitcher-shaped, scaly, with coloured pe. 
tal-like divisions : corol none. styles many, with glandular stigmas: seeds 
succulent calyx. 35, 92—(carolina allspice.) S. 


- 


eK CLASS XII. POLYANDRIA. 


OrpER J. Monoeynia. 


»Tin1a. Calyx 5 or 6-parted, inferior, caducons : corol 4 or 6-petalled: cap- 
sule 6-celled, globular, coriaceous, dehiscent at the base ; 1-seeded. Often 
4 of ie cel are empty. 37. 79—(bass-wood.) S. 

Cistus. Hewiantraemum. Calyx 5-leaved, superior, 2 of them smaller : 
corol 5-petalled: capsule I-celled, 3-valved, opening at the top ; partitions 
ontrary : seedsangular. 20. 80—(rock-rose, frost-piant.) S, £ 

Hepsonts, Calyx tubular, inferior, uncqua!ly 5-parted; two of the divl- 

/ 


< 


46 CLASS XII. ORDER I. 


sions obsolete, coloured : corol 5-petalled ; stamens 15 to 30: capsule I-celi- 
ed, 3-valved, 1 to 3-seeded. 18. 80—(false heath.) 

Portutacca. Calyx 2-cleft, inferior: corol 5-petalled : capsule 1-celled, 
Opening transversely : columella5, filiform. 13, 86—(purslane.) S. 

Tauinum. Calyx inferior, 2 or 5-\eaved: corol 5-petalled : capsule 1-cell- 
ed, 3-valyed, many-seeded : seeds arillate: columella globose—(taliny.) S. 

Cuetwonium. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous: coro! 4-petalled: silique-like 
a se 2-valved, linear: seeds cré8ted, many. 27. 62—(celan- 

ine.) S. 

iit eiv: Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol 4-petalled: capsule 1-celled, 
linear: seeds many, punctate. 27, 62. - 

Meconopsis. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous: corol 4-petalled ; style distinct ; 
stigma 4 to 6-rayed : capsule oblong, generally prickly, 1-celled, 4 to 6-valved : 
columella slender. 27. 62. S. 

ARGEMONE. Calyx 3-leayed, caducous: coro! 4 to 6-petalled : stigma ses- 
sile, capitate, 4 to 7 lobed: capsule ovate, angular, 1-celled, opening at the top 
by are columelia linear: seeds spherical, pitted, 27. 62—(horned pop- 
Py:) 8. 

Saneuinarta. Calyx caducous, 2-leaved : corol about 8-petalled: stigma 
sessile, twinned, 2-grooved: capsuie pod-like, ovate, -celled, 2-valved, acute 
at Te eud; valves caducous: columella 2, permanent. 27. 62—(blood- 
root.) §. 

PoporHyLium. Calyx 3-leaved, minute: corol about 9-petalled : stigma 
large, crenate, sessile: berry 1-celled, crowned with the stigm large, many- 
seeded: columella one-sided. 27. 61—(wiid mandrake.) S 

AeTakA. Calyx inferior, 4-\eaved, caducous: corol 4-petalled : stigma ses- 
sile, capitate: berry 1-celled : seeds many, halforbicular. 26, 61—(necklace 
weed. bane-berry.) S. 


Macrotis. Acrea? Cuimiciruca? Calyx about 4-leaved, becoming co- _ 


loured before expanding, caducous : corol many minute petals, very caducous, 
or wanting : stigma simple, sessile, curving towards the gibbous side of the 
germ: capsule 2-valved, dehiscent at its strait suture.* 26, 61—(cohosh, black 
snake-root, bug-bane.) S. 

SaRRacenta. Calyx double, permanent, 3 and 5-leaved: corol 5-petalled, 
caducous: stigma peltate, permanent, very large, covering the stamens : cap- 
sule 5-celled, 5-vaived, many-seeded. 54. 62—(side-saddle flower.) S. _ 

NupwHar. Calyx 5 or 6-leaved: petals many, minute, inserted on the recep- 
tacle with the stameus, nectariferous on their backs: stigma with a broad disk, 
and radiate fu-rows, sessile: pericarp berry-like, many-celled, many-seeded. 
13. 62—(water lily, or yellow pond-liiy.) S 

Nympuara. Calyx 4 0 7-leaved: corol many-petalled, petals about equal- 
Jing the length of the calyx leaves, attached to the germ beneath the stamens : 
stigma a broad disk, marked with radiated lines: pericarp berry-like, many- 
celled, many-seeded. 13. 62—(pond-lily.) 


Exotic. 

Papaver. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous: corol 4-petalled: stigma a broad 
disk, with radiating lines: capsule 1-celled, dehiscent by pores under the per- 
manent stigma. 27. 62—(popy.) 

THea. Calyx 5 or 6-leaved: corol 6 or 9-petalled: capsule 3-seeded. 54, 
71—(tea. 

ry Calyx 5-cleft: petals 5, oblong : filaments dilated at the base, in 
several parcels; berry 9 to 18-celled—Polyadelphous, 18. ee 


lemon.) dl 


Ce 4 * 


# I see no good reason for changing this name to Botrophis, according to 
5 a a Our plant does not agree with the description of Actea or Cimici- 
fuga, 


& 


CLASS XII. ORDEE XIII, 49 


: Southern. 

Bryans. Beranra. Calyx 7-clett: petals 7: stamens 14: capsule 7-cell- 
ed, many-seeded, 18. 50. 

Lewista. Calyx 7 to 9-leaved: petals 14 to 18: stamens 14 to 18: style 
about 3-cleft: stigmas 2-cleft: capsule 3-celled, many-seeded ; seeds shining. 
13. 83. 

* Jeffersonia, Taxus. 


Orver IJ. Dicynia, ro OnpER V. Pentacynia: or Di-Pren- 
TAGYNIA. 


DetpHinium. Calyx 0: corol 5-petalled, unequal : nectary 2-cleft, horned 
behind: capsules 1 or 3, pod-like. By some the corol is considered as acol- 
‘oured calyx. 26. 61—(larkspur.) S. 

Aconitum. Calyx 0: petals 5, upper one vaulted : nectaries 2, hooded, 
peduncled, recurved : capsule 3 or 5, pod-iike. By some the corol is consid- 
ered as a coloured calyx.) 26. 61—monk’s hood.) S- 

Aquitrcia. Calyx 0: petals 5, caducous: nectaries 5, alternating with 
the petals, and terminating downwards ina spur-like nectary ; capsules 5, 
erect ; acuminated with the permanent styles, many-seeded. By some the 
nectaries are considered as petals and the corol as a coloured calyx. 26. 61— 
{columbine.) S. 

AscyruM. Calyx 4-leaved ; 2 interior leafets cordate, larger : corol 4-pe- 
talled: stamens with the filaments disposed in 4-parcels : styles 1 to 3 : capsule 
ene 1-celled, 2-valved, included in the calyx leaves. 20. 68—(st. peter’s 
wort.) S. 

Hypericum. Calyx 5-parted ; divisions equal, subovate: corol 5-petalled : 
filaments often united at the base in 3 or 5 sets: styles 2 to 5: capsule membrana- 
ceous, roundish, with a number of cells equal to the number of styles. The bases 
of the filaments are often. in groups, when they are not united. 20. 68. (st. 
john’s wort.) S. 

Exotic. 

Nicetta. Calyx none ; petals5: nectaries 5; three-cleft, within the corol : 
capsules 5, convex. 26. 61—(fennel-flower.) 

Paronla. Calyx 5-leaved: petals5 : styles 0: stigmas 2 or 3: capsules 
pod-like, many-seeded. Remarkable for the multiplication of petals by rich 
culture, 26. 61—(peony.) 

* Fothergillia, Juglans, Myriophyllum. 


Orpver XIII. Potyeysia. 
A Perianth none. 


Hyprastis. Petals 3, ovate (by some considered a coloured calyx :) berry 
composed o/ I-seeded acines. 26. 61—(orange-root.) S. 

_Ciematis. Petals 3, 4,5 or 6: seeds compressed : styles permanent, be- 
coming long plumose tails. (Some species are dioecious.) 26. 61—(virgin’s 
bower.) By some-the corol is considered a coloured calyx. S 

ArTrRaAGENE. CLEmatis. Coro! double, many petalled ; outer ones largest, 
inner ones nectary-like, spatulate : seeds with pilose (or plumose) tails: for 
petals 4 to 6, with spatulate nectaries alternating with the petals ; and the out- 
er filaments dilated.) 26. 61—(false virgin’s bower.) S. 

THaLictrum. Petals 4 or5: filaments very long: seeds without tails, stri- 
ate, terete. (Some species are dioecious.) 26. 61—(meadow rune.) The co- 
rol is considered a coloured calyx by some. S. 

ANEMONE. Petals 5 to 9: seeds numerous, naked. 26. 61—{wind-flower, 
yue anemone.) The corol is considered a calyx by some. S. , 

Troiuivs. Petals 5 to 15, caducous : nectaries 5 to 20, smal], tubular at 
the base, linear: capsules numerous, ovate, sessile, many seeded. 26. 61— 


églobe flower.) By some the nectaries are considered corols, and the corol’; 
calyxes, 


48 CLASS XIIi. ORDER 1. 


Cortis. Petals 5 or6,caducous: nectaries small, 5 or 6, cowled : capsules 
oblong, 5 to 8, stiped, stellate, beaked, many-seeded. 26. 61—(gold thread.) 
By some the nectaries are mistaken for corols, and the corols for calyxes. 

CatTHa. Petals 5 to 9, orbicular: capsules numerous, (5 to 10) many- 
seeded, compressed ; 1-celled, spreading : nectaries 0: (pistils variable in 
number.) 26. 61—(american cowslip.) S. By some the corol is mistaken 
for a coloured calyx. ‘ 

Exotic. 

Herreporvs. Petals 5 or more : nectary 2-lipped, tubular: capsules 5 or 

6 ; many-seeded, erectish, compressed. 26. 61—(hellebore ) 


B. Having a perianth. 


Maenouta. « Calyx 3-leaved : corol 6 to 9-petalled: capsules numerous, im- 
bricate ona strobile-like spike, 2-valved : seeds arilled, pendulous on long 
cords ; berry-like. 52. 75—(magnolia, or beaver-tree.) S. ‘ 

Lin10oDENDRON. Calyx 3-leaved: corol 6 or 9-petalled, liliaceous : seeds 
in a sub-lanceolate samara, imbricate on a strobile-like spike, 52. 75—(tulip 
tree, or whitewood.) S. 

Porceia. Asimina. Calyx 3-leaved or 3-parted: petals 6, spreading, ob- 
long-ovate ; the inner ones largest: anthers sub-sessile: >tigmas sessile, ob- 
tuse : berries several, sessile, ovate, obtuse, many seeded ; seed arilled. 52. 
76—(custard apple.) S. 

Hepatica. Calyx 3-leaved, alittle distance below the corol, entire : petals 
6‘to 9: seeds without tails. 26. 61—(liverleaf.) S, : 

Ranuncutus. Calyx 5-leaved: petals 5, with claws, and a nectariferous 
pore or scale on the inside of each: seeds without tails, naked, numerous. 26. 
¢1—(crow-foot.) Some mistake an extra tegument for acapsule. §. 

HypropeEttis. Braszenia. Calyx 6sleaved, somewhat converging ; 3 or 4 
inner leavés longest: corol 0: stamens equalling the length of the calyx : cap- 
sules oblong, somewhat fleshy, numerous, 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. ‘The inner 
leaves of the calyx are considered as petals. 26. 61—(water-shield ) S. 

Netumpium. Cyamus. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved: petals 5-or more: nuts half 
immersed in a truncate obconic, very large, receptacle, and crowned with the 
permanent style. 26. 61—(nelumbo.) S. 

Exotic. 

Spmpervivum. Calyx 9 to 12-parted: petals 8 to 12: capsules 12, many- 
seeded ; (stamens16 or 20.) 13. 83—(house-leek. ) 

Aponis. Cal;x 4-5-leaved: petals5 or more, without nectariferous pores: 
seeds awnless. 26. 61—(pheasant’s eye.) 

Southern. 

Ixu1crum. Calyx 6-leaved: petals 27, in three series ; capsules many, dis- 

posed in a circle, 2-valved, 1-seeded. Sometimes 6-petalled. 12. 27—(anjse 


tree.) 
* Zostera. 


CLASS XIll. DIDYNAMIA. 
Orver I. GyMNOSPERMIA. 
A. Calyx 5-cleft, with the divisions, or teeth, nearly equad. 


. Coroi deep-cleft on the upper side, and without an upper lip:; 
tower lip S-cleft, the midule division ps : stamens and pistils incurved ; 
stamens exsert through ie eer 5 on the upperside ef thecorol. 42, 39 

wild germander. ; ek 
2 ai Coral nearly ae, 4-lobed ; broadest division emarginate: sta- 
mens erect, distant. 42. 39—(spearmint, peppermint.) 8. 

IsastHus. Calyx somewhat bell-form : corol o-parted ; tube strait, mar- 
row ; divisions ovate equal: stamens pearly equal: stigma lmear, yeeurved: 


42, JR—(blue gentian.) 


CLASS XIII, ORDER I. 49 


Heproma. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbose at the base; upper lip with 3 lanceo» 
fate teeth; lower lip with 2 subulate ones: corol ringent: 2 short stamens 
barren, 42. 39—(pennyroyal.) S. 

Cunma. Calyx cylindric, 10-striate, 5-toothed, throat villose : corol rin- 
gent: upper lip erect, flat, emarginate : 2 of the stamens usually barren and 
very short ; the other two exsert : stigma unequally bifid. 42. 39—(dittany.) 

Hyssopus. Corol with the under lip 3-parted, its intermediate divisions sub- 
crenate : stamens strait, distant. 42. 39—(hyssop.) NS. 

Nepeta. Calyx dry, striate: corol witha ves oe tube; under lip with the 
middle division crenate : throat with a reflected margin : stamens approxi- 
mate. 42. 39—-(catmint.) S. 

Lamium. Segments of thecalyx subulate, spreading: corol with the upper 
lipentire, vaulted ; under lip 2-lobed; throat with a tooth ateach margin. 42. 
39—(dead nettle.) S. .* 

GALEOPSIS. alyx avned: coro] with the upper lip sub-crenate, vaulted ; 
Jower lip unequally 3-lobed, having 2 teeth on its upper side near the margin 
of the orifice, and opposite to the sinuses dividing the lobes. 42. 39—(flower- 
ing nettle.) 

Sracuys. Calyx with its divisions awned : corol with the upper lip vault- 
ed; the lower lip 3-lobed; the middle divisions largest, emarginate ; the later- 
al divisions reflexed : stamens reffexed towards the sides after discharging the 
pollen. 42, 39—(wound-wort, hedge nettle.) S. 

Lronurus. Calyx 5-angled, 5-toothed: corol with the upper lip erect, vil- 
lose, flat, entire; lower lip 3-parted ; middle division undivided: lobes of the 
anthers parallel, having shining dots. 42. 39—(mother-wort.) S. 

Verspena. Calyx with one of the teeth truncate: corol funnel-form, with a 
curved tube; border 5-cleft, nearly equal: seeds2 or 4, with an extra vanishing 
tegument: sometimes 2 stamens are barren. 42. 39—(vervain.) S. 

Marrvuspium. Calyx salver-form, rigid, marked with 10 lines: corol wiih 
the upper lip 2-cleft, linear, strait. 42. 39—(horehound.) SS. 

GiecHoma. Calyx 5-cleft : corol double the length of the calyx ; upper lip 
2-cleft; lewer lip 3-cleft, with the middle segment emarginate; each pair of 
anthers approaching soas toexhibit the form of across. 42, 39—(ground ivy, 
gill-overground. ) 

PycnantHemuM. Involucre bract-like, many-leaved ; under small heads of 
flowers: calyx tubular, striate: corol with the upper lip sub-entire ; lower lip 
3-cleft ; middle segment longer: stamens distant, nearly equal ; cells of the 
anthers parallel. 42. 39—(mountain mint.) S. 

Exotic. 

LavaypuLa. Calyx ovate, sub-dentate ; bracts under-studded : corol resu- 
pinate : stamens in the tube. 42. 39—(lavender.) 

Battota. Calyx salver-form, 5-toothed, 10-striate : corol with the upper 
lip concave, crenate : seed ovate, 3-sided. 42. 39—(false mother-wort.) 

Saturesa. Calyx tubular, striate: corol with divisions nearly equal: sta- 
mens distant. 42. 39—(savory.) 

Monucetta. Calyx very large, bell cr shell-form ; margin repand-spinose : 
corol much smaller, in the bottom of the calyx. 42. 39—(shell-flower, molucca 
balm.) 

é. Southern. 

AgucA. Coro] with the upper Jip minute and 2-toothed: stamens longer than 
the upper lip; anthers all reniform, I-celled. 42. 39. 

SynanpRa. Calyx 4-cleft; segments unequal, subulate, inclined to one side : 
upper lip of the corol entire and vaulted ; lower one unequally 3-lobed ; throat 
inflated, naked : upper pair of anthers cohering, with the adjoining cells empty; 
flaments downy. 42. 39, 

Levucas. Calyx 10-striate, 6 to 10-toothed: upper lip a bearded helmet, en- 
tire; lower one long, 3-cleft; middle segment largest; lobes of the anthers 
spreading: stigma shorter thantheupper lip. 42. 39. 

3 


50 CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 


Hyptis. Calyx 5-toothed: corol 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower one3- 
lobed, with the middle lobe calyx-like, involving the pa and. style ea 
becomes reflexed : stamens declined. 42. 39. 


B. Calyx 2-lipped. 


Cutpopium. Involucre many-bristled, bract-like, uflder head-form whorls : 
perianth 2-lipved: coro] with the upper lip flat, obcordate, strait. 42. 39— 
(field thyme.) 

Oricanum. Calyxes collected into a 4-sided strobile-like cone, with broad 
intervening bracts: corol with the upper lip erect, flat, straight, emarginate : 
under lip 3-parted, divisions nearly equal. 42, 39—(marjoram.) 

DracocEPHALUM. Calyx sub-equal, 5-cleft: coro] with the throat inflated : 
the upper lip concave, the middle division o/ the lower lip roundish, notched, 
stamens unconnected. 40, 40—(dragon-head.) S. 

PruneLia. Calyx with the upper lip dilated: filaments 2-forked, with an 
anther on one of the points: stigma 2-cleft 42. 39—(self-heal, or heal-all.) S. 

ScureLiariA. Calyx with an entire mouth, which is closed with a helmet- 
form lid after the coro] falls out: tube of the coro] bent. 42. 39—(scull-cap.) S. 

TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx resupinate: coro] with the upper lip falcate; the un- 
der lip 3-parted, with the middle division small, oblong: filaments very long- 
exsert, incurved orcoiled. 42. 39—(blue-curls.) S. 

Paryma.* Calyx cylindric, upper lip longer, 3-cleft ; lower lip 2-toothed : 
coro] with the upper lip emarginate ; lower lip much larger: seed single. 42. 
39.—(lopseed.) WN. 


Exotic. 

Tuymus. Calyx sub-campanulate, with the throat closed with hairs : coro! 
with the upper lip flat, emarginate; lowerlip longer. 42. 39—(thyme.) 

Meutssa. Calyx dry, flattish above, with the upper lip sub-fastigiate : corol 
with the upper lip somewhat vaulted, 2-cleft; lower lip with the middle lobe 
cordate. 42, 39—(balm.) 

Ocymum. Calyx with the upper lip orbiculate, the lower one 4-cleft: coro! 
resupinate ; one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided: outer filaments sending out a 
process from the base. 42. 39—(sweet basil.) 


Southern. 

MacpripEa. Calyx top-form, 3-cleft, 2 segments large : corol 2-lipped ; the 
upper entire, the under 3-parted: anthers 2-lobed ; the lobes spreading, fring- 
ed with small spines. 42. 39. 

CaLAMINTHA. Calyx closed with hairs after flowering: throat of the coro! 
somewhat inflated ; upper lip emarginate ; lower one 3-parted, middle segment 
somewhat emarginate or entire. 42. 39, 

CERANTHERA. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower one 2- 
cleft: upper lip of the coro] 2-lobed, the lower one 3-parted : stamens exsert ; 
anthers horizontal, awned ateachend. 42. 39. 

* Lycopus, Monarda, Salvia, Collinsonia. 


OrperR JI. ANGIOSPERMIA. 


A. Calyx 2-cleft or 2-leaved. 


Osoxarts. Calyx bract-like: corol 4-cleft, bell-form : capsule 1-celled, 2- 
valved, many-seeded: stamens from the divisions of the coro] nearly equal : 
stigma 2-cleft or emarginate. 40. 35—(penny-wort.) S. 

CastTILtesa. Calyx spathe-form, upper lip 2-cleft, lower one wanting : coro} 
2-lipped: lower one very short, 3-cleft, with 2 glands between the divisions : 
capsule 2-celled. 40. 35. S. 


- * When the seed approaches maturity, the calyx closes upon it, which has 
induced some authors to remove it to the next order. But the Scutellaria pre- 
sents nearly the same character. Other genera approach it also, in this partl- 
-cular. Itis, in my opinion, an unnecessary innovation, 


CLASS XIII. ORDER U. 5h 


B. Calyx 4-cleft. 


ScHwaLgBea. Calyx tubular-inflated ; upper division small ; lower division 
large, emarginate or 2-toothed : corol ringent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 
lip 3-lobed: capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved,with a double par- 
tition: seeds many,chatly. 40. 40—(chaff-seed.) S. 

Evcuroma. Calyx inflated, 2 or 4-cleft : coro! 2-lipped ; upper lip long li- 
near, embracing the style and stamens: anthers linear, with unequal lobes, co- 
hering so as to form an oblong disk: capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled: 
seeds numerous, surrounded with an inflated membrane. 40. 40. S. 

Bartsia. EucHroma? Calyx lobed, emarginate, coloured: corol less than 
calyx ; upper lip longest, concave, entire ; lower lip 3-cleft and reflexed : an- 
thers with equal lobes, not cohering: capsule 2-celled: seed angled. 40. 35 
—(painted cup.) 

Rainantuus. Calyx inflated: corol ringent; the upper lip mostly com- 
pressed ; the under lip spread, 3-parted : capsule 2-celled, obtuse, compress- 
ed, 40. 35—(yellow coxcomb.) 

Metampyrum. Corol with the upper lip compressed, the margin folded 
back ; lower lip grooved, 3-cleft, sub-equal: capsule 2-celled, oblique, dehis- 
cent.on one side: seeds 2, cylindric, gibbous, cartilaginous and smooth. 40. 
35—(cow-wheat.) S. 

Southern. 

Lantana. Flowers in a head: calyx obsoletely 4-toothed: border of the 
coro! 4-lobed, unequal, throat open: stamens within the tube : stigma hooked : 
drupes aggregated . nut 2-celled, even, 2-seeded. 40. 35. 

Eupurasia. Calyx cylindric: covol2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-cleft; lower 
lip 3-lobed, with the divisions 2-cleft: lower anthers lobed, spinose. 40. 35 
—(eye-bright.) 

OrtHocarrus. Calyx tnbular, somewhat 4-cleft: corol 2-lipped, closed ; 
upper lip smaller, compressed ; margin inflexed ; lower lip concave, obsoletely 
3-toothed, unexpanded : lobes of anthers unequal, spreading: capsule straight- 
ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 40 35. 


C. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, or 5-toothed ; plant without green herbage. 


ORoOBANCHE. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft ; segments often unequal : corol ringent: 
capsule ovate, acute, l-celled, 2-valved: seeds numerous: a gland beneath the 
baseofthegerm. 40. 35—\broom rape.) S. 

EripHeeus. Polygamous. Calyx abbreviated, 5-toothed: corol of the bar- 
ren flowers ringent, compressed, 4-cleft : lower lip flat ; of the fertil- flowers 
minute, 4-toothed, caducous: capsule truncate, oblique, 1-celled, imperfectly 
two-valved, opening on one side. 40, 35—(beech drops, cancer root.) : 


D. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-cleft: plant with green herbage. - 


Zapanta. Flowers capitate: calyx 5-toothed: coro! 5-lobed; stigma heac- 
peltate, obliqu : pericarp bladder-like, vanishing, connecting the two seeds. 
40. 40—(iog-fruit.) S 

HeRPEstTRIs. Calyx unequal, 2-bracted at the base: corol tubular, some- 
what 2-lipped : stamens included : capsule 2-valved, 2-celled ; partitions par- 
aliel with the valves. 40. 40. S. 

LiwosEtta. Calyx 5-c'eft: corol 4 or 5-lobved, equal; stamens approach- 
ing each other by pairs: capsule 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 40. 
40—(mudwort.) 

ScropuuLaria. Calyx 5-cleft: corol sub-globose, resupinate ; lips short, 
middie division of lower lip reflexed : capsule 2-celled. (Generally a stamen- 
like organ is attached to the corol.)—Coroi dull purplish, green, or brown. 40. 
40—(ligwort.) S. 

Biewonta. Calyx 5-toothed, cup-form, sub-coriaceous : coro] bell-form, 5- 
lobed, ventricose beneath : capsule silique-like, 2-celled ; seed membrane-wing- 
ed. 40, 45—(trumpet-flower.) S, 


52 CLASS XIV, ORDER 5. 


t fae opera aig 2-bracted : coro] somewhat bell-form, lim’ 
5-lo : stamens approaching airs: capsule tapering to both e 4 
edéluiticelly dehiscent: seeds few. 40, 35—-(raek} 2 tae 

Bucunera. Calyx 5-toothed: corol with a slender tube, and the limb in 5 
equal divisions, the lobes cordate : capsule 2-celled. 40. 35—(blue hearts.) S- 

ANTIRRHINUM. Calyx 5-leaved or deeply 5-parted ; (H® two lower divisions re- 
mote; corol personate or ringent, spurred, or witha prominent base ; the throat 
closed with a prominent palate : capsule ovate, 2-valved, dehiscent at the apex, 
with reflexed teeth. 40. 40—(snapdragon, toad-flax.) S. “ 

Coxuissia. Calyx 5-cleft: corol 2-lipped, throat closed : upper lip 2-cleft : 
lower one 3-cleft; intermediate segment keeled, bag-like, and covering the de- 
clined stamens and style: capsule globose, somewhat 1I-celled and 4-valved. 
Seeds 2 or 3, uinbilicate. 40. 40. 

Grrarpis. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed: coro] sub-campaaulate, unequally 
5-lobed ; segments mostly rounded: capsule 2-celled, dehiscent at the top. 40. 
40—/(false-foxglove.) S. 

Pepicutaris. Calyx ventricose, 5-cleft or obliquely truncate : corol ringent; 
upper lip arched. emarginate and compressed : capsule 2-celled, mucronate, 
oblique : seeds numerous, angular, coated. (Leaves many-cleft.) 40, 35— 
(lousewort, high heal-all.) S. 

Mimvutus. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed : corol ringent; apper lip folded back 
upon its sides, lower lip w.‘h a prominent palate : stigma thick, 2-cleft : cap- 
sule 2-celled, many-seeded ; seeds minute. 40. 40—(monkey-flower.} S. 

CuHEeLone. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved, 3-bracted: coro! ringent, inflated : 
the upper lip emarginate-obtuse, under lip shghtly 3-cieft; the rudiment of a 
smooth filament between, and shorter than the two tallest stamens; anthers 
woolly: capsule 2-celled, 2-valved : seeds with membranous margins. 40. 45 
—(snake-head.) S. 

PeytstEmoNn. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved: corol ringent, inflated ; the rudi- 
ment of a bearded filament between, and longer than, the two tallest stamens : 
anthers smooth: capsule 2-ceiled, 2-valved, ovate; seeds numerous, angular. 
(Taken from the last genus.) 40. 45—(beard tongue.) S. 

Martymia. Calyx 5-cleft: corol ringent, almost bell-form : capsule woody 
and barked, witha hooked beak, 4-celled, 2-valved. 40. 45—(unicorn-plant. } 
S. 

Exotic. 

Dieiratis. Calyx 5-parted: corol bell-form, ventricose, 5-cleft: stigma 
simple or bilamellate: capsule ovate, 2-celled.—(Flowers racemed.) 40. 40— 
(foxglove.) 

Southern. 

Caprartsa. Calyx 5-parted: corol somewhat bell-form, 5-cleft, nearly equal : 
capsule 2-vaived, 2-celled, many-seeded. 40. 45. 

SEYMERIA. AFZELIA. Calyx 5-parted nearly tothe base: corol bell-wheel- 
form, almost equally 5-lobed : stamens sub-equal, near the throat : anthers ob- 
long, naked: style declined: capsule inflated, ovate, acute, 2-celled, 2-valved, 
opening at the top. 40. 40. 

Sesamum. Calyx 5-parted: corol bell-form, 5-cleft, with the lower lobe 
largest : stamens with the rudiment of a fifth: stigma lanceolate: capsule ob- 
tusely 4-angled, 4-celled, 40. 45—(oily grain.) ; 

* Catalpa, Gratiola. 


CLASS XIV. TETRADYNAMIA. 
OrpEerR I. SiLicuiosa. 


Buntas. Caxite. Flower minute. Silicle sub-lanceolate, 4-angled, with 
two separable, 1-seeded, valveless articulations; lower one with a depressed line, 
upper one furnished with an emarginate tooth on each side, and an elevated 
line ; seed erect in the upper joint, and pendulous or abortive in the lower one. 
39, 63—(sea-rocket.) S. 


CLASS XIV... OBDER iI. 53 


Tarasrei. Calyx spreading, equal at the base: filaments distinct, without 
teeth: silicle compressed, emarginate, obcordate, many-seeded ; valves re- 
semble two boats with the keels outward. 39, 63—(shepherd’s purse.) S. 

DraBa. Silicle oval-oblong, many-seeded; valves flattish, parallel to the 
partition ; seeds not margined : filaments without teeth: style none. Cotyle- 
dons accumbent.* 39. 63—(whitlow-grass.) S. 

Atyssum. VeEsicariA. Calyx equal at the base: petals entire: filaments 
of the two shorter stamens marked with a tooth: silicle entire, acuminate with 
the style, oval or globose, often hairy : seeds 2 to 4 in each cell, compressed or 
membranous-winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 39. 63—(madwort, gold-of- 
pleasure. ) 

Lepipium. Calyx spreading : coro] regular: silicleemarginate, cordate or 
oval; cells |-seeded ; valves carinate, dehiscent; partition contrary. Cotyle- 
dons incumbent. 39. 63—(pepper-grass.) S. 

CaMELINA. Silicle sub-ovate, many-seeded ; valves thick, (glabrous or mem- 
branaceous in part:) stamens without teeth: styles rather long: seeds oblong; 
striate, not membrane-winged. Cotyledons incumbent. 39. 63. 

Sugputaria. Silicle entire, ovate ; valves ovate, concave, (convex without :) 
stigma sub-sessile > seed linear, 2-plaited. Cotyledons incumbent. 39. 63. 

CocHLeEsRiA. Silicle thick, rugose, many-seeded, 2-valved ; valves. gib- 
bous, obtuse: partition nearly parallel to the valves. 39, 63—(horse-radish, 
water-radish. ) 

Exotic. 

Lunarta. Silicle. entire, oval, flat-compressed, pedicelled; valves equalling 
the partition, parallel, fat: calyx consists of coloured sack-like leafets. 39. 63 
—(honesty, or satin-flower.) 

Isatis. Silicle compressed, oblong, ligulate, valveless, 1-seeded: partition 
like lattice work. 39. 63.—(woad.) 

Ineris. Corol irregular, the two exterior petals longest : silicle emarginate, 
many-seeded. 39. 63—(candy tuft.) 


Southern. 

Coronopus. Silicle reniform, compressed, wrinkled; cells valveless, 1+ 
seeded. 39. 63. ; 

Myacrum. Silicle sub-erose, valveless ; cells fertile and empty, alternately 
superimposed on each other: styles permanent. 39.. 63., 

SeLeniA. Calyx equal at the base, coloured, spreading: silicle large, many- 
seeded, oval, flat-compressed, margined, sub-sessile ; valves parallel, smaller 
than the partition: glands 10, in pairs. 39. 63. 


Orper II. Sitrevosa. 


DenTaRia. Calyx longitudinally converging: silique lanceolate, bursting 
elastically, with flat, nerveless, revolute valves ; the partition thick and fungus- 
like : stigma emarginate; seeds in a single series, ovate, not margined. Co- 
tyledonsaccumbent. (Roots sharp-tasted, fleshy, with tooth-like processes, ) 
39. 63—(tooth-root, trickle-root.) S.. 

CarDaMINE. Calyx leaves spreading but little: stigma entire: a single 
gland between each of the short stamens aud the calyx: silique with truncate 
margins, linear, long, bursting elastically with revolute valves, narrower, but 
equalling the length of the partitions: seed with a slender funicule, not margin- 
ed. 39. 63—(american water-cress.) WS. 

Arasis. Glands 4, one within each leafet of the erect calyx, of the size of the 
reflected scale : silique compressed, torulose, sub-divaricate ; valves flat, 1-nerv- 


* In cases of doubt, the cotyledons may be examined after soaking the seed 
in warm water. When accumbent is applied, the corcle is against the back of 
one of the cotyledons. When incumbent is applied, the corcle is at the edges 
ef the cotyledons. Conduplicate is applied, when the two cotyledons close to-. 
gether, like the shutting ofa book. Torrey. - : a 


5* 


5A. CLASS XV. ORDER ¥. 


ed: seeds arranged in asingle series. Cotyledonsaccumbent. 39. 63—(wali- 
cress.) S. 

2 ll Calyx converging, erect; corol erect; silique very long, striate, 
2-edged ; valves keeled or nerved ; seeds arranged in a double series. Cotyle- 
dons accumbent. 39. 63—(tower-mustard.) 

BarBaREA. Calyx erect, equal at the base: gland® between the bases of 
the short stamens and the germ: silique 4-edged: seeds arranged in a single 
series. Cotyledons accumbent. 39. 63—(water radish.) 

Sisymprium. Calyx mostly spreading, equal at the base: silique sub-terete. 
Cotyledons incumbent, sometinies oblique, flat. 39. 63—hedge-mustard.) S. 

Erysimum. Nasturtium. Calyx and corol spreading: silique bursting, 
not elastically ; beak short and terete ; valves nerveless, not keeled, straitish, 
concave. Cotyledons accumbent. 39. 63—(english water-cress, water-rad- 
ish.) S. 

7 Bhcalenerr Calyx closed, two of the leafets gibbous at the base : petals 
dilated : silique, when young, with a glandular tooth each side : stigma 2-lobed : 
seed flat, sometimes margined. 39. 63—(stock-july-flower, wall-flower.} 
Ss. 

Hesperis. Calyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the claws of the 
petals: petals bent obliquely, linear or cbovate : silique 4-sided, 2-eiged, or 
sub-terete : seeds not margined : stigmas forked, with converging apexes. Co- 
tyledons incumbent, flat. 39. 63—(rocket.) 

SuvaPis. Calyx spreading: coro] with strait claws: glands between the 
short stamens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx: partition 
extending beyond the valves of the silique, ensiform: seeds in a single series. 
Cetyledons conduplicate. 39. 63—(mustard.) 

RapnHanus. Calyx closed, setose: silique torose, terete, not opening by 
valves, 1 or 2-celled: glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between 
the long stamens and calyx. Cotyledonsconduplicate. 39. 63—(radish.) 


Exotic. 
Brassica. Calyx erect, converging: partition extending beyond the valves 
of the silique : seed globose: glands between the short stamens and pistil, and 
between the long stamens and calyx. 39. 63—.(cabbage, turnip.) 


Southern. 

STaNLEYA. Calyx very large, 4-sided, cruciform, diverging, coloured : pe- 
tals erect; claws longer than the lamina: stamens nearly equal ; glands 4, 2 
outside and 2 inside of the corol : silique stiped, 2-celled, 2-valved : seeds oblong, 
flattish. 39. 63. 

STREPTANTHUS. Calyx erect, coloured: petals dilated; having twisted, 
channelled, claws: glands none: stamens with filaments subulate, and thicken- 
ed at the base: silique very long, angled, compressed : seeds in one series, 
flat, margined: cotyledons accumbent. 39. 63. 

* Cleome, or Polanisia. 


CLASS XV. MONADELPHBIA. 


Orver III. Trianpria. 


SIsYRINCHIUM. Spathe 2-leaved: perianth 0: corol superior, 6-cleft or 6- 
petalled, tubular: style 1: stigma 3-cleft: capsule 3-celled. 6, 18—(blue- 
eyed grass.) S. 


OrpER V. PENTANDRIA. 


PassirLora. Calyx 5-parted, coloured : corol 5-petalled, on the calyx - 
mectary, a triple filamentous crown within the petals: gourd-like berry, pedi- 
celled. 34, 97—(passion-flower.) S. 


Exotic. 
Eropium. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled : nectariferous scales 5, alter- 


CLASS XV. ORDER. XIII. 55 


nating with the filaments : arils 5, 1-seeded, awned ; beaked at the base of the 
receptacle; awn spiral, bearded within. (Taken fromthe geranium.) 14. 73 
—(stork’s bill.) 

Southern. 

Pumoxervus. Calyx 5-parted: coro] none: stamens united at the base in- 
to a small entire cup, shorter than the germ : anthers 1-ceiled: stigmas 2 : 
bladder-like capsule membranaceous, 1-seeded, valveless. 14. 73. 

AcHYRANTHES. Calyx double, membranaceous. permanent, outer 3-leaved, 
inner 5-leaved, unequal: stamens standing on the nectary, with segments be- 
tween them: seed one, covered by the converging calyx. 14. 73. 

OpLotTHEcA. Calyx double, outer 2-leaved, scarious, convolute, truncate ; 
shorter than the inner—inner 1-leafed, muricate, somewhat 5-cleft, with a dense 
down: corol none: nectary cylindric, 5-toothed, bearing the stamens : stigma 
simple, capitate, hairy : bladder-like capsule 1-seeded, inclosed in the calyx. 
14, 73. 

* Anagallis, Lysimacha, Linum. 


OrperR VII. HeEepranpria. 


: Exotic. 

PeLarconium. Calyx 5-parted, upper division broader, ending ina capil- 
lary nectariferous tube : coro} 5-petalled, irregular ; the two upper petals usu- 
ally broader, with coloured veins : filaments 10, three of them usually without 
anthers: arils 5, each l-seeded, awned ; some of the awns spiral. 14, 73— 
{stork geranium.) 


OrperR VIII. OctTanprtia. 


Southern. 
Pistia. Spathe tubular-hooded, strap-like : corol none: filaments lateral ; 
anthers 3 to 8: style 1: capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. 14. 73, 
* Polygala, Cardiospermum. 


Orver X. DEcANDRIA, 


Geranium. Calyx 5-leaved: corol 5-petalled, regular: nectariferous glands 
5, adhering to the base of the 5 a'ternating long filaments: arils 5, 1-seeded, 
awned, beaked at the elongated top of the receptacle : awn naked or smooth 
within, strait. 14. 73—(cranebill, ‘alse crowfoot, herb-robert.) S. 


Southern. 

Acacia. Mimosa. Polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed : petals 5: sta- 
mens 5 to 10, exsert: pod I-celled, 2-valved. 33. 93. 

DaruineTonia.* Calyx bell-form, 5 to 7-toothed: petals 5: stamens 5 to 
10, somewhat exsert ; anthers oblong: germ sessile, acuminate : pod fal- 
cate,many-seeded. 33. 93. 

Scwrankia. Mimosa. Polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed : petals 5 : 
stamens 8 to 10, exsert: pod 4-valved. 33, 93. 

* Acacia, Oxalis. 


OrverR XIII. Potyanpria. 


Sips. Calyx simple, angular, 5-cleft : style many-parted: capsules many, 
arranged circularly, 1-celled, 1 or 3-seeded. (Pedicel articulated under the 
apex.) 37. 74—(indian mallows.) S, 

AtTH#A. Calyx double, outer one 6 or 9-cleft: capsules many, arranged 
circularly, l-seeded. 37. 74—(hollyhock.) 

Marva. Calyx double, outer one 3-leaved, inner one 5-cleft: capsules ma- 
ny, arranged circularly, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 37. 74—(mallows.) S. 


*T have not been able to procure De Candolle’s description of this genus, 
@hich he dedicated to Dr. W. Darlington of Pennsylvania. 


56 CLASS XVI. ORDER X. 


Hieiscvs. Calyx double, outer one many-leaved ; inner one about 5-cleft : 
stigmas 5: capsule 5 or 10-celled, many seeded. 37. 74—(marsh mallows.) S. 


Exotic. 
LavaTErA. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: capsules many, many-seeded. 
37. 74—(tree mallows.) ~ , 
Gossypium. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: capsule 4-celled: seeds in- 
volved in wool. 37. 74—(cotton.) 


Southern. : 

Mazors. Calyx double, outer 3-leaved : capsules 1-seeded, irregularly 
aggregated. 37. 74. 

Sruantia. Calyx 5-parted : petals5: stigma somewhat 5-lobed, capitate : 
capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; cells 1 or 2-seeded: seeds ovate, bony. 37. 74. 4 

Horra. Calyx 5-cleft, superior : petals 5: stamens numerous, united in 5 
eroue iia 1: drupe 3-celled, with 2 of them often empty. 37. 74—(yel- 
low leaf. : 

NutraLuia. CaLttrrHor. Calyx simple, 5-cleft ; capsules numerous, 1- 
seeded, unitedinaring. 37. 74. 

Sryrax. Calyx bell-form, generally 5-toothed, inferior : corol 5 to 7-part- 
ed, on the calyx: drupe? coriaceous, with 1 or 2, 1-seeded nuts: stamens 6 to 
16, on the throat of the corol, united at the base ;: anthers oblong, linear. 37. 
74—(storax tree. ). 

Hatesia. Calyx 4-toothed, superior : corol 4-cle/ft : nut covered with bark, 
4-sided, 2 or all the angles winged ; 2 to 4-celled, 2 to 4-seeded. 37. 74. 
(snowdrop tree. ) 

Gorponia. Calyx simple, 5-leaved, connate at the base : style 5-sided : 
stigmas 5: capsule 5-celled, 5-valved : receptacle columnar: cells 2-seeded : 
seeds winged, 37. 74. 

* Pinus. 


CLASS XVI. DIADELPHIA. 


Orper V. Pentanpria, TO Orver VIII. Ocraypria, on Pent~ 
OCTANDRIA. 


e Cornypauis. DicLyTRA. Calyx 2-leaved: coro] ringent, 1 or 2-spurred at 
the base: filaments 2, membranaceous, each with 3 anthers: capsule silique- 

like, 2-valved, compressed, many-seeded. In some species the stamens are 

separate, with broad membranaceous bases. 24, 62—(colic-weed.) S. 

Fumartis. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol irregular ; spurred or gibbous 
at the base of one petal: filaments 2, each with 3 anthers : capsule or silicle 
drupe-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded, not opening by valves: seeds affixed to the side 
of thecell. 24. 62—(fumitory.) S. 

PotyGaLa. Calyx 5-leaved, permanent, unequal, 2 of the leafets. wing-like, 
larger, coloured : corol irregular, (or rather, calyx 3-leaved, coro! imperfectly 
papilionaceous :) capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Keel of the corol 
sometimes appendaged : seeds hairy. 33. 35—(snake-root, milk-wort, low 
century, mountain flax.) S. 


Southern. 

PaTaLostemon. Petals 5, nearly equal, 4 of them alternating with the sta- 
mens, and uniting with them in a cleft tube: legume 1-seeded, included in the 
calyx. 32. 93: 

OrverR X. DercannRria. 
A. Legume without transverse divisions or partitions ; seeds numerous. 
( Stigma pubescent. ) 

Pisum. Calyx with the divisions leaf-like, about equal : banner ae 

2 folds : style compressed, carinate, villose above : legume without down at the 


guture. 32. 93—(pea.). j 
Latuyrvus. Calyx with the two upper divisions shorter: style flat, villose 


CLASS XVI. ORDER X. 57 


above, broader towards the top. (Stems mostly winged, leafets 2 or more, ter- 
minated by adivided tendril.) 32. 93—(sweet pea.) S. 

Victa. Calyx emarginate above, 2-toothed ; 3 strait long teeth below : ban. 
neremarginate : style bearded transversely on the lower side beneath the stig- 
ma. 32. 93—(vetch.) S. 

Ervum. Calyx 5-parted; divisions linear, acute, about equalling the corol : 
stigma capitate, hairy on all sides, (Torrey) ; glabrous, (Persoon :) legume ob- 
long, 2 to 4-seeded. 32. 93—(creeping vetch.) 


Southern. 
Orogus. Style linear: corol long: calyx obtuse at the base; upper seg- 
ments deeper and generally shorter, 32. 93—(bitter vetch.) 
Puaca. Keel obtuse : style beardless: stigma capitate : legume 1-celled, 
somewhat turgid; upper suiure swollen and seed-bearing within. 32. 93. 


( Stigma not pubescent. ) 

Puasrotus. Keel, stamens and style spirally twisted together : legume 
compressed, falcate : seeds sub-compressed, reniform. 32. 93—(bean.) WN. 

SrropHostrLes. GrycinE. Keel, siamens and style spirally twisted to- 
gether : legume terete, with a longitudina! half-breadth partition, attached to 
one edge : seed reniform, sub-cylindric. 32. 93—(wild bean.) S. 

Apios. Giycine. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, truscate, 1-toothed: keel of 
the corol falcate, bending back the apex of the banner: germ sheathed at the 
base: legume coriaceous, many-seeded. 32. 93—(ground-nut,) NS. 

AMPHICARPA. Calyx bell-form, 4-toothed, obtuse and naked at the base : 
petals oblong, banner broader, close-pressed upon other petals, sub-sessile : 
a capitate: legume flat, stiped; seeds 2 to4. 32. 93—(wild bean-vine.) 


Gavactia. Calyx 4-toothed, 2-bracted : petals ali oblong : banner broader, 
incumbent: anthers oblong : stigma obtuse: germ on a naked stipe: legume 
terete : seeds many, roundish. 32. 93—(milk-way plant.) S. 

VEXILLaRIA. Corol resupinate; banner very large, spreading, overshad- 
owing the wings: calyx bell-form or tubular, 5-toothed: | egume linear, very 
iong, acuminate. 32. 93—(butterfly-weed.) S. 

Ropinia. Calyx small, bell-form, 4-cleft. upper division 2 parted: banner 
large, reflexed, roundish : legume compressed, elongated, many-seeded : seeds 
compressed, small. 32. 93—(locust-tree.) S, 

AsTRaGaLus. Calyx 5-toothed: keel of the corol obtuse : legume with a 
longitudinal! half-breadth partition, attached to one edge, incurved at the suture 
below. 32. 93—(milk vetch.) S. 

Gateca. TepHRosia. Calyx with subulate teeth nearly equal ; stamens of- 
ten 7 ea : legume compressed, sub-coriaceous. 32, 93—(goat’s 
rue.) S. 

Mrpicaco. The keel deflected from the direction of the banner: legume 
compressed, spiral. 32. 93—(lucerne clover, medick.) S. 


Exotic. 
CoivTra. Calyx 5-cleft with the keel obtuse: style bearded on its back 
through its whole length: legume inflated, opening on the upper suture at the 
base. 32. 93—(bladder senna, bush locust.) 


Southern. 2 

INDIGOFERA. Calyx spreading: keel with a subulate spur both sides; le- 
gume linear, small, terete or quadrangular. 32. 93—(indigo.) 

GiycyRRHIzA, Liqurritra. Calyx tubular, equal. 5-parted, gibbous at 
the base: banner erect, reflexed at the sides, including the other petals : 
wings spreading ; keel 2-cleft: legume oblong, subovate, compressed, gene- 
rally hispid, 2 to 6-seeded. (Flowers racemed.) 32. 93—(liquorice.) 

Oxytropis. Astracatus. Keel terminating above in a subulate append- 
age: legume with a longitudinal half-breadth partition, attached to one edge | 
the upper sutare inflexed, 32, 92, 


5s CLASS XVI. ORDER X. 


DoricHos. Banner with two oblong parallel callous processes at the base, 
compressing the wings beneath them. 32. 93—(cowhage.) 

TRIGONELLA. Banner and wings sub-equal, spreading, resembling a 3-pe- 
talled coro} : legume often curved, compressed. 32. 93—(fenugreek.) 

Tuyrsantuus. Calyx 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate, emarginate ; lower 3- 
cleft: banner callous at the bse ; wings cohering at the top: germ sheathed 
by a small toothed tube: legume terete-torulose. 32. 93. 

LuprnasTeR. Calyx bell-form, 5-toothed: teeth setaceous, one under the 
keel: stigma hooked: legume terete, without joints. 32, 93. 


B. Legume without transverse divisions or partitions , seeds few, or single. 


Meuitotus. Flowers racemed: calyx tubular, 5-toothed: keel simple, 
shorter than the wings and banner: legume rugose, longer than the calyx, or 
about as long. (Taken from the trifolium.) 32. 93—(melilot clover.) S. 

Trirotium. Flowers sub-capiiate: legume included in the calyx, not 
opening by valves, 1 to 4-seeded. (Leaves always ternate.) 32. 93—(clo- 
ver.) S. 

Southern. 

Dares. Calyx half 5-cleft: coro! partly papilionaceous: wings and keel 
adnate to the undivided column of stamens : legume 1-seeded, included in the 
calyx. 32. 93. 

PsoraLea. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed; lower segments mostly elongated - 
legume the length of the calyx, 1-seeded, somewhat beaked, valveless. 32. 93, 


C. Fruit or loment in several joints, or in a single-seeded piece. 


Hepysirum. Calyx 5-cleft: keel of corol transversely obtuse: loment ma- 
ny-jointed ; joints 1-seeded. truncate, compressed, generally hispid. Plants 
mostly with ternate leaves. 32. 93—(bush clover.) S. 

LesprepEza. Calyx 5-parted, 2-bracted: divisions nearly equal : keel ofthe 
corol transversely obtuse: legume lens-form, unarmed, I-seeded. (Leaves al- 
waysternate. Taken from the hedysarum.) 32, 93—(bush clover.) S. 

AESCHYNOMENE. Calyx2-lipped, lips toothed: stamens united in two 
equal parcels: loment compressed, one suture strait, the other lobed ; joints 
truncate, l-seeded. 32, 93—/(/alse sensitive plant.) S. 

StryLosantHes. Calyx tubular, very long, bearing the corol which origi- 
nates higher than the top of the germ: loment one or two-jointed, hooked. 32, 
93—(pencil flower.) S. 


Exotic, 

Coronitia. Calyx 2-lipped: petals with claws : loment teretish, jointed ; 
flowers in umbels: seeds generally cylindric. 32, 93—(coromilla.) 

Cicer. Calyx 5-parted, of the length of the corol, 4 upper divisions resting 
on the banner : legume turgid, 2-seeded; seeds gibbose, mucronate. 32. 93. 
—(chick-pea. ) 

Southern. 

Zornia. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 2-lipped : banner cordate, revolute : an- 
thers 5 oblong and 5 globose: loment jointed, hispid 32. 93. 

Sespania. Calyx 5-toothed: legume elongated (terete or linear) divided 
into many cells (or loment joints) by transverse partitions. 32. 93 


D. Stamens united in one set. 


AmorpHa. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 4 or 5-cleft: banner ovate, con- 
cave: ps and keel Q: legume 1 or 2-seeded, falcate, 32. 93—(false-indi- 
go.) S. : 

“san Ph Calyx 2-lipped ; anthers, 5 oblong and 5 roundish: legume cori- 
aceous, torulose. 32, 93—(lupine.) S. 

CroTaLaria. Corol with the banner cordate, large ; kee] acuminate, the 
membrane formed by the united filament, has a fissure on the back: style curv- 
ed: legume pedicelled, turgid. 32, 93—(rattle box.) 8. 


m7 


CLASS XVII. ORDER 7, 59 


Grenista. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed, 2 upper teeth very short: banner ob- 
ong, reflexed back from the pistil and stamens, 32. 93—(kneed-grass, dyer’s 
broom.) 

Exotic. 

Spartium. Calyx extended downwards: keel generally pendant : filaments 
adhering to the germ: stigma villose lengthwise on the upper side: legume 
oblong, 1 or many-seeded. 32. 93—(Spanish broom.) 

Urex. Calyx 2-leaved, 2 bra ted: stamens all united : legume scarcely 
onger than the calyx, spinose. 32, 93—(furze.) 

Aracuis. Calyx 2-lipped: coro! upside down: legume gibbous, torulose, 
reiny, coriaceous, 32, 93—(pea-nut.) 


Southern. 
EryTHRINA. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, various: banner long-lanceolate : 
legume torulose, many-seeded. 32. 93—(corol tree.) 
* Baptisia, Cercis, Virgilia, Cassia. 


CLASS. XVII. SYNGENESIA. 
OrvDER I. Potyeamia AEQUALIS. 


A. Florets ligulate. 


CicHorium. Calyx calycled: egret plumose, sessile, unequal: (Torrey :) 
many-leaved, chaffy : (Persoon ;) receptacle somewhat chaffy. 49. 53—(succo- 
ry, or endive.) 

Apareisa. Calyx imbricate: receptacle naked, punctate: egret plumose, 
sessile, unequal. (Taken from the Leontodon.) 49. 53—(false hawk-weed.} 

Lrontopon. Calyx double, imbricate, with flexible leafets: receptacle nak- 
ed: egret stiped. 49. 53—(dandelion.) S. 

PRENANTHES. Florets from 5 to 20, in a simple series, (or in one circular 
row :) calyx calycled : receptacle naked: egret simple, sub-sessile. 49, 53— 
{white lettuce.) S. 

Lactuca. Calyx imbricate, cylindric, with the margin of the scales mem-< 
branaceous: receptacle naked : egret simple, stiped: seed smooth. 49. 53— 
(lettuce.) S. 

Soncuus. Calyx imbricate, swelling at the base: egret pilose, sessile: re 
ceptacle naked. 49. 53—(swine thistle.) S. 

TERAcIUM. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret simple, sessile : receptacle nak- 
ed, punctate, or sub-pilose. (From white becoming yellowish.) 49. 53—~ 
fhawk-weed ) S. 

Kricia. Calyx simple, many-leaved: receptacle naked: egret 5 to § mem» 
branous leaves, with 5 to 24 scabrous, alternating bristles : receptacle naked. 
49. 53—(dwarf dandelion. S.) 


Exotic. 
Tracopocon. Calyxsimple, many-!eaved: receptacle naked: egret plu- 
mose and stiped. 49. 53—(goat’s-beard, vegetable oyster.) 


Southern. 

Borxknausta. Calyx calycled, becoming rib-furrowed, outer scales of the 
outer calyx loose : receptacle naked : egret stiped, pilose. 49. 53. 

Troximon. Calyx oblong, conic, many-leaved ; leatets unequal, imbricate : 
receptacle naked, puncticu'ate : egret sessile, pilose. 49. 53. 

Apocon. Calyx 8-leaved, in a double series: receptacle naked: egret 
none. 49. 53. 

CHONDRILLA. Receptacle naked: egret pilose, stiped: calyx calyeled: 
florets in many series: seed rugose. 49. 53. 


B. Florets tubulous ; flower capitate. 


Arctium. Calyx globose, with scales hooked at the apex: egret chaff-brist- 
ly: receptacle chaffy. 49. 54—(burdock.) -S. ; 
Oxopoxpoy. Calyx imbricate, with sharp mucronate spreading scales: 


60 CLASS XVII. ORDER f. 


s 


egret pilose, scabrous, caducous: receptacle alyeolate: seeds transversely sul- 
eate. 49. 54—(cotton thistle.) 

Cyricus. Calyx swelling, imbricate, with prickly scales : receptacle villose : 
egret caducous, plumose. 49. 54—(thistle.) S. 

Carpuus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with prickly scales: receptacle rvillose : 
egret pilose. 49. 54—(comb-tooth thistie.) ° 

Liatris. Calyx imbricate, oblong: anthers entire at the base : seeds hairy, 
ebconic : egret permanent, plumose, coloured: receptacle naked: (flowers 
purple.) 49. 54—(gay feather.) S. 

Vernonia Calyx imbricate, ovate: egret double, exterior chaffy and 
short, interior capillary : receptacle naked : stigma 2-cleft, shortish. 49. 55— 
(flat-top.) S. 

Exotic. 

CantnHamus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with scales, ovatish-leafy at the apex : 
egret chaff-hairy or none : receptacle chaff-bristly. 49. 54—(false saffron.) 

Cynara. Receptacle bristly : calyx dilated, imbricate , scales with fleshy 
np? Be ae and pointed: egret plumose, sessile. 49. 54—(garden arti- 
choke. 


Southern. 
Sroxes1a. Calyx foliaceous, sub-imbricate : florets of the ray funnel-form 
and irregular: receptacle naked: egret 4-bristled, 49. 54. 
Srevia. Calyx cylindric from a simple series of leafets: receptacle naked : 
egret chati-bristled. 49. 54. 
BricKELLIA. Calyx many-leaved, imbricate: receptacle naked, dotted - 
egret hairy or scabrous: seed nearly glabrous, 10-streaked. 49. 54. 


C. Florets tubulous ; flower discoid. 


Kunnisa. Calyx imbricate, cylindrical : egret plumose, sessile: receptacle 
naked : seed hairy, finely striated. 49. 55—(false boneset.) S. 

Evpatorium. Calyx imbricated (rarely simple) oblong : style long, cloven 
half way down: egret pilose, scabrous, or rough papillose: receptacle naked : 
seed smooth and glandular, 5-striate. 49. 50—(boneset, thorough-wort, joe- 

e.) S. 

Pe wk: Calyx 4 or 6 leaved, equal, 4 to 6-flowered ; receptacle naked : 
egret pilose. 49. 55—(climbing boneset.) S. 

Curysocoma. Calyx imbricate, oblong or hemispheric : style scarcely ex- 
sert: receptacle naked : egret pilose, scabrous: seed hairy, 49. 55—(gold- 
en locks.) S. 

Cacatta. Calyx cylindric, oblong, somewhat calycled or scaly at the base : 
receptacle naked: egret pilose. (Leaves mostly succulent. 49. 55—(wild 
caraway.) S. 

SPARGANOPHORUS. Calyx sub-globose, imbricate, with unequal scales re- 
curve-spreading at the tips: receptacle naked : seed with the cup-like crown 
sub-cartilaginous, shining. 49. 50—(crown-cup.) S. 


Southern. 

Hymenopappus. Calyx many-leaved, spreading ; leafets sub-oval, colour- 
ed: receptacle naked : egret chaffy, many-leaved (5 to $?) segments very short, 
obtuse, awnless. 49. 50. 

PoLyprERis. Calyx many-leaved, spreading; leafets sub-oval, coloured - 
receptacle naked : egret chafly, about 12-valved ; valves rigid and cuspidate, 
the length ofthe seed, 49. 55. 

MELANANTHERA. Calyx imbricate ; leafets ovate, close-pressed, sub-equal : 
receptacle chafly ; scales keeled, the lower part embracing the florets: egret 
consisting of 4 or 5 unequal, unarmed awns. 49, 50. 

MarsHattia. Calyx imbricate ; scales sub-lanceolate, incumbent: recep- 
tacle chafly : egret 5, membranaceous, acuminate, nerveless scales, 49. 35. 

Sanrotixa. Calyx imbricate, hemispherical ; scales keeled, haying scari- 
gus points: receptacle chafly: egret none. 4% 99. 


CLASS XVII. ORDER Ii. 61 


Orper II. PotyGamIa sUPERFLUA. 
A. Flowers discoid ; the ray-florets being obsolete. 


'<fayacetum. Calyx imbricate, hemispheric: scales acuminate: rays obso- 
fete, 3-cleft: egret somewhat marginal : receptacle naked. (Flowers corymb- 
ed.) 49. 55—(tansy.) } 

Arnremisi1A. Calyx imbricate, ovate, with scales rounded, converging : ray- 
florets subulate : egret 0: receptacle somewhat villose, or nakedish. (Flowers 
mostly rounded.) 49. 55—(wormwood, southern-wood.) S. , 

Baccuaris. Calyx-scales ovate, sub-coriaceous, imbricate, cylindric, bell- 
form or ovate : pistillate and perfect florets intermixed: receptacle naked : 
egret —- (Sometimes the flowers are dicecious.) 49. 55—(groundsel- 
tree.) S. 

ovens. Calyx imbricate, with scales sub-linear-ovate, or hemispheric 
and sub-scarious : egret simple, capillary : receptacle naked: florets of the 
ray with a 3-cleft border, not composing a ray inappearance. 49. 55—(plow- 
ian’s-wort.) S. — 

Gnapuatiom. Calyx imbricate, with the marginal scales rounded, scari- 
ous, shortish, glossy, coloured : receptacle naked: egret jilose or plumose, 
scabrous: florets of the ray subulate, of the disk entire. Sometimes all the 
florets are perfect. 49. 55—(life-everlasting.) S. 


Southern. 

PreRocavuLon. Calyx imbricate, with ciose-pressed, downy, sub-scarious 
seales: receptacle naked: perfect and pistillate florets intermixed ; the pistil- 
late ones slender; border 3-toothed; perfect ones with a 5-cleft border: egret 
hairy, scabrous : seed angled, hairy. 49. 55. 


B. Flowers radiate; the ligulate ray-lorets very manifest. 


(Receptacle naked.) 


ErtGERoN. Calyx imbricate, sub-hemispherical : egret pilose, double ; 
outer egret minute end chafly : dorets of the ray linear, very narrow, numer- 
ous. 49. 55-—(flea-bane, pride-weed.) S. 

Inuta. Calyx imbricate, generally squarrose : egret simple, scabrous, some- 
times ‘a minute, exterior, chafly one : anthers ending in 2 bristles at the base : 
ray-forets numerous. Ray-florets always yellow. 49. 55—(elecampane.) 

Aster. Calyx imbricate, the inferior scales generally spreading: egret 
simple, pilose: receptacle ofien deep-pitted. (Florets of the ray more than 10, 
except in solidaginoides, and a few other species; colour purple or white, 
never yellow. 49. 55—(star-flower.) WN. 

Sotmaco. Calyx oblong or sub-cylindric, with oblong, narrow, pointed, 
strait scales, imbricate, closed upon the flower: ray-florets about 5, and fewer 
than 10, lanceolate, 2-toothed, equal to, or shorter than, the calyx: filaments 
capillary, very short: style thread-form, equalling the length of the stamens : 
stigma cleft, spreading : erret simple, pilose, scabrous: receptacle furrowetl 
“—_ dots or punctures: seeds oblong-ovate. (Yellow.) 49. 55—(golden 
rod.) S. ‘ 

Arnica Calyx hemispherical, with the leafets equal, longer than the disk. 
receptacle naked: egretsimnple, hairy: florets of the ray often without anthers, 
Ray-florets yellow. 49.55. S. 

SeNecto. Calyx cylindric: leafets with withering, blackish tips, and a few 
small calycle leafets at the base: egret simple, copMary Segoe Ray-florets 
sometimes wanting. 49. 55—(rag-wort, fire-weed.) S. 

Ciyeraria. Calyx simple, many-leaved, equal : egret simple. 49. 55. 


"Tussiaco. Calyx simple, swelling ; scales equal, and equalling the disk, 
sub-membranous: pistillate florets ligulate or without teeth: egret simple, ses. 
site. 49. 55. ee er een 


62 CLASS XVII. ORDER I: 


Bottonta. Calyx imbricate : florets of the ray numerous : receptacle conic, 
punctate: egret consists of many minute bristies, and generally 2 elongated 
bristles or horns: seed flat, margined. 49, 55—(false chamomile.) S. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM. Caiyx hemispherical, imbricate, with the scales mem- 
branous at the margin: egret none, or a narrow margin. 49. 55—(ox-eyed 
daisy, fever-few.) WN. - 


Exotic. F 
Bewiis. Calyx hemispherical; scales equal: egret 0: receptacle conical : 
seed obovate. 49. 55—(garden daisy. 
Tacretes. Calyx simple, 1-leafed, 5-toothed, tubular: florets of the ray 
about 5, permanent: egret 5 erect awns. 49. 55—(marigold.) 


Southern. 

BracHyris- Calyx cylindric-ovate, closely imbricate; scales agglutinated 
together: ray and disk florets about 5 to each: receptacle naked: egret very 
short, chaffy ; glumes 5 to 8, permanent. 49. 55. 

Donta. Calyx hemispherical, imbricate, squarrose, glutinous: ray-florets 
30 or more, (yellow:) receptacle naked, deep-pitted : egret consists of 3 or 4 ca- 
ducous, somewhat chaffy, bristles. 49. 55. 

Borsera. Calyx double; outer one many-leaved ; inner one 8-leaved: re- 
ceptacle naked: egret pilose. 49. 55. 

TRICHOPHYLLUM. Calyx oblong-cylindric, many-leaved, equal : ray-florets 
oblong: receptacle naked : egret chaffy, minute, 5 to 8-leaved; leafets obtuse, 
awnless. 4%. 55. 

Marricaria. Calyx flat, imbricate, with scales having scarious margins : 
receptacle naked, terete : egretnone. 49, 50. . 

Curysopsis. Calyx imbricated: (ray-florets mostly yellow ;) anthers nak- 
ed at the base: receptacle naked: egret double ; outer chaffy, minute ; imner 
scabrous, many-rayed : seed obovate, villous. 49. 55. 

Pecrtis. Calyx 5-leaved : ray-florets5: receptacle naked: egret 3 to 5 
awns. 49, 50. 


(Receptacle chaffy or hairy.) . 


Vergesinsa. Calyx many-leaved; leafets arranged in double series: florets 
of the ray about 5: egret 2-awned. 49, 55—(crown-beard.) S. 

AntTHeEmMis. Calyx hemispherical ; scales with scarious margins, nearly 
equal: egret 0, or a membranous margin : florets of the ray more than 5: re- 
ceptacle chaffs flat, with a rigid acuminate apex : seed crowned with a mem- 
branous border, or egret. 49. 55—({may-weed, chamomile.) S. 

ACHILLEA. Calyx imbricate, ovate, unequal : egret 0: florets of the ray 5 
to 10. roundish, dilated. (Flowers corymbed.) 49. 55—(yarrow.) S. 

Hewiopsis. Calyx imbricate, with ovate-linear lined scales: ray-florets li- 
near, large: receptacle chaffy, conic; the chaffs lanceolate: seeds 4-sided ; 
egret 0. 49. 55—(sun-ray.) S. 

HeLenium. Calyx 1-leaved, many-parted: egret 5-awned, chaffy leaves: 
receptacle globose, naked in the disk, and chaffy in the ray only : florets of the 
ray half-3-cleft: c2ed villose. (Leaves decurrent.) 49. 55—(false sunflow- 


er) S. 


Southern. 

Zinnia. Calyx cylindric ovate, imbricate: rays 5, entire, permanent: re- 
ceptacle chaffy : egret 2 erect awns. 49. 55. ’ 

STARKEA. Gol imbricate: receptacle hirsute : egret simple, sessile, sca- 
brous. 49, be Rin ; 

Ecuipta. — x many-leaved, sub-equal: disk-florets mostly 4-cleft: ray- 
florets very narrow, numerous: receptacle bristly: egret none: seed rugose, 
2-edged, somewhat 4-sided. 49. 55. : 

SieGESBECKIA. Outer calyx 5-leaved, spreading; inner one many-leaved, 
5-angled, sub-equal ; rays on one side of the flower only: receptacle chaffy : 
egretnone: seed somewhat 4-sided. 49. 55, 


CLASS XVII. ORDER IV. 63 


Acmenis. Calyx simple, leafets few : receptacle oblong, chafly : seeds 4- 
sided, truncate at the summit, naked, 49. 50. 

TrrraGonoTHEca. Calyx I-leaved, 4-sided, 4-parted, very broad: recep- 
tacle chaffy: egret none. 49. 55, 

AcTINELLA, Calyx many-leaved, sub-equal, flat: ray-florets (8 to 20) 3- 
toothed, widening towards the extremity: receptacle naked, hemispherical : 
egret Chafly ; 5 to 8-awned glumes. 49. 50. 

BuruTHatmum. Calyx jeafy: egret marginal, 4-toothed or obsolete : seeds 
of the ray margined, and sometimes of the disk, 49. 55—(ox-eye.) ¢ 


OrperR III. PotyGaMiIA FRUSTRANEA. 


Hewtantuvs. Calyx imbricate, sub-squarrose, iealy : receptacle flat, chaf- 
fy : egret 2-ieaved, chaff-like, caducous: 49. 55—(sunflower, jerusalem arti- 
choke.) WS. 

Rvupgweckia. Calyx consisting of a double order of leafets or scales: re- 
ceptacle chafiy, conic : egret a 4-toothed margin, or Q. 49, 55—(cone-flow- 
ér.) S 

oe SR Calyx calycled, nearly equal, with or without ray-florets: recep- 
tacle flat, chaffy: egret consists of 2, 3, or 4 strong awns, with reflexed and 
erect lateral prickles: seeds 4-cornered. 49. 55—(burr-marygold, beggar- 
ticks.) S. 

Corgorsis. Calyx double, both many-leaved (8 to 12:) inner ones many- 
leaved, sub-coriaceous and ‘coloured : seeds compressed, emarginate, 2-tcoth- 
ed: receptacle chaffy, flat: egret 2-horned. 49. 55—(tick seed, sunflower.) 

Actinomeris. Calyx siinple, many-leaved, leafy, sub-equal : rays remote, 
elonyated, (4 to 8:) receptacle small, chatiy ; the leafets embracing the margin 
of the seed: seed compressed, margined ; crowned with 2 permanent awns, 
49, 55. S. 


Exotic. 
CENTAUREA. Calyx various, mostly imbricate, roundish : egret simple, va- 
tious: receptacle bristly : corols of the ray funnel-shape, longer, irregular. 49. 
54—(biue-boitle, blessed thistie. ) 


Southern. 

Lertoropsa. Calyx simple, many-parted : rays 20 or more, 3-cleft, widen- 
ing at the top: receptacle naked, hemispherical : egret consists of 8 to 10 awn- 
less chaff-like valves. 49. 54. 

Barpurna. Calyx imbricate, squarrose-leafy : ray-florets somewhat 3-cleft : 
receptacle hemispherical, horn-like, cellular: egret chafly, awaless, erect, 
about 10 leaved : seeds immersed in the receptacle 49. 54. 

GatarpiaA. Calyx many-leaved, flat, sub-equal. rays 3-cleft, widening to- 
wards the top: receptacle bristly, hemispherical: egret chaffy ; leafets $ to 10, 
awned, 49. 54. 


OrpER [V. PoLyGAMIA NECESSARIA. 


Sitpuium. Calyx squarrose ; scales leafy, broad: egret a 2-horned mar- 
gin: receptacle chaffy : seeds compressed, obcordate, margined, 2-toothed. 
49. 55—(ragged-cup.) S. 

Potymnta. Calyx double ; exterior 4-5-leaved ; interior 10-leaved; leafets 
concave: egret: receptacle chafly. 49. 55—(ieaf-cup.) S. 

Iva. Calyx about 5-leaved or 5-parted : styles 2, iong: ed obovate nak- 


ed, obtuse: receptacle hairy, or chaif-bristly: ray 5-flowered. 49. 55—(high- 
water shrub.) S. - 


é Exotic. 
CaLenputa. Calyx many-leaved, equal: receptacle naked: egret none i 
seeds of the disk membranaceous, 49, 55—(pot marygold.) 


64 CLASS XVIII, ORDER I. 


Southern. 

Cuaptatia. Calyx sub-imbricated, many-leaved : pistillate fiorets in twe 
series ; outer ones rayed; inner ones naked: disk-florets 2-lipped : receptacle 
naked: egret capillary. 49. 55. 

P ntam. Calyx 5 leaved: rays very small: regeptacle chaffy, minute ; 
outer scales dilated: sced obovate, minutely 3-awned. “49. 55. ' 

Currsoconum. Calyx 5-leaved : receptacle chaffy : egret 1-leaved, 3-tooth - 
ed; seed surrounded by a 4-leaved calycle. 49 55. 

Bartimora. Calyx cylindric, many-leaved: rays 5: receptacle chaffy : 

_egretnone: seed 3-sided. 49. 55. 

GymnostyLus. Calyx many-leaved, the leafets in a single series: pistillate 
florets apetalous : seeds compressed, somewhat toothed at the surumit, awned 
with the permanent style. 49. 55. ; 


OrpER V. PoLyGAMIA SEGREGATA. 


Evepuantopos. Partial calyx 4-flowered : florets 5-cleft, ligulate, perfect: 
receptacle naked: downsetaceous. 49, 55—(elephant-foot.) S. 
Exotic. 
Ecuinops. Proper calyx 1-flowered: corol tubular, perfect: receptacle se- 
tose: egret obsolete. 49. 54—(globe thistle.) 


CLASS XVIII. GYNANDRIA. 


OrperR I. MonanbDria. 


A. Anther adnate, sub-terminal, not caducous ; masses of pollen afixed by 
the base, and made up of angular particles. 


Orcuis. Corol ringent-like, upper petal vaulted: !ip dilated, spurred be- 
neath: masses of pollen 2, adnate, terminal. 7. 21—(orchis.) S 

Hagenaria. Orcuis. Corol ringent-like : lip spurred at the base beneath : 
glands of the stipes of the masses of pollen naked and distinct; cells of the 
stipes adnate, orseparated. 7.21. S. 


B. Anther parallel with the stigma, not caducous , masses of pollen affixed 
to the summit of the stigma, and made up of farinaceous or angular par- 
ticles. 


Goopyera. Neormia. Corol ringent-like, the 2 lower petals placed under 
the gibbous lip, which is undivided above : style free: constituent particles af 
the masses of pollen angular. 7, 21—(rattlesnake-leaf, scrophula weed.) S. 

Neortia. Corol ringent-like, the 2 lower petals placed under the lip, 
which is beardless; interior petals converging: style wingless: constituent 
particles of the masses of pollen farinaceous. 4. 2]—(ladies’ tresses.) S. 

ListeRA. Corol irregular : lip pendant, 2-lobed: style wingless, minute, 
with the anther inserted at its base: poilen farinaceous. 7. 21—(lily orchis.) S. 


Southern. 
- Cranicnis. Corol 5-petalled, resupinate, sub-ringent: lip behind, vaulted : 
pollen farinaceous. PEE 


C. Anther inserted, terminal, not caducous ; masses of pollen farinaceous or 
angular. 


Pocosta. Petals 5, distinct, without glands: Jip sessile, cowled, crested in- 
ternally : pollen farinaceous. 7. 21—(snake-mouth.) S. _ d 

Tripora, Petals 5, distinct, equal and converging, without glands: lip 
unguiculate, cowled: style spatulate, even, flattened, wingless : pollen farina- 
ceous. 7, 21—(three-bird orchis.) S. 

Cympipium. Catopogon. Petals 5, distinct: lip behind, (or inyerted,} 
upaenerte : the lamina bearded ; style free: pollen angular, 7. 21—(grass 
pink.) &. 


CLASS XVIII, ORDER y. 65 


ArgrHusa. Petals 5, connate at the base: lip below, growing to the style, 
cowled above, crested within: pollen angular. 7. 21—(arethusa.) S. 


D. Anther moveable, terminal, caducous ; masses of pollen at length becom- 

: ing wax-like. 

TipuLania. Petals spatulate, spreading : lip entire, sessile, conspicuously 
spurred below at the base: style wingless, lengthened, free : anther in the form 
of a lid, permanent ; masses of poilen 4, parallel. 7. 21—(limodore.) S. 

Matraxis. Petals 5, narrower than the lip, spreading or deflexed ; lip flat- 
tened, ivided, sessile, often exterior : style lengthened: masses of pollen 4, 
parallel, affixed to the summit of the stigma. Flower turned upside down by 
the twisting of the preduncle when the corol opens. 7. 21—(tway-blade.) 
' Microsty.ts. Petals 5, converging, one only deflexed ; 2 inner ones fili- 
form: lip about equalling the petals in length, erect, sessile, concave, truncate, 
and 2-toothed at the summit: style very minute : masses of pollen 3. 7. 21— 
{snake-mouth tway-blade.) S. 

CoraLLoRRHIzA. Petals equal, converging: lip either unguiculate, or with 
an obsolete spur: masses of pollen 4, oblique, not parallel: style free. 7, 21— 
(coral root, adam-and-eve.) S. 

AMPLECTRUM. Petals equal, converging; lip unguiculate, not spurred or 
extended at the base: masses of pollen 4, oblique, lenticular; situated below 
the summit of the style. 7, 21. 


Southern. 

Bretia. Petals 5, distinct : lip sessile, cowled, somewhat spurred at the 
base: style free: masses of pollen 4 to 8, 2-lobed. 7. 21]. 

Catypso. Petals ascending, l-sided : lip inflated, spurred beneath towards 
the point : style dilated, petal-like: masses of pollen4 7. 21. 

EprpEnpRuM. Masses of pollen 4, parallel, separat-d by a permanent parti- 
tion ; each mass with a granulated elastic filament at the base: style united 
lengthwise with the claw of the lipintoa tube 7. 21. 


OrvperR If. Dianprta. 


Cypripepium. Calyx coloured, 4-leaved, spreading: coro! 0, (by some the 
calyx is called a coro] :) nectary large, hollow, inflated : style witha terminat 
lobe, and petal-like appendage on the upper side. 7. 21—(ladies’ slipper.) iS, 


OrpER V. PENTANDRIA. 


Plants bearing seeds in follicles ; and pollen in masses, called pollinia. 


ASCLEPIAS.* (Petals 5, refiexed: nectaries 5; concave, erect, containing lit- 
tle horns: each stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pollen, suspended 
from the top of the stigma : follicles smooth. 30. 47—(milk-weed, silk-weed.) 8, 

AcERATES Corol reflexed: nectary 5-leaved ; leafets concave, short, close- 
pressed to the angles of the filaments: each stamen with a pair of pendulous 


* Plants of this artificial order (Natura! order Apocyneae of Jessieu) were 


placedin class Pentandria, order Digynia, by Linneus. The celebrated James 
Edward Smith, shewed us the propriety of removing them to the class Gynan- 
dria. Afterwards a mistake, committed by that distinguished naturalist, Rob- 
ert Brown, induced botanists to continue them ir the class Pentandria, without 
page his accuracy—a case in point, shewing the danger of great men’s 
errors. The stamens certainly proceed from the stigma oi in all stages of 
maturity, im the Asclepias syriacus. This I know froin careful observations 
made under a high magnifying power for the lastsix years. The naked masses 
ef glutinous pollen resembling the same in the family of Orchideae, may be 
worthy of our attention also, 6 
: ¥ 


*- 


66 CHASS XIX; ORDER Y. - 


_ masses of pollen: follicle smooth. 30. 47. Corol 3 or 4 times-as Jong as the 

calyx, with purple tips. S. . 

Apocynum. Corol bell-form: stamens with converging anthers, proceeding 
from the middle of the stigma and alternating with 5 nectaries: stigma thick, 
almost sessile ; follicles in pairs, long-linear. 30. 47—(dogbane, indian 
hemp.) S. hed 

Goyotozsus. Corol wheel-form, 5-parted : nectary simple, cylindric, some- 
what fleshy, 5-lobed, depressed ; equal with the cases of the anthers, 5-angled, 
without winged lateral margins or terminal membranaceous bristles : masses 
of pollen in 5 pairs, even, transverse: follicles2. 30. 47—(false choak-dog.} 


PreripLoca. Calyx minute, 5-clefit, permanent: corol wheel-form, flat, 5- 
parted: nectary pitcher-form, 5-cleft, putting out 5 threads, surrounding the 
stamens: style 1 : stigma capitate, 5-cornered : foilicles in pairs, inflated: seed 
comose. 30 47—(milk vine.) 


Southern. 

Popostigma. ANATHERIX ? Stigma on a stipe : masses of pollen 10, smooth, 
pendulous : nectary 5-leaved ; leaves compressed : corol bell-form : follicles 
smooth. 30. 47. 

Enstenta. Calyx small, 5-parted, permanent: coro! 5-parted; segments 
converging, erect: nectary 5-parted, petal-like, divided almost to the base ; 
segments truncate, flat, each terminated by 2 central filaments: each stamern 
with a pair of pendulous cylindric masses of pollen, suspended from the top of 
the conic stigma : follicles in pairs, smal]. 30. 47, 

Cynancuoum. Calyx 5-toothed, small, permanent: corol wheel-form: nec- 
tary simple, cylindric, 5 to 20-lobed, surrounding the orifice of the tube : each 
stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pollen suspended from the double 
atigma . follicles in pairs ; seed comose, 30. 47. 

EcuitEs. Conitorted. Calyx 5 parted, small: corol saiver-form; border 
5-cleft, orifice naked : anthers rigid, acuminate, converging in the form of a 
cone, proceeding from the middle of the ring-like 2-lobed stigma: follicles in 
pairs, very long and straight: seed comose, 30. 47, _ 

Amsonia, Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, orifice closed : follicles in 
pairs, erect : seed terete, naked, and obliquely truncated. 30. 47. 

Sryranpra. Calyx 5-parted, minute * corol withouta tube, 5-parted ; seg- 
ments long, erect, converging: nectary simple, 5-parted, segmenis bag-like, 
compressed, with points recurved, forming a rigid lid; tube reversed, very long : 
each stamen witb a pair of pendulous masses of pollen suspended from the stig- 
ma : follicles in pairs, slender, 30. 47. 


‘ Orver VI. HeExanpria. 
AristoLocuia. Calyx 0: corol superior, 1-petalled, ligulate, inflated at 
the base : capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. 11 23—(birthwort.) 8. 
OrvEer X. Decanpria. 


Asarum. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 3 or 4-cleft, superior: coro] 0: an- 
thers proceeding from the middle of the filaments: stigma 6-cleft : capsule co- 
riaceous, 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. 11. 23—(wild ginger, or white 
snake-root.) S. 


CLASS XIX. MONOECITA. 
Orver I. Monannpria. 


Zostera. Calyx and corol0: stamens and pistils in 2 rows on one side of 
aspadix. spathe leaf like. Staminate flowers wiih anthers ovate, sessile, alter- 
nating with the germs, PistiJlate flowers wiih the germ ovate ; style 2-cleft ; 
drupe l-seeded. 2. 7—(grass wrack, sea eel-grass.) S. 


y 
a 


. 


CLASS X{X, ORDER III. 67 


CavListA. Staminate flowers—calyx 0: corol 0: anthers sessile. Pistil- 
late flowers—calyx 0: corol 0: style filiform: stigma 2- cleft: capsule 1 seed- 
ed. 15. 6. (Flowers axillary.)—(river nymph.) S. 

ZANNICHELLIA. Staminate flowers—calyx and coro! 0. Pistillate flowers 
—calyx l-leaved : corol 0: style 1, stigma peltate : little germs about 4, each 
j-seeded. 2. 13. Ps 

Cara. Staminate flowers—calyx 0: corol 0 : anthers globose, sessile. 
Pistillate flowers—calyx 0 : corol 0: style 0: stigmas 5 : berry 1-celled, many- 
seeded. 15. 6—(chara.) S. 


OrpveER II. Dianpria,. 


Popostremum. Staminate flowers—calyx 0: corol 0: stamens affixed toa 
pedicel. Pistillate fowers—calyx 0: corol 0 : germ ovate : stigma I, sessile : 
a a 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded ; seeds minute. 54, 6—(thread- 
oot.) S. 

Lemna. Staminate flowers—calyx 1-leafed : corol 0: stamens seated on 
the base of the germ. Pistillate flowers—calyx I-leafed: corol 0: style cytin- 
dric: stigma funuel-form : capsule 1-celied, 2 to4-seeded. Always perfectly 
monoecious in North America. 54. 6—(duck-meat, water flaxseed.) S. 


Orver IIf. Trianpria. 


TypHa. Ament cylindric, dense-flowered. Staminate flowers—calyx ob- 
solete, 3-leaved: corol0: stamens 3 together, on a chaffy or hairy receptacle, 
united below into one. Pistiliate flowers—below the staminate : calyx0: co- 
rol 0: seed 1, pedicelled ; the pedice!s surrounded at the base with long hairs 
resembling egret. 3. 8—(cat-tail, or reed mace.) S. 

Sparcaniom Ament globose. Staminate flowers—calyx 3-leaved: corol 
0. Pistillate fowers—calyx 3-leaved : corol 0: stigma 2-cleft: drupe juice- 
less, 1 or 2-seeded. 3. 8—(burr-reed.) S. 

Carex. Aments imbricate, (usually in cylindric spikes.) Staminate flow- 
ers—calyx-scales single: corol 0. - Pistillate flowers—calyx scales single: co- 
rol inflated, monopetalous, 2-toothed at the apex * stigmas 2 or3: nut 3-sided, 
enclosed in the inflated, permanent corol, which beocmes an utriculns-like per- 
manent aril. Sometimes dicecious. 3. 9—(sedge.) S. 

Screrra. Staminate flowers—calyx-glume 2 or 6-valved, many-flowered : 
corol-glumes awnless. Pistillate flowers—calyx 2 or 6-valved, 1-flowered, co- 
ral none: stigmas 1 to 3: nut coloured, sub-globose. 3. 9—(whip grass.) S. 

Tripsacum. Staminate fowers—ca!yx-glume 2-flowered, outer one stami- 
nate, inner one neutral : corol-glume membranaceous. Pistillate flowers—ca- 
yx glume 1 or 2-flowered, covered witha 1-leafed involucre perforated with 
hollows near the base: corol with numerous thin membranaceous valves : styles 
2: seed1. 4, 10—(sesame grass.) S. 

Compronis. Staminate flowers—ament cylindric, with calyx-scales 1-flow- 
ered: coro] 2-petailed or none : filameists 2-forked. Pistillate flowers—spike 
or ament ovate : corol 6-petatied, (the corol may be calleda calyx :) styles 2: 
nut oval, I-celled. 50. 99—(sweet fern ) NS. : 


Exotic. 

Corx. Staminate fowers—in remote spikes: calyx-glume 2-flowered, awn- 
less: corol-glume awuless. Pistillate flowers—calyx-glume 2-flowered : coroi- 
glume awnless : style 2-parted: seed covered with the bone-like calyx. 4. 16 
—(job’s tear.) 

. Southern. : 

Zea. Staminate flowers—calyx-giume 2-flowered, awnless : corol-glume 
awnless. Pistillate flowers—calyx-glume 2-valved, (number of valves increas- 
ed by cultivation :) style 1, very long, filiform, pendulous : seed solitary, im- 
mersed in an oblong receptacle. 4. 10—(indian corn.) ; 


65 CLASS XIX. ORDER V. 


Tracid, Staminate flowers—calyx 3-parted : corol none, Pistillate flow- 
ers—calyx §-parted : corol none: style 3-cleft: capsule tricoccus, 3-celled : 
seed solitary. 38. 96. 

Manisuris. Somewhat polygamous. Staminate flowers—calyx valves 2, 
Janceolate, flexuous : corol a mere rudiment. Pistillate flowers—calyx-glume 
2-valved, the outer one roundish, cartilaginous : cogol 2-valved. In the per- 
fect flowers there are 3 stamens, 2 styles, seed 1. In some the stamens, styles 
and nectaries are wanting. 4. 10. 

* Grasses of Class 3, Order 2, Sec. E. 


OrperR IV. TETRANDRIA. 


ErrocavLon. Common calyx many-leaved ; florets many, in an imbricate 
head: partial perianth superior, 2 or 3-leaved. Staminate flowers central, 
with monopetalous cleft corols. Pistiilate flowers marginal, with 2-petalled 
corols ; stigmas 2 or 3: capsule 2 or 3-celled, 2 or 3-lobed : seed 1, crowned 
with the corol. 6. 13—(pipe-wort.) S. 

Anus. Staminate flowers—ament composed of wedge-form, truncate, 3- 
flowered recepta: ies : calyx a scale, 3-lobed: corol 4-parted. Pistillate flow- 
ers—calyx 2-flowered scales, somewhat 3-cleft: corol 0: seed compressed, 
ovate, wingless, 50, 99—/(alder.) S. 

Benmeria. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-parted : corol 0: nectary 0. Pis- 
tillate flowers—calyx 0: corol 0: styles2: seed 1, compressed. (Flowers in 
eylindric spikes.) 53. 98—(false nettle.) S. 

Urrica. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-leaved : corol 0 : nectary central, 
cyathiform. Pistillate flowers—calyx 2-leaved, (2-valved :) corolQ: seed 1, 
glossy. 53. 98—/(nettle.) S. , 

ParieETARIA. Polygamous. Perfect flowers—calyx 4-cleft inferior : coro] 
0: stamens elastic: style1: seed 1. Pistillate flowers—calyx 2-leaved : seed 
covered with the dry elongated calyx. 53. 98—(pellitory.) S. 

Morus. Siaminate flowers—calyx 4-parted: corol0. Pistillate flowers— 
calyx 4-leaved : coro] 0: styles 2: calyx becoming berry-like: seed 1. 53, 
98—(mulberry.) S. 

Southern. 

PacHysanpra. Calyx about 4-leaved: corol none: filaments sub-clavate : 
styles 3: capsules 3-horned, 3-celled; cel's 2-seeded. 38. 96. 

Diotis. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-leaved: corol none. Pistillate flow- 
ers—calyx 1-leaved, 2-horned: style 2 parted : seed 1, covered by the 2-horn- 
ed calyx. 12, 29. 


OrpER V. PENTANDRIA. 


Croroenopsis. Stamiuate flowers—calyx 5-parted: corol 5-petalled. Pis- 
tillate flowers—calyx 5-parted: corol none : stigmas 3, twice 2-cleft : capsule 
I-seeded. 38. 98—(false -purge.) S 

AMARANTHUS. Siaminate flowers—calyx 3 or 5-leaved: corol0: stamens 3 

ord. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol as the staminate: styles 3: capsule 
I-celled, opening transversely: seed 1. 54, 30—(amaranth, red cockscomb,) 
8. 
XANTHIUM. Staminate flowers—common calyx imbricate : anthers in con- 
tact, but not united: corol 5-cieft, funnel-form : receptacle chaffy. Pistillate 
flowers—involucre 2-leaved 1-flowered:: corol 0: drupe dry, muricate, 2-cleft: 
nut 2-celled. 54, 98—(sea-burdock ) S: 

AMBROSIA. Staminate tlowers—-common calyx 1-leaved: anthers in cone 
tact, but not united : coroi 1 petalled, § cleft, funnel-form: receptacle naked, 
Pistillate flowers—calyx 1-leaved, entire, the swelling part 5-toothed, 1-flow- 
ered: corol0: nut from the indurated calyx l-seeded. 54, 98—(hog-weed.) 

Southern. 

ScHIsanDRA. Calyx 9-leaved; leaves in three series: corol none: anthers 
sub-sessile, cohering at the tips : berries 1-seeded, inserted on an elongated; 
‘thread-form receptacle. 11. 77. . 


CLASS XIX. ORDER XU. 69° 


Orppr VI. Hexanpnria. 


Zizanta. Staminate flowers—calyx 0 : corol-glume 2-valved, sub-awned, 
with pistillate flowers intermixed. Pistillate flowers—calyx 0: corol-glume 2- 
valved, cucullate, awned : style 2-parted : seed 1, invested in the plaited co- 
rol. 4. 10—(water oats.) S. 

Hyprocuioa. Pistillate flowers—calyx none : corol 2-valved, awnless. 
Staminate flowers—calyx none: coro! 2-valved, awnless : stigmas 2, very long . 

‘seed 1, reniform. 4. 10. 


Orper XII. Potvyanpria. 


: A. Stems not woody. 


CERATOPHYLLUM. Staminate flowers—calyx many-parted : coro] @: sta- 
mens 16—20, short, with tricuspidate anthers. Pistillate howers—calyx 6- 
leaved or many-parted, imbricated : coro! 0: pistil 1, with the stigma nearly 
sessile, oblique: nutl-seeded. 15. 91—(horn-wort.) 

MyYriopHYLium. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-cleft : petals 4, caducous : 
stamens 4, 6, or8. Pistillate flowers—calyx and coro] like the staminate, ex- 
cepting thatthe calyx is often 4-leaved: germs 4: style 0: stigmas 4, hairy : 
seeds 4, having a bark ; sub-giobose, 1-seeded. 15. $8—(water milfoi!.) S. 

SacitTaRIA. Staminate flowers—calyx 3-leaved : corul 3-petalied : fila- 
ments mostly 24. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol as in the staminate : germs 
many: capsules aggregate, l-seeded, not opening. 5. 13—(arrow-head.) S. 

Arum. Spathe cucullate, l-leaved : spadix not entirely covered with the. 
fructification ; being more or less naked above, with pistillate flowers beneath, 
and staminate in the middle ; (sometimes a few are staminate beneath : berry 
mostly 1-seeded, generally cirrese-glandular bencath. 2. 7—(indian turnip, 
wake-robin.) S. 

Lecongia.* Spathe conyolute : calyx and corol none: spadix naked above, 
bearing sessile anthers below the middle, and germs at the base: berry 1-cell- 
ed, many seeded. 2. 7. S 

Catia. Spathe ovate, becoming expanded: spadix covered with the fruc- 
tification: stamens intermixed. Staminate flowers—calyx and corol 0; an- 
thers sessile. Pistillate flowers—calyx and coro! 0: berries I-celled, many- 
seeded, crowned with the shortsty'e. 2.-7—(water arum.) 

EupHorsia.t Involucre perianth-like, inflated, with alternating petal-like 
segments. Staminate florets 12 or more, at the base of the stipe of the pistillate 
flower, each consisting of an anther united toa pedicel by a filament. Pistillate 
flower central, single, stiped ; with 3 two-cleft styles : capsule S-lobed. 38. 
$6—({caper, spurge.) S. 

Exotic. 

Potrerium. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-leaved: coro! 4-parted: stamens 
30 to 50. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the staminate : pistils 2: ber- 
ry from the indurated tube of the corol. 54. 92—(burnet.) 


; Southern. 

Carapium. Anthers peltate, many-celled, collected into a spike at the sum- 
mit of the spadix: style none: germs at the base of the spadix : stigma. um- 
bilicate: berry !-celled, many-seeded. 2. 7. 

Quercus. Staminate flowers—ament loose: calyx sub-5-cleft: corol none: 


* Taken from Arum, and dedicated to Leconte (well known to the scientific 
world) by W. Cooper, Esq. The merits of the latter are not yet sufficiently 
known to be duly estimated. 

+ [have some doubts on the subject of removing this genus to this class, 
Linneus placed it in the omitted class Dodecandria. Perhaps it ought to be 
left in class Polyandria. 


70 CLASS XIX. ORDER XY. 


B. Stems woody. 


stamens 5 to 10. Pistillate flowers—calyx 1-leafed, entire, scabrous, being a 
woody cup: style one, stigmas 2to 5: nut or acorn I-ceNed, 1-seeded, coria- 
ceous, surrounded at the base vy the permanent calyx. 50. 99—(oak.) S. 

CoryLus. Staminate flowers—ament cylindrica} imbricate: calyx a 3- 
cleft scale: pericarp none: stamens about 8. Pistillate flowers—calyx 2- 
parted, lacerated : stigmas 2: nut ovate, surrounded by and inciuded in the 
permanent leaf-like calyx. 50. 99—(hazlenuat.) S. 

Facus. Staminate flowers—ament roundish : calyx 5 or 6-cleft, bell-form: 
stamens 5 to12. Pistillate flowers—-calyx 4-toothed, setose: germs 2: nuts 2, 
inclosed in the calyx, becoming coriaceous echinate. 50. 99—{beach.) S. 

CasTaneEA. Polygamous. Staminate flowers-—ament naked, linear: corol 
(or calyx) l-leaved, 5 or 6-parted : stamens 10 to 20. Pistillate flowers—ca- 
lyx 5 or 6-leaved, (or 5 or 6-lobed) muricate; germs 3: stigma pencil-form : 
nuts 3, with coriaceous putamen, incijosed in the calyx, becoming echinate. 
59. 99—(chesnut.) S. 

Betuta Staminate flowers—ament cylindric, imbricate, scales peltate, 3- 
flowered: stamens 0 to 12. Pistillate flowers—calyx a 2 or 3-flowered scale: 
seed 1, winged. 50, 99—(birch.) S. : 

Carpinus. Ament imbricate, cylindric. Staminate flowers—calyx scales 
ciliate: stamens 10. Pistillate flowers—in a loose ament: calyx seales large, 
3-lobed, 1 or 2-ftowered: corol 3-cleft : styles2: nut ovate sulcate, 50. 99— 
(hornbeam.) S. . 

Osrrya. Ament imbricate, cylindric. Staminate flowers—calyx a 1-flow- 
ered seaie: filaments ramose. Pistillate flowers—ament naked: capsule in- 
flated, imbricate atits base, I-seeded. 59. 99—(hop hornbeam.) WS. 

Piatanus. Amentglobose Staminate flowers—corel none or scarcely ap- 
parent, anthers growing around the filaments. Fistillate fiowers—calyx many- 
leaved: style witha recurved stigma: seed roundish, crowned with the mu- 
cronate style, with egret-like hairs at the base. 50. 99—(button-wood, false 
sycamore.) S. 

LiqUIDAMBAR. Staminate flowers—ament conic, surrounded with a 4-leav-° 
edinvolucre: coro] 0: filaments numerous.  Pistiilate flowers—ament globose, 
surrounded with a 4-!eaved involucre: calyx I-leafed, pitcher-form, 2-flower- 
ed; styles 2: capsules 2, surrounded at the base by the calyx, I-celled, many- 
seeded.» 51, 99—(sweetgum.) SN. 

JuGLaNns. Staminate flowers—ament imbricate: calyx a scale, generally 5- 
parted: corol 4 or 5-parted; stamens 18 to 36. Pistillate flowers—calyx 4- 
cleft, superior : corol 4-cleft or 4-parted: styles 1 or 2: drupe partly spongy: 
nut rugose and irregularly furrowed. 50. 94—(butternut, black walnut.) S. 

Carysa Staminate flowers—ameni imbricate : calyx 3-parted scales: co- 
rol 0: stamens 4 to5. Pistillate lowers—calyx 4-cleft, superior: corol 0: 
styles O: stigma disk-like, 4-lobed : pericarp 4-valved : nut sub-quadrangular, 
even, 50. 94—(hickory, walnut.) S. ‘ 


Orpver XV. MonapeLruia. 


A. Stems not woody. 


AcaLypiA. Staminate flowers—ealyx 3 or 4-leaved, or3 or 4-parted: co- 
rol none: stamens 8 to 16. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the stami- 
nate: styles 3, 2-cleft: capsule tricoccous, 3-celled. (Having large bracts.) 
38. 96—(three seed mercury.) S. ae 

PHYLLANTHUS. Staminate flowers—calyx 5 or 6-parted: filaments united 
in a column; anthers 3, and generally several barren filaments, Pistillate 
flowers—calyx and corol !ike the staminate : nectary with a 12-angled margin : 
styles 3: capsule tricoccous. 38. 96—(leaf-flower.) S. 

Mexoraria. Staminate flowers—calyx I-leaved, 3 to 5-toothed: corol 
bell-form: filaments 3. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol as in the staminate, 


CLASS XX. ORDER II. 42 


superior; style 1: stigmas 3: berry 3-celled, many-seeded. « 34. 97—(creep- © 
ing cucumber.) S. ag 
MoRDICA. Staminate flowers—calyx 5 or 6-cleit /corol.5 or 6-parted : 

filaments 3. Pistillate flowers—sty le 3-cleft : berry‘gourd-like and bursting 
elastically : seeds compressed. 34. 97—(balsam~dpple, wild cucumber. ) 

Stcyos. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-tootlied : corol 5-parted: filaments 3. 
Pistillate flowers—styles 3-cleft : berry gourd-like, 1-seeded. 34. 97—(sin- 
gle-seed cucumber.) NS. 


Exotic. 

Cucumis. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-parted: filaments 
3. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the staminate-: stigmas 3, thick, 2- 
parted: berry with sharpish seeds. 34. 97—(cucuimber, musk-melon.) 

Cucurbita. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-toothed: corol 5-cleft : filaments 
3. Pistillate flowers—cal; x and corol like the staminate: pistil 3-cleft: po- 
maceous berry large, 3 to 5-celled: seeds thickened at the margin. 34. 97— 
(gourd, squash, pumpkio, water-melon. ) 

Ricinus. . Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted: stamens numerous. -Pistil- 
late flowers—calyx 3-parted: styles 3, 2-cleft : capsules echinate, 3-celled, 3- 
seeded. 38. 96—(palma christi, or castor oil plant.) 


Southern. 

JaTRopHA. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-leaved or wanting : corol funnel- 
form: stamens 10, with every one shorter. Pistillate flowers—calyx none : co- 
rol 5-petalled, spreading: styles 3, 2-cleft; capsule 3-celled, 1-seeded. 38. 
96—(physic nut.) 

StTriLineia. Staminate flowers—involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, 
or wanting: perianth tabular, erose: stamens 2 or 3, exsert. Pistillate 
flowers—calyx 1-flowered, inferior: style 3-cleft: capsule 3-grained. 38. 96 
—(tallow tree.) 

Croton. Staminate flowers—calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed: petals 5, or 
none: stamens 10 to 15. Pistillate flowers—calyx 5-leaved or none: coro! 
none : styles 3 or 6, 2-cleft: capsule 3-grained, 3-celied, 3-seeded. 38. 96, 


B. Stems woody. 


Pinus. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-leaved, peltate: corol 0: stamens ma- 
ny : anthers naked, 2, sessile, 1-celled _Pistillate flowers—cal!yx in strobiles 
er cones, scales closely imbricate, 2-flowered : pistil 1: nut with a membra- 
naceous wing. (Perhaps more properly a samara.) 51.°100—(pine ) S. 

Tuusa. Staminate flowers—ament imbricate: calyx a scale: corol 0: an- 
thers 4, sessile. Pistillate flowers—ament a strobile : calyx a 2-flowered scale: 
coro] 0: nut 1, surrounded with a marginal wing. 51. 100—(arber vitae.) S. 

Cupressus. Staminate flowers—ament ovate, imbricate: calyx a peltate 
scale: coro! 0: anthers 4, sessile. Pistillate flowers—ament strobilaceous : 

calyx a 1-flowered peltate scale; corol none: germs 4 to 8, under each scale 
of the calyx: nuts angular, compressed. 51. 100—(white cedar.) S. 


CLASS XX. DIOECIA. 


OrperR If. DianprRia. 


VALLISNERIA. Staminate flowers—spathe ovate, 2-parted: spadix covered 
with minute florets: perianth 3-parted. Pistillate flowers—spathe 2-cleft, 1- 
flowered: perianth 3-parted, superior: coro] 3-petalled : stigmas strap-like, 
2-cleft: capsule valveless, 1-celied: seeds numerous, attached to the sides. 1, 
22—(tape-grass.) ; 

Satix. Staminate flowers—ament cylindric : calyx a 1-flowered scale, with 
a nectariferous gland at the base: stamens 1 to 6. Pistillate flowers—ament 
and calyx like the stdminate : stigmas 2: generally 2-cleft: capsule 1-celled, 
2-valyed: seeds many, with egret-likedown. 50, 99—(willow.) 8, 


2 CLASS XX. OBDER ¥. 


Fraxinvs. Polygamous. Perfect flowers—calyx 0, or 3 or 4-paried: co- 
rol 0, or 4-petalled: pistil 1: samava 1-seeded, with a lanceolate wing. Pis- 
tillate flowers—calyx, corol and pistils same as perfect. 44. 37—(ash.) 8S. 


Southern. 
Borys. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-leaved: compl none: stamens 2 or 3. 
Pistillate flowers—stigma capitate: berry l-seeded. 10. 16. 
CenaTioLta. Calyx bud like, imbricated with 6 to 8 scales: corol none > 
stamens 2, exsert: stizmas unequal, (4 to6) 2 of them larger: berry with 2 
bony seeds, 18. 51—(horn-bush.) z 


OrveEr Ill. Trianpria. 


EmpretTroum. Staminate flowers—calyx bud-like, imbricated with about 2 
scales ; the 3 innermost are petal-like : stamenslong. Pistillate lowers—ca- 
lyx and corol as in the staminate ; stigmas 9: berry 9-seeded : seeds bony. 
18. 51—(crow-berry.) ; 

Exotic. 

Ficus. Common receptacle fleshy, (becoming the fruit) enclosing the apet- 
alous florets ; both staminate and pistillate, either in the same, or in distinct in- 
dividuals. Staminate flowers—-calyx 3-parted. Pistillate flowers—calyx 5- 
parted: pistil 1, lateral: seed 1, covered with the closed, permanent, somewhat 
fleshy calyx. 53. 98.—/(fig-tree.) 


Orver IVY. TETRANDRIA: 


Myrrica. Staminate flowers—ament oblong: calyx an ovate lunulate scaie: 
corol 0: stamens 4 to 6; anthers 4-valved. Pistillate flowers—calyx and co- 
rol like the staminate: stigmas 2: drupe or berry l-seeded. 50. 99—(bay- 
berry, sweet-gale.) S. 

Viscum. Staminate flowers—calyx 4 parted: corol 0: anthers sessile, ad- ~ 
hering to the calyx. ~Pistillate flowers—calyx 4-leaved, superior: corol 0 : 
style 0: berry 1-seeded. globose : seed cordate : (parasitic, adhering to trees. ) 
43, 58—(misseltoe.) S. 


Southern. 

Mactora. Staminate flowers—jnot examined.] Pistillate flowers—calyx 
none: coro] none; style 1, filiform, villous: germs numerous, becoming a ber- 
sy-like azgregate, many-ce'led, 1-seeded ; seed obovate, compressed. 53. 98. 

BRovussoOFETIA. Staminate flowers—ament cylindrical: calyx 4-parted. 
Pistillate flowers—ament globose : calyx tubular, 3 or 4-toothed : germ becom- 
ing fleshy, clavate, prominent: style lateral : seed 1, covered with the calyx. 
53. 98—(paper mulberry.) 


OrperR V. PENTANDRIA. 


Nyssa. Perfect flower—ca!yx superior, 5-parted ; corol0: pistil 1: fruita 
drupe, nut 1l-seeded. Staminate flowers—stamens 5 to 12, standing around a 
peltate gland. 12. 24—(tupelo tree, pepperidge.) S. 

Hamitton1a. Perfect flowers—calyx sub-campanulate, superior, 5-cleft: 
coro! 0: nectary with a 5-toothed disk: stamens 5: pistil 1: fruit a drupe, 
Staminate flowers like the perfect, except in wanting the pistil. 43. 95— 
{american oil-nut.) S. 

ZANTHOXYLUM. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted: corol0: stamens 3 to 
G. Pistillate flowers—pistils 3 to5 : capsules equal to the number of pistils, I- 
seeded. 46. 94—(prickly ash, or tooth ache tree.) S. 

Acnipa. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted: corol 0.  Pistillate flowers— 
calyx 3-parted; styleQ: stigmas 3, sessile : capsule l-seeded. 53, 29—(wa- 
terhemp) SN. 
- Humunus. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-leaved: corol 0: anthers with 2 
pores at the extremity, Pistillate flowers—calyx I-leafed, entire, oblique, 


CLASS XX. ORDER IX. 73 


Spreading : styles 2 : seed 1, within the leaf-like calyx: inflorescence strobile- 
form. 53. 98—(hop.) S. 


Exotic. 

Cannazis. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted. Pistillate flowers—calyx 
5-leaved, entire, gaping laterally : styles 2: nut 2-valved, within the closed 
calyx. 53. 98—(hemp.) nts 

Sprvacta. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted : corol 0. _Pistillate flowers 
—styles 4: seed 1, within the indurated calyx. 12. 29—(spinach.) 


Southern. ; 4 

Iresine. Staminate flowers—calyx 2-leaved: petals 5; nectaries 5 or 7. 

Pistillate flowers—stigmas 2, sessile : capsule many-seeded, becoming downy. 
12. 30. 


OrpeR VI. HeExANDRIA. 


Saunax. Staminate flowers—calyx 5 or 6-leaved, inferior : corol 0: anthers 
adhering to the filaments. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the stami- 
mate : styles minute; stigmas 3: berry 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. 11. 12—(green 
briar, jacob’s ladder.) S. 

’ Droscorea. Staminate flowers—calyx 6-parted : corol none. Pistillate 
flowers—styles 3: capsule 3-celled, triangular, compressed : seeds 2, mem- 
branaceous. (Leaves generally alternate.) 11. 12—(yam-root.) S. 

GuepitscHis. Perfect flowers—calyx 6 to 8-parted, caducous, 3 or 4 of 
the outer segments smaller : corol none : stamens 5 or 6 (rarely 8 :) legume 
long, flat, compressed, 1 or many-seeded. Staminate flowers—calyx sub-tur- 
binate, 5 to 8-parted, with 3 to 5 of the segments interior: stamens 6 to 8. 33. 
93—(honey locust.) S. 


: Orper VIII; Octanpria. 


Poputus. . Staminate flowers—ament cylindric, calyxa torn scale : coro! 
qurbinate, oblique, entire, supporting 8 to 30 stamens. Pistillate flowers— 
ament, calyx and corol like the staminate: stigma 4 or 6-lobed : capsule 2-cell- 
ed, 2-valved, many-seeded ; seed with egret-like hairs. (Leaves having a tre- 
mulous motion.) 50. 99—(poplar, balm of gilead.) S. 

Diosprros. Stamicate flowers—calyx 4 to 6-cleft, dilated: corol pitcher- 
form, 4 to 6-cleft : stamens $8, 16 or 24 ; often 2 anthers toa filament. Pistil- 
late flowers—calyx and core] like the staminate : stigmas 4 or 5: berry 8 to 12- 
seeded. 18. 50—(date plum.) S. 

Hippopuar. SHEPHERDIA. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-parted, caducous, 
tubular: corol 0: stamens 3, enclosed, alternating with 8 glands. Pistillate 
flowers—calyx 4-cleft, beil-form, superior: style 1 ; stigma oblique : berry 1- 
seeded. 16. 24—(sea-buckthorn.) 


Orpver IX. ENNEANDBIA. 


Serpicura. Upora. Eropgea. The perfect flowers have 3 stamens only. 
SStaminate flowers—calyx 3-parted : corol 3-peta!lled: stamens 9, 3 of them 
within. Pistillate flowers—calyx 3-parted ; tube very long: petals3: barren 
filaments 3 : capsule bladder-like, 3-seeded ; seeds cylindrical. 15, 88— 
(ditch-moss.) S. 


Southern. 

HyprocHaris. Staminate flowers—spathe 2-leaved ; perianth 3epartet » 
corol 3-petalled: styles 3, all abortive. Pistillate flowers—spathe, perianth 
and petals, like the staminate and superior: stigmas 6, 2-cleft : stamens 3, 
barren : 3 nectariferous glands: capsule 6-celled, many-seeded. 1, 22— 
(frog-bit.) 

7 


74 CLASS XXI, ORDER Y; 


Orver X. Decanpria. 
GymNoctapus. Staminate flowers—calyx tubular, 5-cleft : corol 5-petail- 


ed. Pistillate flowers—same as the staminate : style 1 : le l1-celled, 
pulpy within : seed roundish, largeand hard. 33. (coffee. aa 
Southern. 


Carica. Staminate flowers—calyx minute or obsolete : corol 5-cleft, fun- 
nel-form : filaments alternately shorter, enclosed in the tube of the corol. Pis- 
tillate flowers—calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-petalled : stigmas 5: berry (cucum- 
ber-form) grooved, 1-celled, many-seeded. 38. 97—(false papaw tree.) 


OrvpeER XIJ. Poryanpria. 


MENISPERMUM. Staminate flowers—calyx 6-leaved, somewhat 2-bracted, 
caducous: petals 6 to 9, glandular, minute, retuse: stamens 16, 20 or 24: an- 
thers 4-lobed, 2-celled, adnate to the filaments. Pistiliate flowers—calyx and 
corol like the staminate: germs and styles 3 to 6: drupes or berries mostly so- 
litary, 1-seeded: nut woolly, lunulate, compressed. 11. 77—(moon-seed.} 


Darisca. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-leaved : corol 0: anthers sessile, 
about 15. Pistillate flowers—calyx superior, 2-toothed : styles 3: capsules 3- 
angled, 3-horned, 1-celled, many-seeded, pervious. 54. 98 ?—(false hemp.) 


Southern. ‘ 

Zamia. Ament a strobile. Staminate flowers—calyx consists of obovate 
scales: corol none : anthers globose, sessile upon scales, opening by a fissure. 
Pistillate flowers—calyx consists of peltate scales : corol none: germs 2; styles 
none: berries 2, l-seeded. 1. 11. 


Orper XV. MonabdeELpasia. 


JUNIPERUS. Staminate flowers—ament ovate, whorled: calyx a peltate 
scale: anthers 4to 8. Pistillate flowers—calyx 3-parted: petals 3: styles 3: 
berry 1 or 2-seeded, consisting of the unequal tubercles of the calyx. (Nut 
bony, I-celled, with balsamy glands at the base.) 51. 100—(red cedar, 
savin.) S. 

Teas, _Staminate flowers—calyx consists of 4 to 6 imbricated scales: co- 
rol 0: stamens many, 8 to 10: anthers peltate, 6 to 8-cleft. Pistillate flowers 
—style 0: receptacle cup-form, succulent ; nut or drupe fleshy, open at the ex- 
tremity, l-seeded. 51. 100—(yew.) 


CLASS XXI, CRYPTOGAMIA. 
Orper I. Fiticegs. 


A. Capsule having an elastic ring at right angles uith tts opening. 

Potyropium. Capsules disposed in round scattered fruit dots, (or clusters 
of capsules,) on various parts of the lower surface of the frond : involucre none. 
55. 5—(polypod.) S. 

AcrosticHumM. Capsules numerous, covering the whole lower surface of the 
frond: involucre none. (The fertile leaves differ in shape from the barren. 
This genus should be examined in the young state; for the scattered fruit of 
other genera, by becoming confluent when old, often cover the frond.) 55. 5— 
{fork-fern.) S. 5 ; 

Hypopettis. Fruit-dots roundish, having a cup-form involucre beneath, 
divided into 5 or 6 irregular segments: capsules all sessile. 55.5. 

Woopsta. Inavolucre beneath, perianth-form, with a hair-like margin: cap- 
snles pedicelled, included within the involucre : fruit-dots roundish, scattered: 
55. S—(flower-cup fern.) S. 


CLASS XXI, ORDER I. vis) 


Aspipium.* Capsules in scattered roundish fruit-dots on various parts of the 
~whole lower surface of the frond : involucre a kidney-form or round membrane, 
fastened tothe frond in or near the centre of the fruit-dot, and opening on all 
sides, or to one side of the fruit-dot, and opening on the other. (The involucre, 
when a little opened, is often peltate.) 55. 5—(shield-fern.) S. 

AsPLENIUM. Capsules in lines parallel to each other, situated exactly upon 
the secondary veins of the frond: involucres opening inwards. (By the secon- 
dary veins is meant those of the middle part of the disk, not the larger ones at 
the margin or midrib. The parallel lines of capsules may stand obliquely with 
respect to the midrib, but their direction must be parallel to each other, 55. 5 
»—(spleen-wort, walking-leaf.) S. 

ScoLopenDRiumM. Capsules in strait or zigzag parallel lines between the se- 
condary veins (or ribs) of the frond: involucre double, opening on the top of 
the lines of capsules, and folding down towards each side. (In the genus as- 
plenium, the lines of capsules lie across the veins of the frond; but in this they 
are in line with the veins, and attached along their sides or between them.) 
55. 5—(caterpiiiar fern.) , 

Biecunum. Capsules in uninterrupted lines running parallel to the midrib 
of the frond on both sides: involucre opens inwards. (The fruit of this genus, 
when ripe, often covers the whole lower surface of the frond, like the acrosti- 
Pig ; it must therefore be examined in the young state.) 55, 5—(roman 
ern.) S. 

Woopwarpia. Capsules in oblong or oval spots, arranged in regular rows 
on both sides of, and parallel with, the ribs: involucre vaulted; and opening 
inwards, (When the teaves have large segments, the capsules are arranged 
along the midribs of the segments.) 55. 5—(kidney-fruit fern.) S. 

Preris. Capsules arranged in a continued line along the very margin of the 
frond: involucres opening inwards, being formed of the inflexed margins of the 
fronds. (When,the leaves are extremely small, the rows of capsules on oppo- 
site sides meet and cover the lower surface.) 55. 5—(brake.) NS. 

Apiantum. Capsules disposed in oblong fruit-dots, arranged along the mar- 
gin of the frond: involucre is formed by turning back the margin of the frond 
over the capsules, and it opens inwards. {The lines of oblong spots are gene- 
rally along that margin, which may be considered the end of the leaf, or of the 

_seginents of the leaf.) 55.5—(maidenhair.) S. 

Dicxson1a. Capsules in small round scattered fruit-dots at the margin ofthe 
frond: involucre double ; one part is formed of the thin margin of the frond, 
turned over upon the fruit-dots, the other is from the frond on the inward side 
of the fruit-dots, each part opening opposite to where it is fastened to the frond. 
55. 5—(mountain tern.) S. , 

CHEILANTHES. Fruit-dots roundish, punctate, distinct, situated at the mar- 
gin of the frond: involucre a roundish membrane, formed by turning over the 
margin of the frond uporf the fruit-dots, and opening inwards. (The margin is 
always crenate, and each fruit-dot has its own involucre perfectly separate from 
ihe others.) 55. 5—/(lip-fern.) S. 

Hymenopuyiium. Fruit-dots marginal; the capsule sessile, inserted on a 
common cylindrical receptacle, within a 2-valved involucre of the same texture 
as the frond-valves have; exterior free: 55.5. S. 

Onociea. Fruit-dots indeterminate, presenting a berry-like appearance ; 
capsules covering the whole jower surface of the frond: involucre formed by 
turning in or rolling back the margin of the leaf, which opens inwards, in ma- 
turity, towards the midrib, or remains closed. (The fertile leaves are contract- 
ed and narrower than the barren ones.) 55, 5—(sensitive polypod.) S. 


* The genus Athyrium is re-united to the Aspidium, in accordance with Dr. 
Torrey’s views. The mere fastening of the involucre on one side of the fruit- 
dot, and opening on the other, not being sufficient for dividing a natural ge- 
nus. 


76 CLASS XXI. ORDER I, 


- 


_ Strormiopreris. Capsules covering the back of the frond very densely - 
myolucre scale-like, marginal, opening inwards. 55. 5 


Southern. 
‘Virraria. Fruit-dots linear, continued longitudinally along the disk or to- 


wards the margin of the frond: involucre double, uyinterrupted ; opening 
outwards, the other inwards. 55. 5. ae 


B. Capsule without a ring—being cellular-reticulate, pellucid, sub-striate, 
radiate at the tip. 


OsmunpDa. Capsules globose, pedicelled, radiate-striate or wrinkled, having 
a hinge at the joining of the two valves, which resembles part of the joint- 
ed ring of annulated ferns: the capsules cither occupy the whole frond, to a li- 
mited extent, or a panicled raceme, (The parts of the frond occupied by the 
fon are always more contracted than the barren parts.) 55. 5—(flowering 
ern.) WS. 

Scuiz#a. Capsules top-form, partly opening by an oblong lateral pore ; 
striate longitudinally and radiately, situated upon the back part of a narrow 
spike-form appendage of the frond, surrounded with, or interspersed among, 
bundles of hairs. (The appendages, bearing the capsules, are generally digi- 
tate, and occupy the summit of thefrond.) 55 5—(one-sided fern.) 

LyGoprum. Capsules covered with a scale-like veil, in two series, radiate- 
striated or wrinkled, opening on the inner side from the base to the summit ; 
they are situated upon spikelets which proceed from the margin of the frond, 
each capsule being hid under a scale which falls off frequently in ripening : 
spikelets mostly unilateral. 55, 5—(fringed fern, climbing fern.) S. 


C. Capsule without a ring—being adnate at the base, sub-globose, coriaceous, 
not cellular, somewhat 2-valved. 


OpnHiociossum. Capsules round, 1-celled, opening transversely ; they are 
placed dn a somewhat jointed spike in two close rows. 55. 5—(adder-tongue 
fern.) S. 

ee a Capsules coriaceous, globose, 1-celled, smooth, adnate to 
each rachis, of a compound raceme, (panicle,) separate, valves 2, connected be- 
hind, opening transversely. 55. 5—(grape fern.) S. 


Southern. 
Psitorum. BernHarpra. Capsules 3-grained, 3-celled; cells opening above, 
half2-valved: fruit in spikes. 55. 5. S&S. 


D. Subeorder, APTERES—without pinnate, pinnatifid, or other winged, 
leaves. 


Lycopoptum. Capsules mostly kidney-form or roundish, 2 or 4-valved, 
opening elastically ; they are placed under separate scales in a pike, or some- 
times in the axi's of leaves, (Very leavy, their stems being generally covered 
with 2, 3, or 4 rows of narrow, simple, entire leaves. 55. 5—(ground-pine.)} 
S, ; 
Equisetum. Fruit placed under peltate polygons, being pileus-like bodies, 
which are arranged in whorls, forming a spike-form raceme ; 4 to7 spiral fila~ 
ments surround the seed (probably.) which resemble green globules. (Fertile 
plants mostly leafless ; the stems of all are jointed with toothed sheaths at every 
joint, and usually longitudinally striated and hollow.) 55. 5—(scouring rush, 
horsetail). S. y : 

IsozTEs. Capsules membranaceous, l-celled, not dehiscent : fruit-dots 
heart-ovate, immersed in a swelling, or tuberosity, at the base of the linear, 
sub-articulate, grass-like frond ; seed angular, attached to numerous cross-bars 
within the capsule. 55. 5—(quill-wort.) : waree i. 

Azoiia. Monoecious, Staminate? appendages by pairs, contiguous: invo~ 
lucre sub-globose, resembling a 1-celled capsule : seeds numerous, naked. 55, 
ao. We 


CLASS XXI. ORDER 11. % 


Sazvinta. Involucre imbricate, 4 to 9, connate, resembling a 1-celled cap- 
sule : seeds inserted on a central receptacle. 50. 5. 

Remarks. Thws far the North American genera are well ascertained and 
described in the various floras. But the remaining five orders of the class Cryp- 
togamia, require much additional labour, The Fungi and Hepaticae have re- 
ceived great acquisitions from Schweinitz—the Musci and the Lichenes are ra- 
pidly advancing in the hands of Halsey and Torrey—the Algae of our country 
are still in darkness. 

On account of the unexamined state of these five orders, I shall not give any 
localities for the genera. 


OrperR II. Musc1,* z 


First division. Capsules without peristomes, 


SpHacnum. Base of the calyptre remains attached to the capsule, after the 
upper part has failen off. 56. 4. 

Paarcan. Capsule terminal, without an opening : calyptre bell-form, halv- 
ed, subulate, minute. 56. 4. 

Gymnostomum. Capsules terminal : calyptre cowled or halved, subulate, 
caducous. §6. 4. 

Scuistipium. Capsule terminal : calyptre mitre-form or bell-conic, split at 
the base into many sub-equal divisions, 56. 4. 

Aye@cTaneium. Capsule lateral: calyptre halved, subulate. 56. 4, 


Second_division. Capsules with peristomes. 
A, Mouth surrounded by a single peristome : fruit terminal. 


1. Teeth solitary, free (disconnected) at the base, entire. 


TeTraPpuis. ‘Teeth of the peristome 4, pyramidal : calyptre mitre-form, 
split into many divisions at the base. 56. 4. 

Grimmia. Teeth of the peristome 16, pyramidal, easily reflexed : calyptre 
mitre-form., 956. 4. 

Weissta. Teeth of the peristome 16, erectish, narrow, imperforate : calyp- 
tre halved, subulate. 56. 4, 

TremaTopon. ‘Teeth of the peristome 16, lance-linear, perforate : germ 
nodding, with a long horn-like epophysis at the base: calyptre cowled. 56. 4, 


2. Teeth solitary, free at the base, split from the apex towards the base. 


Dicranum. Teeth of the peristome 16, inflexed, 2-cleft, the divisions equal : 
calyptre hood-form. 956, 4. 

CampyLopus. Teeth of the peristome 16, 2-cleft, sub-perforate : calyptre 
mitre-form, torn-fringed atthe base. 56. 4. 

Racomitrum. Teeth.of the peristome split even to the base into 2, 3, or 4 
parts ; division equal, filiform : calyptre mitre-form or bell-form, and subulate, 
mostly torn at the base. 56, 4. 

TricHostomum. Teeth of the peristome 16, split evento the base into Q, 3, 
or 4 parts ; divisions filiform: calyptre halved, hood-form. 56, 4. 

CaLymPEREs. ‘Teeth of the peristome 16, short, split ; mouth closed by a 
spongy membrane: calyptre large, mitre-form, involving the capsule ; at 
Jength laterally split. 56. 4, 


* Arranged, with few exceptions, according to the Methodus Muscorum A 
Sam. Eb a Bridel, 

_ Mosses may be gathered whenever the capsules have arrived to their usual 
size ; but they must be put in a closet, until the lids of the capsules become red- 
dish-brown, before they are examined ; then the lids may be removed, and the 
teeth examined, 

W* 


738 CLASS XXI, ORDER Hf. 


3. Teeth solitary, twisted together like a rope at the top. 


Barpuia. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 32, capillary, somewhat connect- 
ed at the base, and spirally twisted at the top: calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
_Synrricuia. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 32, twisted spirally in the forms 
a a ‘pe and arising from a broad reticulate membrgne : a 
a6. 4, _ . 


4. Teeth approach each other, or unite in pairs. 


Dipymopon. ‘Teeth of the peristome 32; they approach each other in pairs, 
but remain distinct : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 

Spracunum. Teeth of the peristome 16, attached to each other in pairs, 
so that they can hardly be separated without lacerating their cuticles ; reflexed, 
and at length close pressed to the back of the capsule ; the capsule has an apo- 
phesis : calyptre bell-form, with asub-lacerated base. 56. 4. 


B. Mouth sorrounded by a double peristome, (except 2 species of Orthotri- 
chum :) fruit terminal. 


OrtHoTRicHUM. Peristome single or double. When sengle, the teeth are 
16, arranged in pairs ; after the falling of the lid they are reflexed. When 
double, the outer teeth are as when single, and the inner teeth are 8 or 16, lin- 
ear, distant: calyptre conic or bell-form, keeled, pilose upwards ; rarely gla- 
brous. 56. 4. 

ULota. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, arranged in pairs ; after the fall- 
ing of the lid they are easily reflexed : teeth of the inner peristome are 8, lin- 
ear, distant: calyptre conic, smoothish, hairy above, often split into a fringe at 
the base. 56. 4. 5 

Bartramia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, wedze-form ; the inner peri- 
stome consists of a membrane foided into 16 carinate plaits or folds; the divis- 
ions are bifid, receiving the inflexed apexes of the teeth: calyptre hooded. 
56. 4, 

Bryom. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute; the inner peri- 
stome consists of a membrane, divided or folded by keel-like furrows, and ex- 
tended into 16 broadish processes, with ciliate hairs interposed ;: calyptre hood- 
form: capsule equal. 56. 4. 

ARRHENOPTERUM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute ; the 
inner peristome consists of a keal-furiawred: membrane, split into broad pro- 
cesses, with ciliate hairs interposed : calyptre oblong, laterally sessile : cap- 
sule unequal, arcuate, nodding. 56. 4. 

Mnium. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, ascending or erect, with 
very long apexes arching outwards; the inner peristome consists of a mem- 
brane extended into 16 perforated or forked divisions, ciliate hairs interposed ? 
calyptre acutely conic : capsule unequal, nodding. 56. 4. _ 

Timmia, Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acuminate ; the inner 
peristome consists of a membrane torn into 16 divisions, opposite to the teeth, 
irregularly perforated and anastomosing, rarely the divisions are alternately 
free: calyptre laterally fissile. 56. 4. ; 

DieLocomium. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, obtuse, short ; the inner 
peristome consists of 16 ciliate hairs approaching each other in pairs, not con- 
nected by any membrane. 56. 4, : ; 

Meresra. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, short; the inner peristome con< 
sists of ciliate hairs connected wholly by net-work. 56. 4. — k 

Dirppyscium The outer peristome seems as if almost obliterated ; it con- 
sists of 16 very minute scales surrounding the mouth of the germ ; the inner 
peristome consists of a conic truncate membrane, in 16 plicate folds, which 
alternate with the scales. 956. 4. ‘ 

Buxsaumia. Peristomesthree. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, truncate, 
wery short, unequal, fugaceous : the two inner peristomes consist of sub-conical 
qnembranaceous cylinders, constructed of filaments laterally adhering together, 


CLASS XXI. ORDER it. 79 


and torn at the top; the innermost is the longest, folded in 16 plaits, and de-. 
hiscent at the apex. 56. 4. 

Funaria- Tceth of the outer peristome 16, cohering together at the apex, 
and twisted obliquely : the inner peristome consists of 16 membranaceous cilia. 
opposite to the teeth, lying flatly. 56. 4. ‘ 


C. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome ; fruit lateral. 
1. Teeth entire. 


PrericxnNanpRuM. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, erect- 
ish: calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 56. 4. 

Lasia. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, erect : calyptre 
hood-form, pilose above. 56. 4. 


2. Teeth split. 


Leucopon. Peristome a membrane divided into teeth, each of which is 
split almost to its base : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 


D. Mouth surrounded by a double peristome : fruit lateral. 
1. Teeth of the inner peristome free at the base. 


Neckera. ‘Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free ; cilia of the inner 
peristome alternate with the teeth, (rarely opposite :) calyptre hood-form, gla- 
brous. 056. 4, 

CrypHza. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free ; cilia of the inner 
peristome alternate with the teeth: calyptre mitre-form or conic, glabrous, 
o6. 4. 

Pirrorricnrm. ‘Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free; cilia of the 
inner peristome alternate with the teeth: calyptre mitre-form or conic, hirsute. 
56. 4. 


2. Teeth of the inner peristome connected by a membrane at the base. 


Cumacium. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute; inner peristorne con- 
sists of cilia, arising from a very short membrane, which are united at the apex 
in pairs by transyerse bars. 56. 4. 

ESKIA. Teeth of the outerperistome 16, subulate, inflexible ; inner peri- 
stome cousists of a membrane extended into 16 linear, uniform processes : ca- 
lyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 

PTERIGOPHYLLUM. ‘Teeth of the outer peristome 16. lance-linear; inner 
peristome consists of a membrane split into 16 linear, uniform, (rarely deform- 
ed) processes: calyptre mitre-form, entire, glabrous. 56. 4. 

Hypnum. ‘Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute, reflexile ; inner peristome 
consists of a membrane extended into 16 processes, with smaller capillary ones 
interposed : calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 56. 4. 


_3. Inner peristome without teeth or cilia. 


Fontinauis. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute, erect; inner 
peristome a reticulate conic membrane. 956. 4. 


E. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome ; fruit arises from the duplica- 
ture of @ leaf. 


Fissmpews. Peristome simple : teeth 16, 2-cleft, broadish, inflexed ; the 
divisions somewhat unequal, diverging. 56. 4. 


F. Mouth closed by a horizontal membrane. 


PoLYTRIcHum. Peristome very short; teeth 16, 32, or 64: mouth of the 
germ coyered by a dry membrane, which is connected to it by the teeth of the 
peristome : calyptre very small, with a large villose or hairy covering. 56. 4, 

CaTHARIN#ZA. Peristome very short ; teeth 32 or 64 : mouth of the capsule 
covered by a dry membrane; calyptre glabrous or hirsute, with scattering 
hairs. 606. 4, 


36 CLASS XXI. ORDER. IV. 


= 


Orver III. Hepatics.* 


Riccra. Capsules sub-globose, imbedded in the frond, not dehiscent, furn- 
ished with a short tube, scarcely prominent, becoming brownish and perforat- 
ed atthe apex. This aquatic genus has the habit of the most succulent and ten- 
der lichens. 57. 3. 

Brazia. Capsule 1-valved, with no elevations of the seeds upon the colu- 
mella (as in Anthoceros,) crowned with a tube opening outwardly at the apex. 
D7. 3. 

SpHaERocarpus. Calyxes numerous, large, scicled in a minute frond, 
globe-turbinate, reticulate, sub-diaphonous, perforated at the apex, including 
the capsule: capsule sessile in the bottom of the calyx, spherical; seeds nu- 
merous, globe-lens-form, surface granulated and sharply muricate: frond reti- 
culate, sub-diaphonous, of the substance of the calyx, and very green. 57. 3. 

Carpospotus. Capsules oblong-spheroid, compressed, tapering, cleft or de- 
hiscent at the apex ; seeds minute, globose, free among each other: calyx large- 
ish, 2-cleft: frond orbicular-oblong ; folds converging towards a centre; mar- 
gins elevated, crenate. 57. 3. 

AnTHOcEROS. Capsules long, horn-form, subulate, longitudinally dehiscent 
into 2 valves when mature, imbedded and nourished in a linear fleshy recep- 
tacle; after the opening of the capsule, seeds appear attached to a columella, 
Around the fleshy receptacle, (or perhaps calyx,) within the substance of the 
frond, appear neaps. of reddish bodies resembling anthers. The substance of 
the frond is made up of hexahedral cells. In habit this genus resembles mos- 
se3. 57. 3. 

Marcuantia. Receptacles pedicelled, radiate-lobed, disk-like or bell-form, 
with the inside downwards, to which the globose 4-valved capsules are attach- 
ed, with their apexes downwards. The umbrella-like receptacle is elevated 
one or two inches by a stipe attached to the centre of its lower side, among the 
capsules and many pilose appendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, furnish- 
ed with a midrib, and beset with villose roots on the under side, which attach 
themselves to the stones in brooks, to damp earth, &c. 57. 3. 

JUNGERMANNIAS. Capsules 4-valved, globose, elevated by peduncles or stipes 
from within a bell-form calyx. The frouds are made up of finer leaves than 
those of the Marchantia, and are often mistaken for mosses, among which they 
generally grow. 57. 3. 


OrpvEeR IV, ALGz.t 


A. The section FucoiwEx® comprises those sea-weeds of the old genus Fu- 
cus, whose fronds are cartilaginous or leathery, and of an olive or copper 
colour, becoming brown or black. They are composed of interwoven longi+ 
tudinal fibres. The floating vesicles appear like portions of the frond blown 
up in bubbles. ; 


Fucus. Receptacles tubercled; the tubercles perforated, nourishing aggre~ 
gated capsules within, intermixed with articulated fibres. 57. 2. 

CuorpariA. The fruit consists of immersed, clavate, articulated, concentric 
threads, passing into seeds. Fronds filiform, cartilaginous and lubricous, 
57. 2. 

Laminaria. Seeds oblong, immersed in a distinct part of the frond—never 
in all parts. Frond a tenacious cartilage. 57. 2. i 
B. The section FLORIDEE comprises those sea-weeds of the old genus Fucus, 

whose frpnds are leathery, membranous or gelatinous, and of a purple or rose 

colour. 


eal 


* From Sprengel, De Lamark and De Candoile. 
+ Translated from Agardh’s Synopsis Alearum—omitting all which is not re» 
quired by discoveries in our district. 


CLASS XXI. ORDER Ivy. Si 


Detrsserts. Fruit double, seeds and capsules. Seeds heaped together in 
spots, immersed in the leavesin various places. Frond always thin and mem- 
branaceous. 57, 2. 

Spa#rococcus. Fruit uniformly a capsule, sessile in the disk of the frond, 
or — at the margin. Frond cartilaginous, nerveless, flat or filiform. 
57. 2. 

Hatymenta. Frond membranaceous, leathery, nerveless, punctate: seed 
immersed throughout the whole frond, disposed in spots. 57. 2. 


C. The section ULvoIDER comprises the plants of the old genus Ulva. 
Fronds membranaceous, (broad, or in narrow slips,) thin, of a grass-green 
colour. Their substance consists of cells, with the fruit immersed in the frond. 
They grow on rocks, stones, sheils, &c. in the sea; also in ditches, staguant 
waters, damp woods, &c. 57. 2. 


Uva. Seeds in fours, immersed in every part of the membranaceous frond, 
57. 2, 

VaucHeRia. Fruit consists of minute homogeneous vesicles strung on a 
thread, or the threads or fibres sprinkled over with green granular masses, 
which may at length be easily brushed off. Linneus denominated the plants of 
this genus amphibious conferve ; because they rise to the surface of water, and 
project their fructiferous filaments above it. 57. 2. 


D. The section CONFERVOIDEX comprises the plants of the old genus Con- 
ferva. Fruit capsular or naked granulations. Fronds filiform and genicu- 
late, containing the fruit immersed in them, generally strung on threads ; 
mostly of a grass-green or greenish colour, sometimes purple. They grow in 
fresh water streams, springs, ditches, and stagnant waters ; sometimes in 

_ damp woods, and some in the sea. 


.Hourcutnsia. Fruit double, capsular and filamentose granulations. Capsules 
ovate, broader at the base, acuminate apex, (sometimes truncate,) sessile, reti- 
culate, containing globules in inflated branches. Filaments formed from nu- 
merous channels, ofa purplish colour. 57. 2. 

Crramium. Fruit double, filamentose and capsular. Filaments constituted 
from one tube. 57.2. _ 

Lamanta. Filaments torose, rigid, containing the seed within them. The 
chain of germs is affixed to the interior disk of the membrane, in a pencil-form 
aggregate. 57. 2. 

Conrerva. Filaments articulated, uniform, simple or branched ; contain- 
ing the seed within them. No externa! fruit. 57. 2. 

ZyeneMA. Filaments simple, equal, articulated, green, gelatinous: articu- 
lations hyaline; granulations disposed i: spiral lines or in double stars, rarely 
scattered. ‘At length the transverse tubes burst in the middle of the joints, and 
from the two nearest filaments is transmitted, at the same time, a green sub- 
stance, which uniting, forms a spherical or oval seed. 57, 2. 

Oscittatoria. Filaments continued, membranaceous, gelatinous: germs 
ring-form, transverse, parallel, crowded. Agardh considers some of the spe- 
cies of this genus as iniermediate between animal and vegetable, though their 
oscillatory motions cannot be voluntary. 57, 2. 

BaTRAcHosPERMUM. Frond gelatinous. Filamenis with the main part ar? 
ticulated; branches whorled at the articulations: fruit external. 57. 2. 


E. The section TREMELLINE comprises the old genus Tremelia. Plants of 
this section are all gelatinous, hyaline, and covered with a membrane. They 
are globose, palmate, or filiform ; and contain conferva-like filaments within. 
Colour green or purplish. They resemble Confervoidee in habit and place 
of growth. 


Rivurantsa. Filaments simple, continued, annulated within, terminating in 
a distinct globe at the base, produced at the apex intoa long hyaline point. Co- 
lour olive, or dark green. 57, 2, 


82 CLASS XXI. ORDER VY, 


Nostoc. Filaments monili-form, constituted from coadunate globules. Frond 
bullate, vesicular, (at length becoming flattened,) crowded with simple, monili- 
form, curve-crisped filaments. 57. 2. 


OrperR V. LicHENEs.* 


A. The Idiothalamous+ section comprises those lichens, whose receptacles are 
wholly of a substance and colour different from that of the frond. 


4. Receptacle simple, wholly formed of a pulverulent or cartilaginous sub- 
stance. 


(Receptacles without margins.) 


Spitoma. Frond} crustaceous, expanded, flat, adnate, uniform: recepta- 
cles (efflorescence) composed of corpuscules, or pulverulent atoms, aggregated 
in compact, homogeneous, naked, formless (or of various and irregular forms,) 
coloured masses. 57. 2. 

ArtTHonia. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, aduate, uniform : receptacle 
innate-sessile, round-shapeless, dark-coloured, covered with a sub-cartilaginous 
membrane—resembles a solid parenchymous substance. 57. 2. 


(Receptacle margined. ) 


Gyatecta. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform: recepta- 
cle shield-form, urceolate, immersed in the crust, resembling a thin cartilage ; 
ie ace part concave, with the aperture contracted and sub-marginated, 

Toes 

Lecipea. Frond various: crustaceous, expanded and adnate, uniform or 
disfigured, foliaceous, rope or tow-like: receptacles (spangles) shield-form, 
sessile, clothed every where with a cartilaginous membrane : somewhat solid, 
oe a parenchymous substance : disk with an uniformor similar margin. 

t«, oe Lotte 

Caticium. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform: receptacles 
“(pufis) bowl-form, sessile or stiped, cartilaginous; sustaining a compact, pul- 
verulent mass, flat or sub-globose above, forming a naked disk. 57. 2. 

GrropHora. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous-cartilaginous, peltate, mono- 
phy!lous, (when luxurient polyphyllous,) free beneath: receptacles (buttons) 
somewhat shield-form, sessile-adnate, clothed with a dark membranaceous car- 
tilage, including a somewhat solid parenchymous substance : disk warty or cir- 
cinal, plicate and margined. 57. 2. 

OpEGRAPHA. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform: recepta- 
cles (clefts) oblong, elongated, sessile, clothed with a dark-coloured cartilagin- 
ous membrane, including a somewhat solid parenchymous substance: disk li- 
near, margined both sides. 57. 2. 


J 


2. Receptacles sub-simple, formed from a solitary frond, and furnished with a 
perianth-like organ, including a nucleus. 


(Receptacles margined.) 


Grapuis. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : receptacles 
(hollows) elongated, immersed in the frond; the perianth-like organs sur- 
rounding the seed-cases are simple, cartilagenous, halved, lateral, dark-colour- 
ed, margined both sides; nucleus linear : disk naked above and beneath, cel- 
jular-striate within. 57. 2. : 


* Translated from the last improved Synopsis Methodica Lichenum of Pro- 
fessor Erik Acharius. 

+ Idios, peculiar; thalamus, bed. — 

t¢ Acharius has substituted for frond, wniversal receptacle; in his last work 
throughout. 


CLASS XXI. ORDER ¥, 83 


(Receptacles without margins. ) 


VeRRUCARIA. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : recepta- 
cles (hollows) hemispheric or sub-globose, imbedded in the frond at the base ; 
the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed-cases are double ; exterior one 
sub-cartilaginous, thick, dark-coloured, halved above, furnished with little 
openings or papillose ; interior one thin, membianaceous: nucleus sub-globose, 
cell-vesicular, every part enclosed. 57. 2. 

EnDocARPON. Frond crustaceous, flat, adnate, somewhat deformed, or fol- 
jaceous and peltate: receptacles (hollows) globose, hidden in the substance of 
the frond ; the perianth-like organs surrounding: the seed-cases are simple, 
membranaceous, thin, translucent; the little openings at the surface of the 
frond are thick, sub-papiliose, prominent: nucleusa globose substance. 57, 2- 


B. The CoenoTHaLamous* section comprises those lichens, whose receptacles 
are in part only formed from the substance of the frond. 


1. Receptacles included in warts, which are formed from the frond. 


Porta. Frond crustaceous, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
receptacles (hollows) single, or many together hidden in yerrucose enclosures, 
which are formed from the frond, and are without margins: the perianth-like 
organs surrounding the seed-cases are simple, tender, membranaceous, trans- 
lucent, furnished with coloured openings, thicker at the surface of the warts, 
and including sub-globose cellular vesicles. 57. 2. 

Pyrenuta. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate,uniform: receptacles 
fhollows) single, enclosed or surrounded at the base by warts, formed from the 
frond ; the perianth-like organs are simple, thick, dark-coloured, papillose, in- 
vesting the whole cellular globose nucleus. 57. 2. 

VARIOLARIA. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : the re- 
ceptacle is a kind of wart, formed externally from the frond, with a white border 
ormargin: nucleus naked, (without the perianth-like organ,) compressed, cel- 
lular, hidden within the substance of the wart, veiled above, but at length na- 
ked. 57. 2. 


2. Receptacles shield-for'm, sub-sessile, furnished with a disk of a peculiar sub- 
stance and colour, and surrounded by a margin of a different colour, pro- 
ceeding from the frond. 


Urcroraria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : recepta- 
cles (shields or spangles) concave, seed-bearing lamina, coloured, striate, cel- 
Jular within, immersed in the substance of the crust or in warts, surrounded with 
margins formed from the frond, and of the same colour, sessile or elevated. 57. 
Ze 

Lxecanora. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform: recepta- 
cles shield-form, thick, adnate-sessile : seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, 
plano-convex, coloured, covering the recepiacle above, cellular-striate within, 
surrounded with a thickish margin formed from the frond and of the same 
colour, somewhat free. 57. 2. 

Parmeia. Frond coriaceous, sub-membranaceous, flat, expanded, close- 
pressed, orbicular, stellate and lobed, or multifid-laciniate, having fibres be~ 
neath: receptacle shield-form, sub-membranaceous, formed under-side from 
the frond, free, with a central puncture by which it is affixed ; seed-bearing 
lamina forming the disk, concave, coloured, covering the whole receptacle a- 
bove, within similar, sub-cellular and striate, cut round, inflexed witb a frond- 
like margin. 57. 2, 

‘BorrgRA. Frond cartilaginous, lacinate-branched ; divisions free, often 
channelled beneath and ciliate at the margin : receptacles shield-form, thick, 
formed form the frond beneath ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, colour: 


tee 


* Koutos, common ; thalamos, bed, 


34 hd CLASS XXI. ORDER 


ed, similar within or vesicular, surrounded by a frond-like margin, elevated, 

inflexed. 57. 2. 

Cerraria. Frond wipe oa es or membranaceous, ascending or expand- 
ed ; lobe-laciniate, smooth and naked both sides : receptacles (targets) shield- 
like, obliquely attached tothe margin ofthe frond, the lower free, being sepa- 
rated from it, the upper one sessile ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, col- 
oured, plano-concave, within similar or cellular-striate, surrounded with a frond- 
like inflexed margin. 57. 2. . 

Sricts. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, cartilaginous, expanded, lobed be- 
neath, free and villose, with pits interspersed : receptacles shield-form, formed 
from the frome with acentral puncture to which it is affixed and close- 
pressed: seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, coloured, flat, cellular-striate 
within, surrounded by a frond-like margin. 57. 2. 

Prettipea. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, expanded, sub-adnate, lobed, 
woolly-veined beneath : receptacles formed beneath from the extended, ascend- 
ing, Pe lobes of the frond ; seed-bearing Jamina orbicular, wholly from the 
frond, sub-oblique, (inferior segment more elevated,) cellular-striate within, 

adnate, coloured, flat, surrounded by a frond-like margin, whichis thin, elevat- 
ed, approximating onall sides, 57. 2. 

NepHroma. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, membranaceous, expanded, lob- 
ed, free and naked, or sub-villose beneath: receptacles upside down, formed 
above from the extended, ascending, proper lobes of the frond ; seed-bearing 
Jamina reniform, wholly from the frond and its back-surface, adnate, coloured, 
flat, cellular-striate within, guarded around by a frond-like margin, approxi- 
mate-inflexed above, more remoie and somewhat elevated beneath. 57. 2. 

- Evernia. Frond sub-crustaceous, laciniate-branched, angled or flat-com- 
pressed, erectish or pendulous, rope or tow-like within: receptacle shield-like, 
sessile, elevated all around ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, thin, con- 
cave, ci d, similar within, inflexed, with a frond-like margin. 57. 2. 


3 Receptacles without margins, sub-globose, formed from the frond above or 
under side ; inserted on the branchlets or terminal processes, or scattered and 
sessile. 


(Receptacles covered above with seed-bearing lamina.) 


Cenomyce. Frond crusty or cartilaginous, foliaceous, laciniate, sub-imbri- 
cate, free, (rarely adnate ;) bearing sub-fstulous peduncles (podetia, ) both bar- 
ren and fertile: receptacles (knobs) orbicular, without margins, at length con- 
vex and capitate, inflated or empty beneath, terminal, attached tothe peduncles 
by their peripheries ; seed-bearing lamina forming the receptacle above thick- 
ish, coloured, similar within, convex, reflexed and attached at the periphery, in- 
vested beneath with the woolly integument of the frond.- 57. 2. 

Bamycrs. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate - bearing soft, solid, 
fertile peduncles (podetia :) receptacles (knobs) capitate, without margins, sol- 
id, terminal, sessile on the peduncles ; seed-bearing lamina covering the whole 
receptacle and adnate to it, convex-reflexed, thickish, coloured, similar within, 
be 

Isupium. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, bearing short- 
ish, solid, fertile peduncles (podetia:) receptacles (globules) orbicular, con- 
vex, at length sub-globose, solid, terminal, sessile on the peduncles ; seed-bear- 
ing lamina included by the apex of the peduncles, and surrounded by a kind of 
edging formed from them, convex above, flat and coloured beneath, afterwards 
prominent, edged around and hemispheric, similar within. 57. 2. 

STEREOCAULON. Frond cartilaginous or somewhat woody, woody-branch- 
ed, bark crustaceous and unequal : receptacles (knobs) turbinate, sessile, sol- 
id, flat above, edged around, at length globose hemispheres ; seed-bearing la- 
mina thick, covering the receptacle above, flat, surrounded by a frond-like edg- 
ing somewhat equal, at length convex, dilated and covering the edging, reflex- 

_ed, coloured, similar within, sub-striate. 57. 2. 


CLASS XXI, ORDER VI. Sd 


{Receptacle closed with the substance of the frond, and enclosing a pulvenr- 
lent mass. ) 


RuizomorpHa.* Frond cartilaginous, membranaceous, with rope or tow- 
tike fibres within, solidish, somewhat terete, proliferous-branched, creeping, 
prostrate ; receptacles globose, sessile, afterwards conglomerate, formed from 
the cortical substance of the frond, lacerate-burst, filled with fertile dust. 57. 2. 


©. The HomotTHaramoust section comprises those lichens, whose receptacles 
are wholly formed from the bark and substance of the frond ; being the same, 
or nearly the same colour. 


1. Receptacles shteld-form, mar gined, sub-sessile. 


Arecronia. Frond cartilaginous, sub-filiform, rope or tow-like within, sub- 
fistulous, ramose, prostrate or pendulous: receptacle shield-form, thick, sessile, 
Hlattish, margined and convex, wholly formed from the frond, covered with its 
cortical substance, which is similar within, colour similar. 57. 2, 

Ramawina. Frond cartilaginous, rope or tow-like within, solidish, laciniate- 
branched, suffruticose, and mostly with powdery dots: receptacles shield-form, 
thickish, sub-peltate, with sraal] foot-stalks, flat, margined, wholly formed fram 
the frond and covered with its cortical substance, colour uniform. 57, 2. 

Cotiema.} Frond sub-gelatinous, homogeneous, after drying mostly hard- 
cartilaginous, polymorphous, (crust-like, foliaceous or in branchlets:) recepta- 
ele shield-form, sessile, (rarely elevated on a very short foot-stalk,) margined, 
formed wholly from the substance of the frund and similar, but the disk becomes 
coloured ondrying. 57. 2. 


2. Receptacle terminal, peltate, nearly destitute of margins. 


> 
CornicuLaria. Frond cartilaginous, solidish within, and rope or tow-like, 
branching, and a little frutescent : receptacles orbicular, terminal, obliquely 
peltate, formed wholly from the frond, covered al! over with its ‘cortical sub- 
stance and similar, at length convex and sub-inflated, somewhat two-coloured ; 
its periphery sub-marginated, sub-dentate, and at length reflexed. 57. 2. 
Usnea. Frond sub-crustaceous, teretish, branched, mostly pendulous; cen- 
tral part hyaline, elastic, composed of fascicles of tubes : receptacles orbicu- 
lar, terminal, peltate, formed wholiy from the frond, covered all over with its 
cortical substance, similar, nearly of an uniform colour; its periphery destitute 
‘of margin, but often surrounded by a ciliate edging. 57. 2. 


BD. The AtHaLamovs|| section comprises those lichens, whose receptacles are 
wanting, or at least not distinguishable. 


Lepragia. Frond crusty-pulverulent, expanded, adnate, uniform: recep- 
tacle wanting, or at least unknown. 57. 2. 


Remark. Sprengel considers the Lepraria, Spiloma and Vaeriolaria as 
merely the rudiments of ?. genera, 
é; RDER VI. Funat.§ 
A. Fungus closed, or bearing fruit within, mostly with seeds very copiotts, 
A plant of this section is denominated ANGIOCARPUS. 


* Persoon places this root-like lichen under the order Fungi. 

+ Omos, similar; thalamos, bed. 

t This genus is placed between Usnea and Lepraria by Acharius in the 
natural arrangeme:-t; but it stands in this section in his Conspectus Systematj- 


$ { A, without; thalamos, bed. 
Translated from the Synopsis Methodica Fungorum, of D. C. H. Persoon. 
t The word fungus is used by Persoon to denote the part enclosing the frui', 


8 * CLASS XXI. ORDER YI. 


1. Fungus hardish, with a soft internal substance. 


SpHaEria. Receptacles various: sperules roundish, mostly héllow when 
dry, filled when moist with a gelly or juicy-gelly, made up from the free cap- 
sules. A large genus, comprising 184species. Plants minute. 58. 1. 

Stivgospora. Spherules none: capsules or seedyaggregated together ina 
black substance flowing from branches. 58. 1. : 

NarMAsPora. Receptacle none, or manifest and soft: a gelly bursting into 
hair-like or shaggy forms, (when dissolved it becomes shapeless.) 58. 1. 

TuBERCULARIA. Receptacles sub-hemispheric, stipe-form, or wanting : gel- 


nous substance roundish, compact, mostly. reddish, permanent, moist and 
somewhat flowing. 58. 1. 


Hysterium. Receptacle none: the enclosures of the capsules mostly ob- 
long, dehiscent into longitudinal chinks. 58. 1. 

XyLoma. Receptacles (or enclosures of the capsules) various, hard, some- 
what fleshy within, continuing closed, or at length bursting in various ways. 58. 


2. Fungus fleshy, stuffed. 


ScLeroTium. Stuffed, various in form, similar and smooth within; at length 
corrugated externally in some. 58. 1. 


TuseR- Roundish, fleshy : its substance variegated with seed-bearing veins. 
58. 1. 


3. Fungus membranaceous, coriaceous or villose, stuffed with dust within. 
Oe 
(The seminal dust intermixed with filaments. ) 


_ Torostoma. Receptacle pedicelled, opening with a cylindric cartilaginous 

outh. 58. 1. 

GrasTRuM. Volva thin, evanescent: outer bark of the receptacle split in a 
stellate form, at length reflexed ; mouth mostly pilose. 58. 1. 

Bovista Receptacle smooth, sessile, outer bark white, resembling a volva : 
atlength irregularly bursting at the top, it becomes evanescent by parts. The 
seminal dust is yellowish-purple. 58. 1. 

LycoPEeRDON. Receptacle somewhat caulescent, at length bursting at the 
top, with scaly warts or prickles scattered over ils surface, espeeially when 
young. Seminal dust green. 58. 1. 

SCLERODERMA. Receptacle with a tesselate, hardish, corky bark, at length 
bursting irregularly. Seminal dust purple, brown-yeilow or rust-colour. 58. 1. 

Lycocata., Receptacle roundish, membranaceous, smooth ; stuffed at first 
with a pulpy liquescent mass, which at length becomes dust intermixed with 
scattering distant fibres. 58. 1. oe * 

Fuuico. At first pulpy, mostly open, somewhat deformed; externally hard- 
ish-fibrous or villose, membranaceous at the base; within ceilular-fibrous and 
pilose, at length crumbling into dust. 58. 1. 

Puysarum. Receptacle rigid, simple, mostly sma!] wrinkles, somewhat 
farinaceous ; fibres scattered, reticulate, mostly adnate, concealed, 58. }. 

Tricuia. Receptacle at length unequally ruptured, permanent: seminal 
filaments compact, adnate to the receptacle at the base, expanding themselves 
elastically. 58. 1. 

Arcynia. Receptacle evanescent to the middle: seminal filaments denun- 
dated, overlaid with a calyciform receptacle. 58. 1. 

Stemonitis. Receptacle very thin, somewhat evanescent : seminal filaments 


reticulate, sub-compact, surrounding and affixed to the columella-like organs. 
58. 1. ; 


Lee 


or in any manner sustaining it: as the hat of the mushroom to the under side ¢f 
which the lamellae are attached, the membranous covery a puff-ball, enclos- 
ing the dust-like seeds, &c.—the covering and seeds may be called the fruit, 


i ~ 


fe 


CLASS XXI, ORDER VI. 87 


(Seminal dust naked, or not reticulate with fibres. ) 


TuBULINA. Receptacles tube-form, connate in a cespitose-form, mostly im- 
posed on an underlaying membrane: seminal dust naked, farinaceous. 58. 1. 

Mucor. Receptacle membranaceous, globose, stiped, at first watery and 
Si then opake : seeds naked, sub-cohering. Very minute and fugacious. 
te & 2 

OnycENa. Receptacle stiped, roundish, dry, permanent: seminal! dust co- 
hering, compact, not intermixed with filaments. 58. 1 

Arcipium Receptacle stemless, manifest, terete, membranaceous, at length 
ruptured with a dentate mouth; seminal dust farinaceous, naked. Grows on 
feaves. 58. 1. 

Urepo. Receptacle none: seminal dust under the cntialé of leaves and 
stems, when ruptured it is easily brashed off; the little masses of seeds uni- 
form, mostly globose. 58. 1. 

Pucctnra. Receptacle none: seeds conglomerated in a little head, from 
terete it is sub-turbinate ; caudate, divided by little partitions, Mostly on 
leaves. 58. 1. 

TRICHODERMA. Denudated : seminal dust copious, farinaceous, surrounded 
with a tomentose or villose integument. 58. 1. 

ConopLea. Form distinct, byssus-like (tlax-like :) filaments permanent, 
compact, rigid, sprinkled with conspicuous seminal dust. 58. 1. 


(Fruit lenticular, fleshy, very manifest.) 


Cyatuus. Receptacle funnel-form or cup-form, coriaceous ; closed at first 
with a veil or covering, including within lenticular vessels or seeds. 58. 1. os 


B. Fungus fleshy, bearing seeds in some kind of exposed or naked receptacle ; 
as in plates, papillose or aculeate processes, or a spongy substance. A plant 
of this section 1s denominated GYMNOCARPUS.  - yes 


1. Receptacles juicy, gelatinous, at length dissolving. — 


PuHattus. Having a volva at the base of the stipe : pileus ovate, sitting on 
the stipe, entire, covered with dissolving juice. 58. 1. 


2. Receptacles of a membranaceous substance, not dissolved ; seeds pulveru™ 
lent. 


(Receptacles lamellar or vein-like, beneath a pileus.) - 


Amanita. Having a volva: pileus fleshy, mostly verrucose: lamellae con- 
vert, sub-entire: stipes mostly elongated, annulatedor naked 58. 1. 

Acaricus. Destitute of a volva at the base of the stipe, with or without the 
ring : lamellae either enti-e or with shorter ones intermixed, rarely simply ra- 
mose. Never veiny. A vast genus. Perscon describes 447 species, which 
occupies one third of his werk on Fungi. 58. 1. 

Merutivs. Pileus fleshy or membranaceous : receptacles vein-like ; the 
veins being superficial, tumid, in the form of folds. 58. 1. 


(Receptacles in the form of tubes beneath a pileus.) 


DEpALEA. Pileus (halved) cork-leathery, reticulated beneath with oblong 
hollows, waving and torn, somewhat pore-form. This genus partakes of the 
chara: ters of the Merulius and the Boletus. 58. 1. 

Boretus, Pileus various: tubes and pores terete, entire. A large genus. 
Persoon describes 93 species. 58. 1. 


(Receptacles in the form of teeth or aculeate processes growing from a pileus. ) 


SistoTREMA. Pileus various : receptacles at first in circular pores ; a 
length torn mostly in the middle into compressed deformed teeth. This genus 
partakes of the characters of the Boletus and Hydnum, 58, 1, 


a 
oS . CLASS XXI. ORDER st. 


Hypyem. Pileus various: receptacles echinate, or iu entire prominent sub-< 
ulate teeth. 53. 1. e 


(Receptacle a smooth or papillose membrane. 


THELEPHORA. Pileus coriaceous, with a papillose membrane beneath : 
tarely covered with minute bristles, or uniformly smo@th. 58. 1. 

Merits. en a coriaceous, compressed, smooth ; mostly pilose at 
theapex. This genusin substance resembles that of the Thelephora, and in 
form that of the Ciavaria. 598. 1. 


(Receptacles fleshy, elongated ; pileus confluent with the stipe.) 


Cravartia. The clavate pileus simple and branched, confluent witha thick 
stem, or with ashort stipe, rarely manifest. 58. 1. ; 

GrocLossum. The clavate pileus fleshy, mostly compressed, short, con- 
tiguous to the st é, witha prominent margin. 38. 1. 
. Wis membranaceous, distinct from the stipe.) 

SPATHULARIA. Clavate ; pileus compressed, membranaceous, decurrent 
into the stipe both sides. 58. 1. 

Leotia. Head-form, pileus conic or orbicular, reflexed at the margin, 
closely surrounding the stipe. 58. 1. 

HELVELLA. Pileus membranacecus, inflated, somewhat deformed, deflect- 
ed both sides; mostly stiped. 58. 1. 

MorcHetra. Pileus elongated, teretish, lacunose, with elevations adher- 
ing within. - Without volva,or seminal juices. 58. 1. 

TREMELLA. Open, gelatinous, circular-plicate : pileus not distinct. 58.1. 
. Peziza. Receptacle hemispheric, concave or cup-form, a little swollen, 
bearing the seeds in a smooth disk above. Capsules follicle-like, generally in- 
conspicuous to the naked eye, seeds 8, flying about and giving off fetid fumes. 
58. 1. Persoon describes 151 species. 

AEGERITA. Minute stemless fungi, of a granulated appearance, stuffed and 
sub-farinaceous. 58. 1. 
3. Fungus byssus-like (flax-leke or filamentose,) comprising the old genu* 

Byssus and ts relatives. 

Isarta. Sub-filamentose, simple or ramose, sprinkled over with a farinace- 
ous (sub-filamentose) seminal] dust. Substance soft, colour white. 58. 1. 

Montta. Stiped or open, filamentose ; filaments monili-form or articulat- 
ed. 58. . 

Demat Filamentose fungus of an indeterminate form, | or depress- 
ed, sub-fascicled or diffused ; threads smooth, not interwov 8. 1. 

Ertveum. Growing on leaves : filaments rigid with little lamps, conglom- 
erated into a cup-form head impressed on the leaf. 58. 1. 

Racopium. Expanded, soft; bearing a kind of clothing with threads dense- 
iy interwoven, 58. 1. 

Himantia. Creeping, villose, branch-fibrous. 58.1. ‘ 

Mesexterica. Creeping, gelatinous, veiny : ramifications of the veins 
joined by a little membrane. 58. 1. 


‘> END OF GENERA. 


NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS. 


SPECIES. 


rr OB QQ 


“= A number at the end of a specific description denotes the average 
height of the plant in the wild state—in feet with f, in inches with i. 


A. 
Abies, Pinus. 


15—10. Acacia. 33. 93, 
Southern. 


drachyloba, W. (1) (W.w. J. 2{.) unarmed : leaves bipinnate ; leafets 8-pair- 
ed, with glands between the lower pair: spikes globose, solitary : lezume 
lanceolate, strait. Stamens generally 5, 

glandulosa, Mx. (2) (W. w. Ju. 2{.) unarmed : leaves bipinnate ; leafets 12- 
paired, glands between every pair : spikes globose, solitary, peduncled, ax- 
illary : legume falcate. 

farnesiana, (W.y. }.) spinous: leaves bipinnate ; leafets 8-paired : spikes glo- 
bose, sessile. Flowers fragrant, legumes fusiform. 10 f. 

futea, Leavenworth. (W.jy. Ju. 2{.) unarmed, glabrous : leaves bipinnate : leaf- 
ets very numerous, oblong-linear : spikes sub-globose, solitary : peduncles 
axillary, very long : legume obovate, large. Resembles Schrankija unci- 
nata. 

cooleyi, Ea. (W. w. 2{.) leaves bipinnate, very irritable : legumes linear, 
elongated, smooth : spikes capitate. Described by Torrey, but not named, 

Darlingtonia. 
i9—15. AcatypHa. 38. 96. 


virginica, (three-seed mercury. O. g. Au. #.) hairy : pistillate flowers at the 
base of the staminate spike : involucres heart-ovate, acuminate, toothed: 
leaves short-petioled, lance-oblong, remotely and obscurely serrate. Coarse 
and unsightly Varies much in the dinasty of its eaves and in height. 10i. S. 

caroliniana, Wr. (E. g. Ju. 2{.) leaves on long petioles, lance-oval, acuminate, 
acutely serrate, nerved, slightly cordate at the base : fruit-bearing branches 
generally naked : capsule echinate, The existence of this species in the 
Northern States was questioned, until Darlington found it in Pennsylvania, 
18i. S. Phyllanthus, 

8—l. AcErR. 23. 66. 


rubrum, (red maple, soft maple. O. r. Ap. 5.) leaves palmate, 5-lobed, cor- 
date at the base, unequally gash-toothed, glaucous beneath, dividing jncis- 
reo 


{1) Mimosa illinoensis, Mx. (2) > glandulosa, Mx. 
~ 


‘ 


90 _ ACER, ACERATES. 


ions etween the loves acute : flowers in fives in sessile umbels, with long 
pedicels ; germs glabrous. 50f. S. 
dasycarpum, (white maple, silver maple. O. g-y. Ap. 5.) leaves palmate- 
o-lobed, t te at the base, unequally gash-toothed, glabrous and glaucous 
agers obtusely pinnate : flowers glomerate ; pedicels short : germs downy. 
barbatum, Mx. (2) (bairy maple. w-g. Ap, b.) leaves h@art-ovate, short-3-lob- 
ed, unequally serrate, glaucous beneath, and hairy at the nerves: pedun- 
— -cles hairy, siaminate ones branching, pistillate ones simple : calyx bearded 
within ; wings of the capsuleserect. Small. 15f. 8 
saccharinum, (sugar maple, rock maple, hard maple. O. r-y M. 6.) leaves 
palmate-5-!obed, at the base sub-cordate, acuminate, obtusely sinuate, sinu- 
Sergei glaucous beneath ; peduncles in a nodding corymb. Large tree. 
50f. S. 15 
nigrum, Mx. (sweet-tree, black maple. A. y. Ap. b.) leaves palmate-5-lobed, 
cordate with the sinus at the base closed, lobes spreading, somewhat sinuate- 
toothed, downy beneath : flowers corymbed : capsules turgid, sub-globose. 
Large tree, affording almost as nue sugar asthe last. 50f. S. 
striatum, Mx. (3) (striped maple, false dogwood, moose-wood. O, g. M. 5.) 
iower leaves roundish, upper ones 3-cuspidate-acuminate, sharply serrate, 
glabrous : racemes simple, pendant. Small tree, with a greenish-striped 
bark. 15f. S. 
spicatum, Lk. (4) (mountain maple bush. A. y-g. M. 5.) leaves sub-5-lobed, 
acute, toothed, pubescent beneath : racemes compound, erect. 15f. S. 
negundo, (5) (ash maple, box-elder. M. b.) leaves pinnate or ternate, unequal- 
ly serrate. Flowers dicecious. Large tr 40 f. 
‘ Southern. . 
macrophyllum, Ph. (W. g-y. Ap. 5.) leaves digitate-5-lobed ; sinuses rounded, 
lobes somewhat 3-lobed, repand-toothed, hairy beneath : racemes erect: fila- 
ments 9, hirsute: germs very hirsute. 40 f. 
circinatum, Ph. (W_) leaves orbicular, sub-cordate at the base, 7-lobed, un- 
equally acute-toothed, glabrous both sides, nerves and veins hairy at the 
axils, , 
glabrum, T. & J.(W.) leaves roundish, 5 or 7-lobed, truncate at the base, lobes 
acutely toothed, glabrous both sides: corymbs peduncled : fruit glabrous, 
with broad-ovate diverging wings. Dirca. 


18—5. AcrrRaTeEs. (6) 30. 47. 


viridiflora, Ph. (green milkweed. E. g Ju. 2{.) stem simple, erec 
leaves lance-obiong, obtusish, sub-sessile, downy-hirsute both 
lateral, solitary, sub-sessile, nodding, sub-globose, dense fl no little 
horn in the nectaries. Dry. 3 f,. 

lanceolata, Ives. (E. g. Ju. 2{.) stem decumbent, hirsute : leaves lanceolate, 
acute, sub-sessile : umbels hirsute, lateral, solitary, sessile, sub globose, 
dense-flowered, nodding: no little horn in the nectaries. Dry sandy plains. 
A very distinct and well defined species. 301. WS. 


Southern. 
longifolia, E. Mx. (E. w-r. M..2{.) stem decurabent: leaves alternate, linear - 
umbels lateral, erect: nectary very short: no little horn in the nectaries. 
2 f. 
auttalliana, T. (W. g. 2{.) small, decumbent, hirsute : leaves oblong-ovate, 
scattered, acutish, short petioled : umbels terminal: nectaries intire, close- 
ressed : masses of hort: no little horn in the nectaries. 6 i. This 
is the lanuginosa of Nuttall. Apoc ynum. 
z 
(1) eriocarpum, Mx. (2) carolinianum, Wr. (3) pennsylvanicum, W. 
(4) montanum, W..pennsylyanicum, Wm. (5) Negundo fraxinifolium, WN. 
(6) Aclepias. 


ACHILLEA, ACORUS. 91 


17—2. Acuimrra. 49. 55. 


nuilefolium, (yarrow, milfoil. O. w. J. 2{.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, downy : the 
divisions linear, toothed, mucronate: calyx and stemfurrowed. 15i. S, 

ptarmica (sneeze-wort. w. Au. 2{.) leaves linear, acuminate, equally and 
sharply serrate, glabrous Damp. 151. Deas 

setacea, P. (W. w. Ap. 2{-) leaves bipinnate ; leafets setaceous-linear, mucro- 


nate, pilose, crowded: corymb compound, fastigiate. 18 i. t%. 


Southern. 
tomentosa, W. (W. y. J. 2.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, villose ; divisions crowded, 
lance-linear, entire : corymbs compound. 
asplenifolia, V. (r. 2{.) radicai leaves 2-pinnatifid, cauline ones gashed : di- 
visions ovate, serrate-mucronate, obtuse. er Heliopsis, 


Achnantherum, AGROSTIs. 
15—5. ACHYRANTHES. 14 73. 


Southern. : 
repens, E. (1) (forty knot. E. March. 2{.) stem prostrate, hairy : leaves oppo- 
site, petioled, lanceolate : flowers in sessile, ovate, axillary heads. 
ficoidea, W. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem creeping, glabrous: leaves broad-lanceolate, pe: 
tioled : flowers in spherical, pubescent heads. 
vermicularis, (E. J. 2{.) glabrous: stem creeping : leayes sub-terete, fleshy 
flowers in terminal solitary, oblong heads. Oplotheca. 


<= 
17—2. Acmetisa. 49. 55. 


is m 


Southern. 
repens, E. (E. y. S. 2.) stem creeping: leaves lance-ovate, toothed, 3-nerved, 
sub-pubescent : peduncles axillary and terminal, very long, 1-flowered. 18 i. 
occidentalis? N. (E.) stem creeping, sub-pubescent : leaves ovaie, crenate, ob- 
soletely 3-nerved, smooth, petioled : peduncle axillary. grooved: calyx mi- 
nute. Resembles a Rudbeckia. Peduncless inches long. 
Tetragonotheca. 


20—5. Acnipa. 53. 29. 


cannabina, (water hemp. L. w-g. Ju. #.) leaves lanceolate: capsules smooth- 
ish, acute-angled. Damp or wet, both on salt marshes and inland. 3f. S. 
ruscocarpa, (w-g. Ju. 3%.) leaves lance-ova! : capsules rugose, obfuse-angled, 
Damp. — 2: -Humulus. 
*. vy: 


7 12—5. Aconirum. 26. 61. 


uncinatum, (monk’s hood. b. J. 2{.) stem flexuose : leaves palmate, 3 to 5- 
parted ; divisions rhomb-lanceolate, gash-toothed : upper lip of the corol 
lengthened, convex, beaked. Cultivated. 2f. S. 


Exotic. 
napellus (wolf’s bane. b. J. 2{.) leaves shining, 5-parted; the divisions 3- 
parted by gashed incisions, sub-divisions linear: upper lip of the corol lan- 
ceolate, ascending, 2-cleft ; spur strait, obiuse. 2 E Aquilegia, 


6—1. Acorus. '2. 13. 


calamus (sweet flag, calamus. O. g-y. J. 2{.) spike protruding from the side 
of a sword-form leaf-like scape. Water or wet, Root strongly aromatic. 
ot B. ee Juncus. 


(1) Gomphrena polygodoides, L. Illecebrum achyrautha, Wr. and pulegi- 
noides, Mx. 


ae 
. 


“92 ACROSTICHUM, ADOXA. 


2i—1. AcrosticHum. 55.6, 


n Southern. 
aureum, Mx. (forkfern. Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate; leafets stiped, bases wedge 
form, lance-oblong, entire, acuminate ; the apper ones fruit bearing. Very 
large, 4 or5 feet high. Hypopeltis. 


12—1. Acrara. 26. 61.* 


. ok” 

rubra, W. (1) femetberry. O. w. M. 2.) petals shorter than the stamens, 
acute: pedicels of the hemispheric raceme less than the general peduncle 
when mature. Berries red. Bw. MS. 2f, S. 

aiba, Bw. (necklace weed, white beads. O. w. M. 2{.) petals equalling the 
stamens, truncate: pedicels of the oblong raceme as large as the general pe- 
duncle when mature. Berries white. The leaves of both species are decom- 
pound. Woods. 2 f, 

4 “) 


; ine Vy Southern. 

pachypoda, E. (E. 2{.) leaves decompound; leafets ovate, acuminate, deeply 
serrate: berries small, supported on thick peduncles: flowers in a crowded 
terminal raceme. , Macrotis. 


17—2. AcTINELLA. (2) 49. 55, 


Southern. 
lanata, Ph. (W. y. J. 2{.) wooly on all parts: leaves linear, pinnatifid above : 
peduncles elongated, 1-flowered: rays 2-toothed: seed glabrous, 5-angled. 
acaulis, (W. y. J. 2{.) pilose: scape 1-flowered, naked: leaves linear-spa- 
tulate, entire: rays 8 to 10: chaffs of the egret 5 to 7, ovate, short-awned. 
6.1. Buphthalmum. 


Actinochloa, ATHEROPOGON 


17—3. ActTinomERiIs. 49, 55. 


equarrosa, N. (w. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, winged, pubescent and panicled 
above: leaveslanceolate, serrate, scabrous : calyx spreading, loose: recep- 
tacle sub-globose, at length squarrose. 3 f. 


Southern. 
_elianthoides, (W. y.) leaves lanceolate, acute, serate, under side white-yil- 
lose: corymb simple, compact. Stem winged. 
alata, (E.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, opposite, decurrent, 
Centaurea. 


ee Adelia, Borya. 
a we 
; 21—1. ApiantHum. 55, 5, ey 
pedatum, (maiden hair, O. J. 2{.) frond pedate, with pinnate branches : 


leafets halved ; upper margin gashed—barren segments toothed, fertile ones 
entire : stipe capillary, very glabrous. Woods. 1 f, 


Dicksonia. 
12—13. Aponis. 26. 61. 
” ; 
Exotic. 
qutumnalis, (pheasant’s eye. Au. #.) flowers 5 to 8-petalled: fruit sub-cy- 
lindric: petals erose, or emarginate. Illicium, 
8—4,. Apoxa. 13. $4. 
| Southern. 
moschatellina, (W. g.) peduncles about 4-flowered: filaments united in pairs 
at the base; anthers roundish. i Laurus, 


(1) brachypetala, Dc. americana, Ph. spicata, Mx. Pachypoda, E. (2) Ac« 
finea, Galardia. 


. 


AECIDIUM, AESCULUS, 93 


2i—6. AECIDIUM. 58. 1. 


1. Coespifose : receptacles aggregated in a tuft, naking @ crust-like spot on 
leaves. 


cornutum, becoming yeilow ; receptacles very long, curved, olive-grey. Ap- 
— like saffron coloured spots on the upper sides of leaves+of mountain- 
ash, &c. 7. 

cancellatum, tuberculate, chesnut-brown: receptacle at length splitting inte- 
divisions cohering at the apex. Grows on the under side ot withering or dy- 
ing pear leaves. 

rhamni, cespitose, rose-coloured: receptacles elongated, somewhat diverging, 
at length becoming pale. On the leaves of the rhamuus. 

tussilaginis, spots purplish yellow ; tnfts flat; receptacles immersed. Occurs 
on the leaves of the colt’s foot, (tussilago farfara) is hardly prominent above 
the surface of the leaf. 4 


2. Simple ; receptacles scattered; crust, which is distinct, ¢s never conjoined. 


euphorbiae, simple, crowded : receptacles cylindric, pale ; mouth reflexed,. 
yellow, with dust. On the leaves of Euphorbia maculata. 

anemones, sitaple, scattered: receptacles cylindric, a little prominent, pale, 
mostly toothed ; wholly filled with white dust. On the leaves of Anemone 
nemorosa in the spring. 

nunctatum, simple, scattered : receptacle sub-immersed : mouth somewhat con- 
verging ; dust compact, becoming sooty-yellow. Found sometimes on leaves 
of Anemone. . Uredo. 


21—6. AxEGERITA. 58. 1. 


candida, crowded, smooth, white. Found in autumn on alders, &c. often on 
the wood in damp places.  Isaria. 


38—2. Axrcinors. 4, 10. 


Southern. 
hystrix, N. (W. 2{.) spike squarrose, with long, recurved, divergent awns : 
calyx smooth, generally-4-parted to the base; segments mostly 2-cleft, une- 
qually 2-awned: spikelets about 4-flowered: dorsal valve of the corol termi- 
nated by 2 or 3 unequal awns. 6i. Panicum. 


I6—10. AESCHYNOMENE. $82. 93. 


- * < e ° 

hispida, W. (false sensitive plant. y-r. Ju. 3.) stem erect ; stem and petidles 
tubercle-hispid: leaves in many pairs; Jeafets linear, obtuse : stipules mems 
branaceons, half arrow-form: racemes simple, few-flowered: loments hispid. 
Wet. 30i. S. 


Southern, 
wiscidula, (y. 2{.) stem prostrate, slender, viscid hairy: leafets 7 or 9, ob- 
ovate: peduncles generally 2-flowered : loment hairy ; joints deeply notched. 
Sandy, 3f. Stylosanthes. 


7—1. AESCULUS. "23, 66. 


glabra, (little buck-eye. W. y. w. M. 5.) leaves in fives, glabrous: coro] 4- 
petalled, spreading; claws as long as the calyx: stamens longer than the co- 
rol: fruitspinous. 12f. WS. 

Exotic. 

hippocastanmmn, (horse-chesnut. w. J. 5.) leaves digitate, with about 7 divi- 

sions: corol 5-petalled, spreading: flowers ina panicled pyramid, 15f. 
Southern. 

pevia, (buck-eye. r. Ap. 5.) leaves in 5 divisions, glabrous, unequally tooth- 
ed: corol 4-petalled ; the claws of the converging petals as long as the calyx. 
Herbage nareotic; rootsoap-like. 4 f, 2 


wr 


94. AETHUSA, AGARICUS. 


discolor, Ph. (w. y. r. M. 5.) leaves in 5 divisions, acuminate at each end, 
downy beneath, unequally serrulate : claws of the petals as long as the calyx : 
fruit not awned. 4 f, : 

flava, - March. }.) leaves in 5 divisions, hairy beneath near the midrib, 
equally serrulate: corol 4 petalled, converging ; clays longer than the calyx. 


monostachya, (W. Ap. b.) leaves in 5 divisions, downy beneath : raceme very 
long, corol 4-petalled, expanding : stamens very long. 4 f. 


Saururus, 


5—2. AxtuHusa. 45. 60. 


Southern. 
divaricata, (E. w. 3%.) stem erect, slender: leaves biternate; segments nar- 
row-linear: umbe!s terminal, without involucres. partial umbels 3 to 5-flow- 
ered. fruit hispid. 
leptophylla, (W. r. w. 3%.) leaves biternate, gashed ; margin of the acute seg- 
ments entire: umbel 3-parted, sessile ; partial umbels naked, few-flowered. 
1f, Seseli. 


Afzelia, SEYMERIA. 
21—6. Agcaricus. 58. 1. 


1, Lamellae juiceless or becoming dry ; not smoke-dusty, nor sooty : stipe an- 
nulated. 


procerus, large: pileus fleshy, bossed, scaly, reddish ash-coloured: lamelle 
very remote, white: stipe bulbous, very long: ring moveable. Var. sgua- 
mosus, pileus convex, and scaly above, lame!le pressed together outwardly 
from the stipe, and becoming yellow. Var. excoriatus, smaller, whitish : 
scales obsolete. Woods and fields. ; 

squarrosus, cespitose: pileus fleshy ; pileus and stipe scaly and scurfy, rusty- 
yellow: lamellz crowded, pale-olive, Often on roots and trunks of trees in 
autumn. 

polymyces, cegpitose, heaped together: pileus bossed, hairy-scaled, sooty-yel- 
low: lamelliz sub-decurrent, white becoming pale: stipe annulated, conic 
olive ash-coloured, solid, «lastic. Woods on trunks, or the earth in au- 
tumn. 

candidus, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy, glabrous, cinnamon-colour : la- 
mellz subsdecurtent, pale rust-coloured: stipe scaly, cylindric, rather slen- 

der. On trunks in autumn. a 

2. Pileus mostly fleshy : lamellce emarginate, mostly one-coloured, and at length 
cinnamon : stipes mostly bulbous, having a veil-like volva dissolved into spi- 
der-web-like filaments. 


decolorans, pileus viscid, yellow , lameliz at first bluish-purple, at length cin- 
namon: stipe glabrous, sub-tuberous, white: veil-like volva rust-colour. 

Atavidus, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, yellow; the central part more ob- 
scure: lamellce distinct, one-coloured, becoming yellow: stipe soft, thicken- 
ing downward, and becoming sooty-yel!ow. On trunks. 

decipiens, growing in groups: pileus fleshy, acutely-bossed and membranaceous. 

decipiens, growing in groups; pileus fleshy, acuiely-bossed, and membranace- 
ous near the centre, depressed: lamellae broadish, obscurely cinnamon-co- 
loured: stipe jong, from white becoming reddish. 


3. Pileus fleshy, entire, convex : lamelle one-coloured, becoming dry: stipe 
central, destitute of a ring or curtain-like volva. 


(Colour of the pileus brownish, or brownish yellow.) 
pratensis, tawny-red, hardish: pileus campanulate, either obtusely bossed, or 


AGARICUS: 95 


flattish, glabrous : lamelle thick, distant, decurrent: stipe short, somewhat 
slender, tapering downwards. Among grass. 

reflexus, growing in groups, rusty-yellow: pileus somewhat fleshy, acutely bos. 
sed scaly, reddish-yellow : lametle distinct, light-cinnamon: stipe long 
slender, fibrous-scaly, scales refle xed. Woods. > 

radicatus, pileus fleshy, bossed, viscous, rugose, sooty, purple or tawny: la. 
mellz sub-decurrent, white: stipe very long, having a long fusiform root. 
Woods. ; 

velutipes, cespitose: pileus somewhat fleshy, repand, glabrous, brown: lamel- 
le ventricose, becoming yellow: stipe tomentose, becoming dark liver-brown, 
Autumn. 


(Colour of the pileus shining, red or light yellowish-green. ) 


coccineus, growing in groups: scarlet all over: pileus sub-membranaceous, 
convex, sub-viscous*: lamellz distinct, connected by teeth: stipe hollow, sub- 
compressed. Autumn in grass. 

conicus, pileus conic, acute, sub-viscous, light greenish-yellow : lamelle crowd- 
ed, ascending, becoming yellow: stipe long, yellow. Var. tristis; solitary - 
pileus acutely campanulate, from yellowish-green becoming dark : lamelle 
tree 

russula, large : pileus fleshy, sub-convex, with rose-red scales: stipe rose-red, 
solid, short: lamellze unequal, white. : 


(Colour of the pileus white. ) 


discozdeus, sub-cespitose: pileus fleshy, viscid, flattish, white ; middle part yel- 
low, or somewhat rust-colour: lamelke sub-decurrent ; lamelle and stipe 
middling white. 

pulvinatus, pileus fleshy or rather corky, cushion-like, sub-repand, glabrous, 
white ; middie part pale flesh-coloured : lamella crowded, decurrent, white : 
stipe very short, solid, hard. Woods. 


4. Small, tender: pileus mostly membranaceous, striate, pellucid, convex, per- 


manet: lamelle becoming dry, one-coloured : stipe mostly hollow, elongat- 
ed, naked. 


galericulatus, cespitose, inodorous : pileus membranaceous, bossed, tawny lead- 
colour: lamellz distinct, white : stipe smooth, rooting, strigose-haired at the 
base. On trunks in autumn. F 

hypnorum, small, very tender, rusty-yellow all over : pileus bell-form, furrow- 
ed : lamellz distant, broadish: stipe middling. odin 

clavus, growing in groups, extremely minute: pileus somewhat fleshy, papil- 
lose, orange or red : lamellz broadish: stipe and lamelle white. 

lacteus, white all over: pileus campanulate, obtuse, striate: lamellz distinct. 
ascending: stipe rather long, hirsute at the base. ; 

corticola, minute, scattered, tawny: pileus hemispherical, sub-plicate: lamella 


uncinate, linked together, white~ stipe shortish, incurved. In crevices of 
bark, of wood, &c. 


5. Pileus membranaceous, fugaceous or somewhat fleshy, at length torn : la- 


mellee at length becoming a black juice, or dusty smut : stipe white, naked-or 
annulated. 


(Membranaceous, almost wholly becoming a black juice : lamellz very thin. ) 


— US y Pia ie laa oe ere scaly, white; scales yellow: lamel- 
ze crowded or heaped together, at ite- ei > ; ort 
besten? p gether rst white-purple: stipes very leng ; ring 
cinereus, pileus conic, furrowed, sub-tomentose, cinereous; smooth and bluish- 
purple at the apex, the margin at length torn and inflexed: lamelle linear, 
punctate, somewhat zigzag : stipe long, scaly. Gardens and woods. 
disseminatus, crowded or heaped together, small, fugaceous: pileus semewb2 


#. 


96 AGARICUS. 


oval, striate-plicate: at first somewhat reddish-yellow, then grey: lamelizx 
distinct, in some measure linked together, light sooty-yellow : stipe mostly 
incu 

-domesticus, pileus campanulate, obtuse, undulate, sulcate, sooty: scales bran- 
like : lamellae crowded, linear; at first bluish-red, then becoming black. On 
damp walls, &c. about houses. 

arcoticus, pileus convex, cinereous; plicate with distinct, bifid, dense folds : 
vertex entire: stipe subulate : lamelle more rare or cistant, entire and halv- 
ed, alternate. It diffuses a very narcotic odour. 


{Somewhat fleshy: lamelle at length becoming black, smut or soot-like, in ne- 
bulous or sooty spots. ) 


semiglobatus. pileus fleshy, hemispherical, sub-viscose, becoming yellow : 
tauneiing very broad, horizontal, becoming dark-cloudy: stipe long, annu- 
lated. : 

papilionaceus, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, sooty’ (becoming almost 
black :) lame!le all attached, dark-cinereous and various, white at the mar- 
gin: stipe furrowed at the apex, dark-pulverulent. . 


6. Pileus fleshy or sub-membranaceous, smooth, permanent : lamella somewhat 
nebulous , at length dark-stained or one-coloured, sub-ramose, finally becoming 
more obscure and dark with seminal dust: stipe annulated or naked. 


(Pileus fleshy: stipe annulated.) 


edulis, in groups, large: pileus white, smooth or obsoletely scaly: lamellx 
red: stipe long, bulbous ; the ring-volva manifest. This is an eatable mush- 
room; but not the most common. ’ 

campestris, pileus fleshy, flattish, having dark-yellow scales: lamellae becoming 
yellowish-red: stipe short; the ring-volva rather incomplete. This is the 
common eatable mushroom. 

precox, somewhat in groups; pileus fleshy, hemispheric, tan-yellow, at first 
white: lamelle flat, thin, watery-soot-yellow: stipe solid, somewhat tenaci- 
ous; ring-volva fugaceous. 

latericius, cespitose, large ; pileus fleshy, sub-viscous, brick-colour ; margin 
yellow: lamelle distinct, somewhat nebulose, becoming greenish-cinereous : 
stipe long, sub-solid; ring fugaceous, becoming black, 

fascicularis, small, cespitose ; pileous somewhat fleshy, bossed, reddish-yellow : 

~ Jamelle nebulose, becoming green: stipe hollow, slender: the curtain-like 
volva becoming black. 


(Pileus mostly fragile, membranaceous, sub-aquose: stipe naked.) 


aenticulatus, slender; pileus hemispheric, livid purple: lamellz toothed at the 
margin: stipe hollow, sooty-yellow. 

gracilis, wholly fragile ; pileas membranaceous, campanulate, acute, very soft : 
lamelle linear, becoming dark-cinereous: stipe very long, glabrous. Pileus 
varies to flesh-colour, dark reddish-yellow, white, &c. 

7. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed : lamella becoming milky. 

piperatus, pileus funnel-form, expanded at the margin, glabrous, white : lamel- 
le crowded, forked, white becoming pale. 

subdulcis, pileus funnel-form, becoming reddish-yellew : lamelle pale flesh-ce- 
lour : juice sweetish. 

$. Pilleus fleshy, mostly depressed: lamelle of equal length, white, becoming 

dry : stipe naked, white. 

yosacens, pileus convex, flat, smoothish, rose-coloured or pale red : lameliz antl 
stipe white. ; 

9. Pileus entire, membranaceous, mostly striate, funnel-form er umbilieate : /a- 
melle of equal length, not becoming milky, mostly decurrent: stipe naked 
central. Small. 


AGABICUS, AGRIMONTA. OF 


evtula, cespitose, white; pileus deeply furrowed : lamellz united in a tube sur- 
rounding the stipe: stipe becoming black. 

endrosaceous, in groups, permanent; pileus flattish, sub-plicate, white, obso- 
letely bossed: lamellee simple, all attached: stipe becoming dark liver- 
brown. 

epiphyllus, in groups, minute, white; pileus membranace Dus, convex, at length 
sub-umbilicate: lamelle few, ramose : stipe becoantiait os i 

campanella, in groups; pileus hemispheric, umbilicate, striate, rust-coloured : 
lamelle decurrent: stipe hollow, chesnut-brown. 


10. Pileus fleshy, depressed, oblique, entire or halved : stipe naked, not attach- 
ed to the centre of the pileus, lateral or none. J 


(Pileus entire: stipé not in the centre.) 


énconstans, largish ; pileus sub-tenacious, depressed, entire or halved, lobed, 
zigzag, somewhat reddish-yellow : lamellz sub-ramose, crisped at the base, 
white, and somewhat shining. ? 


(Pileus halved : stipe marginal: lamelle decurrent, diverging from tho side of 
the pileus.) 


Alabelliformis, sub-stiped ; pileus ffattish, torn in various forms ; margin crenate : 
lamelle 3-cleft, pale, sub-crenate : stipe short or none. 

spathulatus, erect, spathe-form ; pileus pale tan-colour ; the middle part spongy 
and scaly: stipe perpendicular, channelled. 

snollis, in groups, soft; pileus glabrous, gibbose, pale: lamelle watery-cinna- 
mon-colour. iA a 

styptacus, cespitose ; pileus sub-coriaceous, emarginate, tan-colour, sub-farina- 
ceous: lamelle very thin, veiny, connected, cinnamon-colour : stipe com- 
pressed, ascending, dilated at the apex. 

enitis, in groups, all over white ; pileus somewhat fieshy, glabrous, smooth : la- 
mellz simple: stipe horizontal, dilated at the apex. 


{Pileus halved, somewhat corky.) 


alneus, coriaceous, tomentose, whitish-grey: lamellz split, revolute at the mar- 
gin. Becoming purple-cinereous. 

abietinus, sub-cespitose, dark sooty-yellow ; pileus glabrous, smooth: lamellx 
glaucous : branching in the young state. 

coriaceus, coriaceous, marked with zones, tomentose, pale : lamellz sub-ramose, 
pale-woody. _ » wee 

sepiarius, coriaceous, hard, flat both sides; pileus strigose-tomentose, chesnut- 
brown: lameliz crowded, ramose, becoming yellow. 

Merulius. 


6—1. AGave. 10. 17. 


virginica, (agave. y-g. S. 2{.) stemless: leaves with cartilaginous serratures : 
scape very simple. S. Phalangium. 


11—2. Agcrimonia. 35. 92. 


eupatoria, (agrimony. O. y. Ju. 2{.) cauline leaves interruptedly pinnate, the 
terminal leafet petioled : leafets obovate, gash-toothed, almost glabrous: flow- 
ers sub-sessile ; petals twice as long as the calyx: fruit hispid. 2f S. 

parviflora, A. (dotted agrimony. y. Ju. 2{.) cauiine leaves pinnate : leafets 
mostly lanceolate, serrate ; termina! ones sessii petals one and a half the 
length of the calyx. 


Southern. 

suaveolens, (E. y. Ju. 2{.) stem very hispid: leaves interruptedly pinnate ; 
leafets numerous, harrow, lanceolate, acutely toothed, scabrous above, ant 
pubescent beneath: fruit turbinate, smoot: ot the base. 5 f,, 


9 


Crataegus, 


af 


gg AGROPYRON, AGROSTiSs. 


3—2. AGropyron. 4. 10. 


repens, Pb. (couch-grass, quack-grass. O. J. 2(.) spikelets oblong, 5-flower- 
ed: glumes subulate, many-nerved : florets acuminate: leaves flat: root and’ 
base of the stemcreeping. 2f. This isthe Triticum repens. Troublesome 
to farmers in rich soils—very usefu! for binding the banks of canals and sandy 
soils. WS. ~ 

caninum, Rs. (E. 2{.) spikelets about 5-flowered, compressed: glumes 3- 
nerved, bristled at the tip: florets bristled at the tip: root fibrous. 2f. S. 

Secale. 
10—5. AGrosTEmMMa. 22. 82. 


githago, (cockle. O. rv. J. 3%.) hirsute : calyx longer than the coro]: petals 
entire. WN. 


Exotic. : 
coronaria, (rose campion. Au. (.) tomentose : leaves lance-oyate : petals 
emarginate. Oxalis. 


3—2. Acsrostis.* 4. 10. 


stricta, W. (E. J.2{.) panicle elongated, strait: calyx equal : corol smaller 
than the calyx, with unequal valves, and an awn at the base of the outer one 
longer than the flower. 
vulgaris, 8. (red-top. O. J. 2{.) panicle with smoothish branches, spreading in 
maturity : ovter valve of the corol 3-nerved: stipule short, truncate. 18. i. 
alba, (white-top, bonvet grass. O. J. 2{.) panicle with hispid, spreading, lax- 
branches : outer valve of the corol 5-nerved: stipule oblong. 18i. Var. 
decumbens, (fiorin grass) stem decumbent. This variety is considered as a 
distinct species by some, and called stolonifera. S. 
lateriflora, Mx. (Au. 2{.) culm erect, branched above, sending off shoots at 
the base : panicle lateral and terminal, dense: calyx acuminate : corol long- 
er than the calyx, equal, hairy at the base, awnless. Root creeping. Leaves 
broad wit scabrous margins and compressed sheaths. 2 f.—2mexicana, per- 
haps a synonym, is too vague in its application to be retained. Var. filiform- 
is, has a very slender panicle, and the corol nearly equalling the cailyx— 
sometiines the culm is sub-decumbent. Swamps. S. 
sobolifera, Mi. (Au. 2[.) stem sending off shoots, and sometimes decumbent, at 
the base: but mostly erect, branched : spanicle contracted, filiform, simple ; 
branches compressed : coro] longer than the equivalved calyx, hairy at the 
base, valves equa!, awnless, mucronate. Resembles Var. filiformés of the 
lateriflora. Woods. 
tenuiflora, W. (Ju. 2{.) culm almost simple, hairy at the joints; branches, 
when present, close-pressed : stipules obsolete : panicle contracted, with 
filiform branches : corol considerably longer than the calyx ; the lower valve 
with an awn twice as long as the flower. 3f. Woods. WN. 
sylvatica, T. (A. 2{.) culm erect, much branched, diffuse, smooth (glabrous?) 
_ Stipule lacerated : panicle with filiform branches: coro] longer than the ca- 
lyx ; with awns thrice as long as the flower, The diffusa. M. 3 f. 
compressa, 'T. (S.2{.) whole plant glabrous: culm erect, compressed, sim- 
ple : panicle oblong, sub-contracted, with capillary branches: calyx equal, 
shorter than the corol, acute : corol sub-obtuse, smooth (glabrous?) at the 
base. Stem sending off shoots at the base. 18i. Swampsin sandy plains. 
~ serotina, T. (S. 2{.) culm filiform, much compressed : leaves narrow, keeled, 
erect : panicle attenuated ; branches capillary, erect, with alternating 
branchlets : calyx unequal, half as long as the awnless corol. 18 i. Swamps 
in sandy plains, . 
Juncea, Mx. (Oc, 2{.) leaves strait, erect, setaceous, convolute : icle leng- 


“TI follow Torrey in all the norfhern species, implicitly. 


AGROSTIS, AIRA. 99 


pyramidal, whorled : flowers awnless ; calyx half as loug asthe corol. The 
indica of a of?) ; OE: shpeerd 

verginic ica ’) culms sub-cespistose, numerous, procumbent atthe base 
and een above : leaves pS Sl involute, rigid : panicles lateral 
and terminal, spike-form—lateral ones concealed: calyx with equal valves 
and about equalling the coro]. No stipules; stamens minute. Has been 
mistaken for pungens. Sandy. WS. 7 

dongifolia, T. (2{.) panicle contracted, spiked, generally concealed: coro] 
much longer than the calyx, sub-equal, glabrous, without spots or awns : 
leaves filiform, very long, recurved at the tips. ‘Torrey introduces this spe- 
cies to conjoin the supposed two species involuta and aspera. 3f. Sandy. 

clandestina, Sl. (S. 2{.) panicle spiked, partly concealed: corol unequal, 
much longer than the calyx, hairy and spotted, slightly awned: leaves very 
long rigid: stipule bearded. 2f. Sandy. WN. aie 

spica-venti, W. (bent grass. J. 3%.) panicles spreading : awn of the cuter pe- 
tal straight, stiffly erect, very long. 

canina, W. (Ju. 2{.) culm prostrate, sub-ramose: calyx elongated : petals 
with recurved awns on their backs. Wet. These two last species, Pursh 
says, were introduced. 

Southern. 

arachnoides, E. (E. Ap. 2[.) stem erect: panicle long, slender: calyx scarce- 
ly longer than the corol; the outer petal with a long weak spiderweb-like 
awn on the back. 6i. a 

trichopodes, E. (E. 8.) panicle long, diffuse, capillary: valves of the corol 
equal; the outer one with a short awn : leaves linear, flat. 3f. Stipules 
long, membranaceous. 

dispar, Mx. (E.) erect, large: panicle loose, somewhat in a whorled pyramid, 
many-flowered : glumes unawned, with the outer valve largest and one of the 
inner very small. : 

gwaucifiora, Ph. (E. Ju. 2f.) panicle with filiform, 1-flowered branches: corol 
awned, twice as long as the unequal calyx, hirsute: sheaths villous. 18i. 

cryptandria, 'T. &. J. (W.) panicle pyramidal with spreading, sub-alternate 
branches, hairy at the axils : flowers sub-racemed, unarmed : lower valve of 
the calyx very short ; upper one as long as the nearly equal corol : sheaths 
bearded at the throat. 3 f. 

airoides, T. & J. (W.) panicle pyramidal, with branches somewhat in pairs, 
spreading; naked at the axils: flowers solitary, unarmed; glumes unequal, 
mostiy shorter than the nearly equal corol: sheaths bearded at the throat. 

caespitosa, T. & 3. (W.) cespitose: culm branched, somewhat incurved : 
leaves involute, sub-dichotomous, pungent : panicle contracted : flowers 
awned. 4i.- 

érevifolia, N. (W.) leaves much shorter than the solid, compressed, cespitose 
culms : panicle with alternate, close-pressed, racemes: calyx equal, about 
halfas long as the corol. 1 f. Cinna. 


3—2. Arma. 4. 10. 


flexuosa, (hair-grass. O. J. 2{.) panicle spreading, trichotomous: branches 
Alexuose : calyx a little shorier than the florets, and about the length of the 
awn: leaves setaceous: culmnearly naked. 20i. S. 
* eaespitosa, (E. J, 2{.) panicle diffuse: florets about the length of the calyx : 
awn short, straight: leaves flat. Wet. 18i. 
aristulata, 'T. (Au 2f{.) panicle cayillary, spreading : branches whorled 
and flexuose : calyx 2-flowered, shorter than the florets: superior floret pedi- 
celled ; lower valve of the coro] truncate, laciniate, with an awn a little below 
‘the middle scarcely exsert. 2f. Onondagalake S. 
pumila, Ph. (J. 2{.) panicle small, fastigiate, few-fiowered : pedicels short : 
florets awnless, obtuse, twice as long as the calyx : valves with membrana- 
ceous margins: leaves flat, smooth: culm erect, scarcely longer thanthe | 
leaves, 11. In close tufts, F 


mi 


4 


B 


106 AIBA, ALLIONTA: 


? Southern. 

capillacea, Lk. (E.) panicle capillary, very large, diffuse: florets not awned. 
longer than the calyx ; one on a footstalk. 81. 

abtusaia, Mx. (March. 2{.) leaves flat: panicle contracted: flowers smooth, 
obtuse ; the interior valve of the calyx obliquely trungate. 2 f. 

aquatica, W. (M. 2{.) panicles spreading, half-whorled: flowers beardless, 
obtuse, smooth, longer than the calyx: leaves flat: culm creeping. Water. 

Lolium. 
13—1. Asuea. 42, 39, 


chamaepithys, W. (E. y. J. %.) leaves 3-cleft : flowers axillary, solitary, shorter 
than the leaves : stem diffused. Synandra. 


4—]. ALCHEMILLA. 35. 92. 


alpina, (lady’s mouth. A. w. 2{:) leaves digitate, serrate at the extremities, 
white-satiny beneath. Ictodes. 


2i—5. AxrectToria. 57. 2. 


jubata, (negro-hair.) frond terete, glossy, livid-brown and black, very branch- 
ing ; branches filiform, pendulous, compressed at the axils: receptacles ot 
the same colour, at length convex, entire atthe margin. Found on fire-wood 
brought to market in Troy and Albany. Var. chalybeiformis, frond and its 
branches more simple, zigzag, twisted, complicate, somewhat rigid, lead- 
brown, decumbent. 

usneoides, frond flat-compressed, striate longitudinally, very branching, pale- 
white: branches fibrous: receptacles flat, of the same colour, entire. On 


trees. Ramalina, 
6—1. AweTrRis. 10. 16. 


farinosa, (false aloe, unicorn-root, false star-grass. y. 2{.) stemless: leaves 
linear-lanceolate, beg ag at the tips: scape with alternate pedicelled, 
mostly farinaceous, flowers, This plant grows plentifully in Brimfield, (Mass. } 
Here the inhabitants use the root as a tonic, which at the same time serves 
as a moderate cathartic. The root is intensely bitter. Meadows. S. 

aurea, Mx. (yellow star-root.°y. Ju. 2{.) flowers sub-sessile, short-tubular, sub- 
campanulate : fertile corols rugose, very scabrous : leaves lance-ensiform, 
acute. A. Hemerocallis. 


G18! : “AgismA.. t.5;-3a. 


plantago, (water plantain. O. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves ovate or heart-ovate, ob- 

~ tuse or abruptly acuminate, 5 to 9-nerved : fruit 3-cornered : flowers whorled. 
Var. parviflora, flowers smaller: leaves about 5 or 7-nerved. Difference 
scarcely sufficient fora variety. Wet andwater. S. 

subulata, Clayton, (E. A.) small: leaves linear, subulate : umbels simple. Wet. 
Flowers large. S. 

natans, W. (L. Ju. 2{.) leaves ovate, obtuse: peduncles solitary. Water, or 
wet. Trientalis. 

4—1. Attonra. 48. 56. 
Southern. 

albida, Wr. (E. Ap. 3%?) leaves opposite, obiong-lanceolate, sub-scabrous : pe- 
duncles opposite, sojitary and clustered : involucre 5-cleft. 

nyctagynia, Mx. (W. Ju. 2{.) stem erect: leaves broad-cordate, acute, gla- 
brous : peduncles solitary : fruit-bearing calyx sub-hirsute much smaller 
than the broad involucre. Resembles Mirabilis. : 

ovata, Ph. (W. Au. 3%.) stem diffused, dichotomous : leaves ovate, a little sca- 
brous or naked : flowers terminal ; fascicle-racemed: involucre half 5-cleft ; 
divisions round, acutish, net-veined. 

inearis, Ph. (W.) Stem erect, terete : eaves linear, somewhat fleshy : flowers 
racemed ; pedicelis aggregated: stamens very exsert. ' 

hirsuta, Ph. (W.) stem erect, angied: leaves lanceolate, nerved, hirsute both 
sides : calyx very hirsute, sub-3-flowered. Rubia. 


ALLIUM, ALNUS. 101 


6-1. Aturom. 9. 16. 


canadense, (meadow garlic. W. M. 2{.) scape naked, terete: leaves linear; 
head bulbiferous. 18i. S. 

vineale, (field garlic. p. J. 2{.) cauline leaves rounded, fistulous : umbels bulb- 
iferous : stamens alternately tricuspidate. 8 i. 

triflorum, (mountain leek, A. M. 2{.) scape naked, terete, shorter than the 
leaves: leaves lanceolate, nerved: umbels few-flowered. 

cernuum, Roth. (r. Ju. 2{.) scape naked, quadrangular, umbelliferous : leaves 
linear, nearly flat: umbel cernuous: stamens simple: germ6-toothed. 18 i. 


fricoccum, A. (three-seed leek A.w.J. 2{.) scape naked, nearly terete : 

leaves lanceolate-oblong, flat, smooth: umbel globose : seeds solitary. 
Exotic. 

cepa, (garden onion. Ju. 2{.) scape naked, swelling towards the base, longer 
than the terete leaves. 

Jistulosum, (welch omion. 2{.) scape naked, equalling the terete ventricose 
leaves. 

scheenoprasum, (cives. Ju. 2{.) scape naked, equalliag the leaves which are 
terete-filiform. 

oleraceum, (striped onion. 2{.) stem terete-leaved, bulb-bearing : leaves sca- 
brous, semi-terete, sulcate beneath: stamens simple. 

ascalonicum, (shallot. Ju. 2{) scape naked, terete: leaves subulate : umbels 
globose : stamens tricuspidate. — 

porrum, (leek. Ju. 2{.) stem flat-leaved, umbelliferous: stamens tricuspidate : 
leaves sheathing at the base. 

sativum, (garlic. Ju. 2{.) stem flat-leaved, bulb-bearing ; bulb compound : sta- 
mens tricuspidate. 

fragrans, (false snowdrop. w. M. 2{.) scape terete : leaves linear, keeled, ob- 
tuse, contorted: peduncles naked : stamens flat. 

senescens, (false narcissus. 2[.) scape naked, 2-edged : leaves linear, convex 
under side, smooth : umbel round : stamens subulate. 


Southern. 

striatum, Ph. (E. w. March. 2{.) scape naked, slightly 3-aneled: leaves linear 
concaye, streaked on the back: coro! expanding : stamens simple. included. 

snutabile, Mx. (E. g-r M. 2{.) scape terete : leaves linear, flat: umbe] Many- 
flowered: stamens simple, included: seeds solitary. 2 f. 

stellatum, leaf linear, channelled, keeled underside: flowers in fastigiate um- 
bels, numerous: spathe acute : the 3 outer petals shorter, sub-obtuse : cap- 
sule turbinate-3-sided : cells 2-seeded 

" angulosum, (2{.) scape naked, 2-edged : leaves linear, channelled, sub-angu- 

Jar beneath: umbels fastigiate. Damp. Hypoxis. 


19—4, Abznus, W. (1) 50. 99, 


éneana, W. (5) leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath : axils of the veins 
naked ; stipules lanceolate. ‘ 

undulata, W. (2) (waved alder. Muh. says it grows in New Engtand. b.) 
leaves oblong, acute, rounded at the base : petioles and veins hairy beneath 
axils of the veins naked: stipules ovate-obiong. 

serrulata, (alder O. r-g. Ap. 5.) leaves obovate, acuminate : veins and their 
axils hairy beneath: stipules oval, obtuse.. 9 f. S. 

glutinosa, (Ap. 5.) leaves round-wedge-form, obtuse, glutinous : axils of the 
veins downy. 
lauca, Mx. (A. March. 5.) leaves oblong, acute, doubly serrate, glaucous 

beneath; axils of the veins naked: stipulesnaked. Called black alder, 


Behmeria. 


3 


pers: 
{1) Betula, L. (2) crispa. 


i102 ALOPECURUS, AMABRANTHUS. 


3—2. ALopEcurRus. 4. 10. 
pratensis, (meadow grass, foxtail. J. 2{.) culmerect, smooth : spike cylindric, 
obtuse, lobed : calyx ciliate, somewhat villose, connate below the middle: 
corol as long as the calyx. 
geniculatus, M. (floating foxtail. Ju. 2{.) culm ascendimg, geniculate; spike 
cylindrical: glumes a little connate at the base, hairy on the back and mar- 
gin: corol truncate: stylesfree. i8i. S. Phieum. 


Alsine. STELLARIA. 
15—13. AutrHza. 37. 74. 


officinalis, (marsh-mallows. 2{.) leaves downy, oblong-ovate ; obsoletely 3- 
lobed, toothed. 
Exotic. 
rosea, (hollyhock. gi.) stem erect: leaves rovgh, heart-form, 5 to 7-angled ; 
crenate. ‘ 
ficifolia, (fig-hollyhock. ¢ ) leayes 7-lobed, sub-palmate, obtuse. ee 
alva. 
14—1, Atyssum. 39. 63, 


fryperboreum, W. (W.) stem herbaceous: leaves hoary, toothed: stamens 4, 
2-forked. ar. 

dentatum, N. (E. 2{.) stem erect: racemes panicled, axillary : radical leaves 
sub-runcinate ; caulime ones lance-linear, sessile, sub-entire : silicle terminat- 
ed by a style about its own length, and witha peduncle stil! longer. Dra- 
ba? 

ludovicianum, N. (W.y. Ap. 2f.) silver-downy : stems numerous, simple, an- 
gular: leaves linear-spatulate, entire, obtuse, attenuated. Myagrutn ? 

Lepidium. 
2i—6. AMANITA. 58. i: 
1. Stipe surrounded with a distinct volva at the base, naked at the top. 


fixida, pileus bossed, flattish, striate, lead-livid: lamelie white: stipe long, 
white. Margins of woods. ; $ 

spadicea, pileus sub-campanulate, bossed, striate, fragile, chesnut-brown: la- 
mellz white: stipe scaly, sooty-yellow. 

pusilla, pileus hemispheric, bossed : lamelle ventricose, rose colour : stipe 
shortish, white : volva often 4-cleft. In gardens, &c. autumn. 


2. Stipe with a manifest volva at the base, and a ring at the top. 


fulbosa, wholly white; pileus convex : stipe elongated, attenuated, bulbous. 
“ Woodsin autumn. Stipe about 3 inches fong, quarter thick. 
citrina, pileus glabrous, citron-yellow : lamelle white : stipe white. 


3. Stipe with a ring at the top, volva af the base obliterated : warts on the 
pileus small, equal. 


embrina, pileus flattish, from sooty-yellow becoming chesnut-brown : warts, 
lamella, and stipe, white. In beech wood. 
aspera, pileus fleshy, compact, bossed, dark reddish-yellow, rough with acute 
warts : lamell# crowded, white : stipe long, sub-bulbous having fibres. 
Agaricus. 
19—5. Amarnantuus. 54. 80. 


dibus, W. (white coxcomb. g-w. Ju. #.) glomerules axillary, triandrous : 
leaves obovate, retuse : stem 4-cornered, simple. Common garden weed. 

grecizans, W. (Au. 3%.) glomerules axillary, triandrous : flowers 3-cleft: 
leaves obovate, emarginate: stem teretish, branching. 

oleraceus, {pot amaranth. Ju. #%.) glomerules axillary, branching : leaves 
pe oblong, very obtuse, emarginate. Sometimes the flowers are pen- 
tandrous. 


q 


AMARANTHUS, AMBROSIA, 103 


lybridus, W. (Ju. %.) racemes pentandrous, doubly compound, heaped to- 
gether, erect : leaves ovate-lanceolate. 

paniculatus, W. (Ju. s) racemes pentandrous, triply-compound : branches 
spreading, pubescent: leaves ovate, lanceolate. 

retrofiexus, W. (rough amaranth. O. Au. 3%.) racemes pentandrons, triply- 
compound, copapa te erect: branches pubescent : leaves ovate, undulate. 

hypochondriacus, W. (spleen amaranth. Au. 2.) racemes pentandrous, com- 
pound, compact, erect : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate. Leaves red. 
(False prince’s-feather. ) 

spinosus, W. (Au. 3%.) racemes pentandrous, terminal, compound : axils spi- 
nose. 

pumilus, R. (dwarf amaranth. g.) glomerules axillary: flowers pentandrous : 
calyx 5-leaved, concave : leaves ovate, obtuse, smooth and fleshy, sometimes 
retuse. Scarcely twelve inches high. 

sanguineus, (g. Ju. 3%.) flowers pentandrous, in decompound, erect, clustered 
racemes: leaves ovateslanceolate. 

élitum, (g. Ju. 3.) racemes triandrous, sub-spiked : flowers 3-leaved ; leaves 
ovate, retuse : stem spreading, or prostrate. 


Exotic. ; 
melancholicus, (love-lies-bleeding. r. 3%.) glomerules axiilary, peduncled, 
roundish: leaves lance-ovate, coloured. 
tricolor, (three-coloured coxcomb. Ju. 3%.) glomerules sessile : leaves lance- 
oblong, coloured. 
lividus, (lead amaranth. Ju. 3%.) glomerules triandrous, sub-spiked, roundish ; 
leaves oval, retuse: stem erect. Xanthium. 


6—1. AMARYLLIS. 9. 17. 


atamasco, (atamasco lily. w. & r. J. 2{.) spathe 2-cleft, acute: flower pedi- 
celled: corol bell-form, sub-equal, erect: stamens declined. S, 


; Exotic. 
Jormosissima, (jacobea. 2{.) spathe 1-flowered : corol ringent-like : petals de- 
clined. Allium. 


19—5. Amprosra. 54. 98. 


trifida, W. (g-y. S. 3%.) bristly, rough : leaves 3-lobed, serrate; lobes oval 
lanceolate, acuminate : fruit 6-spined, beneath the apex. From 5 to8 feet 
bigh. 

integrifolia, W. (Ju. 3%.) leaves ovate, sessile, acuminate, serrate, bristly on 
both sides, ciliate at the base : racemes terminal, sometimesternate. Flow- 
ers very inconspicuous. 

elatior, W. (hogweed. O. S. 3%.) leaves doubly pinnatifid, smoothish : peti- 
oles long, ciliated : racemes terminal, panicled : stem wand-like. SS. 

artemistfolia, W. (S. 3%.) leaves doubly-pinnatifid, hoary beneath, at the sum- 
mit pronatifid : racemes terminal in threes: branches level-topped. S. 

paniculata, W. {J. 3%) leaves glabrous, doubly pinnatifid, pinnatifid at the sum- 
mit : racemes terminal, solitary : branches level-topped. 

heterophylla, W. (S. 3% ) cauline leaves pinnatifid, sub-toothed, petioled; on 
the upper branches lanceolate sessile : petioles long ciliate : racemes termin- 
al, solitary : stem panicled. 

didentata, Mx. (W. Ju. 3%.) very hirsute : leaves closely sessile, simple, oblong 
one-toothed on each side above the spreading base : fruit 4-cornered, 4 spined 
below the apex. ; 


a Southern. 
hispida, Ph. (E. w. 3%.) white-hispid on ali parts: leaves 2-pinnatifid: diyis. 
ions gashed : racemes sub-panicled, terminal. Flowers large. 1. f. : 
tomentosa, N. (W. 2{.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, under side white, downy: spike 
solitary, 13%, . Schisandra, 


a 


? 


104 AMMANIA, AMSONTA. 


Amellus. EciiptTs. 
4—1. Ammania. 17. 91. 


samosior, (E. w-p. Au. #.) stem erect, thick, subterete : leaves lanceolate, di- 

~ Jated at the base ; lower flowers compactly whorled&’ Salt meadows. 6G i. 

Jumilis, Mx. (E. w-r. Au. 3. co.) stem procumbent at the base, branched, 
slender, quadrangular: leaves lanceolate, slender at the base : flowers solita- 
yy. Stemred. 61. Petela. 


Ammi. Sison. 
Ammyrsine. LELOPHILEUM. 


16—10. AmorPHa. 32. 93. 


fruticosa, (Var. emarginata, T.) (E. P. Ju. 5.) smooth, sub-arborescent: leaves 
etioled, emarginate ; spikes aggregated, long : calyx hoary, pedicelled, one 
of the teeth acuminate, the rest obtuse : legume few-seeded. S. 


Southern. 
pubescens, Ph. (E. w. J. 5?) small shrubby ; leaves on very short petioles, 
obtuse at each end, hairy: spikes long, *panicled, hairy: calyx sub-sessile 
with acuminate teeth. 3 f. 
nana, N. (W. p-b. M. 6.) leafets sub-ovate or oval, mucronate and smooth : 
spikes solitary and aggregated : flowers pedieelled : teeth of the calyx seta- 
ceously acuminate : legume 1-seeded. On grassy woodless hills. 91. 
canescens, N. (W.b. )?) somewhat woody, white-villous; leafets near each 
other, sub-sessile, oval-ovate, mucronate : spikes aggregated: flowers sub- 
sessile : teeth of the calyx equal; ovate, acute. 181. = 
Lupinus. 


5—1. Ampetopsis. Mx. 46. 72. 


quinquefolia, M. (1) (false grape, creeper. O. w. Ju. 5.) leaves in fives, toot!- 
ed: stemrooting, climbing. S. Var. hirsuta. 
cordata, Mx. (W. b ) leaves cordate, acuminate, toothed and angular: nerves 


a” pubescent beneath : racemes 2-parted. 


’ Southern. 
hipinnata, Mx (E. J. 5.) leaves doubly pinnate: leafets lance-ovate, deeply 
toothed and lobed: flowers in corymbs. 0 ig 


16—10. AmpuicarPa. N. (2) 32. 93. 


monoica (wild bean-vine. O. b. & w. Ju. 3%.) stem slender, twining, hairy 
backwards: leaves ternate, ovate, nearly smooth ; stipules ovate, striate. 
Var. c a, has hirsute leaves. Twining. 4f. 

sarmentosa, W. (w. Au.) leaves ternate, ovate, glabrous: racemes filiform, 


generally 3-flowered ; flowers apetalous : pods oblong, 2-seeded. ‘Twining. 
Galactia. 


18—5. Amsonra. 30, 47. 


Southern, ’ 
latifolia, Ph. (E.b. Ap. 2{.) stem glabrous: leaves lance-oval, upper ones 
acuminate, pubescent on the under surface of the nerves. 2 f. 
salicifolia, Ph. (E. b, M.) stem smooth : leaves lance-linear, acute at each end, 
very glabrous. 
angustifolia, Mx. (E. b. Ap.) stem hairy ; leaves narrow-linear, numerous, erect, 
hairy. 2f. Stylandra. 
el 
(1) Hedera quinquefolia, L. Cissus hederacea, P. Vitis quin. Lk. 
(2) Glycine, L. 


“§% 


AMYGDALUS, ANDROMEDA, 105 


11—1. Amyepatus. 36, 92. 


; Exotic. 
persica (peach r. M, b.) serratures of the leaves all acute, flowers sessile, sol- 
itary. 15 f. 
nana (flowering almond. b.) leaves ovate, tapering to the base, sharply ser- 
rate. 3f. Armeniaca, 


5—1. AMAGALLIS. 20. 34. 


arvensis (red chickweed, scarlet pimpernell, r. J. 3.) stem spreading, naked, 
procumbent: petals entire, flat, with hairs at the margin. WS. 
Lysimachia. 


Anatherix. PopostTIGgMA. 
Anatherum. ANDROPOGON. 
5—1. AncHusa. 41. 42. 


Exotic. 
officinalis (buglos. y. 2{.) leaves lanceolate: spikes imbricate, one-sided; 
bracts ovate. Symphitum. 


Andrewsia. - BARTONIA. | 
5—1,. Anprocera. N, 28. 41. 


Southern. 
lobata, N. (W. J. 3%.) prickly, hirsute: leaves in pairs, lobe-pinnatifid; seg- 
ments obtuse, obso!etely crenate, undulated: rascemes lateral, many-flower- 
ed. The Solanum heterandrum of Ph. Campanata. 


10—1.. AnprRomepa. 18. 51. 


hypnoides, W. (moss-bush, Whitehills. Au. 5.) leaves imbricate subulate, gla- 
brous : peduncles solitary, terminal, 1-flowered: corol nodding, globose-bell- 
form. Small, creeping. . 

mariana, W. (J. b.) leaves oval, entire, sub-acute at beth ends, glabrous, 
leathery, paler beneath : flower-bearing branches almost leafless; peduncles 
fascicled: corol ovate-cylindric : calyx leafy: anthers beardless: capsule 
ovate, and resembling the form ofa pine-apple. One variety has narrow lan- 
ceolate leaves. S. 

polifolia, Mx. (A. r-w. M. 5.) leaves linear-lanceolate, convex, revolute, white- 
glaucous beneath and hoary-glaucous above: flewers aggregate, terminal : co- 
rol sub-globose : anthers bearded towards the top. One foot high. Wet. 

arborea, W. (sorrel tree. w. Ju. 5 ) branches terete : leaves oblong, acuminate, 
mucronate-serrate, glabrous: panicles terminal, many-spiked: corol ovate- 
cylindric, pubescent: anthers linear, beardless. About 40 feet high, with 
acid leaves. 3 

panciulata, M. (1) (white bush. O. w. J. 5.) pubescent : leaves obovate-lan- 
ceolate, acute, sub-entire : flower bearing branches terminal panicled, naked- 
ish: glomerules peduncled : coro! sub-globular, pubescent: anthers obtuse, 
beardless. A shrub running into several varieties—flowers small. S. 

racemosa, W. (O. w. J. 5) leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, mem- 
branaceous, glabrous : spikes terminal, one-way, elongated, simple or branch- 
ed: bracts linear, acute: corol cylindric: calyx acute, with bracts at the 

‘ base: anthers doubly 4-bearded at the apex. A middling sized shrub, odo- 

riferous. Wet. S. . 

calyculata, W. (leather leaf.O. w. M. b.) leaves lanceolate-oblong, obsoletely 
serrulate, sub-revolute, with scaly dots, rust-coloured beneath : racemes ter 
minal, leafy, turned one-way : pedicels short, solitary, axillary: calyx acute, 
2-bracted at the base: bracts broad-ovate, acuminate: corol eblong-cylin- 
dric. Wet. 2f. S&S. 


(1) Lyonia paniculata, N. 


‘ 


| a 
106 ANDROMEDA, ANDROPOGON. 


Southern. 

augustifolia, (E. Ap.) leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, with scaly dots : bracts 
2 an minute, acute : racemes terminal, leafy, secund: peduncles solitary, 
axillary. 

nilida, W. ie w. r. March. 5.) very glabrous: biinches flexuous, 3-angled ; 
leaves oval, acuminate, entire, 3-nerved : peduncies clustered, 1-flowered, 
axillary: coro! cylindrical : anthers at the base 2-horned. 5f. 

rhomboidalis, P. (£.) flower-bearing branches 3-angled : leaves rhomboid 
and lanceolate, entire, glabrous, terminated by a gland: peduncles cluster- 
ed, axillary. 

axillaris, (E. w. March. 5.) leaves oval-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, 
lucid, with spiny serratures: racemes axillary, closely flowered: corol ob- 
long-ovate : anthers at the summit 2-horned. 3 f. 

acuminata, Ph. (E. w. Ap. b.) very glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, tapering to- 
wards the apex and acuminate, ¢nearly entire, coriaceous, reticulate: ra- 
i axillary : corol cylindrical: anthers unawned, gibbous near the base. 
il f. 

Hloribunda, Ph, (E. w. M.) very glabrous : leaves oblong ovate, acute, slicht- 
ly oe coriaceous: racemes secund, axillary, and forming terminal 

anicles, 

fraps, (E. w. J. b.) shrubby: leaves coriaceous, distant, on long pe- 
tioles, obovate, generally obtuse, etitire, with dust-like scales, and veiny be- 
neath : pedicels aggregate, 1-flowered, axillary: corol globose: anthers un- 
awned. Sand. 4f. 

rigida, Ph. (E. Ap. b.) leaves crowded on short petioles, lanceolate, acute 
at both ends, scaly and tomentose beneath, without veins : pedicels aggre- 
gate, axillary, 1-flowered: corol nearly globose: anthers unawned. 18 f. 

ligustrina, (E. w. M_ b.) pubescent: leaves obovate, lanceolate, acuminate, 
very finely serrulate ; flower-bearing branches terminal, paniculate, naked: 
corol nearly globose: anthers unawned. 10 f. 

Ffrondosa, M. (E. w. M. b.) pubescent: leaves obevate-lanceolate, acute, 
serrulate, tomentose ; flower-bearing branches paniculaie, leafy: coro} glo- 
bose: anthersawned. 4f. 

speciosa, (E. w. b.) leaves oval-obtuse, mucronate, crenate, reticulate: ra- 
cemes naked, aggregate: corol campanulate : anthers 4-awned. 4 f. 

tetragona, (W. w. M. b.) leaves imbricate, keeled, naked at the margin : pe- 
duncles axillary, solitary, filiform, 1-flowered: coro] nodding, peg res 

almia. 


3—2. Anpropocon. 4. 10. 


oparius, Mx. (O. Au. 2{.) spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedunculate, 

ee pairs: rachis hairy: abortive floret neuter: valves awned. Purpuras- 
cens. N. 

wirginicus, (broom-grass. 2{.) culm compressed: superior leaves and sheaths 
smooth: spikes short, 2 or 3 from each sheath, partly concealed at the base : 
rachis sub-terete: abortive flower a mere pedicel without valves: perfect 
flowers monandrous. 

Furcatus, W. (O Au. 2{.) spikes digitate, generally by fours: abortive flower 
staminiferous, awnless, resembling the perfect one, the awn of which is sub- 
contorted. WS. 

macrourus, Mx. (indian-grass. S. 2.) spikes fasciculate, in dense lateral 
and terminal fastigiate panicles: flowers monandrous : awa straight: abor- 
tive floret without valves. SS. : 

nut (Au. 2.) panicle oblong, branched, nodding : spikelets by pairs : 

a hairy, :ufescent: awn contorted. 


Southern. 
secundus, E. (E. S. 2{.) panicle sparingly branched, erect, secund: pedun- 


cles 3-flowered ; staminate flower subulate, villous; the perfect sessile 
one, with one valve very villous. 


.) ANDROPOGON, ANEMONE. 107 


ciliatus, E. (E. S. 2{.) panicle oblong, terminal: branches glabrous : flowers 
in pairs: calyx hairy: corol ciliate, witha contorted awn. 3 f. 

ambiguus, Mx. (E. 8. 2{ ?) spikes panicled : flower solitary, remote ; the exterior 
vaive of the coro] awned at its summit; the interior at its base. Sand, 
18 i. 

melanocarpus, (S.) spikes clustered: flowers solitary, with an involucre ; 
awn very long. 3f. 

ternarius, Mx. (A.) branches remotely alternate, 3-spiked; spikes conjugate ; 
hair of the involucre shorter than the glame : flowers triandrous. 

argenteus, E. (E. Oc. 2{.) panicle long, slender; branches solitary and in 

airs: spikes conjugate, longer than the sheath, covered with white silvery 
airs. 

vaginatus, E. (E. Oc. 2{.) panicle slender, close pressed : spikes solitary, con- 
jugate, sborter than the sheaths: flowers in pairs; the perfect one awned; 
the awn straight, scabrous. 

tetrastachyus, E. (E. Oc.) panicle slender, erect : spikes solitary, 4-cleft : flow- 

_ ers in pairs; the perfect one awned ; leaveshairy. 3 f. 

bicornis, W. (E.) spikes conjugate, panicled ; panicle bracted, corymbed, fas- 
tigiate: flowers ternate, awnless ; middle one perfect, sessile; lateral one 
neutral, pedicelled ; cilliae of the rachis very long. 

glaucus, 7. (W.) smooth, glaucous: culm sub-simple: nodes smooth: pa- 
nicle terminal, much exert, oblong; spikes alternate, crowded; awns long, 
twisted: abortive floret neuter unarmed, valved. 2f. Hordeum. 


5—1. Anprosace. 20. 34. 


Southern. 
occidentalis, Ph. (W. 3%.) very slenderiy pubescent: leaves (or involucres) 
rts., pealrania entire : perianths angled: capsule shorter than the ca- 
yx. 
carinata, T.& J, (James Peak. w. J. 2[.) leaves crowded, lance-ovate, acute, 
entire, keeled ; margin ciliate : umbels few-flowered ; leafets of the involucre 
linear-oblong : corol exceeding the ovate calyx ; divisions obovate, en- 


tire. eR 
septentrionalis, (W. 3%.) leaves lanceolate, toothed, glabrous, shining : pe- 
rianth angled, shorter than the corol. Phacelia. 


12—13. ANEMONE. 26. 61. 


virginiana, (wind-flower. O. g-w. Ju. 2{.) stem dichotomous : leaves in threes, 
ternate, upper ones opposite ; leafets gash-lobate and serrate-acute : pedun- 
cles solitary, 1-flowered, elongated: seed oblong, wooily, mucronate, in 
heads. 181 S. 

aconitifolsa, Mx. (1) O. w. J. 2{.) stem dichotomous: radical leaves pal- 
mate ; cauline leaves sessile, clasping, 3-cleft ; the lower ones ternate, with 
the lobes acute-lanceolate, gash-serrate; peduncles solitary, 1-flowered : 
seed in globose heads, naked, subulate-beaked. Flowers large. 15i. S, 

wichotoma, (2) (w-r. M. 2{.) siem dichotomous: cauline leaves all oppo- 
site, clasping, 3-cleft: lobes wedge-lanceolate, with the upper ones gash-ser- 
rate: peduncles solitary, 1-flowered : seed ina globose head, naked, recurv- 
ed-mucronate. 

nemorosa, (low anemone. O. r-w. M. 2{.) stem 1-flowered : cauline leaves in 
threes, ternate; leafets wedge-form, gash-lobed, toothed, acute: corol 5-6- 
petalled : seeds ovate, with a short style, hooked. A variety, guinguefolie, 
has lateral leafets deeply 2-cleft. 6i. S. 

lancifolia, (w. M. 2{.) stem 1-flowered: cauline leaves in threes, ternate : 
leafets lanceolate, crenate-toothed: corol 5-petalled: seeds ovate, with a 
short style hooked. ne eke. 


{1) pensylranica, EL. (2) irregularis, Lk, 


‘ 


108 ANEMONE, ANTHEMIS. 


thalictroides, (1) (rue anemone. O. w. M. 2{.) umbels involucred: radical 
leaves twice ternate, leafets sub-cordate, 3-toothed: involucre 6-leaved ; 
leafets petioled, uniform: umbel few-flowered: seed naked, striate: root 
tuberous. A variety, uniflora, has a 1-flowered involucre. 61. S. _ 

narcissifora, W. (W. w. Ap 2{.) flowers umbelled, involucred: radical 
leaves palmate-many-cleft, gashed ; divisions limear: inyolucres sessile, 
ashed: umbels few-flowered : pedicels longer than the involucre. 

cuneifolia, Ph. (w. Ap. 2[.) stem-1I-flowered, involucred : leaves ternate ; 
leafeis sessile, wedge-form, truncate-crenate at the apex : involucre 3-leav- 
ed: coro] 5-petalled: seed head-globose, acuminate, woolly, 


Exotic. 
horiensia, (garden anemone.) radical leaves digitate; divisions 3-cleft; cau- 
line ones ternate, lanceolate, connate, sub-divided: seed woolly. 


Southern. 

caroliniana, W. E. (2) (O. w. March. 2{.) leaves ternate; leafets notched 
and serrate : involucre 3-leaved, each 3-cleft: petals 14 to 20, oval ; the outer 
one sub-coriaceous, 

waltert, Ph. (E. 2{.) radical leaves palmate, long-petioled : scape long, erect, 
1-flowered : petals 3: root tuberous. 

Judoviciana, N. (W. r-b. Ap. 2[.) scape 1-flowered, involucred, soft-woolly ; 
leaves digitate, many-cleft, upper surface smooth; segments entire, linear, 
acute: petals 6, oblong-ovate, erect. Trollius, 


Anemone. HEPATICA. 


5—2. ANETHUM. 45. 60. 


Exotic. - 
graveolens, (dill.) fruit compressed: plant annual. 
foeniculum, (fennel.) fruit ovate: plant perennial. Peucedanum. 


5—2. Ancevica. 45. 60. 


ériquinata, Mx. (3) (angelica. O. w. Au. 2{.) stem terete, pubescent above : 
leaves ternate, very smooth ; partitions quinate ; leafets oblong-ovate, equal- 
ly serrate ; lower ones 2-lobec' at the base. 4f. SS, 

autropurpurea, (angelica. O. g-w. J. 2{.) stem smooth, coloured: leaves ter- 
nate; partitions sub-quinate: leafets ovate, acute, gash-serrate, sub-lobed ; 
3 terminal ones confluent: peticles very large, inflated. Wet meadows. 
Root purplish. This is the true aromatic angelica. 4f. 8S. 

lucida, (2{.) leafets equal, ovate, gash-serrate : radical leaves 3-pinnate, cau- 


line one 2-pinnate. 181i. S. 


Exotic. 
archangelica, (archangel. <7.) leaves with the odd terminal leafet lo bed. 
Cnidium. 
21—2. ANOECTANGIUM. 56. 4. 
filiforme, Mx: stem slendet-filiform : leaves closely imbricate, oval, denticulate 


in a similar-coloured point : capsule ciliate at the apex : lid sub-conic: ca- 
lyptre sub-villose. On rocks. Tetraphis. 


17—2. AntTuemis. 49. 55. 


arvensis, (w-y. Ju. of.) receptacle conic, chafl-lanceolate : seed crown-mar- 
gined: leaves 2-pinnate, sub-divided; segments lance-linear. 8 i. 

swetula, (mayweed. O. w. J. %.) receptacle conic, chafl-bristly: seed naked; 
leaves 2-pinnate, leafets subulate,3-parted. 10i. WS. 


(1) Thalictrum anemonoides, Mx. (2) tenella, Ph. (3) Ferula canadensis. 


See 
e ANTHEMIS, APIOS. 109 


} 


7) 
‘ 


Exotic. 
eobilis, (chamomile. w. Au. 2[.) leaves 2-pinnate ; leafeis 3-parted, linear. 
- subulate, sub-villous: stem branching at the base. Fragrant. In 1820, I 
saw this plant growing wild very extensively, in cultivated fields in Pitts. 
field, Mass. 41. Achillea, 
21—3. AnTHocERos. 57. 3. 


Zevis, (wax liverwort) frond flat, undivided, scarcely undulated at the margin: 
On the earth in damp shaded situations. 
punctatus, frond sinuate, undivided, crisped at the margin. On the earth 
where moist and shaded. 
carolinianus, Mx. fronds with short roundish lobes, margin sub-entire, scarce- 
ly punciured above ; the horn-form capsule about halfan inch in length. 
Marchantia. 


Anthopogon, GYMNOPOGON. 
2—2. ANTHOXANTHUM. 4. 10. 


edoratum, {sweet vernal grass. O. M. 2[.) spike oblong-ovate ; florets sub-pe- 
duncled, shorter than the awn. An American variety, altissimum, is larger 
and of a darkergreen. Ives. An elegant substitute for the Leghorn grass. 
Dewey. 10—i8i. S. Crypta. 


13—2. ANTIRRHINUM. 40. 40. 


elatine, W. (creeping snap-dragon. y. Ju. 3.) procumbent pilose : leaves al- 
ternate, hastate, entire : peduncles solitary, very long. 

linaria, (snap-dragon. y. Ju. 2[.) erect, glabrous : leaves scattered, lanceolate- 
linear, crowded together : spikes terminal, dense-flowered : catyx glabrous, 
shorter than the spur. Flowers large—(toad-flax.) Naturalized. 12— 
18 i. 

canadense, W.'(fiax snap-dragon. w-b. J. 2/.) rising in a curve, glabrous, sim- 
ple: leaves scattered irregularly, erect, narrow, linear, obtuse, remote - 
flowers racemed: scions procumbent. Flowers small. SS. 

Exotic. 

érianthophorum, (tiree-birds.) leaves whorled, lanceolate, 3-nerved : stem de- 

cumbent : racemes terminal, few-flowered. Flowers large. 
Collinsia. 
Anychia, QUERIA. 
17—1. Aparera. 49. 53. 


autumnalis, W. (1) (false hawkweed. Boston. y. J. 2f[.) scape branching, 
scaly: leaves lanceolate, runcinate-pinnatifid, smoothish. Naturalized. By. 


Southern. 
éenellum, Ph. (W. b. Ju. 3.) small, simple, glabrous: leaves opposite, linear, 
acute: flowers axillary, short peduncled : calyx bell-form. 
orontium, W. (E. p. Ju. %.) erect, branching, hairy : leaves alternate, lan- 
ceolate : flowers sub-spiked: calyx digitate, longer than the tailless corol. 


Leontodon. 
4—2. APHANEs. 
é Southern. 
arvensis, (ladie’s mantle. E. M. 3%.) leaves 3-parted : divisions 3-cleft, hairy ; 
flowers axillary, giomerate : monandrous. ilex. 
16—10. Apros. 32. 93. ei 


éuberosa, Ph. (ground-nut. O. dark p. Ju. 2f{.) stem twining: leaves pinnate, 
with 7 lance-ovate leafets : racemes shorter than the leaves: root tuberous, 


2 a) Leontodon, 


10 


110 | bf 


APIUM, ARABIS. @ 


farinaceous, in taste resembling the cocoa-nut, and highly nutritious: This 
plant should be cultivated in moist rich soil, for food. 


5—2.-. Aprom. 45. 60. 


, Exotic. 

petroselinum, (parsley. Ju. oj.) cauline leaves linear® involucre minute. 

graveolens, (celery. Ju. o.) stem channelled: cauline leaves wedge-form. 
Coriandrum. 


\ 


18—5. Apocynum. 30. 47. 


androsaemifolium, (dog-bane. O. r-w. J. 2{.) stem erect and branching : leaves 
ovate, glabrous : cymes lateral] and terminal: tube of the corol longer than 
the calyx, witha spreading limb. 3f. S. 

cannabinum, Mx. (1) (indian hemp. O. g-y. Ju. 2{.) stem erect and branching : 
leaves oblong-oval, hoary beneath, and downy when young (more or less 
glabrous in maturity :) cymes lateral and terminal ; pubescent when young 
(more orless glabrous in maturity :) tube of the corol about equal to the ca- 
lyx, with anerect limb. 3f. 

hypericifolium, A. (2) (St. John’s dog-bane. g-w. Ju. 2{.) stem erectish and 
branching : leaves lanceolate, glabrous, mucronate ; lower ones sub-cordate 
at the base : cyme-panicles shorter than the leaves : tube of the corol about 
equaltothecalyx. 3f. | Gonolobus. 


Remark. Dr. Torrey says he follows R. Brown in the species of this genus, 
in which he finds some confusion. Brown seems to have forced in an additional 
species, not found innature. See Darlington, page 31. The two first species 
have lately been much used in the cure of diseases, under the name, Wandering 
Milkweed, by a peculiar class of, practitioners. 


12—5. Agquinecia. 26. 61. 


canadensis, (wild columbine. O. r, & y. Ap. 2{.) borns strait : stamens exsert 
leaves decompound. Growing frequently in crevices of rocks. 15 i. 


Exotic. 
wulgaris, (garden columbine. J. 2{.) horns incurved : leafy : stem and leaves 
glabrous : leaves decompound. The nectariferous horns become numerous 
by culture ; one hollow horn within another. 15. 


Southern. 
coerulea, T. & J. (W. b. J. 2{.) horns straight, about twice as long as the limb 
of the petals : stamens and styles shorter than the corol: nectaries acute : 
segments of the leaves deeply lobed. 181. Ascyrum. 


14—2. ARABIs. 39 63. 


sagittata, (wall cress. w. J. 3. Q-) leaves sub-dentate, rough, with the pu- 
bescens often branched ; radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated into a pe- 
tiole of the stem ; lanceolaie, sagittate-cordate : pedicels as long as the ca- 
lyx : siliques straight anderect. 18 i. 

thaliana, W. (mouse-ear cress. Ap, %¢.) Jeaves hairy, sub-dentate : radical 
ones oblong, petiolate : stem Uranched, hairy at the base: siliques ascending : 
pedicels much longer than the calyx. 3 f 

lyrata, W. (w. A. of.) stem and upper leaves smooth and glaucous : radical 
leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, often pilose: stem branched at the base : pedicels 
much longer thanthe calyx. 101, 

Peevigata, (w. M. 2{.) stem leaves linear, oblong, sagittate, smooth ; lower ones 
obovate ppetions erect: siliques yery narrow and long, at length pendu- 
lous. 2f. 

canadensis, Mx. (O. w. J. 2{.) stem leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, narrow. 


(1 & 2) pubescens, Br. 


& ARABIS, ARCTIUM. 111 


at the base, pubescent: pedicels pubescent, reffexed in the fruit : siliques 
pendulous, sub-falcate, nerved. 2f. S. 

ehomboidea, P.(spring cress.O. w. M. 2{.) leaves glabrous, rhomboidal, repand 
— lower ones nearly round, on long petioles: root tuberous, 15. 
Wet. d 

alpina, W. (A.w.J.2{.) leaves lance-oblong, clasping, acutely toothed. 

reptans, W. (Ju. 2{.) leaves roundish, entire, hirsute : having creeping shoots. 

stricta, A. (O. M. 2{.) leaves toothed, obtuse, hispid; radical ones sub-lyrate : 
stem hispid: petals erect. 


Southern. 
pendula, W. (W. 3%.) leaves sagittate, oblong, clasping, entire, smooth : sili- 
que 2-edged, linear, pendulous. 
hirsuta, S. (W. .) leaves all hispid ; cauline ones clasping : silique 4-cor- 
nered, Turrifis. 


16—10. Aracuis. 32. 93. 


Exotic. 
hypogea, (pea-nut, false ground-nut. #.) stem pilose, procumbent : leaves 
pinnate, abrupt: flowers axillary. Peduncles become elongated, and de- 
posit fruit under ground to ripen. , Erythrina, 


5—5. Arata. 46. 59, 


spinosa, W. (shot-bush, angelica tree. y-w. Au. b.) woody: stem and leaves 
thorny, leaves doubly pinnate ; leafets slightly serrate : panicles very 
branching: umbels numerous. Sf. S. 

hispida, Mx. (bristly-stem sarsaparilla. A. w. J. 5.) low, sub-shrubby: stem 
and petioles rough with bristles: leaves doubly pinnate ; leafets ovate, gash- 
serrate, unarmed, glabrous: umbels with long peduncles. Neglected fields. 
20 i. 

racemosa, W. (spikenard. O. w. J. 2{.) spreading branches ; petioles 3-parted, 
the partitions 3—5-leaved ; leafets often heart-form : branchlets axillary, 
leafy : umbels many, sub-panicled, leafless above. Damp. 4f. S. 

nudicaulis, W. (wild sarsaparilla. O. w. M. 2{.) hardly a proper stalk, 1-leaf- 
ed; the leaf twice-ternate, or once, and quinate : leafets oblong-oval : scape 
naked, shorter than the leaf: umbels few. Woods. loi. S 


Statice. 


10—1 _ARBUTUs. US ass 


uva-urst, W.(bear-berry, kinnikinnick.O. w-r. M. 5.) stem procumbent: leaves 
wedge-obovate, entire: berry5-seeded. Dry, barren sand-plains, &c. Very 
abundant about the great lakes. Schoolcra(ft. 

Jaurifolia, W. (W..) leaves oblong, acuminate at both ends, acutely serrate, 
glabrous : racemes axillary, one-sided, sessile, solitary. 

menziesii, Ph. (W. 5.) becoming woody : leaves broad-ovate, entire, glabrous, 
peat 6 long petioles: racemes axillary and terminal, panicled, dense-flow- 
ered, 

fomentosa, Ph. (W. 5.) becoming woody : branches hispid: leaves oval, 
acute, sub-cordate at the base, white-downy beneath, having short petioles : 
peduncles axillary, of the length of the leaves, bearing head-racemes: flow- 
ers bracted. 


alpina, (w. M. 5.) stem procumbent : leaves obovate, acute, rugose, serrate : 
racemes terminal, Epigaea. 


17—1]. Arctium. 49. 54. 


lappa, (burdock. O. r. Au. 2{.) cauline leaves heart-form, petioled, toothed 
flowers panicled, globose: calyx smooth, Onoporden. 


112 ARCYRIA, ARENARIA- ca 


21—6. Axcynis. 58. 1. 


lava, rare, yellow, very long, capillary, nodding. On trunks. 

cinerea, Sregarious, white-cinereous, sometimes becoming rust-colour. Oss 
trunks in woods. 

punicea, crowded together, between saffron colour amd scarlet. On decayed 
trunks in summer and autumn. Stemonitis. 


10—3. ARENaRIA. 22. 82, 
1. Leaves oblong. 


peploides, W. (Ju. 2f.) stem dichotomous : leaves ovate, acute, fleshy : calyx 
acuminate. 8—121. 

laterifora, W. (sand-wort. O. w. J. 2{.) stem filiform, simple : leaves ovate, ob- 
tuse, sub-triple-nerved: peduncles lateral, solitary, elongated, 2-cieft ; one 
pedice] middle-bracted: coro! longer than the calyx. 6—10 i. 

serpyllifolta, W. (w. Ju. 3.) stem dichotomous, spreading : leaves ovate, acute, 
sub-ciliate : calyxes acute, sub-striate : petals shorter than the calyx. 5i. S&. 


2. Leaves linear, subulate. 


glabra, Ms. (Shawangunk. 2{.) very glabrous, sub-erect, filiform, many 
stems; leaves subulate-linear, flat, spreading: pedicels l-flowered, elongat- 
ed, divaricate: leafets of the calyx oval, obtusish, smooth, shorter than the 
petals. 4—6 i. 

“ stricta, Mx. (A. w. M. 2[.) glabrous, erect, many stems: leaves subulate-linear, 
erect: panicles few-flowered : petals much longer than the calyx, which is 
oval-lanceolate, apparently striate. Dry. 6—12i. 

squarrosa, Mx. (w. Ju. 2f{.) turfy: lower leaves scaly-imbricate, chan- 
nelled, glabrous: stems few, very simple : flowers few, terminal, erect: pe- 
tals much larger than the roundish calyx. 6 i. 

rubra, Mx. (r. J. #%.) glabrous, humifuse: leaves filiform, fleshy, much 
longer than the joints : stipules connate-membranaceous, sheathing : stamens 
5: capsule angular or globose. 8 i. 

thymifolia, Ph. (Labrador. L. 3%.) stem dichotomous, diffuse: leaves oval, 
sub-acute: peduncles alternate, axillary, solitary, elongated: calyx acute : 
petals of the length of the calyx 

canadensis, P. (L.r. J. #3.) glabrous, humifuse: leaves linear, fleshy, inter-_ 
nodes much longer: stipules membranaceous, connate, sheathing: stamens 
often but 5: capsules globose. 

macrocarpa, (W.2{.) cespitese: leaves crowded, linear-subulate, flat; mar- 
gin ciliate: peduncles terminal, I-flowered: leaves of the calyx linear: pe- 
tals ovate, twice as long as the calyx: capsule thrice as long as the calyx. 

fasciculata, W. (E. #%.) sub-glabrous, cespitose : stems straight-erect : leaves 
subulate, pungent, striate : flowers dense-fascicled: calyx subulate, striate : 
petals very short. 

- laricifolia, W. (W.2{.) pubescent, cespitose-many-stemmed : leaves setace- 
ous: little stems 1 to 3-flowered, erect : leafets of the calyx linear, sub-hir- 
sute, half as long as the petals. 

juniperina, W. (Newfoundland. 2{.) sub-pubescent, erect, many-stemmed : 
leaves subulate, somewhat 3-sided, pungent : panicle terminal, dichotomous, 
many-flowered: leafets of the calyx lance-ovate, striate, mucronate, about 
half as long as the petals. 


Southern. 
diffusa, E. (E. w. Ap.) pubescent: stem diffuse, branching: leaves lance- 
oblong, acute at both ends: peduncles solitary, axillary, twice as long as the 
leaves: petals much shorter than the calyx. 
patula, Mx. (W. 2{.) pubescent: stems filiform, panicled, many-flowered : 
leaves setaceous-subulate, spreading: petals sub-emarginate, longer than 
the acute striate calyx. 


be " 


‘ ARENARIA, ARISTOLOCHIA. 115 


obtusa, T. (W. A. 2f-) cespitose, many-stemmed : leaves linear-subulate, ob- 
tusish, keeled, a little 1-sided: stem simple, mostly 1 flowered: peduneles 
with glandular hairs: nectaries oblong-obtuse, 3-nerved : petals about twice 
as long as the calyx : capsules ovate, shorter than the calyx. Hortensia. 


18—l. AnRETHUSA. 7. 21. 


bulbosa, W. (arethusa. O. r. J. 2{.) leafless: root globose : scape sheathed, 1- 
flowered : calyx with the superior divisions incurved: lip sub-crenulate. 
Flowers large, sweet-scented. Damp. ; 

medeoloides, Ph. (W. 2{.) leaves whorled, oblong, acuminate: stem with one 
sessile flower: 3 outer petals linear; inner ones short, oblong, obtuse : lips 
similar, Tipularia. 

Arethusa, see TripHona and Poconta. 
12—1. ARGEMONE. 27. 62, 


mexicana, W. (y. Ju. #.) leaves pinnatifid, gashed, spinose : flowers axilla- 
ry. Var. albifora, leaves pinnatifid: flowers large. S. 


3—2. AnisTipa. 4.10. 


dichotoma, Mx. (O. S. o. 2{.) cespitose : culm dichotomous: flowers racemose- 

’ spiked: lateral awns very short, intermediate ones contorted. 8—12i. 

stricta, Mx. (E. 2{.) culm and leaves straight, erect: leaves pubeseent: ra- 
ceme long, soinewhat spiked, crowded: awn twice as long as the corol, 
spreading. 3f. S. 

purpuracens, (E. S. 2{.) culm filiform, erect, simple: leaves very narrow, 
flat: flowers in a long-spiked panicle : awns nearly equal, twice the length 
ofthe coro]. 2f. 

Southern. 

spiciformis, E. (S. 2f.) flowers crowded together, somewhat spiked: the 
middie awn villous atthe base. 3 f. 

gracilis, E. (3. 2{.) stem very slender: flowers in spikes; spikelets few-flow+ 
ered, somewhat remote, oppressed : lateral awns short, erect ;, the interme- 
diate longer, expanding. 1 f, 

Zanosa, M. (S. 2{.) panicle erect, appressed: flowers in racemes : calyx 
longer than the corol : sheaths of the leaves woolly. 2—4 f. 

eligantha, Mx. (J. 2{.) cu'm straight, sub-ramose : leaves convolute-filiform : 
flowers solitary, distant : awn Jong, divaricate. 

fasciculata, 'T. (W.) culm filiform, erect, branched : leaves narrow, flat, 
smooth: panicle long, sub spiked : flowers in fascicles: calyx shorter than 
the corol: awns nearly equal, spreading, longer than the flower. 

pallens, (W.) panicle few-flowered, pedicelled, alternately 2-flowered, ap- 
proximate: awn capillary, very long: leaves filitorm. 

tubereulosa, N. (E.) culm erect, dichotomous, joints tumid, with small tu- 
bercles in the axils : panicles rigid: valves of the calyx keeled, with long 
subulate points: corol stiped ; awns smooth, convolute. 3 f. 

; Saccharum. 


18—6. AristToLocHia. 11. 23. 


sipho, Hr. (birthwort. J. b.) leaves heart-form, acute : stem twining : pedun- 
eles 1-flowered, furnished: with an ovate bract: coro! ascending ; limb 3- 
cleft, equal. Avery high running vine, with large leaves: flowers yellow- 
ish-brown. : 

serpentarva, (O. p. J. 2{.) leaves heart-form, oblong, acuminate : stem zigzag, 
ascending ; peduncles radical : lips of the corol lanceolate. (The Virginia 
snake-root.) There is a variety with very long, narrow leaves. Tonic and, 

_ diaphoretic, B. 

; Southern. 

fomentosa, Sims. (A. g-y.) stem twining: leaves roundish-cordate, dewny Be- 

neath : coro} villous; border 3-cleft, io equal, 
1 * 


ii¢ ARMENIACA; ARONIA. | 


hastata, N. (A.) stem flexuose, simple, erect: leaves somewhat cordate, has- 
tate, acute: flowers on scapes ; lip of the corol ovate. 


1l—1. Armmentaca. 36. 92. 


Exotic. 
vulgaris, (apricot. 5.) leaves sub-cordate: stipules.palmate. Var. preco:r, 
(early apricot.) fruit small, yellow. War. perstcoides, (peach apricot. } 
fruit swb-compressed. 
dasycarpa, (black apricot. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate: pe- 
tioles glandular: drupe globose, pubescent. 


17—2. Arnica. 49. 55. 


nudicaulis, (y. J. 2{.) hairy: radical leaves decussate and opposite, oblong- 
oval, sub-dentate : stem nearly leafless, divided at the top into several 1- 
flowered branches. Woods. 128i. 

doronicum, W. (A. y. Ju. 2[.) leaves remote, toothed, woolly-hirsute beneath : 
radical ones petioled, oblong, narrow at the base : cauline ones alternate, 
lance-oblong : stems l-flowered. 7 i. 

plantaginea, Ph. (A. y. Ju. 2{.) glabrous : leaves entire, glabrous both sides, 
acute, 3-nerved; radical ones lance-spatulate, terminating in a narrow pe- 
tiole at the base; cauline ones opposite, lanceolate, sessile: stem 1-flowered. 
7i. 

onaritima, W. (W. 2{.) leaves lanceolate ; lower ones serrate: stem leafy, 
many-flowered. 

Southern. 

fulgens, Ph. (W. y. Ju. 2{.) hairy : radical leaves lanceolate, obtusish, taper- 
ing to the base: petioles 3-nerved ; cauline leaves opposite, remote, linear : 
stem l-fiowered. If. 

claytoni, Ph. (E. y. Ju. 2(.) hirsute: radical leaves decussately opposite, ob- 
long-ovate, sub-dentate : stem somewhat leafless ; top divided into 1-flower- 
ed peduncles. 2 f. 


11—5. Aronia. 36, 92. 


- arbutifolia, (1) (red choak-berry. O. w-r. M. 5.) leaves Jance-oboyate, cre- 
nate-toothed, downy beneath, with the midrib glandular above: flowers co- 
vymbed : calyx downy. Damp. 

botryapium, P. (2) (shad-bush, june-berry. O. w. Ap. 5.) leaves oblong-oval, 
cuspidate, glabrous when mature, (when first expanded lanceolate and 
downy :) flowers racemed : petals linear: germs pubescent: segments of the 
calyx glabrous. , 

sanguinea, (3) (bloody choak-berry. O. w. M. ¢.) leaves oval, obtuse at 
both ends, mucronate; serratures very slender: racemes few-fowered: ca- 
lyx glabrous: petals linear, obtuse. F 

melanocarpa, (4) (black choak-berry. O. w. M. 5.) leaves obovate-oblong, 
acuminate, serrate, glabrous beneath; midrib glandular above: flowers co- 
cymbed : calyx glabrous. Damp. 4—6 f. 

ovalis, P. (5) (mediar bush. O. w. M. 5.) leaves round-oval, acute, glabrous : 
Aowers racemed : petals obovate: germ and segments of the calyx pubes- 
cent. : 

Southern. pe ae 
ifolia, N. (W.M. %.) smooth: leaves roundish, upper part toothed, pin- 
genie oe Souibowes beneath: raceme simple, elongated. Fruit black 
and sweet. Pyrus. 


(1) pyrifolia, P. Pyrus arbutifolia, W. Mespilus arbutifolia, L. ; and ery- 
throcarpa, Mx. (2) Pyrus botryapium, W. Mespilus canadensis,L. _(3) 
yrus sanguinea, Ph. (4) arbutifolia, P. Pyrus melanocarpa, W. Cra- 
tzgus arbutifolia, Lk. Mespilus arbutifolia, Var. Melanocarpa, Mx. (5) 
Mespilus canadensis. Var, obovalis, Mx. Crataegus spicata, Lk, 


- 


ARRHENATHERUM, ARTEMISEA. 115 


3—2. ARRHENATHERUM. 4. 10. 


avenaceum, (J. 2{.) panicle equal, nodding : awn as long again as the flower - 
culm geniculate, smooth : root nodose. 3 f, 

pennsylvanicum, (Ju. 2{.) panicle attenuated: branches short, alternate - 
awn twice as long as the florets: seeds villous. 


Southern. 
kentuckenensis, T. (W. 2{.) branches of the panicle fascicled, not alternate : 
upper floret has the superior valve furnished with a short awn a little below 
the tip. Avena. 


21—2. ARRHENOPTERUM. 56. 4. 


heterostichum, erectish: leaves lax-imbricate, oval, with an obtuse point, ser- 
rulate, all nerved: peduncle generally terminal :' capsule oblong, arcuate : 
lid conic, obtusely acuminate. Mnium. 


17—2. Armremrsra. 49. 55. 


canadensis, Mx. (wild wormwood. O. w. y. Au. 2{.) sub-decumbent, scarcely 
pubescent: leaves flat, linear-pinnatifid: branchlets spike-flowered : flowers 
sub-hemispheric : calyx scarious. Receptacle smooth. 

caudata, (L. S. 2{.) stem simple, herbaceous, much branched, pyramidal : 
radical and cauline leaves bipinnate, pubescent; upper ones pinnate, with 
sub-setaceous, alternate, divaricate, somewhat convex, segments : flowers pe- 
dicelled, erect, globe-ovate. 2f. S. 

chinensis, W. (W.S. 2{.) hoary: lower leaves wedge-form, cbtuse, 3-lobed ; 
upper ones linear, obtuse : flowers globose, peduncled, nodding. 

spithamea, Ph. (E. 8. 2(.) small, silky-pubescent: lower leaves linear, upper 
ones pinnatifid ; divisions few, linear, acute : flowers racemed, short-pedun- 
cled, hemispheric : calyx scarious. . 

gnaphaloides, N. (W. S. 2{.) white-downy : stem simple, herbaceous: leaves 
lance-linear, sub-entire, downy both sides : flowers raceme-glomerate, pedi- 
celled, nodding: calyx oval-oblong : the pistillate florets 6 or 7. 2 f. 

vulgares, W. (mugwort S. 2{.) leaves downy beneath; cauline ones pinna- 
tifid ; divisions lanceolate, sub-toothed, acute ; flora! ones undivided, linear- 
lanceolate: flowers sub-sessile, oblong, erect: calyx downy. 


Exotic. 

pontica, (roman artemisia.) leaves downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnate : 

_ _leafets linear: branches simple: flowers roundish, peduncled, nodding. 

absynthium, (wormwood. 2{.) stem hranching, panicled: leaves hoary : 
radical ones triply pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, toothed, obtuse ; cauline 
ones 2-pinnatifid or pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, acutish ; floral ones un- 
divided, lanceolate. Naturalized in most mountain districts of New-Eng- 
land. 

abrotanum, (southern-wood. 2{. & 6.) stem straight: lower leaves bipin- 
nate; upper ones hair-form, pinnate: calyx pubescent, hemispheric. 


Southern. 

cana, W. (W. S. 2{.) hoary: leaves long lance-linear, acute, nerved, whit- 
ish both sides; lower ones wedge-form, acutely 3-lobed : flowers oval, in 
glomerules, axillary, sessile. 

santonica, W. (W. S. 2{.) cauline leaves glabrous : branches undivided: 
spikes 1-sided, reflexed : flowers sub-sessile, 5-florets. 

campestris, W. (W. S. 2{.) cauline leaves setaceous, pinnate, glabrous; ra- 
dical ones pinnate, with 3-cleft hoary divisions : stem procumbent, branch- 
ing, wand-like: flowers ovate, peduncled. 

Srigida, W. (W. Oc. 2{.) leaves hoary, pinnate ; leafets 3-parted, linear, acute ; 
floral ones pinnate, or 3-parted: stem ascending : flowers globose, nod- 


ding. 
biennis, W. (W. co.) leaves glabrous; radical enes 3-parted-pinnate ; lower 


Li6 ABTEMISIA, ARUNDO:- 


cauline ones pinnatifid ; upper ones linear, undivided : stem straight: flow- 
ers roundish, sub-sessile, erect. 

longifolia,N. (W.2f& & stem simple: leaves mostly entire, lance-linear, 
acuminate; margin reflexed ; under side white-downy : flowers cylindric- 
ovate, erect, in sessile conglomerate racemes. ~ 

serrata, N. (W. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate af both ends ; margin ser- 
rate; upper side smooth, under white-downy : flowers panicled, erect: ca- 
lyx small, cylindrical-ovate. 5 f. 

columbiensis, N. (wild sage. W. 2{. 5.) canescent: leaves lance-linear, acute, 
flat, hoary both sides, entire : flowers oblong, glomerate, axillary, sessile, all 
perfect. 10f. Highly aromatic. 

cernua, N. (1) (W.2{.) stem much-branched: radical leaves 3-cleft ; lower ones 
laciniated, hoary pubescent when young; upper ones entire, lance-linear, 
smooth: racemes panicled, nodding: flowers pedicelled, sub-globose, iu- 
clined: calyx scarious. 8 f. 

Indoviciana, N. (W. 2{.) stemsimple: lower leaves sub-gash-pinnatifid ; up- 
per ones lanceolate, entire, hairy above, downy beneath : flowers ovate, erect, 
sessile: calyx pubescent: panicle simple. 2f. Baccharis. 


21—5. ArtTHonta. 57. 2. 


punctiformis, crust somewhat determinate, membranaceous, smooth, dark 
orange-yellow: receptacles minute, roundish, scattered, sub-immersed, flat- 
tish one side and sub-convex the other, dark coloured. On the tender bark of 
branches of trees. 

obscura, crust membranaceous, somewhat olive-coloured : receptacles. minute, 
flat, a little concave, sub-membranaceous, oval and reniform, sub-immersed, 
a little rugose, dark-coloured. On the cuticle and bark of trees. 

pruinosa, crust thin, of a tartar-like appearance, unequal, smooth, rimose, 
white: receptacles flat, immersed, roundish polygons confluent, obscurely 
dark-yellow, mealy-glaucous. On oak bark, &c., ‘ 

swartziana, crust white : receptacles broad, confluent. On old trunks of 
trees. Halsey. ‘2 

astroidea, crust ash-glaucous: receptacle flat, stellate and formless, On smooth 
bark. Halsey. Gyalecta. 


725 o > * “Aso. Zoe 


dracontium, W. (green-dragon. E°& W. J. 2{.) stemless: leayes pedate; 
leafets lanceolate-ob!ong, entire: spadix subulate, longer than the oblone- 
conyolute spathe. River alluvion. 12—19i. a 

atrorubens, W. (brown-dragon. M. 2{.) stemless: leavesternate ; leafets ovate, 
acuminate : spadix cylindrical: spathe sessile, ovate, acuminate, spreading 
horizontally above. Spathe dark-brown: disagreeable smell. i 

friphyllum, W. (indian turnip, wild turnip, wake robin. O. p. g. & w. M. 2{.) 
sub-caulescent: leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, acuminate : spadix club-form - 
spathe ovate. acuminate, peduncled, with the lamina as long as the spadix. 
One variety, virens, has a green spathe ; another, atropurpureum, bas a dark- 
purple spathe; another, album, has a white spathe. 1—3f. 


Southern. 
quinatum, N. (E. 2.) stemless: leaves quinate, lanceolate, acuminate. 
walteri, (E. Ap.) stemless: leaves sagittate, triangular : angles divaricate, acute. 
Lecontia. 
3—2. Arunpo. 4. 10. 


«eanadensis, Mx. (E. Au. 2{.) panicle oblong, loose : glumes scabrous, pubes- 
cent, as long as the corol : coro] awned on the back : hairs at the base equal- 
ling the valves : culm and leaves smooth. 3—4 f. 

coarctata, T. (Ju. 2{.) panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate : calyx a littlt 


41) dracunculoides,E. | dracunculus, Ph, 


ARUNDO, ASCLEPIAS. 117 


longer than the corol, carinate; corol longer than the hairs, awned alittle 
below the tip. 3—5f. 

brevipilis, T. (S. 2[.) panicle diffuse, capillary: calyx unequal, shorter than 
the coro!, bearded at the base: corol equal, awnless, hairy : hairs very 
short. 3—4f. 


Southern. d 
aroides, Mx. (2{.) panicle sub-coarctate, incurved : calyx 2-flowered, gla- 
brous, unequal : corol membranaceous, of the length of the calyx : hairs 
equalling the corol : leaves flat, scabrous. 


19—19. Asarom. 11.23. 


canadense, {1) (white snakeroot, wild ginger, false colt-foot. O. g-p. M. 2f.) 
leaves broad kidney-form, in pairs: calyx woolly, deeply 3-parted ; divisions 
sub-lanceolate, reflected. Root aromatic and stimulant. B. 8S. 

virginicum, W. (M. 2{.) leaves solitary, round heart-form, glabrous, leathery : 
flowers sub-sessile : calyx glabrous above, short, bell-form. Leaves speckled, 
smooth. S. 

Southern. 

arifolium, (E. p. March. 2{.) leaves sub-hastate, cordate: calyx urceolate, 

border 3-cleft, converging, pubescent within. 


18—5. Ascriepias. 30. 47. 
1. Leaves opposite. 


syriaca, (common milkweed. O. w-p. Ju. 2{.) stem very simple : leaves lan- 
ceolate-oblong, gradually acute, downy beneath : umbels sub-nodding, 
downy, 3 to 5-feet high: flowers in large close clusters, sweet-scented— 
pollinia are fly-traps. S—5f. S. 

obtusifolia, Mx. (2) (p. J. 2f.) leaves clasping, oblong, round-obtuse, some- 
times mucronate, waving : umbel terminal, !ong-peduncled, many-flowered, 
glabrous ; the horn of the nectary exsert. Flowers large. 2—3f. 8S. 

phytolaccoides, Ph. (O. w-g. Ju. 2{.) stem erect, simp'e : leaves broad-ovate, 
acute, glabrous, paler beneath : nectaries truncate, internal margin 2- 
toothed: umbels lateral and terminal, long peduncled, nodding. The horn 
of the nectary is very long and slender. 3f. WS. 

periploceefolia, N. (3) (w-g. Ju. 2f.) leaves sub-sessile, somewhat distant, 
lance-ovate, narrowing upwards, very acute, smooth on both sides ; margin 
rough : umbels mostly 2, naked, lateral: root round-tuberous: segments of 
the nectaries oblong-linear. 2f. S. 

ameena, W. (p. Ju. 2{.) stem simple, a little hairy on two sides ; leaves sub- 
sessile, oblong-cva!, pubescent beneath : terminal umbels and nectaries 
erect, appendages exsert. Damp. S. 

purpurascens, W. (p. Ju. 2f{.) stem siinple: leaves ovate, villose beneath : 
umbels erect: nectaries resupinate. Shades. 2f. S. 

pulchra, W. (EB. r. Ju. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, hairy under side: stem divided 
towards the top: umbels erect, in pairs. Flowers small : bark very showy. 

variegata, W. (4) (w. Ju. 2{.) stem simple, erect : leaves ovate, petioled, ru- 
gene naked : umbels sub-sessile, pedicelled, tomentose. The umbels dense. 


incarnata, W. (O. r. Ju. 2f.) stem erect, branching above, downy : leaves lan- 
ceolate, sub-downy both sides: umbels mostly double at their origin : the 
little horn of the nectary exsert. A variety pulchra, is more hairy. Var. 
glabra, almost glabrous. Var. alba, has white fowers. Damp. 3 f. 

parviflora, (5) (w.Ju.2{.) smoothish; stem weak, erect, simple: leaves pe- 


(1) carolinianum, Wr, latifolium. Sy. (2) purpurescens, Wr. (3) acumi- 
nata, Ph. cordata, Wr. laurifolia, Mx. (4) hybrida, Mx. (5) perennis. Wr. 
debilis, Mx. , : 


118 ASCLEPIAS, ASCYRUM. 


tioled, oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, membranaceous : umbels termin- 
ra eee pedicels capillary. The bark is a good substitute for flax, 

quadrifolia, Ju. (O. w. p-w. M. 2/.) stem erect, simple,glabrous : leaves ovate, 
acuminate, petioled ; those in the middle of the stempare largest, and in fours : 
umbels 2, terminal, lax-flowered: pedicels filitorm. About 18 inches high : 
flowers small and sweet-scented. SS. 


2. Leaves not opposite. 

verticillata, Mx. (dwarf milkweed. O. g-y. w. Ju. 2{.) stem erect, very simple, 
marked with lines, and small pubescence : leaves very narrow-linear, 
straight, glabrous, whorled, scattered : horn in the nectary exsert. 2f. S. 

tuberosa, W. (butterfly-weed. O. y. Ju. 2{ ) stem erectish, at the top spread- 
ing-branched, very rough-haired : leaves scattered, oblong-lanceolate, rough- 
haired : umbels terminal, sub-corymbed. A ‘variety, the de ,hasa 
decumbent stem: leaves sub-linear, hirsute ; anoiher Var. c data, has 
broad cordate leaves. Cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant. B. 18i. S. 


Southern. 

connivens, Baldwin. (E. J. 2{.) leaves oblong, oval, mucronate, slightly hairy, 
sessile; leaves of the nectary usually long, iacurved, connivent at the sum- 
mit. 1—2f. 

tomentosa, E. (E. 2{.) leaves oval, lanceolate, acute, tomentose : umbels ses- 
sile, with the horns exserted. 1—2f. 

obovata, E. (E. 2{.) leaves obovate, obtuse, mucronate, tomentose on the un 
der surface : umbels nearly sessile, terminal and axillary. 2—3f. 

amplexicaulis, Mx. (p. w. Ap. 2{.) very glabrous: stems decumbent: leaves 
sessile, cordate, strongly veined, glaucous, appressed : upibels terminal and 
axillary. 1—2f,. 

paupercula, Mx. (r. g. M.2/.) leaves linear, lanceolate, very long, remote, gla- 
brous, with the margins pubescent : umbels few-flowered. 3—4 f. 

nivea, (O. Ju. 2.) leaves ovate, lanceolate, nearly glabrous: umbels erect, 
lateral, solitary : stem simple. 

angustifolia, E. (g. w. M. 2.) leaves scattered, strap-shaped, slightly pubes- 
cent : umbels solitary, terminal; hornsincluded. 8—18 i. 5 

cinerea, Wr. (E. J. 2{.) leaves long, linear, opposite: umbels few, terminal, 
naked: hornsshort. 3f, . 

viridis, Wr. (E. g. p. 2[.) stem erect: leaves petioled, oblong, obtuse, smooth : 
umbels few, terminal: petals erect, much longer than the calyx : nectaries 
entire, spreading, short, 

speciosa, ‘I’. & J. (W,) slenderly tomentose : leaves heart-ovate, obtuse, oppo- 
site, short-petioled : umbels axillary, terminal and solitary: nmectaries erect, 
lanceolate, straight, acute ; horn short, incurved, compressed. Flowers 
very large. Acerates, 


12—3, Ascyrum. 20. 68. 


crux-andree, W. (1) (peter’s-wort. y. Ju. 5.) many stems, diffuse: leaves 
sub-lanceolate-oblong, obtuse : corymb terminal: flowers  subssessile, 
2-styled : stem sub-terete, 2 feet high : petals narrow. © Var? angus- 
tifolia, W. leaves oblong linear, crowded : flowers lateral and terminal, 
erect, 2-bracted near the base : styles 1 or 2, connivent: larger calyx leaves 
acute, oval-ovate. Sand. Si. WN. 

hypericoides, W. (2) (y. Ju. 6.) branching : branches 2-edged : leaves 
oblong, with 2 glands at the base: flowers terminal, solitary, with short pe- 
dicels, 3-styled. SS. 

Southern. . 
pumilum, Mx. (March. y. 2.) small, prostrate, much divided: leaves lincar- 


(J) multicaule, Mx. (2) stans, Mx. 


ASCYRUM, ASPIDIUM. 119 


oval, obtuse : peduncles long, reflected: flowers monogynous. Sand. 6— 
10 i. long. This Elliot supposes the paucijforum of N. 

anpleccicaule, Mx. (E. Ap. y. 2{.) erect, sparingly branched with the branches 
compressed : leaves ovate, oblong, clasping ; outer leaves of the calyx cor- 
date : styles 3—4. 1—2f,. . Hyperium. 


6—1. Asparacus. II. 12. 


Exotic. 
officinalis, (asparagus. Ju. 2{.) stem herbaceous, unarmed, sub-erect, terete : 


leaves bristle-form, soft : stipules sub-solitary. Naturalized in the northern 
‘and southern districts. 4 f. 


6—1. AspnopeEtus. 10. 16. 


" Exotic. 
Jufeus, (asphodel, king’s spear. 2{.) stem leafy: leaves 3-sided, striate. 
ramosus, (2{.) stem branching, naked: leaves ensiform, carinate, smooth, 


91—1. Aspipium. 55. 5. 


1. Fronds ternate. 


cicutarium. W. (1) (2f.) leafets pinnatifid ; divisions acuniinate, sinuate, 
pinnatifid, entire ; the lower and outer divisions of the sides elongated : fruit 
dots in rows. 


“ 2. Frond pinnate. 


acrostichoides, W. (2) O. J. to Au. 2{.) leafets lanceolate, sabre-form, acute, 
ciliate-serrate ; on the upper side eared and dagger-pointed, on the lower side 
wedge-form at the base ; the upper fruit-bearing ones smaller: stipe and ra- 
chis chaffy :; fruit-dots solitary, but at length becoming confluent. 


3. Fronds sub-pinnatifid ; involuere [indusium] halved, kidney-form. 


noveboracense, W. (3) (Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate ; leafets linear-lanceolate, pin- 
natifid, divisions oblong, obtusish, sub-entire, ciliate: fruit dots marginal : 
stipe smooth. Damp woods. 

wecristatum, W. (2£.) frond lanceolate-ovate, glabrous, pinnate; Jeafets Sub- 

cordate-oblong, pinnatifid; divisions oblong, obtuse, tooth-serrate: stipe chaf- 

fy. A variety, callipteris, largish: leafets alternate, divisions oblong, un- 

equally appressed-serrate: frond bearing the fruit at the top. Another vari- 


ety, lancastrience, teafets sub-opposite ; divisions triangular, ovate, acute, 
serrate : stipe naked. 


4, Frond doubly or triply pinnate, involucre halved, kidney-form. 


obtusum, W. (Ju. 2{.) frond doubly-pinnate, the lesser leafets oblong, obtuse, 
the upper ones having united bases ; tooth-crenate: rachis pubescent above. 
4—5i. Rocks. 

aculeatum, W. (A. Au. 2[.) frond doubly-pinnate : the lesser leafets ovate, 
sub-sabre-form, acute, dagger-serrate, the base of the upper ones truncate, 
of the lower ones short wedge-form ; the upper ones bear the fruit: stipe 
and rachis chaffy. 

marginale, W. (4) (O. Ju. 2{.) frond doubly-pinnate : lesser leafets oblong, 


obtuse, decurrent, crenate: more deeply crenate at the base: fruit dots 
marginal: stipechafly. 2—3f JS. 


(1) Polypodium cicutarium, L. appendiculatum, Sw. (3) auriculatum, Sh. 
Nephrodium acrostichoides, Mx. N. B. Linneus placed the genus Aspidium 


under the genus Polypedium. (3) Nephrodium thelypteroides, (4) Nephro- 
dium marginale, Mx. 


120 ASPIDIUM, ASPLENIUM. 


filix-mas, W. (Ju.) frond doubly-pinnate ; lesser leafets oblong, obtuse, ser- 
rate; serratures beardless: fruit-dots of the middle-rib approximate : stipe 
and rachis chaffy. 2or3 feet high. A variety, erosum, lesser leafets erose- 

- serrate, more remote. Rocky hills. S. . 

intermedium, W. (J. 2{.) frond doubly-pinnate ; lesser leafets linear, gash- 

" pinnatifid; divisions at the apex sub-mucronate-serrate: stipe chaffy. Re- 
sembies the next species in many respects. , 

spinulosum, W. (Ju. 2{.) frond doubly-pinnate ; lesser leafets oblong, decur- 
rent, running together, gash-toothed ; divisions mucronate-serrate : stipe 
chaffy : involucre glandular. Large. 

dilatatum, W. (1) (Ju. 2{.) frond doubly-pinnate: lesser leafets oblong, dis- 
tinct, gash-pinnatifid ; divisions mucronate-serrate: stipe chafly : involucre 
smooth. Leaves more compound, larger and broader than the filix-femina. 


goldianum, T. (Ju.) frond broad-ovate, smooth, bipinnate ; divisions lance- 
olate, pinnatifid; segments oblong, obtuse, with remote uncinated serra- 
tures; the lowest decurrent on the rachis: fruit-dot near the central nerve : 
stem chaffy. 2 f. 


~ 


5. Frond doubly or triply pinnate : involucre attached to one side of the 
Ffruit-dot. 


These come under the Athyrium of Roth. 


shelipteris, (snuff-box fern. Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate: leafets lance-linear, pin- 
natifid, glabrous ; divisions ovate, acute, entire: fruit-dots marginal, conti- 
guous, at length confluent. 

bulbiferum, (Ju. 2{.) frond bipinnate, lance-oblong : leafets opposite, oblong, 
obtuse, serrate ; lower ones pinnatifid : rachis bulb-bearing : fruit-dots 
roundish. 

asplenoides, (New-England. Ju. 2{.) frond bipinnate: leafets lance-linear, 
gash-serrate ; serratures 2 or 3-toothed ; terminal ones more acute: fruit- 
dots oblong, lunate. ‘Tall. : 

filix-femina, (Ju. 2{.) frond bipinnate : leafets lance-oblong, gash-serrate ; ser- 
ratures 2 or 3-toothed, acutish: fruit-dots oblong, straight. Tall. 

angustum, (Ju. 2{.) frond bipinnate : leafets lanceolate, gash-serrate, sub-bi- 
dentate ; lower one elongated above : fruit-dots oblong, sublunate. 

punctilobum, (Ju. 2{-) frond bipinnate : leafets decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinna- 
tifid ; divisions somewhat 4-toothed : fruit-dots solitary : rachis pubescent: 
stipe glabrous. 2—3f. S. 

atomarium, frond bipinnate : leafets decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid ; divi- 
sions toothed : fruit-dots scattered. Aboutaspanhigh.  - 

fenue, (Ju. 2{.) frond bipinnate: leafets ovate, decurrent, toothed : fruit-dots 
solitary, near the teeth of the leafets. Small. Rocks. S. 

rufidulum, (J. 2{.) frond bipinnate : leafets chaff-bristly beneath, oblong, ob- 
tuse, aay coadunate : fruit-dots at length confluent. Small. In tofts 
on rocks. 


Southern. 
cieutarium, (E. 2{.) frond ternate ; leafets pinnatifid, with acuminate, sin- 
uate-pinnatifid, entire, divisions ; the lower and outer divisions of the lateral 
ones elongated : fruit-dots in a series. 


21—1. ASPLENIUM. 55. 5. 


rhizophyllum, W. (walking leaf. O. Ju. 2{.) frond lanceolate, stiped, sub- 
crenate, heart-form ears at the base: apex very long, linear-filiform, root- 
ing. Var. pinnatifidum, leaves with the creratures so deep as to become 
sub-pinnatifid. Barton, Woods. 


41) Nephrodium eristatum, Mx. 


ASPLENIUM, ASTER. 121 


argustifolium, W. (1) (spleenwort. E. Ju. 2.) frond pinnate : leaves alternate, 
upper ones sub-alternate, linear-lanceolate, sub-repand ; base of the upper 
ones truncate, of the lower ones slightly rounded. 2—3 f. 

ebenum, W. (2) (O. Ju. 2[.) frond pinnate : leafets sessile, lanceolate, serrulate, 
cordate at the base, auricled above. 6—10 i. 

melanoeaulon, W. (3) (E. Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate : leafets roundish, obtuse, cre- 
nate, at its base wedge-form: stipe particoloured : stem black, polished. 


3—9 i. 

thelypteroides, W. (4) (O. Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate : leafets sessile, lanceolate, 
acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; divisions oblong, obtuse, obtusely serrate : 
fruit-dots parallel, at length confluent. 2f 

ruta-muraria, W. (O. Ju. 2{.) frond bipinnate at the base, simply pinnate at 
the apex, obtusely denticulate. Rocks. 1—2i. 

montanum, W. (5) (E. Ju. 2{.) frond glabrous, bipinnate : leafets lanceolate, 
pinnatifid; divisions 2 or 3-toothed. 2f. 


17—2. ASTER. 49. 55. 


1. Leaves entire. 


Ayssopifolius, W. (starflower. w. y. p. Au. to Oc.) leaves linear-lanceolate, 
3-nerved, punctate, acute; margin scabrous: branchlets level-top-corymb- 
ed, compact: rays about 5-flowered : calyx imbricate, twice as short as the 
disk. 12to 24 incheshigh. S. 

solidaginoides, W. (6) (O. w. Au. 2f.) leaves linear-lanceolate, obsolete-3- 

__ herved, entire, obtuse ; margin scabrous : branches level-top-corymbed : flow- 
ers sessile, aggregate: rays 5-flowered: calyx shorter than the disk, imbri- 
cate ; scales oblong, obtuse, close-pressed, sub-reflexed at the apex. About 2 
feet high : scales of the calyx white, with green tips: rays long and white. S. 

ledifolius, Ph. (7) (O.y. w. S. and Oc. 2/.) leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering 
to the base, without nerves, roughish, revolute margin: branches corymbed ; 
branchlets filiform, 1-flowered, nakedish : calyx lax, imbricate, twice as short 
as the disk: leafets very acute: rays about20-flowered. A variety, uniforus, 
(8) hasa very simple stem, bearing but one flower. Abouta foot high; some- 
times the leaves have a smal] indenture on each side. 

rigidus, W. (9) (p- y. Au. 2f.) leaves linear, mucronate, sub-carinate, ri- 
gid; margin rough-ciliate : the cauline leaves reflexed; the branch ones 

spreading, subulate: stem erect, somewhat branched above; branchlets 1- 
flowered, corymbed: calyx imbricate, twice as short as the disk: scales ob- 
tusish, carinate: rays about 10-flowered, reflexed. Hardly a foot high. S. 

linariifolius, W. (10) (O. p. y. Au. 2.) leaves thick-set, nerveless, linear, mu- 
cronate, dotted, carinate, rough, stiff, those on the branches recurved: stem 
sub-decumbent : branches level-topped, 1-flowered : calyx imbricate, of the 
length of the disk, A little lower than the preceding species, and flowers 
smaller: stem rough, purplish. S. 

graminifolius, Ph. (p. Au. 2{.) leaves narrow-linear, nerveless, punctate, gla- 
brous, erect: terminal branchlets nakedish, 1-flowered : calyx lax, nearly 
equalling the disk. 6 i. 

lintfolius, W. (S. 2{.) leaves linear, without nerves, dotted, rough, reflexed- 
spreading : branches level-top-corymbed, leafy : calyx imbricate, short : 
rays about equal to the disk. About 18 or 24 inches high. 

subulatus, Mx. (L. Au. 2{.) very glabrous, small-flowered : stem panicled : 
branches many-flowered: leaves linear-subulate : calyx cylindric ; ligulate 
florets of the ray minute. Salt marshes. S. 


: > 


(1) pyenocarpon,Sl. — (2) ‘trichomanoides, Mx. — (3) trichomanes, Mx. 
(4) acrostichoides, Sw. (5) Adiantum nigrum, Mx. (6) Conyza linifolia, L. 
(7) nemoralis, A. (8) uniflorus, Mx. (9) linariifolius, in Banks’ collection. 
(10) Inula linariifolia, N. 

11 


192 ASTER. vi 


foliolosus, A. (1) (Au. 2f.) leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, aca- 
minate: stem pubescent, panicled, erect: branches few-flowered : calyx im- 
bricate : scales linear, acute, close-pressed. Flowers small; hardly distinct 
from the next species. S. 

tenuifolius, W. (w. Au. 2{.) leaves linear-lanceolate,gapering to both ends ; 
hispid margin: stem glabrous, branching, erect; branchlets 1-flowered : ca- 
lyx imbricate : scales oblong, acute, lax. S. 

dumosus, W. (O. w. y- Au. 2{.) leaves linear, glabrous; those of the branchlets 
are the shortest: branches panicled: calyx cylindric, closely imbricate. A 
variety, called violaceus, has pale violet rays, and a pubescent stem. An- 
ether variety, albus, has white rays, and a glabrous stem. Flowers small. S. 

ericoides, W. (O. w-y. Au. 2{.) leaves linear, very glabrous; those of the 
branchlets subulate, approximate ; cauline ones elongated: calyx somewhat 
scurfy: leavesacute: stem glabrous. Flowers small. 

sauliifiorus, W. (O. w-y. Au. to Nov. 2{.) leaves linear, smoothish: stem very 
branching, diffuse, pubescent; branchlets one-way : calyx imbricate : seales 
oblong, scurfy, acute. Probably a variety of the last. S. 

eviatus, W. (2{.) leaves ciliate; cauline ones lance-linear, nerved ; branching 
ones very short, lanceolate, 3-nerved : stem branching, pubescent ; branches 
panicled: calyx imbricate, with spatulate, squarrose scales. Perhaps a va- 
riety of the multtforus. 

galudosus, W.(E. b. y. Au. Nov. 2{.) leaves sessile, subulate, glabrous, with the 
margin scabrous: peduncles few, 1-flowered: involucre squarrose, the lower 
scalesleaf-like. 12—181. S. 

feexuosus, N. (2) (L.O. y. w-p. Au. 2{.) very glabrous : leaves subulate-lin- 
ear, somewhat fleshy, sub-reflexed : stem slender, very branching ; branches 
and branchlets spreading, bristle-form, 1-flowered: scales of the peduncles 
divaricate, subulate : calyx imbricate, scales close-pressed, acute. Resem- 
bles the last: flowers smaller. Salt marshes. S. 

concolor, W. (r-b. Au. 2§.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, white-pubescent both 
sides: stem very simple, erect, pubescent : raceme terminal: calyx imbri- 
cate, scales lanceolate, silky, close-pressed. About a foot high : ray and 
disk coloured alike. S. 

cornifolius, M. & W. (O.w. Au. 2{.) glabrous : leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, ~ 
short-petioled ; margin rough: stem glabrous: panicle few-flowered ; branch- 
es 2-flowered ; calyx sub-imbricate. 

humilis, W. (3) (w. Au. 2{.) leaves sub-rhomboid, oval-lanceolate, acuminate 
at both ends, sub-petioled, glabrous; margin hispid: corymb diverging] 
dichotomous, nakedish, few-flowered : calyx lax-imbricate : rays 2 tapered. 
About a foot high ; flowers large. S. 

amygdalinus, Mx. (4) (O. w. S. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, 
acuminate ; margin rough : stem simple, level-top-corymbed at the top: ca- 
lyx lax-imbricate : scales lanceolate, obtuse. Rays large. WS. 

salicifolius, A. & W. (5) (r-b. Au. 2{.) leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-entire, gla- 
brous : stem glabrous, panicled at the top : calyx lax-imbricate: scales 
acute, spreading at their tips. 4—6f. Flower middle-sized. 

aestivus, W. (b. Ju. toS. 2f.) leaves lanceolate, sub-clasping, tapering to the 
apex : margin rough: stem branching from its base, erect, hispid ; branchlets 
pilose : calyx scaly : scales lax, linear, acute, equal. About 2 feethigh: the 
flowers resembling the last. 

nova-angliae, (O. b-p. Au. 2[.) leaves linear-lanceolate, pilose, clasping, au- 
ricled at the base : stem sub-simple, pilose, straight and stiff : flowers sub- 
sessile, terminal, crowded : scales of the calyx lax, coloured, lanceolate, 
longer than the disk. In rich soil it grows 10 feet high: flowerslarge. S. 

cyareus, Hn. (6) (O. b-p. Au. 2{.) leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping, smooth : 


- (1) cordifolius, Mx. (2) sparsiflorus, Ph. (3) infirmus, Mx. divaricatus, 
W. cornifolius, L. probably a variety of cornifolius. (4) umbellatus, A. Inula 
wmygaalina,N. (5) praealtus, Lb. (6) rubricaulis, Lb. spurius, W. novae 
sughae, A. 


ASTER. 125 


stem wand-like-panicled, very glabrous: branches racemed : scales of the 
calyx lax, lanceolate, equalling the disk, inner ones coloured at the apex. 
g—4 f. Flowers many and large. This is the handsomest of all asters. S. 

phlogifolius, W. (1) (w. p. Au. 2f.) leaves lanceolate, heart-form, clasping, 
pubescent beneath, rough margin: stem very simple, pubescent: panicle 
terminal, lax, few-flowered : scales of the calyx lax, imbricate, lanceolate. 
From 18 to 24 inches high. 


2, Leaves more or less cordate and ovate, serrate or toothed. 


wadulatus, (2) (S. 2{.) stem leaves heart-oblong, clasping, undulate, scabrous; 
toothed near the summit: branches of the panicle expanding, few-flowered : 
calyx sub-squarrose. Flowers large. Sf. S. 

eagittifolius, Wedem. (b. 2{) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, sessile, serrate 
in the middle; radical ones oblong, heart-saggittate, serrate, petioled : stem 
glabrous, branching; scales of the calyx lax, imbricate, lanceolate, S. 

diversifolius, Mx. (3) (E.y. p. S. 2{.) leaves nearly entire, undulate, pubes- 
cent, sub-scabrous ; lower ones cordate, ovate, with winged petioles ; uppe 
ones lance-oblong: panicle loose, the branches slender, racemose. 3f. S. 

paniculatus, A. (O. b-p. Au. to Nov. 2{.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, sub-serrate, 
petioled, glabrous; radical ones ovate-heart-form, serrate, rough, petioled ; 

etioles naked: stem very branching, glabrous ; branchlets pilose: calyx 

ax, sub-imbricate. 2—4f. Flowers smallish, numerous. S. 

cordifolius, L. (O. w. S. 2{.) leaves heart-form, pilose beneath, sharp- 
serrate, petioled ; petioles winged : stem panicled, smoothish : panicles 
divaricate : calyxlax, sub-imbricate. Flowers small. 

corymbosus, A. (O.w. Au. 2f.) leaves ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate, smooth- 
ish ; lower ones heart-form, petioled; petioles naked : stem glabrous, level 
top-corymbed above: branches pilose : calyx oblong, imbricate: scales ob- 
tuse, very close-pressed. 12—14i, Flowers rather large. ; 

sracrophyllus, A. (O. w-b. Au. 2[.) leaves ovate, petioled, serrate, rough; up- 
per ones ovate-heart-form, sessile ; lower ones heart-form, petioled ; petioles 
sub-margined : stem branching, diffused : calyx cylindric, closely imbricate: 
scales oblong, acute. 1—2f. Flowers largish. S. 


3. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, lower ones serrate. 


amplexicaulis, W. (4) (QO. b. S. 2f.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, clasping, 
heart-form, serrate, glabrous: stem panicled, glabrous ; branchlets 1-2-flow- 
ered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, closely imbricate. Flowers middle- 
sized. 

prenanthoides, W. (b. 2{.) leaves clasping, spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate in the middle, heart-form at the base: branchlets pilose: scales of the 
calyx lanceolate, scurfy. 

laevigatus, W. (O. r-p. S. to Nov. 2f.) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceolate, 
sub-serrate, smooth: stem very branching, glabrous ; branchlets many-flow- 
ered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, lax, nearly equalling the disk. S. 

versicolor, W. (y-w. Au. 2{.) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceolate, sub-ser- 
rate, glabrous ; radical ones serrate in the middle: stem very branching, 
glabrous: scales of the calyx lanceolate, lax, shorter than the disk. Flow- 
ers many and large, elegant. NS. 

mutabilis, W. (p-y. Au. toOc. 2{.) leaves sub-clasping : upper ones lanceolate, 
acuminate, entire ; lower ones lanceolate, at the base narrow, serrate ; branch- 
lets wand-like: calyx shorter than the disk, lax : stem glabrous. 

laevis, W. (b-p. S. to Nov. 2{.) leaves sub-clasping, remote, oblong, entire, 
shining ; radical ones sub-serrate : branches simple, 1-flowered: calyx im- 
(1) amplexicaulis, Mx. (2) diversifolius, Mx. patens, W. (3) uadulatus, 

W. tardifolius, Wr. (4) pensylvanicus, Lb. 


124 ASTER. 


bricate, the leafets somewhat wedge-form, acute, thickened at the apex : 
stem glabrous, angular. : 

concinnus, W. (b-p. S. to Nov. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping ; 
lower ones sub-serrate, glabrous : stem simple, panicled at the top: calyx 
closely imbricate. 

puniceus, (O. p. Au. to Nov. 2{.) leaves clasping, laficeolate, serrate, rough- 
ish : branches panicled : calyx lax, exceeding the disk, the leafets linear- 
lanceolate, sub-equal : stem hispid. A variety, purpureus, {1) seven feet : 
stem deep purple. Another variety, refescens, (2) tall; from green becom- 
ing reddish. From 3 to 10 feethigh: flowers large. Damp, S. : 

Sloribundus, W. (E. 2{.) leaves somewhat clasping, lanceolate ; lower ones 
serrate: stem glabrous : branches corymbed ; branchlets many-flowered, 
hairy : scales of the calyx lax, lanceolate, imbricate. 

novi-belgti, (w-p. Au. 2{.) leaves sub-clasping, lanceolate, glabrous, rough at 
the margin ; lower ones sub-serrate: branches sub-divided: calyx lax-imbri- 
cate, the leafets linear-lanceolate: stem terete, glabrous. 

bellidiflorus, W. (r. y. 2{.) leaves clasping, narrow-lanceolate, scabrous above, 
sub-serrate beneath: stem very branching : scales of the calyx lanceolate, 
spreading. ; 

spectabilis, W. (b. Au. 2f{.) leaves lanceolate, roughish, sub-clasping ; lower 
ones serrate in the middle: branches corymbed: leafets of the calyx lax, 
oo somewhat wedge-form, acutish, scurfy. About 2 feet high : flow- 
ers large. 

sertlens: W. (b. S. 2{.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, gla- 
brous ; margin rough; lower ones serrate : branches corymbed, glabrous ; 
branchlets 1-flowered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. 
About three feet : flowers large. 

tardtforus, W. (b. Oc. 2{.) leaves sessile, serrate, glabrous, spatulate-lance- 
olate, tapering to the base, deflected at the margin and both sides: branches 
divaricate : calyx lax, the leafets lanceolate-linear, sub-equal, glabrous. 
Flowers not middle size. 

blandus, Ph. (p. Oc. 2{.) leaves somewhat clasping, oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
minate, serrate, glabrous: stem branching in a pyramid-form ; branches 
axillary, racemed, scarcely longer than the leaf: peduncles downy, not 
winged : calyx lax, sub-equal, shorter than the disk. Flowers largish. 

acuminatus, Mx. (w. Au. 2{.) leaves broad-lanceolate ; lower ones tapering, 
entire, upper ones unequally serrate, long-acuminate : stem simple, zigzag, 
angular: panicle corymbed, divaricate-dichotomous : leafets of the calyx 
lax, linear, shorter than the disk. A variety called elatior, has a taller 
stem: panicles many-flowered and leafy. Another variety, pumilus, has a 
lower stem : corymb few-flowered, naked, scarcely higher than the leaves. 
Commonly 12 inches high and upwards ; flowers middle-size. Probably a 
variety of prenanthoides. S. 

conyzoides, W. (3) (O. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves oblong, 3-nerved, narrow and acute 
at the base ; upper ones sessile, sub-entire ; lower ones petioled, serrate : 
stem simple, corymbed at the top: calyx cylindric, scurfy: rays 5, very 
short. About 12 inches high: flowers small. 

nudiflorus, N. (E. r. 2{.) stems simple, smooth: leaves sessile, lance-ovate, 
sub-acuminate, sharply-serrate ; upper side scabrous: corymb simple, few- 
flowered: peduncles hairy or naked, 1-flowered : calyx imbricate : scales 
ciliate. 

radula, W. (w. S. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, rugose, very 
rough: stem erect, angular, simple : corymb terminal: calyx imbricate : 
leafets lanceolate, obtusish, somewhat scurfy. Flowers mid-size. : 

strictus, Ph. (4) (y-r. S. 2.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, rough : 
(1) amoenus, Lb. (2) hispidus, Lb, (3) marylandicus, Mx, Conyza as- 

teroides, L. (4) biflorus, Mx. 


ASTER. 125 


stem 1 or few-flowered above: scales of the calyx imbricate, close-pressed, 
oblong, acute, nearly equalling the disk. Four to seven inches high : flowers 
middle-sized. 

tradescanti, W. (1) (O. w-p. Au. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile, gla- 
brous: branches wand-like: calyx imbri:ate: stem terete, glabrous. 3 to 
4 feet high: flowers small. 

recurvatus, W. (2) (O. b. S. 2.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, tapering 
to the base ; lower ones serrate in the middle: stem branching, glabrous, re- 
curvate : scales of the calyx lax, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, sub-equal. Re- 
sembles the last. 

lazus, \V. (w-y. S. to Nov. 2.) leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; rough 
margin ; lower ones sub-serrate : stem sub-reflexed : branches very spread- 

ing: stem lax, panicled at the apex: calyx imbricate: leafets lanceolate, 
acute, reflexed at the apex. 

Junceus, A. (r. Au. 2{.) leaves lanceolate-linear, sessile, glabrous; lower ones 
sub-serrate ; those of the branchlets lanceolate: stem panicled, glabrous: 
branches wand-like : calyx imbricate. 2—6f. S. 

dracunculoides, W. (3) (w. S. 2{.) leaves linear, acuminate, entire; lower 
ones linear-lanceolate, sub-serrate : branches corymbed: calyx imbricate : 
stem smoothish. About3 or4 feet high. WS. 

maser, W. (w. S.2{.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous: calyx im- 
bricate : leafets acute: florets of the disk and ray equal: stem sub-villose. 

divergens, A. (O. w-r. S. 2.) leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous: 
cauline ones linear-lanceolate, elongated: branches spreading : calyx imbri- 
cate: stem pubescent. 3 to 5 feet high: flowers small. SS. 

diffusus, A. (w.S. to Nov. 2{.) leaveselliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, all 
proportioned : branches spreading : calyx imbricate : stem pubescent. Flow- 
ers small. S. 

ulus, W. {O. w. Oc. to Nov. 2{.) leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous: 
those of the branchlets remotish : branches very divaricate, pendulous : stem 
pubescent. Resembles the preceding ; but the disk turns brown. 

emanens, W. (y. r. S. 2{.) leaves lance-linear, acuminate, scabrous at the mar- 
gin ; lower ones sub-serrate: stem panicled; branchlets 1-flowered: calyx 
lax-imbricate, with lanceolate leafets, f 

sunplex, W. (w. y. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous at the margin ; 
cauline ones serrate at the apex; those of the branches entire: stem ola- 
brous, panicled at the apex: calyx lax-imbricate, with linear-subulate leafets. 

polyphyllus, W. (w. y.¥. 2{.) leaves linear, mostly entire ; radical ones ob- 
long, sub-serrate ; stem very branching, hairy: calyx lax-imbricate. 

lanceolatus, W. (w. p. Au. 2{.) leaves lance-linear, sessile, mostly entire, gla 
brous; lower ones lanceolate, subsserrate : stem branching, diffuse, very 
glabrous; calyx imbricate, with lanceolate somewhat spreading leafets. 

fragilis, W. (w. 2{.) leaves linear, acuminate, entire ; radical ones oblong, 
serrate : branches corymb-panicled : calyx imbricate, with close-pressed 
scales : stem very glabrous. 2 f, 


Exotic. 
chinensis, (china aster. #.) leaves ovate, thickly toothed, petioled: canline 
ones sessile, at the base wedge-form; floral ones lanceolate, entire: stem his- 
pid: branches 1-flowered: calyx foliaceous. A variety has very full flow- 
ers, Various-coloured, and very short rays. Cultivated. 


oe Southern. 
tortifolius, Mx. (E. Au. 2{.) leaves cuneate, obovate, acute, entire, pubescent, 
twisted, expanding: flowers nearly sessile, aggregate: scales of the calyx 
linear-lanceolate, close-pressed. 2 f. pee 


ee 


(1) viraineus, Lb. (2) salicifolius, we (3) artemisiforus, Lb. 


126 ASTER. * 


¥ 
: rR 

grandiforus, W. (E. p. y. Oc. 2f.) leaves sub-clasping, linear, subulate, rigid ” 
reflexed, with the margin ciliate and we! : stemhairy: branches 1-flower-* 
ed: calyx squarrose ; the scales linear-lanceolate. 2—3 f. 

exilis, E. (E. p. y. S. 2[.) very glabrous : stem slender, tall, somewhat branch- 
ed: leaves very long, linear, subulate: head in racemes: scales of the calyx 
lance-linear, half as long asthe ray. 4—f. 

racemosus, E. (E. p. y. S. 2.) leaves lance-linear, sftb-pubescent beneath ; 
margin scabrous; branches slender, long: heads nearly sessile, crowded to- 
wards the summit of the branches. °2 f. 

squarrosus, W. (E. b. y. S. 2{.) leaves very numerous, sessile, ovate, acute, 
reflexed, rigid: margin hispid: stem branching, hairy: branches one-tlow- 
ered: scales of the involucre lanceolate, hairy, loose. 2f. 

reticulatus, Ph. (E. w. Au. 2{.) leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, acute at 
both ends, hoary and tomentose, 3-nerved, reticulately veined beneath: flow- 
ers racemed : scales of the calyx very acute. 3 f. 

eirgatus, E, (E. b-p. 8. 2£.) leaves lance-linear, clasping, very glabrous : 
stem aie tetachel. : branches virgate, erect: heads racemose: scales of the 
calyx very acute, slightly squarrose. 3—4 f. aut 

carolinianus, Wr. (E. p. Oc. 2{.) stem shrubby, flexuous, much branched, pu-- 
bescent : leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to each end : scales of 
the calyx lance-linear, very pubescent, sub-squarrose. 10—12f. 

surculosus, Mx. (E. p. y. Oc. 2{.) stem simple, pubescent towards the sum- 
mit: leaves ob-lanceolate, acute, sub-serrate, scabrous above, upper ones ~ 
smail: flowers few, large: scales of the calyx oblong, ovate, reflexed, very 
pubescent. 12—18 i. 

discoideus, E. (E. p. S. 2.) stem erect, sub-villous: leaves spatulate-ovate, 
acute, serrate, hairy, pale beneath: scales of the calyx subulate, villous, 
loose, sub-squarrose : florets of the ray none. 2—3f. 

scaber, E. (E. p. y. S. 2{.) lower leaves petioled, oblong, cordate, acute, en- 
tire; upper ones sessile, clasping, lance-ovate, tapering to an acute point; 
all of the leaves scabrous, undulate: panicle loose, long ; the branches race- 
mose. 3f. 

dichotomus, E. (E. w. p. y. Oc. 2{.) leaves sessile, oval, obtuse, pubescent : 
corymb sub-dichotomous: branches naked, long. 2 f. 

obovatus, N. (E. w. y. M. 2{.) leaves sessile, oval or obovate, obtuse, sub-ru- 
gose, very pubescent: corymb paniculate: scales of the calyx closely imbri- 
cate. 3f. 

canescens, Ph. (1) (W. p. Au. 2[.) white-pubescent : leaves linear: panicle co- 
ae very branching, leafy : calyx imbricate, very acute, longer than the 

IskK, , 

pauciforus, N. (W. w. Au. 2{.) stem simple, 3 to 6-flowered: leaves linear, 
sinooth, those of the stem subulate, and somewhat clasping : peduncles axil- 
lary and terminal, about 1-flowered: calyx and peduncle viscidly pubescent. 
Oa the margin of salt springs. 10. 

montanus, N. (A. p-b.) leaves lance-linear, sessile, entire, silk-villous, obso- 
letely 3-nerved: stem erect, slender: branches 1-flowered: calyx hemis- 
pherical, with lance-linear, acute, erect leafets. 

oblongifolius, N. (W. p. 2{.) stem and leaves finely scabrous : leaves mostly 
lance-oblong, somewhat clasping, not hairy: stem with sub-fastigiate few- 
flowered branches: calyx hemispherical, with squarrose, acute, oblong-li- 
near leafets. 1 f. 

sparsilorus, Mx. (E.) sub-glabrous: leaves linear, entire, reflexed : stem slen- 
der, much branched : branches expanding, setaceous, 1-flowered: scales of 

_ the involucre close-pregsed. - vee , 

heterophyllus, W. (W.2{.) leaves glabrous ;, cauline ones ovate, sub-cordate, 
acuminate, deeply serrate, entire at the apex; those of the branches oblong- 
ovate, sub-serrate; those of the branchlets lanceolate, minutely reflex-spread. 
ing: stem panicled, glabrous: calyx closely imbricate. 


(1) biennis, N. 


$ 


ASTER, ASTRALAGUS. 197 


adulterinus, W. (W. y. p. 2{.) leaves clasping, lanceolate ; lower ones sub- 
serrate, glabrous ; those of the branches linear, squarrose: calyx squarrose, 
shorter than the disk : scales wedge-linear. 

peregrinus, Ph. (W. p-b. 2{.) leaves sessile, remote, lance-oblong, gradually 
acute, glabrous: stem erect, sub-simple, glabrous, hirsute towards the top, 
and 1 to 3-flowered at the summit: scales of the calyx lance-linear, villous, 
very acute, lax, of the length of the disk : rays numerous. 

gracilis, N. (W. b. 2{.) leaves lance-oblong, remotely gash-serrate, acute, 
somewhat clasping, nearly smooth, with scabrous margin: stem minutely 
hairy, corymbed at the top: peduncles filiform, 2 and 3-flowered ; lateral 

icels longer: calyx cylindric, squarrose-imbricated, with linear-oblong, 

sub-acute scales. Rays about 12, longer than the calyx. If. 

albus, N. (1) (W. w. Au. 2{.) simple: flowers fastigiate-corymbed ; pedun- 
cles (flower bearing branches) nearly naked, one-flowered : leaves lance- 
oblong, entire, scabrous, attenuated below. If. 


16—10. AsTRaGaALus. 32. 93. 


_ secundus, Mx. (A. p. Ju. 2{.) caulescent, procumbent : leafets ovate, pubes- 
cent: spikes peduncled : legumes one-way, straight, acuminate both ends, 
pendulous. 


- canadensis, W. (O. y. Ju. 2{.) caulescent, diffuse : leafets (21) glabrous both 


sides : legume sub-cylindric, mucronate. On the islands near Troy. 30 i. 


carolintanus, W. (A. y. J. 2f.) caulescent, erect: leafets (41) oblong, pubes- 
cent beneath: spikes peduncled: bracts lanceolate, of the length of the pe- 
duncle : legumes ovate, tumid,beaked. SS. 

alpinus, Ph. (A. p. Ju. 2{.) caulescent, procumbent : flowers pendulous, ra- 
cemed : legumes acute at both ends, hairy. 


Exotic. 
glaux, (milk vetch. #.) caulescent, diffuse ; the little heads peduncled, im- 
bricate, ovate: flowers erect: legume ovate, callous, inflated. 
depressus, (trailing vetch. 2{.) sub-caulescent, procumbent: leafets obovate : 
raceme shorter than the petiole : legume terete, lanceolate, refiexed. 


Southern. 

glaber, Mx. (E. w. Ap.) caulescent, glabrous: leafets numerous, small, oval, 
slightly fringed : spikes 3 to 6-flowered, on long peduncles : pods distant, 
terete, incurved. 2 f. 

obcordaius, E, (L. w.) glabrous: leafets small, 15 to19 in number, obcordate : 
peduncles long, bearing 8 to 12 flowers at the top. Stem decumbent? 

carnosus, N. (W. b-p.) stem caulescent, decumbent, hairy: leafets 8 to 10 
pair, lance-oblong : stipules ovate : racemes axillary, about the length of 
the leaves: legumes large, pendulous, oval, fleshy, inflated and compressed, 
smooth. 

galegoides, N. (W. w.) stem sub-erect : leafets about 21, lance-oblong, sub- 

" pubescent beneath : peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves : spike 
crowded : flowers pedicelled, one-sided : legumes stiped, pendulous, 3-sid- 
ed, inflated, smooth : calyx hairy, with subulate segments : strong-scented.. 
The racemosus, Ph. 2 f. 

triphyllus, Ph. (W. 2.) stemless: assurgent: leaves ternate: leafets lan- 
rb): sessile : scape none : legumes sessile, oblong. Leaves of silvery 

ue. 

hypoglottis, (W.M.) stem procumbent : leafets oblong: spikes ovate, pedun- 
cled, longer than the leaves : legumes ereet, ovate, channelled, Perhapsa — 
northern plant. 

laxmani, (W. 2{.) stem diffuse and ascending, grooved : cauline bracts mem- 
branaceous, acuminate : leafets sub-pubescent, oblong, 6 to 8 pair : pedun- 
cles axillary and terminal, much longer than the leaves, thick, grooved, in 


(1) Inula, N. 


128 ASTRALAGUS, ATRIPLEX. 


eub-oval crowded spikes : bracts acuminate : legumes oblong, poleballa 

when young. F ey 

gracilis, N. (W. M. 2f.) pubescent: stem slender, erect: leaves sub-sessile ; 
leafets oblong-linear, 13 to 21, remote : racemes peduncled, longer than the 
leaves : legume very short, nodding, oval-ovate, somewhat 3-sided, hairy, — 
l-celled : teeth of the calyx minute. 2 f. Nuttall says, it is the tenellus of 
Pursh, which is called Ervum multiflorum by the same author in one place, 
and Dalea parviflora in another, ’ 

mollissimus, T. & J. (W. y-w. 2{.) almost stemless, erect, silk-downy : sti- 
pules not attached to the petioles, opposite to the leaves : leafets 1] to 14 
pairs, ovate-oblong, mucronate : peduncles larger than the leaves: flowers 
in spikes, erect: legumes oblong, curved, glabrous. Wires 

micranthus, N. (W. b. M.3%. 2{.) decumbent : leafets oval, emarginate, gla- 
brous: peduncles about 2-flowered, longer than the petioles: legumes fal- 
cate, 2-keeled, glabrous: seedstruncate. 7 i. _Galega. 


7 
3—2. ATHEROPOGON. 4, 10. sgt .. 
apludoides, M. (1) (hair-beard. S. 2{.) spikes short, numerous, (20 to 40,) Te. yo 


flexed downwards: culm terete, glabrous, geniculate : leaves hairy at the 
base : sheaths hairy. 1 f. i ort a . 
oligostachyum, N. (W. 2{.) spikes 2 or3, sub-terminal, many-flowered 1 Ca 
yx and corol pilose; outer valve of the corol 3-awned, the 2 lateral awns 
shorter and arising near the middle of the valve—neutral valve 3-awned. 
10i. S. Sesleria, 


Athyrium, AsPIDIUM. % 
12—13. ATraGceneE. 26. 61. 


americana, Sims. (2) (false virgin-bower. O. b-p. M. 2{.) stem climbing, 6 
angled: leaves in fours, ternate, with climbing petioles : leafets glabrous, — 


heart-ovate, acuminate: seeds caudate, with hairs not plumose. ad 
Thalictrum. 


+e 


5—2.. ATRIPLEX... 12. 29. 


halimus, W. (orach. 5.) leaves alternate or opposite, oblong-sub-rhomboid, 
entire. 
hortensis, (garden orach. Ju. #.) stem erect, herbaceous: leaves triangular, 
toothed, of an uniform colour : calyx of the fruit ovate, netted, entire. 3 f 
laciniata, W. (L. J. #%.) stem erect, herbaceous: leaves triangular, deeply- __ 
toothed, white beneath : calyx of the fruit rhomboid, 3-nerved, denticulate. 
ig 


S. im 

arenaria, N. (3) (Ju. #%.) stem herbaceous, spreading : leaves entire, ob- 
long-ovate, sub-sessile, white-silvery beneath ; upper ones acute or acummi- 
nate: flowers axillary, glomerate : calyx of the fertile flowers muricate, 
a retuse. Stem reddish, angular, very branching ; about a@ foot 
high. S. 

Jilin, (E. Ap. #2.) stem herbaceous, spreading: leaves triangular-hastate, 
smooth above, irregularly toothed ; upper ones entire : fruit-bearing calyx 
sub-muricate.on the sides. Perhaps avariety oflacincata,T. S. 

hastata, W. (E. Ju. #.) stem erect, herbaceous: leaves triangular-hastate, 
deeply toothed, uniform coloured: calyx of the fruit sinuate-toothed ; mid- 
dle tooth elongated.. Perhaps introduced. 

Southern. 

7) tifolia, (L. J. #%.) stem herbaceous, divaricate ; lower leaves hastate, 
slightly toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, entire : calyx of the fruit lance- 
hastate, entire. 


—_——_— 


(1) Chloris curtipendula, Mx. (2) pensylvanica,M. Clematis, verticilleta, | 
De, (3) patule? M. 


mans ATRIPLEX, AZALEA. 129 


, > 
cens, N. (W. M.) dioecious, dusty-whitish : stem shrubby, diffuse - 
es oblong-linear, entire, obtuse, tapering towards the base ; young leaves 

acute, 3f. Calligonum canescens of Pursh. 

_ argentea, N. (W. 3%.) stem herbaceous, erect: leaves deltoid, sub-cordate, 
sub-obtuse, entire, white-dusty and shining both sides: fruit somewhat pe- 
duncled, oval, compressed, obtuse, acutely toothed at the margin. 1 f. 

Cheuopodium. 


is eee 5—l. Arropa. 28. 41. 
physaloides, W. (1) (w-b. Ju. # ) stem very branching: calyx membrana- 
. oe ees, net-veined : berry fleshy, covered with the calyx: leaves 
Sinuate-angled. SS. 


a . Exotic. 
onna, (deadly nightshade. w-y. 2{.) stem herbaceous, brachiate : leaves 
ate, entire. berries black and poisonous. Capsicum. 


So ae 3—2. AubaxanTHus. 4. 10. 


ee tt OP ~ Southern. 
ic se (E.'S. 2f 2) stem erect : leaves linear, ciliate: panicle slender, 
compact. Sand. 2f. e 
rufus, E. (E. Au.) stem erect: leaves very glabrous: panicle large, slightly 
‘compressed : hairs on the calyx reddish-yellow. Perhaps a variety of cilia- 
tus, E. Phalaris. 


c 


ae Aulaxia, AULAXANTHUS. 
=f 
; 3—2. Avena. (2) 4. 10. 


” 3 

praecox, (dwarf oats. J. #%.) panicle in a dense raceme: florets as long as the 
calyx: awn exsert: leaves setaceous. Sand. 41. 

mollis, Ph. (E.) racemes somewhat in a compact spike : calyx 2-flowered ; 
flowers, awned and beardless—awns straight, of the length of the flower: 
leaves and culm with soft pubescence. 

striata, Ph. (A) panicle compact, few-flowered : calyx’5-flowered : flowers 
longer than the calyx, almost beardless : valves outerly striate, with a long 
awn upon the back: seed naked. 


a _ Exotic. o% 
sci, (oats. J. %.) panicled : calyx 2-seeded: seeds smooth, one of ther 
- awned. First discovered in the island of Juan Fernandez. A variety is 
awnless, and has black seeds. 
sterilis, (animated oats. Ju. #%.) panicled: calyx about 5-flowered : florets 


hairy, the middle ones awnless. When dry, the heads are set in motion, if 


moistened, by the untwisting of the awns. 

elatior, (J. 2{.) panicle sub-contracted, nodding: glume 2-flowered : florets 
perfect, sub-awnless, staminate awned : culm geniculate, glabrous : root 
creeping. Introduced. Aira. 


5—1. Azarea. 18. 50. 


procumbens, W. (Whitehills. r. Ju. 5.) leafy-flowered : branches diffuse, pro- 
cumbent: leaves opposite, elliptic, glabrous: margin revolute : corol bell- 
form, glabrous : filaments enclosed, equal. Flowers small ; resembles Le- 


dum buxifolium : all the other species resemble the Rhododendron, to which © 


Don annexed them. 
_ealendulacea, Mx. (r. & y. Ap. b.) sub-naked-flowered : leaves oblong, pu- 
bescent both sides, and when full-grown become rough-haired : flowers abun- 


(1) Nicandra physaloides, P, (2) See Danthonia. 


4130 ; * AZALEA. 


“ a : 
dant, ae viscous: teeth of the calyx oblong: corol with a hirsute tube 
shorter than its divisions. A variety, flammea, has a flame-coloured flower ; 
another, crocea, has a saffron-coloured flower. 4 f. 
canescens, (Catskill mountains. r.J. .) sub-naked-flowered: leaves obovat e- 
oblong, pubescent on the upper side, and downy beneath ; nerves not bristl e- 
bearing: flowers not viscous: tube of the corol scarcely shorter than its di- 
visions : teeth of the calyx very short, round-obtuse ; stamens scarcely ex 
sert . 
arborescens, (r. b.) flowers leafy : leaves obovate, sub-obtuse, smooth both 
sides, glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin; nerye almost smooth: flow- 
ers not viscous ; tubes longer than the segments: calyx leafy, with oblong 
acute segments: filamentsexsert. 15 f, 
ispida, Ph. (A. w.r. Ju. 5.) flowers leafy : branches straight, very hispid 
eaves long-lanceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous both sides’ 


nerve bristly beneath : margin ciliate : flowers very viscous ; tube scarcely — 


longer an the segments: teeth of the calyx «blong, rounded : filament ex- 
sert, 12 f. , 
canescens, Mx. (r. Ap. 5.) flowers nakedish : leaves obovate, pubescent 
above, downy beneath, nerve not bristly: flowers not viscid; the tube 
scarcely shorter than the segments: teeth of the calyx very short, round-ob- 
tuse : stamens scarcely longer than the tube. S. 
glauca, Lk. (E. w. J. 5.) flowers leafy : branchlets hispid : leaves oblanceo 
late, acuminate, glabrous both sides, glaucous beneath; nerve bristled, mar- 
gin ciliate : flowers very viscous ; tube twice as long as the divisions and 
shorter than the calyx; divisions of the corel about equal to the filaments 
Swamps. Low shrub. 
audifiora, W. (1) (early honeysuckle, pinxter blomachee. O. r. M. 5.) sub- 
naked-flowered : leaves lanceolate-oblong, or oval, smooth or pubescent, uni- 
form-coloured: nerves on the upper side downy, and beneath bristly ; mar 
gin ciliate: flowers abundant, not viscous ; their tubes longer than their di- 
. Visions: teeth of the calyx short, oval, sub-rounded: stamens very much ex- 
sert. A variety, coccinea, has scarlet flowers and lanceolate leaves; another, 
rutilans, has deep-red flowers and minute calyx; another, carnea, Ras pale- 
red flowers, with red bases and leafy calyx ; another, aléa, has white flowers, 
with a middling calyx; another, papilionacea, has red flowers, with the low- 
er divisions white, calyx leafy ; another, partzta, has flesh-coloured flowers, 
5-parted to the base; another, polyandria, bas rose-coloured flowers, with 
from 10 to 20 stamens. Woods. 2—6f. 
witida, (swamp honeysuckle. w. J. 5.) leafy-flowered : branches smoothish: 
leaves few, oblanceolate, sub-mucronate, leathery, glabrous both sides, and 
the upper side shining: nerve bristle-bearing beneath: margin revolute-ci- 
liate: flowers viscous; tube a little longer than the divisions: calyx very 
short: filaments exsert. Leaves dark-green. Swamps. 
viscosa, W. (white honeysuckle. O. w. J. 5.) leafy-flowered: branches hispid : 
leaves oblong-obovate, acute, both sides glabrous and one-coloured ; nerve 
bristle-bearing, margin ciliate : flowers viscous; tube twice as long as the 
divisions: teeth of the calyx very short, rounded : filaments scarcely longer 
than the corol. Flowers very sweet-scented. 5 f. 
glauca, Lk. (fragrant honeysuckle. w. J. b.) leafy-flowered: branchlets his- 
pid: leaves oblanceolate, acute, both sides glabrous, and glaucous beneath ; 
nerve bristle-bearing, margin ciliate : flowers very viscous ; il of the co 
ro] twice as long as its divisions: calyx very short: filaments about equal to 
the divisions of the corol. Rather lower than the other species: flowers 
.abundant. Perhaps a variety of viscosa. S. 


Southern. skies 
bicolor, Ph, (E. r. w. M. b.) naked flowered : leaves obovate, covered on both 


(1) periclymencides, Mx. 


£ 


> 


AZALEA, BAPYFISIA. . 131 


¥ 


sides with fine whitish hairs; the nerve not bristly : flowers small, not viscid; 
the tube scarcely longer than the segments of the corol: calyx very short; 
ane of its segments narrow, and 4-times longer than the rest: filameats long- 
ex than the tube : smaller branches hairy and hispid. 2—8 f. 


Tpomeria, 
si B. 
ee 17—2. Baccmarts. 49. 55. 


imifolia, Mx. (groundsel tree. w. S. .) leaves obovate, gash-toothed 
EE cnicis compound, leafy: fascicles peduncled. Tho whole shrab 
covered with white powder. Sea-coast, and riveralluvion. 6—12.f. S. 


es Southern. 
ungustifolia, Mx. (L. S.) very glabrous: leaves linear, very entire: panicle 
“compound, many-flowered. 8—10f. 
-sessilifiora, Mx. (E. S.) leaves smooth, cuneate-obovate, toothed near the 
summit : heads axillary, sessile, scattered: scales of the calyx rufous at the 
tips. S—of, Conyza. 
2i1—5. Bamycrs. (1) 57. 2. 


rosews, (O) crust uniform, warty, white : peduncle (podetia) short, cylindric : 
receptacle sub-globose, pale-red. On the earth. 


rafus, Ach. Crust rough, ashy-greenish : apothecia chesnut : pedicels short. 
. - On rocks. {sidiuim. 


17—3. Batputna. 49. 54, 


Southern. ; 
unifiora, N. (y. Ju. 2{.) stem 1-flowered, simple, pubescent: leaves narrow, 
obovate, entire : egret as long as the seed. 2f. 
multifiora, N. (y. S. 2{?) stem branching, many-flowered, glabrous: leaves 
linear; leaves of the involucre acuminate : egret short,cup-form. 30i. El- 
liott considers these two species as belonging to different genera—the latter 


he proposes to call Actinospermum. Galovdia, 
; 13—1. Baruota. 42, 39, 
Exotic. 


nigra, (false motherwort. 2{. naturalized, and grows wild about New-Haven.) 
eayes heart-form, undivided, serrate : leafets of the calyx acuminate. Ives, 


Satureja 
174. BaLTiiors. 49. 55. 


‘Southern. 
recta, W. (E? y. Ju. 3%.) scabrous: stem dichotomous: leaves opposite, 


ovate, acuminate, serrate, petioled. It is doubtful, whether this grows north 
of the West India Islands. Gymnostylus. 


10—1. Baptista. V. (2) 32. 93. 


ti<ctoria, (wild indigo. O. y. Ju. 2{.) very glabrous and branching: leaves 
ternate, sub-sessile : leafets wedge-obovate, round-obtuse, ( becoming black 
in drying:) stipules obsolete, oblong, acute, much shorter than the petioles: 
racemes terminal: legumes ovate, long-stiped. 2—3 f. 8S. 


\ 


(1) See Cenomyce. (2) Podalyria, W. Sophora, Wr. 


132 Ay BAPTISIA, BARTRAMIA. 


cerulea, Mx. (1) (spiked indigo-weed. Canandaigua. bt. Ju. 2{.) glabrous: 
leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leafets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse : stipules 
lanceolate, acute, twice as long as the petioles: racemes spiked, elongated : 
legumes acuminate. S. 

Southern. : 

perfoliata, M. (E. y. Ju. 2{.) very glabrous: leaves perfoliate, oval, entire, 
glaucous: flowers axillary, solitary, l-flowered : legumes sub-globose. 

lanceolata, Wr. (y- Ap- 2{.) pubescent: leaves ternate, cuneate, lanceolate, 
obtuse: flowers axillary, solitary ; the terminal ones racemed. 1—2f. The 
uniflora of Ph. 

villosa, Wr. (y-w- J. 2{.) leaves ternate, lanceolate, hairy: stem and calyx 
villous : stipules linear : racemes terminal. 

mollis, Mx. (E. 2{.) stem, leaves and calyxes minutely hairy : leaves ternate ; 
leafets lance-rhomboid : stipules leafy, lanceolate: racemes in terminal 
spikes: teeth of the calyx acute. 

alba, W. (O. w- J. 2{.) branches spreading: leaves ternate, petioled ; leafets 
lanceolate, wedge-form at the base, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous: stipules 
subulate, shorter than the petioles: racemes terminal. 2 f. 

bracteata, M. (O. w. Ap. 2{.) pubescent: branches spreading: leavesiter- 
nate, petioled ; leafets lanceolate : racemes axillary, reclined : bracts large, 
broad-subulate, permanent. 2f, Theleucophea? N. 

Cercis. 


14—2. Barparea. Br. 39. 63. 
pulgaris, (2) (water radish, water rocket. O. y. M. 2{.) lower leaves lyrate- 


;nnatifid, with the terminal lobe roundish ; upper leaves obovate, toothed. 
anks of rivers. Sisymbrium. 


| 21—2. Barpura. 56. 4, 


coespitosa, stem very short, sub-simple : leaves densely crowded together, ob- 
long-linear, raucronate, convolute at the apex on becoming dry : capsules cy- 
jindric, with a straight-subulate lid of nearly its own length. 

acuminata, leaves ovate-acuminate, concave, twisted on becoming dry: stems 
erect, simple and divided, becoming renewed ; elongations of the renewed 
parts stand out behind the capsules. 

fallax, stem ramose: leaves recurve-spreading : pericheth nerveless: cap- 
sules oblong : lid obliquely beaked. On walls and bye-lanes, &c. 

lanceolata, leaves lanceolate, sub-apiculate, Sep when dry : fascicle of 
ducts strong: capsule bottle-form, straight : lid oblique. 

fortuosa, caulescent, rather high, ramose : leaves lance-linear, acute, sub-den- 
ticulate, may become crisped: capsule straight, slender-cylindric: lid sub- 
ulate. Syntrichia. 


4—1. Barronta. 20. 46. 
paniculata, M. (3) (screwstem. O. w. Ju. 2.) stem sub-ramose, 4-sided, and 


becoming spirally twisted : peduncles opposite, lower ones ramose. Stem 
almost leafless. Damp. 5—6 i. Exacum. 


91—2. Barrramia. 956, 4, 


crispa, pedicels erect : leaves subulate, crisped, serrate at the margin, much 
contorted when dry. [nthe mountains about Williams Col. » 


——_—— 


(1) australis, W. (2) Erysimum barbarea, L. (3) tenella, P. Andrewsia 
paniculata, B. Centaurella paniculata, Mx. C. autumnalis, Ph. i 
virginica, W. Centaurium, P, in another part of his works. 


‘sate BARTRAMIA, BEJARIA. _ 138 


ederi, (1) stem elongated, slender : pedicels erect: leaves lanceolate, serru- 
late, scarcely twisted whendry. Among damp mountain rocks, &. 

longiseta, stem short ; lesser stems somewhat simple : leaves not dense, sub- 
ulate, keeled, and scarcely perceptibly denticulate ; erect when dry : pedun- 
cle very long. - Bryum. 


1i3—2. Bartsia. 40. 35. 


pallida, (white painted cup. A. w-y. Au. 2[.) leaves alternate, linear, undi- 
we vid 


vided ; upper ones lanceolate ; floral ones sub-oval, sub-toothed at the sum- 

_ mit; all are 3-nerved : teeth of the calyx acute. _ 

acuminata, Ph. (W. 2[.) leaves alternate, long-linear; floral leaves ovate, 
long-acuminate, 3-nerved, all undivided : flowers shorter than the bracts: 
teeth of the calyx acute. : 

tenuifolia, Ph. (W. y. Ju. 2f.) very hirsute : leaves alternate, linear, gash- 
pinnatifid ; divisions filiform: bracts (yellow) membranaceous, oblong, ob- 
tuse, tooth-hastate at the base on each side, longer than the flowers: calyx 


short, hairy, with subulate teeth, 1f. 


ina, W. {E. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves opposite, ovate, sub-cordate, obtuse-serrate, 
rugose : anthers hirsute. 6i. 


_ gymnandra, W. (W. b. 2{.) leaves sub-opposite, ovate, crenate; a pair of 


radical ones petioled ; spike oblong; the whorled bracts compact. 7 i. 
Note. The coccineais removed to Nuttall’s new genus, Euchroma. 
: Rhinanthus. 


21—4. BaTRAcHosPERMUM. 57. 2. 


- moniliforme, frond alternately ramose, moniliform: branches attenuated. 


Rivularia. 


51; Barscuta. 41, 42, 


sanescens, (puccoon, false bugloss. O. y. Ju. 2{.) whiteish-villose: leaves all 
oblong : calyx very short: divisions of the corol entire. A red substance 
covering the root is the puccoon paint of the Indians, S. 

imeling, Mx. (W. r-y. Ap. 2f.) hirsute; floral leaves ovate: segments of ca- 
lyx long sub-lanceolate. Dry woods. 10—16i. S. 


Southern. 
longifiora, N. (W. y. Ju. 2[.) hirsute, erect : leaves approximating, long- 
linear : margin reflexed : fascicles fastigiate : tube of the coro] sub-pentan- 
gular ; border flat, with fringed crenatures. 
decumbens, N. (W.) hirsute : stem decumbent: segments of the calyx and 
feaves linear : flowers scattered : lobes of the corol fringed-crenate, shorter 


than the tube. ’ - ~  Cynoglossum. 
ze 
3—2. Brcxmannia.* 4, 10. 
Southern, 
crucaeformis, Ja. (W. Ju.) panicle 2-rowed, 1-sided, linear : calyx 1 or 2- 
flowered, with scarious margins: stigmas hirsute. Orthopogon. 


Befaria, BEsaRIa. 
12—1. Besar. 18. 50. 


Southern. 
racemosa, Ph. (E. w-r. J. 5.) leaves lance-ovate, glabrous ; flowers raceme- 
panicled, terminal: stemhispid. 3f. Sand. Lewisia. 


(1) gracilis, S, 


* This is printed Bruchmannia in Nuttall’s genera, p. 48, It was carelessly 
copied into this Manual, at p. 19, 
12 


134 BELLIS, BETULA. 


17—2. Betis. 49. 55, 


{ 


Exotic. 
perennis, (daisy. w. & p. Ap. 2{.) leaves obovate, crenate: scape naked, 1- 
flowered. Grows wild in cultivated fields in Pittsfield, Mass. 
: 


Southern. 
integrifolia, Mx. (W.) caulescent ; spread-branched : leaves entire ; lower 
ones obovate ; upper ones lanceolate: leafets of the calyx very acute, and: 
acuminated with a hair. Togetes. 


6—l. Brrgeris. 54. 78. 


vulgaris, (1) (barberry. y. M. 5.) branches punctate : prickles mostly in 
threes : leaves obovate, remotely serrate : flowers racemed. 

pinnata, (W. y. Ap. b.) sarmentose, unarmed : leaves pinnate; leafets mostly 
in three pairs, oblong, repand-teothed, veiny : petals 2-toothed. The aqui- 
folium. Ph. 

nervosa,’ Ph. (W. y. Ap. 5.) sarmentose, unarmed : leaves pinnate; leafets 6- 
paired, ovate-oblong, repand-serrate, somewhat 5-nerved : petals entire. 


Prinos. 


Bernhardia, Psitotum. — 


S—2. Beta. 12. 29, 


Exotic. : 
vulgaris, (beet. g. Au. .) flowers heaped together : lower leaves ovate. 
cicla, (white beet, scarcity. (f'.) flowers in threes : radical leaves petioled, 

cauline ones sessile: lateral spikes very long. Kochia. 


19—12. Beruxa. 50. 99. 


populifolia, W. (2) (white birch, poplar birch. Ju. ae leaves deltoid, long- 
acuminate, unequally serrate, very glabrous : scales of the strobile with 
rounded lateral lobes: petioles glabrous. 30—40 f. 

excelsa, W. (3) (tall birch, yellow birch. O. J. 5.) leaves ovate, acute, serrate : 
petioles pubescent, shorter than the peduncle: scales of the strobile with 
rounded lateral lobes. 70—80 f. 

rubra, Mx. (4) (red birch. M. 5.) leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly-serrate, 
acute, pubescent beneath, base entire: pistillate ament ovate : scales vil- 
lose: divisions linear, equal. 70f. Excellent cabinet timber. WS. 

papyracea, W. (5) (paper birch, canoe birch. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
doubly-serrate : veins hirsute beneath: petiole glabrous: pistillate ament 

eduncled, nodding : scales with lateral, short, sub-orbicular lobes. Has a 
aper-like bark, of which the Indians construct canoes. 

lenta, W. (6) (spicy birch, cherry birch, black birch. O. M. b.) leaves heart- 
ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate : nerves and petioles pilose beneath: scales 
of the strobile glabrous, with obtuse equal lobes having elevated veins. Large 
tree, whose wood is much like mahogany ; very sweet-scented. 80f. S. 

glandulosa, (scrub birch. M. 5.) branches glandular-dotted, glabrous: leaves 
obovate, serrate, at the base entire, glabrous, sub-sessile : pistillate ament 
oblong, scales half-3-cleft: seed orbicular, with a narrow margin. 2—$8 f. 
Very abundant in the marshes about Stockbridge, Mass. It seems to be in- 
termediate between Betula and Alnus. 

nana, (dwarf birch. M. 5.) very small and glabrous: leaves small, wedge- 


orbiculate, gash-crenate, net-veined beneath: scales of the ament deeply 3- — 
parted, divisions oblong: secds oblong, nearly wingless. Swamps. ae, 


(1) canadensis, N. (2) acuminata, Eh. (3) lutea, Mx. (4) lanulosa, Mx. 
fi. nigra, L. (5) papyrifera, Mx. (6) nigra, Wm. carpinifolia, Eh. 


a 


‘ne 


BETULA, BIGNONIA. 135 


pumila, W. (1) (dwarf birch. O. J. 6.) branches pubescent, dotted : leaves 
~ orbicular-obovate, petioled, dense-pubescent beneath : pistillate ament cy- 
lindric. 2—3 f. : “ Carpinus, 


17—3. Bipens. 49. 55. 


cernua, (water beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. 2%.) flowers sub-rayed, drooping : ont- 
er calyx longer than the flower : leaves lanceolate, sub-connate, toothed. 
One variety, minima, has sessile leaves and erect flowers and seeds; another 
variety, coreopsis, has serrate, opposite, clasping leaves. 

chrysanthemoides, W. (2) (daisy beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. #%.) flowers rayed, 
drooping, the ray thrice as long as the sub-equal calyx: leaves oblong, ta- 
pering to both ends, toothed, connate. Flowers large : 2,3 or4 awnstoa 
seed. Wet. S. 

tripartita, (three-fingered beggar-ticks. Au. 3.) flowers discoid : outer calyx 
longer than the flower: seeds with 3 awns: leaves 3-cleft. 3f. Swamps. 
Bigelow finds this species near Boston ; probably we have labelled it by 
some other name. 

frondosa, (burr marygold. O. y. Ju. 3%.) flowers discoid: outer calyx six 
times as long as the flower: leafets ciliate at the base : lower leaves pin- 
nate ; upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. WS. 

connata, W. (3) (y. Ju. 3.) flowers discoid : outer calyx thrice as long as 
the flower: cauline leaves ternate : lateral leafets connate; floral ones ob- 
long-lanceolate. S. : 

pilosa, W. (Ju. 3.) flowers discoid: outer calyx of the length of the inner: 

~ lower leaves pinnate ; upper ones ternate : leafets oblong, a terminal lance- 
olate one twice as long as the rest. WS, 

bipinnata, (hemlock beggar-ticks. y. Ju. #.) flowers sub-rayed : outer calyx 
of the length of the inner: leaves doubly-pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, pia- 
natifid. WS. 

beck, T. (water marygold. Au. y. 2{.) sub-mersed leaves capillary, divided 
into many parts, dichotomous: flowers erect, terminal, solitary. Flowers 
radiate. A new species discovered in a pond near Sehenectady, N. Y. by 
Dr. Lewis C. Beck, and named by Dr. John Torrey, in honor of the zealous 
and persevering discoverer. 


Southern. 
gracilis, T. & J. (W.y.? 2{.) very glabrous: leaves pinnate-5-cleft : divi- 
sions narrow-linear, entire : stem sub-ramous, erect: flowers terminal, sol- 
itary, long-peduncled, discoid: bracts half-as long as the involucre. 2 f. 
Coreopsis. 


\ 13—2. Brenonta. 40. 45. 


radicans, (trumpet flower. O. r. & y. Ju. 5.) leaves pinnate: leafets ovate, 
toothed, acuminate : corymb terminal : tube of the corol thrice as long as 
the calyx: stem rooting. Most beautiful climbing shrub. One variety, 
flammea, has yellow-scarlet ‘flowers ; another variety, coccinea, has bright 
scarlet flowers. Cultivated. S. 


Z Southern. 
crucigera, W, (E. y-r. J. 5.) leaves conjugate, cirrose ; lower ones ternate : 
leafets heart-ovate, acuminate : racemes axillary: stem muricate, 
capreolata, W. (E. r. ech?) leaves conjugate, bearing tendrils, the lower 
ternate : leafets ternate, cordate, acuminate : racemes axillary : stem rough- 
ened. A-vine. Woods. Ruellia. 


— 


(1) nana, Kalm, not W. (2) Coreopsis perfoliata, Wr. (3) crysanthe- 
moides, Mx. 


136 BLASIA, BOERHAAVSA. 


Bignonia, CATALPA. 


21—3. Brass. -57. 3. 


pusilla, Sz. (dry mill-dams-) capsule marked, immersed in the frond, ovate- 
oblique, terminating in an open tube, permanent : frond orbicular or heaped 
AA together in abundance, beautifully green, net-veinted, dichotomous or tri- 
chotomous, bearing capsules on the apex. Sphaerocarpus. ~ 


21—1. Brecunum. 55. 5. 


borealis, (Roman fern. Au. 2{.) barren frond pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, 
obtusish, parallel: fertile frond pinnate: leafets linear, acuminate. 

serrulatum, (2{.) frond pinnate: leafets lanceolate, tapering to both ends, at 
the base decurrent, sharp-serrate. 1 do not know that we have a Blechnum 
in the northern district. Woodwardia. 


18—1l. Brertia. (1) 7. 21. 


Southern. 
aphylla, N. (y. r. Au. 2{.) leafless : scape terete, scaly, tapering near the 
summit; the scales ovate, alternate : lip without a spur. 198i. 
verecunda, N. (E. Ju. 2{.) radical leaves broad-lanceolate, plaited, nerved : 
scape many-flowered : inner petals converging : lip inflated, with an emar- | 
ginate border, crisped, furrowed. Calypso. 


Fs 1—2. Buitum. 12. 29 


capitatum, (strawberry blite. O. r. J. 2%.) heads in a terminal spike, not inter- 
mixed with leaves; leavestriangular, toothed. 15i. WN. 

wirgatum, (slender blite. r. J. 3%.) lateral heads scattered, top ones leafy : 
leaves triangular-toothed. 

maritimum, N. (sea blite. L. g. S. 2?) calyx membranaceous: clusters ax- 
illary, spiked, naked : leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, gash-toothed. - 
“Salt marshes. 2—3f,- Very branching. 


Southern. 
chenopodioedes, N. (W. 3%.) leaves sub-hastate-triangular, sub-dentate, taper- 
ing to both ends: glomerules axillary, leafy: seeds distinct, punctate, not 


berried. Dry. Corispermum. 
17—2, Boxrgera. 49. 35. 
Southern. 3 
chrysanthemoides, W. (W. y. Au. 3.) stem panicled: leaves opposite, sub- 
pinnate, glabris, acute. Trichophyllum. 


19—4. Barmera. 53. 98, 


cylindrica, W. (2) (false nettle. O. g. Ju. 2{.) leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 
acuminate, toothed, glabrous : flowers sub-dicecious: staminate spikes glom- 
erate, interrupted ; pistillate spikes cylindric: stem herbaceous. Damp. 
18 4, ih 

laterifiora, (E. Ju. 2{.) leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
rough: flowers glomerate, lateral : stem herbaceous. Leaves 3-nerved, and 
oniong petioles. S. Urtica. © 


3—1. Borrnaavia. 54, 32. 


ir ¥ 
ea...” 
Southern. ne!) 
erecta, (E. w. p. J. 2{.) stem columnar, trichotomous, rough below, m v * 
above : flowers in corymb-panicles. Calymenia, 


(1) Cymbidium. (2) Urtica cylindrica, L. 4 
4 


BOLETUS. 137 


21—6. Botrertvs. 58. 1. 
1. Pileus fleshy, cushion-like, easily separated from the elongated tubes. 


annulatus, pileus cushioned, campanulate, viscid, becoming yellow-livid, with 
spots, from brick-coloured streaks becoming red: pores yellow : stipe annu- 
lated. Among pines, &c. in autumn. 

cortinatus, stiped: pileus yellow, sub-viscid, orange in the centre ; the fleshy 
part white, firm and ridgy, or crisped: tubes yellow: curtain-like volva 
white: stipe thick, especially towards the base. 

rufus, pileus dilated, plano-convex, brick-red: pores white: stipe long, torn- 
wrinkled: scales becoming black. In grassy woods, &c, autumn. © This is 
a variety of the aurantius. 

scaber, pileus sub-rugose, grey-sooty-yellow : pores becoming pale-white, de- 
pressed around the attenuated stipe: scales becoming black, In beech 
woods, &c. the beginning of autumn: at length it becomes dry, hard, and 
dark-coloured. 

circinans, in groups: pileus viscid, sub-repand, thick, straw-colour or livid- 
yellow: pores acute, yellow: stipe somewhat slender, shortish yellowish, 
rough, with dark specks. Among pines, &c. early in autumn. 

sub-tomentosus, middle size : pileus*cushioned, plano-convex, sub-tomentose, 
yellowish ash-colour; the fleshy part not very changeable: pores large: 
stipe somewhat slender, reddish in the middle, or yellowish and one-colour- 
ed. Grows in woods in autumn. ‘ 

radicans, pileus cushioned,'yellow-cinereous: margin involute, sub-tomentose : 
pores citron-yellow : stipe smooth, rooting, tomentose, one-coloured. In oak 
woods, &c. autumn. 

reticulatus, pileus cushioned, dilated, dirty-yellow, mostly tessellated and 
chinked ; fieshy part becoming bluish: pores middle size, becoming yellow: 
stipe shortish, glabrous, of the same colour of the pileus, red within. Pileus 
often 5 or 6 inches broad. 

edulis, pileus cushioned, very broad, dark yellowish-purple; the fleshy part 
not changeable: pores at first filled and whitish, afterwards pale-yellow : 
stipe tuberous, sub-ventricose, reticulate, reddish-grey. In woods, &c. au- 
tumn. 

luridus, large: pileus cushioned, dark olive : pores equal, at first red, at 
length orange: stipe elongated, red, reticulate, sub-bulbous. In July. 


2. Pileus fleshy, coriaceous, mostly somewhat corky : tubes shortish, connected 
, with the substance of the pileus. 
(Pileus entire: stipe central, or a little out of the centre, and perpendic- 
ular.) 


brumalis, pileus convex, sub-umbilicate, of a darkish shade, becoming yellow: 
maine ciliate: pores oblong, white. Late in autumn, on decaying trunks, 
Se 
perennis, coriaceous, tenacious, cinnamon-colour : pileus thin, with zones most- 
ly connate. On the earth, about decaying trunks, &c. 


(Pileus halved: stipe lateral.) 


Di ecndowas, very branching: pilei many, halved, sooty-grey. About roots of 
: oaks, &c. in autumn. The whole group or mass sometimes a foot broad. 
- lucid : us, pileus very tough, coriaceous, chesnut-colour, shining, with concentric 
= | dead : pores minute, white : stipe variable. On trunks of trees, very large, 
__ becoming tawny. ‘3 
- sub-cespitose ; pileus aaa one liver-brown, palerat the margin : 
- % 
view w- 


138 BOLETUS, BOLTONIA. 


pores minute, pale: stipe lateral, short, thick, dark cinereous. On hollow. 
logs, &c. in autumn. 

varius, sub-solitary: pileus tough, reddish-yellow, halved or entire: stipe sub- 
lateral, elongated, black from the middle downward. On trunks, 1 to 2 inch- 

_ es broad. 

is , (Pileus halved; without a stipe) 

-_ ¢itrinus, imbricate, halved, fleshy, glabrous, citron-yellow. Roots of oaks, &c. 

in summer and autumn. 

odoratus, halved, odoriferous, sub-deformed: pileus rugose, with zones or pa- 

rallel bands; dark shade at the base: margin arched, and cinnamon-colour 

-) beneath, opake. Qn trunks. 

- marginatus, simple or sub-imbricate : pileus thick, hard, tuberculate, becoming 
red or reddish-yellow: margin issuing a white juice : pores pale, or light 
citron-yellow. Very hard and hairy ; about 4 inches. When recent, acid 
drops of a liquid issue from the margin. 

igniarius, dilated, smooth, cuticle in ridges: pileus hard, becoming dark at the 
base, at the margin cinnamon-colour, beneath yellowish-white. Grows on 
trunks. General form like a horse’s hoof. It is called towch-wood. : 

betulinus, sub-stiped, largish : pileus flesh-corky, reniform, dirty reddish-yel- 
low, white beneath. On roots, &c. 

fomentarius, halved, hard: pileus sub-triquetrous, with obsolete belts, dirty- 
ash-colour: pores at first white-glaucous, at length sub-ferruginous. Used 
for tinder. 

velutinus, corky, simple: pileus convex, thin, hirsute, white : pores minute, dir- 
ty-white. About an inch and a half broad, somewhatzoned. On dry trunks, 
&c. 

lutescens, sub-cespitose, corky: pileus depressed, thin, tomentose, pale; with 
hirsute zones becoming yellow. On trunks, &c. with the last, which it re- 
sembles, but is rather broader. 

versicolor, cespitose, coriaceous : pileus thin, with bluish many-coloured zones : 
pores whites On dry trunks. Autumn and winter. 

cinnabarinus, in groups, uniformly of a cinnabar or vermilion colour: pileus 
thickish, ridgy, obsoletely zoned, sub-tomentose. One or twotinches diam- 
etre. 


3. Open or effuse, upside down, (that is, the pores or tubes on the upper side :) 
pileus mostly obsolete. 


destructor, white: pileus unequal, undulated, rugose: pores roundish-obtuse. 
Grows in buildings, &c. which it tends to destroy. Its substance is fibrous, 
and becomes dry. : 

radula, pale-white, sub-tomentose : pores acute, unequally prominent, rough. 


4. Tubes free among each other. 


hepaticus, fleshy, blood-red, halved: tubes free, becoming yeliow. Roots of 
oaks, &c. in autumn. Sistotrema. 


17—2. Borronta. 49. 55. 


asteroides, (false aster. w-r. Au. 2[.) leaves very entire: flowers long-pedun- 
cled: seed oval, glabrous, sub-awnless, 
glastifolia, (false chamomile. w. Ju. 2{.) lower leaves serrate : flowers short- — 
' peduncled: seeds obcordate, apparently winged, pubescent: awns of the } 
egret two, of equal length with themselves. S. ry > ; 
Southern. tee 
diffusa, E. (E. w. y. S. 2?) leaves lance-linear, margin scabrous: panicle dif- 
fuse, many-flowered: seed obovate, emarginate, slightly winged: egret tw 
jong awns. 2f, Chrysanthemum, — 


_ 


BROOTIA, BOTRYCHIUM. 139 


11—13. Booria. 35. 92. 


sylvestris, * Bw. (false avens. E. w. J.2{.) hairy or downy: stem erect, fur- 
rowed: lower leaves pinnate; leafets sessile, oval, doubly toothed: flowers. 
in small corymbs, sub-sessile: stipules half-ovate, acuminate. 2 f. 
Potentilla. 


5—1. Boraco. 41. 42. 
Exotic. 
officinalis, (borage. b. Ju. 3%.) leaves alternate: calyx spreading. 
africana, (%£.) leaves opposite, petioled, ovate : peduncle many-flowered. 
. Anchusa, 
17—1. Borxuavusia. 49. 53. q 
Southern. - 
cearoliniana, N. (E. y. March, 2{ ?) leaves lance-oblong, glabrous; rarely tooth- 
ed, sometimes pinnatifid: stem erect, few-flowered: peduncles Jong. 2 f. 
Troximon. 


\ 


12—5. Borrera. 57. 2. 


ciliaris, frond greenish ; divisions linear, ramose, attenuated; ciliate at the 
apex, white beneath, channelled: receptacles sub-terminal: disk concave, 
at length flat, dark sooty-yellow and grey, with a frond-like, crenate and fring- 
ed margin. On trunks and rocks. : 

leucomela, frond becoming pale; divisions erect, linear, many-cleft, attenuate, 
ciliate, very white beneath, sub-pulverulent, somewhat channelled: disk of 
the receptacles flat, dark-grey, with a frond-like, ciliate margin. On trunks 
of trees. 

ehrysophthalma, frond yellowish-red, naked both sides, one-coloured; divi- 
sions linear, flattish, pinnatifid-branched, with little fibres at the apex: re- 
ceptacles sub-terminal ; disk orange, with frond-like, fibrons-ciliate margins. 
Common on fences and trees. . 

exiits, frond pale-white ; divisions very branching, entangled a little, compress- 
ed, capiliary, attenuated: receptacles scattered: disk flattish, saffron-co- 
lour, with a thin, entire, frond-like margin. On trees, &c. 

tenella, (on bark, or on the ground. Halsey.) frond white: segments narrow, 
pinnatifid, convex and ciliate at the apex. 

furfuracea, (on bark, &c. Halsey.) segments of the frond channelled beneath, 
bluish-black. Cetraria. 


20—2. Borya. 10. 6. 
Southern. 


porulosa, Mx. (L.) leaves lance-oblong, obiuse, sessile, coriaceous, dotted. 


under side; margins revolute. 
acuminata, Mx. (E.) leaves lance-oval, tapering at each end, petioled, mem- 
branaceous, slightly serrulate. Ceratiola. 


2i—1. Borrycuium. 55.5. 


fumarioides, W. (1) (grape fern, J. 2{.) scape naked: frond glabrous, radi- 
cal, 3-parted, 2-pinnate; leafets lunate, crenate: spikes pinnate. S. 

obliquum, W. (J. Ju.) scape below, 1-fronded : frond sub-biternate ; leafets ob- 
long-lanceolate, serrulate, dilated at the base, unequally heart-form: spikes 
doubly pinnate. Perhaps only a variety of the last. 

dissectum, (J.) scape below, 1-fronded ; frond 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid ; divisions 

_ linear, 2-parted, at the apex 2-toothed. S. 


~ ‘ 

2 * This plant has been incorrectly referred to the genera, Potentilla and Geum. 

The absurdity has often been shewn; and we are under obligation to Dr. Bige- 
for correctly defining and naming it. Potentilla confertifiora, T, 

(1) Botrypus lunarioides, Mx. Osmunda biternata, Lk. 


tF ix 


140 BOTRYCHIUM, BRIZA. 


virginicum, W. (1) (Ov J. Ju.) hirsute: scape in the middle fronded: frond 
sub-ternate, 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid ; leafets gash-pinnatifid ; divisions obtuse, 
sub-3-toothed : spikes 2-pinnate, divaricate. Large. (Rattlesnake fern. 
S. = ‘ 
gracile, Ph. (J.) glabrous: scape in the middle, fronded : frond 3-parted, 2- 
~~ pinnatifid ; divisions gash-sub-pinnatifid, acute, sub-toothed: spikes slender, 
___ pinnate, erect. Smaller. Var. of the last ? 
simplex, Hitchcock. (E. J.) glabrous: scape below, 1-fronded : frond simple, 
3-lobed or 3-cleft : segments unequal: spike sub-compound, interrupted, 
unilateral : capsules sessile. Capsules the size of mustard seed. Grows in 
A dry hilly pastures, about three or 4 inches high. Vid. Amer, Jour. Sci. vol. 
be 6, p. 103. Psilotum. 
= r 


a 21—6. Bovine: 58. 1. 


magrescens, large, becoming of a dark shade, plicate beneath. Form either 
globose or round-oblong, an inch or two in diameter. In shady woods. 
‘ e Lycoperdon. 


3—2. BracuyEeLytrumM. 4. 10. 


erectum, P. (false dropseed. A. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: culm strong, simple: pa- 
nicle with few branches. Taken fromthe Muhlenbergia. The specificname, 
aristatum, has been substituted by some. S. Beckmannia. 


teed 17—2. Bracuyrris. 49. 55. 
Southern. 
earothrae, Ph. (W. y. 2{.)stems numerous, angled, scabrous, naked below, co- 
rymbed above: branches few-flowered at the top: leaves linear, close-press- 
ed, obsoletely 3-nerved, scabrous both sides. Taken from Solidago. The 
specific name, euthamiae, is substituted by some. 7 i. me. 
onia. 


Brachystemum, PY¥CNANTHEMUM. 
Brasenia, HYDROPELTIs. 
i 14—2. Brassica. 39. 63. 


Exotic. 

orientalis, (perfoliate cabbage. o*) leaves heart-form, clasping, glabrous ; ra- 
dical ones entire: silique 4-sided. 

napus, (kale or cole. ¢.) root caulescent, fusiform: leaves smooth ; upper 
ones heart-lanceolate, clasping ; lower ones lyrate-toothed. (Rape.) Nut- 
tall supposes this species grows native in ledges of rocks near Arkansas. 

rapa, (turnip. ¢.) root caulescent, orbicular, depressed, fleshy : radical leaves 
rough; cauline ones very entire, smooth. Var. ruta-baga, has a turbinate, 
sub-fusiform root. 

oleracea, (common cabbage, including al} the varieties caused by culture. ©.) 
root caulescent, terete, fleshy : leaves smooth, glaucous, repand-lobate. 


, Stanleya, 
38—2. Briza. 4.10. 


media, (quaking grass, rattle-snake grass? E. J. 2{.) panicle erect: spikelets 
- heart-ovate, about 7-flowered: calyx smaller than the flowers. 1 Pro- 
bably introduced. Bw. 


-—— 


She 


4 (1) Osmunda virginica, L. Botrypus virginicus, Mx. 


Be 


BRIZA, BRYUM. 141 


Exotic. 
maccima, (rattle-snake grass? 3%.) spikes cordate, with 17 florets in each: ca- 
lyx chesnut-brown. Poa, 


6—1. Bropireza. 9.17. 


Southern. 
grandifiora, S. (W. Ap. 2{.) umbels many-flowered : flowers pedicelled : sta- 
mens alternate, with membranaceous margins. Called Missouri hyacinth. 
Crinum. 


3—2. Bromus. 4.10. 


Dc tnisaus, W. (chess. O. J. 3%.) panicle nodding : spikelets ovate, compressed : 
glumes naked, distinct : awns shorter, subulate, straitish-zigzag. Probably 
from Europe ; common in rye and wheat-fields. Florets about 10 in each 
spikelet: leaves somewhathairy. S. et * 

ciliatus, W. (1) (2{.) panicle nodding : spikelets oblong, compressed, 6 to 8- 
flowered : florets awned at the margin, ciliate-villose : sheaths and both sides 
of the leaves sub-pilose : culm bearded at the joints. S. 

pubescens, M. (broom grass. J. 2{.) culm hairy below: joints brown : stipules 
very short : panicle at length nodding, pubescent: calyx less than corol, 8 
to 12-flowered : corol pubescent, one valve awned beneath the apex. Var. 
ciliatus, has a ciliate valve in each corol ; 8to10-flowered. Var. canadensis, 
has one very hairy, 7-nerved valve to each corol, and a shortbristle. 

purgans, W. (Au. 2{.) panicle nodding: spikelets lanceolate, terete: florets 
awned, pilose; awns erect: leaves plabrous both sides, their sheaths pilose. 


mollis, S. (Ju.) panicle erect, compact: peduncles : amose : spikelets ovate : 
florets imbricate, depressed, nerved, pubescent: bristle straight, nearly as 
long as the corol : leaves with soft hairs. 


Southern. 
altissimus, Ph. (W. J. 2{.) panicle nodding, spikelets oblong, about 6-flower- 
ed: florets pubescent ; outer valve 3-nerved, with a short awn: leaves and 
sheaths glabrous : culm glabrous, very tall. 7 f. 


Arrhenatherum, 
20—4. Brovussonetia. 53, 98. 
Exotic. : 
papyrifera, (paper mulberry. M. 5.) leaves sub-cordate, lobed or undivided ; 
’ roots sending off suckers. 20 f. Dn. Nyssa. 


Bruchmannia, p. 19, should be BEcKMANNIA. 
8—3. Bronnicoia. 12, 28. 


- 


Southern. { 
cirrhosa, (A. 2{.) climbing : leaves cordate, acute, glabrous, entire : panicles 
terminal: bracts ovate, mucronate. Cardiospermum. 


~ 


21—2. Bryum. 56. 4. 
1. Staminate fowers peduncled, leafless. 
_ endrogynum, leaves lanceolate, acute, imbricate-spreading : capsules erect, ob» 
Read lid conic. In damp woods, — 
——— 


i 
(1) canadensis, Mx. 


—— 
: e : 7 


Ae 


142 BRYUM, BUNTIAS. 


2. Staminate flowers sessile, terminal, bud-form: capsules peduncled. 


¢arneum, stem simple: leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, reticulate, remotish : 
capsule pendulous, ovate. In damp shades. 
-argenteum, stem ramose at the base, cespitose: leayes ovate, concave, mucro- 
nate, imbricate, glaucous-silvery : capsule ovate-oblong, pendulous. On 
walls, houses and sandy soils. 
coespiticium, stem ramose at the base: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, imbri- 
> cate : capsule oblong, pendulous: lid convex. On walls, houses, &c. 


3. Staminate flowers sessile, terminal, with a disk-like tuft of leaves. 


-  roseum, stem erect: leaves crowded together, stellate, oblong, entire, acute : 

capsule oblong: lid conic. In woods and bushes. 

cusprdatum, leaves lance-ovate, serrate: capsule ovate, pendulous: lid conic, 
obtuse. In moist shades. 

ciliare, Greville, (Canada.) stem elongated: leaves obovate, acutish, finely 
reticulate-marg ined, serrate-ciliate ; serratures jointed : capsule oblong, pen- 
dulous, pale: lid a conical hemisphere : apex minute. 

punctatum, stem erect, sub-simple : leaves obovate, entire, punctate-reticulate : 
capsule ovate: lid subuJate, incurved, Indamp shady lawns, &c. 


4. Flowers perfect ; germs nodding. - 


nutans, stem sub-simple: leaves lanceolate, acute, keeled: capsule obovate, 
nodding ; lid convex, short-mucronate. In dry barren situations. 
Arrhenopierum. 


13-2. Bocenera. 40. 34. 


americana, W. (blue-hearts. O. b. Au. 2{.) stem simple : leaves lanceolate, 
sub-dentate, rough, 3-nerved: flowers remote, spiked. In the herbarium 
this plant becomes black. 1f. S. Antirrhinum. 


ol. Bumetra. (1) 43. 48. 


Southern. 

iycioides, Ph. (E. g-w. M. b.) spinous, erect : leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth 
both sides. Fruita drupe. Wood hard and heavy. 

reclinata, Ph. (E. J. 5.) spiny, spreading: sterile branches spreading : leaves 
small, obovate, very smooth. 

lanuginosa, (e-. J. 5.) spiny: branches expanding, hairy : leaves lance-oval, 
woolly under side, 16f. 

tenax, (g-y. J. b.) spiny : leaves lance-wedge-form, mostly obtuse, silk-downy 
beneath. 25 f. 

oblongifolia, N. (W. b.) spiny: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the 
base, hairy beneath : flowers conglomerate, sub-sessile, numerous : segments 
of the nectary 3-cleft. 18 f. Lisianthus. 


14—1. Bunias. (1) 39. 63. 


smaritima, W. (sea-rocket. L. p. Ju. %#-) var. americana, T. leaves wedguaee 
long, obtuse, sinuate-toothed : joints of the silicle 1-seeded ; upper ones ovate, 
acute. Plant fleshy, corymbed. 

gdentata, Bw. (L. Ju. Acheson obovate, sinuate: silicle with 2 smooth, 
one-seeded, toothless, joints. Plant fleshy, in terminal spikes or piracy 


aspi. 


~ (1) Sideroxylon, Mx, (2) Cakile. 
* 


BUPHTHALMUM, CACALIA, 148 
; 


17—2. BurnTHALMuM. 49. 55. 


3 ' Southern. : 

frutescens, (ox-eye, y. J. 5.) leaves opposite, wedge-lanceolate, fleshy, whit- 
ish: sisal 2 a stem shrubhy. 2f. : 

angustifolium, Ph. (E. 2{.) leaves alternate, linear, broader near the summit, 
entire, glabrous : involucre of acute, lanceolate, leafets. 

sagittatum, Ph. (W. y. J. 2.) tomentose : radical leaves long-petioled, ob- 
long, sagittate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved; cauline ones oblong, tapering 
into the petiole : stem about 3-flowered : outer leafets of the calyx longer 
than the disk. Helianthus. 


Burmannia, TRIPTERELLA. 
21—2. Buxpaumia. 56. 4. 


ephylla, (leafless moss.) capsule long-peduncled : leaves none. In barren 
places. Funaria. 


19—4. Buxus. 38. 96. 


[Generic character is here given, it having been omitted afier Morus, p. 68.] 


Staminate flowers—calyx 3-leaved : petals 2: germ amere rudiment, Pis- 
tillate flowers—calyx 4-leaved: petals 3 : styles 3: capsules 3-beaked, 3- 
celled: seeds 2. 38—96. (box.) A sige 


ahy 
Exotic. . 
sempervirens, (box. b.) leaves ovate, petioled, somewhat hairy at the margin : 
_ anthers ovate, arrow-form. Var. angustifolia, leaves lanceolate. Var. suf- 
' fruticosa, leaves obovate, stem hardly woody. a Pachysandra, 
C. 
Cabomba, NEcTRIS. 
17—1. Cacatta. 49. 55. 


suaveolens, W.:(E. w. Au, 2.) stem herbaceous : leaves petiolate, hastate« 
sagittate, serrate, glabrous, green on both sides: flowers corymbed, erect : 
calyx many-flowered. 3—4f. S. 

atriplicifolia, W. (orach caraway. O. w. Au. 2{.) stem herbaceous : leaves 

etioled, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; radical ones cordate, toothed ; cau- 

Fine ones rhomboid, sub-2-toothed both sides : flowers corymbed, erect: ca- 
lyx 5-flowered. Flowers small. S. 

reniformis, W. (E. w. Au. 2[.) stem herbaceous: leaves petioled, glabrous 
beneath, pilose at the veins ; radical ones heart-kidney-form, repand-tooth- 
ed ; cauline ones toothed, at the base wedge-form, entire : corymbs level- 
topped : calyx many-flowered. 5—10f. 


Southern. 
ovata, Wr. (E. w. S—Oc.) stem herbaceous: leaves ovate, obtuse ; obtusely 
toothed, nerved, slightly glaucous beneath; the lower ones petioled: invo- 
lucre 5-leaved, 5-flowered. f. 
lanceolata, N. (E. y-w.) stem herbaceous : leaves narrow lanceolate, acute at 
_ each end, remotely toothed, nerved, slightly glaucous beneath : involucre 5- 
_ leaved, 5-flowered. 4—6 f. 
uberosa, N. (W.) root tuberous: stem herbaceous : leaves petioled, ovate, ob- 
use, 5-nerved, entire: flowers corymbed, sub-fastigiate : calyx naked, 5- 
flowered, 5-leaved: leafetscarinate. Flowersnearly white. 4—6f. 
- Sparganophorus. 


¢ 


é 
air 


144 CACTUS, CALICIUM. 


11—1. Cactus. 13. 85. 


opuntia, L. (prickly pear. E. y. J. 2{.) proliferous : articulations compressed 
ovate ’ bristles fascicular. The plant appears like a series of thick succu- 
lent leaves, one growing from the top ofanother. SS. 


Southern. 

viriparus, Ph. (W. r.Ju.2{.) roundish, manifold or cespitose: tubercles cy- 
lindric, bearded, grooved and proliferous above the furrows. 

“mamillaris, L. (W.) tubercles ovate, terete, bearded: flowers scarcely exsert- 
ed: berries scarlet, about equal with the tubercles. 

ferox, N. (W. y. & r. Ju.) proliferous: articulations large, nearly circular, 
spiny : spines double ; larger ones radiate, persistent: fruit dry, spiny. 

fragilis, N. (W.) proliferous : articulations short, oblong, somewhat terete, 
fragile: spines double: flowers solitary, small: fruit dry, spiny. 

eylindricus, (W. p. b.) very branching ; terminal branches consisting of long 
cylindrical articulations : surface reticulated with decussate furrows. 

Prunus. 


-Cakile, Buntas. 
19—12, Catapium. 2. 7. 
glaucum, E. (E. J. cj.) stemless : leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, acuminate; 
lobes oblong, obtuse: spathe cucullate, the summit oval lanceolate, white, 
longer than the spadix. 12—15i. S. Calla. 
3—2. Catamacrostis. 4. 10, 


eoarctata, T. (1) (E. Ju. 2{.) panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate: calyx 
a little longer than the corol, carinate: corol longer than the egret, awned 


a jittle below thetip. 3—df. S. Psamma. 
43—1. CatamiytHa. 42. 39. ; 
Southern. 


aepeta, W. (r-w. J. 2{.) pubescent, very branching: leaves ovate, obtuse, 
sub-serrate : whorls peduncled, dichotomous-corymbed, longer than the 
leaves : down or wool of the calyx prominent. 
grandiflora, Ph. (E. r. Ju.) suffruticose : leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, smooth : 
whorls many-flowered, on short peduncles, shorter than the leaves. 12—18 i. 
Ceranthera. 


17—4. Carenpuna. 49. 55. 


Exotic. 


_ officinalis, {pot marygold. y. #¢.) seed keeled, muricate, incurved. 


Chaptalia. 
21—5: Canicium. 59. 2. 


1. Apothecium sessile. 


tigillare, the frond appears first in small yellow spots, upon which the black 
apothecia are seated ; the intervals between these afterwards fill up, and 
the whole crust becomes continuous. Common on fences and old 

turbinatum, puffs turbinate, black, rather polished : disk dark, opake, punc- 
ticulate, within a thick contracted margin. On trunks of trees, &c. 

stigonellum, (fungus lichen.) crust sub-contiguous, unequal, becoming white, 
or none: receptacles (puffs) sessile, sub-globose, black, glabrous : disk 
puncticulate, at length flattish, opake : margin thin, shining. In bark. 


(1) cinnoides, B,—canadensis, N.x—Arundo stricta, Sl. glauca, M. 


CALICIUM, CALTHA. 145 


2. Apothecium stipitate. 


claviculare, Ach. Syn. Apothecia sub-globose : pedicels cylindric, thick, 


Old fences and posts. a 
rachelinum, var. guercinum, Id. Crust ashy or none: apothecia turbinate : pe- 


dicels filiform, short. Old fences and posts. Gyrophora,. 
19—12. Carta, 2. 7. 


palustris, W. (water arum. O. w. J. 2{.) leaves, sub-roundish, heart-form, 
acute: spathe ovate, cuspidate, spreading when mature. Grows in wet 
places. ; Euphorbia. 


4—l. Catticarpa. 46. 72. 


Southern. 


americana, W. (E.xr. J.) leaves serrate, tomentose underneath. 3—4 f£ 
Centaurelia. 


12—4. CaLticonum. 12, 28. 
{Generic character is here given, it having been omitted after Paronta, p. 47.] 


Calyx 5-parted, inferior: coro] none: styles 4: nut 1-celled, 4-winged. Of 
ten dioecious. Stamens 12—16. 12. 28. 
Southern. 
canescens, Ph. (W. Ju. 5.) dioecious, pulverulent-tomentose : leaves lance- 
clate: flowers in axillary glomerfles, spiked towards the ends of the branch- 
es: fruit winged; veins of the wings crewned with teeth. Hydrastis. 


Callirhoe, NuTTALLiA. 
1—2. CALLITRICHE. 12. 88. 


werna, var. intermedia, W. (1) (water chickweed, or starwort. O. w. M. 3%.) 
upper leaves spatulate-obovate; lower ones jinear, obtuse and emarginate : 


flowers polygamous: margin of the capsule obtuse. S. - 

autumnalis, L. (E. Au. 8S. 3%.) leaves all linear, 1-nerved, truncate or emar- 
ginate: capsule with an acute margin: flowers all perfect. 

terrestris, R. (2) (O. Ju. 2.) procumbent, diffuse: leaves oblong, uniform, 
rather obtuse : capsule grooved on the margin. Bliturn, 


6—3. CaLocHortus. 10.17. 


Southern. 
elegans, Ph. (W. w. & p. 2{.) scape nearly 3-flowered, shorter than the single 
leaf: petals woolly within. Nolina. 


Calopogon, CyMBip1uM. 


12—13. Cattua. 26. 61. 


' palustris, W. (O. y. Ap. 2{.) stem erect: leaves cordate, sub-orbicular, acute- 


4 


crenate. 12—18 i. 

wmtegerrima, Ph. (E. y. M. 2f.) ‘stem erect, corymbed: leaves entire, with a 
closed sinus, orbicular-heart-form: floral leaves sessile, kiduey-form, at the 
base obsoletely-crenate : petals obovate. 

parnassifolia, R. (3) (fig cowslip. E. y. J. 2{.) stem erect, 1-flowered, 1-lea‘- 


(t) heterophylla, Ph. (2) aie | See (3) ficaroides, Ph, 


146 CALTHA, CAMPANULA. 


ed: radical leaves heart-ovate, very obtuse, few-toothed, many-nerved: pe- 
tals elliptic. S. 
fiabellifolia, Ph. (tooth-leaf cowslip. E. y. J. 2{.) stem procumbent : leaves 
spread-reniform: lobes very spreading, acute and sharp-toothed all around : 
eduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered: petals obovatg: capsule hook-beak- 
ed. Probably the dentata of Mubl. 
Southern. 
sagittata, De. (W.w.) scape i-flowered: leaves ovate, obtuse, entire, heart- 
sagittate at the base, with inflexed auricles above: divisions of the nectary 
9: pistils 13 to 15. Helleborus. 


11—13. CaLycantTHus. 30. 92, 


laevigatus, W. (E. p. 5.) segments of the calyx lanceolate : leaves oblong or 
oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both sides : 
branches straight, erect. 4—6 f. 


Southern. 
floridus, W. (Carolina allspice. E. p. M. 5.) divisions of the calyx lanceolate : 


leaves broad-oval, acute, tomentose beneath: branches spreading. Culti- 
vated. 3—7f. 


inodorus, E. (E. Ap. 5.) segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, pubescent : 
leaves lanceolate, scabrous and shining on the upper, smooth on the lower, 
surface ; branches spreading. 4—6 f. 

glaucus, W. (E. J. ).) segments of the calyx lanceolate: leaves lanceolate, 
long-acuminate, glaucous beneath: branches spreading. 6—8f. 

; . Tilia. 
8—l1. Catymenta. (1) 54, 32. 
[The species of this genus are given under Allicnia, excepting the following.} 


decumbens, N. (Missouri. r. J.) stem round, decumbent: leaves entire, narrow, 
sessile: peduncles axillary. 


21—2. CaLympEres. 56, 4. 
hobsoni, Greville. stem elongated: leaves linear, serrate, somewhat acute, 
with a distinct incrassated line below the margin, somewhat spreading, crisp- 
ed when dry: calyptra smooth: capsule ovate-oblong. Li. 
Barbula. 
18—l. Catypso. 7. 21. 


americana, Br. (W. p.) lip narrowed, sub-unguiculate at the base: spur half 
2-cleft, exceeding the lamina ; divisions acute: peduncle longer than the 
erm. 


5 
borealis, Ph. (E. p-r. J. 2{.) radical leaf single, round-ovate, nerved: scape 
l-flowered, sheathed. S. ~ Epidendrum. 


Calystegia, CONVOLVULUS. 
14—1. Cameuina. 39. 63. 


sativa, P. (wild flax, mad-wort. y. J. #%.) silicle obovate, pyriform, mar- 
gined, tipped with the pointed style: leaves sub-entire, lanceolate, sagittate. 
18 i. Subularia. 
5—1. CampanuLa. 29.52. 


rotundifolia, W. (flax bell-flower, hair-bell. O. b. J. 2f.) glabrous: radical 
leaves heart-reniform, crenate; cauline ones linear, entire: panicle lax, few- 
flowered: flowers nodding. S._ 


(1) Allionia, Mx. 


EE 


CAMPANULA, CANTUA. 147 


amplexicaulis, Mx. (1) (clasping bell-flower. O. b. J. 3%.) stem simple, erect ¢ 
leaves en crenate, clasping: flowers axillary, sessile, glomerate. 
12—18i. SN. 

americana, W. (E. b. Au .2{.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate; low- 
er ones sub-cordate, with the petioles ciliate : flowers axillary, nearly sessile, 

‘inaterminal leafy raceme: coro! sub-rotate: style exsert. Cultivated. 2 f, 

acuminata, Mx, (O. b. Ju. 2.) smoothish, erect: leaves ovate-lanceolate, end- 
ing ira long acuminate point, sub-serrate : spike fascicular, many-flowered : 
corol somewhat wheel-form. 2—df. SS. 

erinoides, M. (2) (prickly bell-flower. O. w-b. J. 2%.) slender: stem simple, 
angular: angles and the margin and nerve of the leaves with reversed prick- 
les: leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous on the upper side: peduncles few ; 
those on the top of the stem flexuose ; axillary ones 1-flowered, filiform. 12 i. 

nitida, W. (E? b. Ju. 2f.) very glabrous: radical leaves oblong-spatulate, 
coriaceous, cartilaginous-crenate; cauline ones lance-oblong, sub-entire : 
flowers racemed: corol bell-wheel-form. 7 i. 

unifiora, L. (W.) pubescent: radical leaves round-obovate ; cauline ones 
lance-linear, somewhat toothed: stem about 1-flowered. 


Southern. 
divaricata, Mx. (E. b. Au. 2{.)leaves lanceolate, acute, with large serratures, 
glabrous: panicle expanding: flowers nodding. 2f. Lobelia. 


4—1, Campnorosma. 12. 29. 


Southern. 
glabra, P. (L. 2{.) leaves somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, unarmed. 
Hamamelis. 


21—2. Campytopus. 56. 4. 


pulvinatus, stem ramose, fastigiate : leaves lanceolate, bearing hairs: capsule 
oval, nodding: lid subulate. On walls, stones, &c. . 
‘Racomitrum. 


J—]. Canna. 8. 20. 


Southern. 
flaccida, Roscoe. (3) (E. y. J. 2{.) interior limb of the corol 3-cleft; seg- 
ments flaccid. 2—3 f. 
angustifolia, W. (E. r. Au. ?{.) leaves petioled, lanceolate, ribbed : interior 


limb of the corol 3-cleft; divisions straight, emarginate. Thalia. 
20—5. CannaBis. 953. 98. 
Exotic. 


sativa, W. (hemp. g. Au. 2%.) stem pilose: leaves petioled, digitate ;: leafets 
lanceolate, serrate, pilose : staminate flowers solitary, axillary; pistillate 
ones spiked. 4—10 f. Spinacea. 


5—1. Cantus. 29. 44, 


Southern. 
coronoptfolia, W. (O. r. & y. Ju. go?) leaves pinnatifid: flowers terminal, 
peduncled, in loose racemes: corol thrice as long as the calyx. 2—3 f. 
aggregata, Ph. (W. r. J. 6.) pubescent: leaves slenderly pinnatifid : flow- 
ers terminal and lateral, somewhat in heads, sub-sessile: divisions of the co- 
rol narrow, oblong, gradually acute: style included, very short. 


Al perfoliata, L. (2) aparanoides, Ph. flexuosa? Mx. (3) angustifolia, 
r | 


148 CANTUA, CARDAMINE. 


parvefora, Ph. (W? b. J. #%.) pubescent, diffuse : leaves pinnatifid ; divi- 
sions long-linear: peduncles solitary, 1-fiowered, terminal and opposite to 
the leaves: corol a little longer than the calyx. 

longiflora, T. & J. (W.) very glabrous: leaves slenderly pinnatifid : flowers 
terminal, lax-corymb-panicled, peduncled: tube of the corol very long, tu- 
bular ; divisions orbicular, slenderly acuminate: style exsert. 

pungens, 'T. & J. (W.) leaves irritable, digitate, sub-fascicled ; divisions sub- 
ulate, pungent: divisions of the corol obovate, obtuse. 

Physalis. 


13—2. Capraria. 40. 45. 


Southern. 
multifida, Mx. (W. g-w. Ju. 3%.) erect, viscid-hairy: upper leaves 3 in a 
whorl, many-cleft : pedicels solitary. ‘ 
bifora, M. (E. 2{.) leaves alternate, ovate, serrate: flowers in pairs. 
pusilla, T. & J. (W. w. 3%.) hairy: leaves opposite, cordate, repand-toothed, 
petioled: peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles. Seymeria- 


Caprifolium, LONICERA. 
Capsella, Tuuaspt. 
o—I. Capsicum. 28. 41. 


Exotic. 
annuum, (guinea pepper, red pepper, cayenne pepper. y-g. w. Au. #.) sters 
herbaceous : peduncles solitary. From South America. 10—18 i. 
Androcera. 


14—2. Carpamine. 39. 63. 


bellidefolia, L. (W. 2[.} leaves simple, round-ovate, entire: petioles very 
long: flower-bearing stem of the length of the leaves. 

rotundifolia, Mx. (1) (A. w. Ju. 2{-) leaves sub-orbicular, nearly entire, 
smooth, petiolate: stem simple, weak procumbent. S. 

articulata, Ph. (W. 2{.) stem naked: leaves radical, lanceolate, gash-tooth- 
ed, glabrous: siliques thick, somewhat jointed. 

teres, Mx. (E. w. J. 2/.) small, erect, ramose: leaves all sub-lyrate-pinnati- 
fid: silique short, terete, acuminate. 

pensylvanica, W. (American water-cress. O. w. M. 2{.) glabrous, branch- 
ing: leaves pinnate : leafets roundish-oblong, obtuse, tooth-angled : silique 
narrow, erect. WS. 

pratensis, W. (O. r-p. M. 2{.) simple, glabrous, erect : leaves pinnate ; radi- 
cal leafets roundish, toothed; cauline ones lanceolate, sub-entire : racemes 
sub-corymbed. 

virginica, W. (w. M. 2{.) glabrous, erect: leaves pinnate ; leafets lance- 
olate, sub-auricled: silique long, straight, erect. 5—8 i. : 

hirsuta, (E. M. 2%.) leaves pinnate, hairy; leafets of the radical ones round- 
ish, petiolate; those of the upper ones oblong, sub-sessile : petals oblong : 
siliques erect. 


Southern. 
spathulata, Mx. (E. w. Ap. 3%?) small: stems decumbent: root leaves spa- 
tulate, pubescent; cauline ones narrow, cuneate, entire, toothed: pods 
loosely divaricate. 6—12 i. 
uniflora, Mx. (W.) stemless, small: leaves cbtusely lyrate-pinnatifid : pe- 
duncles radical, 1-flowered. ved 


(1) Arabis rhomboidea, P, ? 


CARDAMINE, CAREX. 149 


multifida, Ph. (E. 2{.) hairy, branching: leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaf- 
ets 2-pinnatifid, with roundish gashed divisions: siliques short. 


Arabis. 
8—3. CARDIOSPERMUM. 23. 65. 
Southern. 
halicacabum, W. (O. Au. 3.) glabrous: leafets incised and lobed; the ter- 
minal one rhomboidal. Sapindus. 


17—1. Carpuus. 49. 54. 


pectinatus, W. (E. p. o.) unarmed: leaves decurrent, lanceolate, pectinate- 
ly pinnatifid: peduncles almost leafless, terminal, very long, about 1-flower- 
ed: flowers nodding, often discharging the pollen: scales of the calyx linear- 
spreading. 


19—3. Carex. 3. 9. 


Remarks. The Monograph of North American species of Carex by 
Schweinitz, edited by Torrey, is a work of very great merit ; such as was to be 
expected from these gentlemen. But Prof. Dewey has made the Carex a sub- 
ject of study for eleven years ; and appears to me to have brought this very 
difficult genus down to the capacities of those learners for whom this Manual 
was compiled. I shall therefore adopt his Caricography, as published in the 
7th, Sth, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 14th vols. of Silliman’s Journal, with a few 
trivial alterations. 


I, Sriemas Two. 
A. Spike dioecious. 


wormskioldiana,* Hor. (mountain sedge. A. J. 2[.) spike single, simple : leaves, 
flat: fruit-bearing spike sometimes with 3 stigmas, oblong, acute, cylindric, 
densely imbricate : fruit oyate and sub-ovate, short beaked, hairy, equal- 
ling the ovate acute scale. White Mt. Oakes. 5i. Probably the dioica. S. 


B. Spikes dioecious and androgynous. 


extlis, Dewey, {E. M. 2{.) spike single, slender: leaves 3-sided, bristly: fruit- 
bearing spikes staminate below, somewhat dense-flowered, simple: fruit, 
lance-ovate, convex both sides, diverging, serrulate or-scabrous at the mar- 
gin; scale a little longer than the fruit, ovate, acute. 161. Wet. Var. 
squamacea, has the spike androgynous and: longer, and numerous staminate 
flowers. 

sterilis, W. (barren sedge. O. M. 2f.) spikelets in fives, sessile, approximate : 
fruit ovate, acuminate or somewhat beaked, 2-cleft, 3-sided-compressed, 
scabrous at the margin ; equalling the ovate acutish scale. 8 i. Wet. S. 

bromoides, Sh. (O. M. 2{.) spikelets many, alternate, oblong, erect, the up- 
permost staminate below, the others pistillate, androgynous above and below, 
and staminate in the middle, or the middle ones staminate below: fruit 
erect, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, half as long as the 
lance-ovate scale. 141. Wet. S. 


C. Spikes androgynous, 
1, Stamens at the summit of the spikelets. 
cephalophora, W. (E. M. 2{.) spikelets ovate, densely aggregated, somewhat: 


ee 


* For synonyms, see Silliman’s ear and.the Annals of N. Y. Lyceum. 
* 


150 CABEX. 


in fives, bracted : fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, margin scabrous, 
nearly equalling the small scabrous-cuspidate scales. 20i. Woods. S. 

rosea, Sh. (O. M. 2{. spikelets somewhat in fours, alternate, remotish, sessile, 
lower one with a long setaceous bract: fruit lance-oblong, convex above, 
margin scabrous, 2-toothed, diverging, about twice as long as the ovate ob- 
duse scale. 12i. Moist. Var. radiata, has its spikelets distant, about 3- 
flowered, with little setaceous bracts, and very narroW leaves. 6i. S. 

retrafiexa, M. (O. M. 2{.) spikelets about in fours, alternate, ovate, sub-ap- 
proximate, sessile, bracted: fruit ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, margin glabrous 
or scabrous, reflex-spreading, about equal to the ovate acute scale. 1 f. 
Woods. S. 

muhlenbergii, Sh. (E. 2[.) spikelets alternate, somewhat in fives, obtuse, ap- 
proximate, staminate above : fruit ovate, compressed, nerved, 2-cleft, mar- 
gin scabrous, sub-divergent, a little shorter than the ovate scale. 15 i. 
Mountain woods. S. 

stipata, M. (O. M. 2.) spike decompound ; spikelets numerous, oblong, ag- 
gregated, bracted : fruit lance-ovate, terete at the base, plano-convex, sca- 
brous at the margin, nerved, bifid, diverging, about twice as long as the 
Jance-ovate scale. 2f. Wet. S. 

multifora, M. (E. M. 2.) spikes alternate, approximate, bracted, sessile ; 
spikelets oblong-ovate, obtuse, bracted, conglomerate : fruit ovate, acumi- 
nate, compressed, densely imbricate, bifid, 3-nerved, diverging, a little 
smaller than the ovate-cuspidate scale. 201i. Moist. Var. microsperma, 
has the fruit but little compressed or acuminate, and very small. SS. 

sparganoides, M. (E. M. 2{.) spikelets somewhat in eights, ovate, somewhat 
distant, bracted: fruit ovate, compressed, scabrous at the margin, diverging, 
acuminate, 2-toothed, twice as large as the ovate mucronate scale. 201. WS. 

disperma, Dewey. (O. M. 2{.) spikelets somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, 
erect, lower one bracted : fruit ovate, obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, gla- 
brous, twice as long as the ovate acute, sub-mucronate scale. 10i, Wet 
woods and mountains, near Williams college. 

setacea, Dewey. (E. J. 2{.) spikes sessile, alternate, approximate, bracted ; 
spikelets ovate, obtuse, conglomerated, bracted : fruit lance-ovate, acumi- 
nate, compressed, bifid, somewhat diverging, about equal to the Jance-ovate 
awned scale. 2f. High wet ground. 

paniculata, (O. M. 2[.) spikelets sometimes dioecious, fuscous, ovate, condens- 
ed into a panicle: fruit lance-ovate, acuminate, gibbous, nerved, 2-toothed, 
ciliate-serrate at the margin, glabrous at the base, a little shorter than the 
ovate, acute, acuminate scale. 2f. Damp. 

teretiuscula, Gn. (E. 2{.) spike twice or thrice compound, dense, somewhat 
pointed ; spikelets clustered : fruit spreading, gibbous : stem roundish. 
Sometimes dioecious or polygamous. Wet. 

muricata, (E. M. 2{.) spikes compound ; spikelets somewhat in sixes, ovate, 
sessile, approximate ; often the lower ones are remotish.: fruit ovate or ob- 
Jong-ovate, acuminate, plano-convex, diverging, bifid, scabrous at the mar- 
gin, twice as long as an ovate scale, or equal to a lance-ovate one. 1 f. 
Woods, fences, &c. Var. cephaloidea, Dewey, has spikelets aggregated, 
somewhat in fives, closely sessile: fruit ovate, twice as long as the scale. 


2. Stamens at the base of the spikelets. 


bicolor, Al. (E. 2{.) spikes in threes, ovate, sub-sessile, erect: fruit obovate, ob- 
tuse, sub-compressed: scales ovate, obtuse. 6i. Labrador. 

loliacea, (E. 2{.) spikelets in threes, rather distant, minute, few-flowered, 
sessile : fruit oval or ovate, obtuse, sub-compressed, spreading, nerved, en- 
tire at the orifice, about twice as long as the acute, ovate scale. S. 

deweyt, Sz. ie J.2{.) spikelets somewhat in threes, sessile, ovate, alternate, 
somewhat distant, the upper one without bracts: fruit ence 
acuminate, 2-forked, plane-convex, sub-scabrous at the margin, a little long- 


CAREX. 151 


er than the lance-oblong, hyaline, short-awned, scale. 3f. Slender and 
often procumbent. Rocky wood s. ; 

trisperma, Dewey. (EaJ. 2[.) spikelets in threes, alternate, remote, sessile, 
ovate ; upper one without bracts: fruit oblong, acute or beaked, plano- 
convex, entire at the orifice, many-nerved, sub-scabrous at the apex, some- 
what spreading, longer than the oblong, acute, hyaline, scale. 20i. Wet. 

scoporia, Sh. (E. M. 2.) spikelets alternate, ovate, sessile, in fives ; lower 
one with caducous bracts: capsule lanceolate, nerved, glabrous, erect, 
longer than the lanceolate acuminate scale. 20 i. Wet. Spikelets tawney. S. 

lagopodioides, Sh. (E. M. 2{.) spikelets crowded, numerous, scales smallish : 
capsules oval-oblong, flattish-convex, acuminate, spreading, membrane- 
margined ; orifice 2-toothed. 2f. Wet. S. 

straminea, W. (E. M. 2{.) spike compound ; spikelets somewhat ‘in sixes, 
ovate, oblong, alternate, sessile, sub-approximate : fruit broad-ovate, round- 
ish, compressed, winged, ciliate-serrate, beaked, nerved, 2-toothed, a little 
longer than the lance-ovate scale. 18 i, Moist. Var. brevior, Dewey, 
fruit short-ovate and beaked, scarcely longer than the scale. Var. minor, 
Dewey, spikelets obovate, and fruit with serrulate wings, small, 

foena, M. (Pennsylvania. 2{.) spike compound ; spikelets ovate, aggregated 
above : fruit ovate, acuminate, scabrous margined, 2-toothed, about equal 
to the lance-oblong scale. 2f. Wet. S. 

ertstata, Sz. (J. 2{.) spikelets sessile, 6 to 14, closely aggregated, globose, 
bracted : fruit oblong-ovate, compressed, diverging, winged, beaked, acu- 
minate, bifid, concayo-convex, ciliate-serrate at the margin, longer than the 
lance-oblong scale. 2f. Moist. 

stellulata, Sr. (E. M. 2{.) spikelets about in fours, ovatish, somewhat remote, 
sessile : fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed, sub-bifid, scabrous at the mar- 
gin, diverging and reflexed, a little longer than the ovate obtusish scale. 
10 i. Wet. ; 

scirpoides, Sh. (E. M. 2{.) spikelets in fours, sessile, ovate, obtuse, lower one 
bracted: fruit ovate, cordate, compressed, beaked, scabrous at the margin, 
longer than the ovate, acute scale. 10i. Wet. Often very small. S. 

eurta, Gn. (O. M. 2{.) spikelets in fives, sub-approximate ; scales sub-equal : 
fruit round-ovate, acutish, somewhat convex and obtuse-angled ; orifice 2- 
toothed. 201i. Wet woods. Probably includes the canescens. 

Jestucacea, Sh. (E. M. 2{.) spikelets sessile, alternate, ovate, approximate, 5 
to 8-bracted : capsules roundish-ovate, beaked, winged, striate, 2-toothed, 
ciliate-serrate at the margin, larger than the lance-vvate, mucronate scale. 
2f. Moist. S. 

tenera, Dewey. (E. M.‘2[.) spikes about in fives, obovate, remotish, alternate, 
sessile, slender below ; the lowest bracted: fruit ovate, compressed, beaked, 
subulate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, larger than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. 
Moist. 


3. Stamens at the apex of the highest and lowest spikelets—the middle spike- 
lets wholly staminate. 


» 
siccata, Dewey. (J. 2{.) spikes compound; terminal spikelets obtuse ; lower 
ones mostly in fours, ovate, acutish : fruit lance-ovate, acuminate, compress-. 
ed, scabrous at the margin, bifid, nerved, about equal to the lance-ovate 
scale. 151. Sand. 


D. Stamens and stigmas on separate spikes. 
1, Staminate spikes single. 


rovae angliae, Sz. (A.J. 4) staminate spike short, slender, arising from the 
same base with the upper fruit-bearing one ; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, some- 
what remote, sessile, ovate, alternate, few-flowered, bracted : fruit some- 


152 CAREX. 


what 3-sided-oval, sub-ventricose, ribbed, beaked, minutely pubescent, a 
little longer than the ovate, mucronate scale. 7 i. _02 Saddle Mt. 3000. 
feet high. 

aurea, N. (E. M. 2{.) staminate spike short, peduncled, without bracts ; pis- 
tillate spikes in threes, oblong, lax-flowered, sub-peduncled ; spikelets ex- 
sertly peduncled, sub-approximate, bracted : frat obovate or pear-form, 
obtuse, nerved, sub-ventricose, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate, 
acute or short-mucronate scale. 6i. Wet. This is.Schweinitz’s pyri- 
formis. Dewey. 

saxatilis, (A. Vermont. 2{.) spikes oblong, erect ; scales obtuse ; pistillate 
spikes about in threes, alternate, upper ones ovate, sessile, lower ones sub- 
oblong, short-peduncled, bracted: fruit ovate-obtuse or oblong-oval, sub- 
compressed, orifice entire, sub-pubescent, about equalling the ovate obtuse 
scale. This includes the digelowii and. compacta. 


2. Staminate spikes two or more. 


acuta, (E. M. 2[.) staminate spikes numerous or one oblong erect—upper one 
eduncled, and the rest sessile and short; pistillate spikes somewhat in 

threes, oblong, cylindric, often recurved, sessile, the lower one peduncled, 
often staminate at the apex, lax- or dense-flowered : fruit oval, compressed, 
acutish, glabrous with the aperture entire and protruded, a little shorter 
than the lance-oblong scale. 2f. Var. eruta, Dewey, pistillate spikes two, 
erect, ‘sessile, straight, short-cylindric. Var. sparsifora, Dewey, pistillate 
spikes oblong, sub-sessile, lax, flowers scattered. S, 

cespitosa, (O. M. 2{.) staminate spikes sometimes solitary, erect, oblong ; low- 
er ones sessile ; pistillate spikes in threes, oblong-cylindric, somewhat dense- 
flowered, sessile, often staminate at the apex : fruit oval and obovate, con- 
vex both sides, obtuse, glabrous, with the orifice entire and protruded, a 
little longer than the cblong obtuse scale. 181i. Var. ramosa, one, two, or 
three spikes branch off from the lower spike. WS. 

aguatilis, Wh. (M.2{.)staminate spikes numerous, or one, erect; pistillate spikes 
short-peduncled, cylindric, about in threes, thick-clavate above, dense-flow- 
ered, sub-erect, sometimes staminate at the apex : fruit oval and sub-lens- 
form, glabrous, with the aperture entire and protruded, about equal to the 
ovate acutish scale. 2f. Wet. 

stricta, Gn.(E. M. 2f.) staminate spikes somewhat in pairs, erect, oblong, about 
3-sided ; pistillate spikes about in threes, cylindric, erect, ofien staminate at 
the apex, acutish above, the lower one short-peduncled : fruit ovate, com- 
pressed, acutish, glabrous, with a protruded entire orifice, a little longer than. 
the oblong acute scale. 15i. Wet. Resembles acuéa, 

crinita, Lk. (O. M. 2{.) staminate spikes two (sometimes one) lax, often with 
scattered fruit ; pistillate spikes rarely with three stigmas, somewhat in 
threes, oblong-cylindric, peduncled, nodding, tapering below, often stami- 
nate above: fruit ovate, sub-inflated, somewhat 3-sided, shortly beaked, 
glabrous, with the orifice entire, about one third as long as the oblong linear, 
scabrous-awned scale. Var. paleacea, pistillate spikes mostly in fours, fla- 
gelliform, recurved ; scales cuspidate. Var. .gynandra, pistillate spikes 
pendulous ; fruit about half as long as the scale. SN. 


II. STIGMAS. THREE. 


E. Spikes androgynous. 
1. Stamens at the summit. 
(Spike single. ) 
polytrichoides, M. (O. M. 2{.) spike terminal, oblong : fruit somewhatin fives, 
oblong, alternate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, emarginate, twice as long as 
the ovate obtuse (rarely mucronate) scale. 101. et. 


CAREX. 158 


leucoglochin, Eh. (E. J. 2{.) spike about 4-flowered ; staminate flower mostly 
solitary : fruit lanceolate, 3-sided-terete, much reflexed, hardly twice as 
long as the lance-oblong scale. 6i. Wet. 
fraseri, Sims. (A. 2{.) spike cylindric : fruit globe-ovate-triangular, entire at 
the orifice, striate, longer than the oblongscale. 1f. 
(Spikes several.) 


ovata, Rudge. anes) spikes in fours and fives, ovate, danse-flowered, pe- 
duncled, pendulous, bracted : fruit ovate, compressed, acuminate, bifid, equa! 
to the ovate acute scale. 


(One radical peduncle, or more, single-spiked.) 


wildenowii, Sh. (J. 2{.) stems 1 to 3 from the same root: one spike staminif- 
erous above, ovate at the base: fruit 3 to 6, globe-ovate, beaked, sub-inflat- 
ed, somewhat 3-sided : scales ovate, acute, inferior filiform, very long, 
much longer than the spike—sometimes the staminiferous spike is distinct. 
10i. Dry woods. SN. 

pedunculata, M. (O. Ap. 2{.) spikes about in fives, 3-cornered, distant, long- 
peduncled : fruit obovate, 3-sided, recurved at the apex, commonly gla- 
brous, a little longer than the oblong or obovate, mucronate scale. 61. 
Woods. 

2. Stamens at the base of the spikes. 


squarrosa, (E. 2{.) spikes one, two, or three, oblong-cylindric : fruit imbricate, 
ovate with a long beak, 2-toothed, spreading horizontally, glabrous and sub- 
squarrose, longer than the lanceolate scale. Var. typhinoides, (Dewey) 
spike long-cylindric, tapering above, mostly in pairs, often approximate. S. 

atrata, (A. 2{.) spikes somewhat in fours, oblong-ovate, somewhat nodding, 
terminal one androgynous, staminate below ; upper ones crowded, sessile ; 
lower ones somewhat distant, peduncled, round-oval, compressed, glabrous, 
short-beaked, with a 2-lipped aperture, a little shorter than the oblong, acut- 
ish, black scale. 1f. S. 


F. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the summit: the others wholly 
pistellate. 


virescens, M. (E. M. 2[.) spikes in threes, oblong, erect, alternate ; upper 
one peduncled, beneath staminiferous; the rest bearing fruit, sub-sessile, 
bracted : fruit ovate, obtuse, ribbed, pubescent, nearly equal or exceeding 
the ovate, pubescent, mucronate scale. 20i. Wet—upland. Var. costaia, 
has its fruit strongly ribbed, and its outer sheaths purplish-brown—leaves 
more numerous and larger, 

hirsuta, W. (E. M. 2.) spikes in threes, oblong, alternate, erect ; upper one 
short-peduncled and staminiferous below; the rest sub-sessile, leafy-bract- 
ed; all approximate, dense-flowered : fruit 3-sided-ovate, nerved, obtuse, 
entire atthe aperture, about equal to the ovate, acuminate, glabrous scales. 
Var. pedunculaia, T. has oblong-cylindric, peduncled spikes, and slightly 
pubescent leaves. S. a 

buxbaumii, Wh. (J. 2[.) spikes distinct, or hydrogynous, about in fours ; upper 
spike staminiferous, often lrogynous, peduncled, clavate, fruit-bearing 
above ; the rest fruit-bearing, oblong, somewhat remote, sessile, bracted, 
sometimes with but 2 stigmas : fruit oblong-ovate and obovate, obtuse, 
somewhat 3-sided, nerved, glabrous at the sub-entire orifice, equalling the 
oblong, mucronate scale. 181. Wet. S. 

viridula, Mx. (1) (Hudson’s bay. 2{.) spikes about in threes, oval, sessile, ap- 
proximate ; terminal one androgynous, staminiferous below; lower ones ax- 
illary : fruit ovate, 3-sided, glabrous, acuminate, about equalling the ovate 
acuminate scale. 1f, Damp. 

formosa, Dewey, (E. M. 2f.) spikes oblong, thick, one-sided, in fours, distant, 
exsertly peduncled, nodding; upper one staminate below : fruit oblong, 3- 


(1) triceps, E. 


i54 CAREX. 


sided, sub-inflated, acutish at both ends, with a sub-entire or 2-lobed orifice, 
twice as large as the ovate, acute scale. Yellowishgreen. 15i. Wet. 

gracillima, Sz. (1) (E. M. 2f.) spikes long, slender, distant, lax-flowered, in 

_ fours, exsertly peduncled; upper one staminate below ; all bracted : fruit 
oblong, 3-sided, obtuse, with an oblique somewhat 2-lobed orifice, larger 
than the obiong, obtuse, short-awned scale. 20 i" Moist. 

torreyana, Dewey not Sz. (2) (M. 2/.) fructiferous spikes somewhat in threes, 
oblong, with scattered flowers, remote, exsertly peduncled, sub-pendulous : 
fruit oblong, somewhat tapering at the base and 3-sided-inflaied, nerved, 
acutish, short-beaked, with a 2-lobed orifice, about equal to the oblong, sca- 
brous-awned scale. 181i. 

fuliginosa, Sh. (A. 2{.) spikes oblong, somewhat in fours; terminal one an- 
drogynous, staminate below; lower ones exsertly peduncled, nodding : fruit 
oblong, mucronate, bifid at the apex, longer than the oblong scale. 


G. Staminate spike single. 
1. Pistillate spikes sessile, or with enclosed peduncles. 


pubescens, M. (E. M. 2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike 3-sided, sub-ses- 
sile ; pistillate spikes in threes, oblong, sub-lax-flowered, erect, bracted, 
lower one peduncled : fruit ovate-3-sided, beaked, with a sub-entire orifice, 
pubescent, a little larger than the ovate-oblong, mucronate, keeled scale : 
leaves and culm pubescent. 181i, Moist. ; 

vestita, W. (E. M. 2{.) staminate spike is sometimes accompanied with a 
sma!ler one, cylindric-oblong, upper one elongated, peduncled ; pistillate 
spikes in pairs, ovate-oblong, sessile, sub-approximate, bracted, sometimes 
staminate above: fruit ovate, oblong, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, short beak- 
ed, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, acutish, sub-mu- 
cronate scale. 2f. Wet. WS. 

varia, M. (O. Ap. 2{.) staminate spike erect, short or long; ypistillate spikes 
in threes, ovate, sessile, sub-approximate, few-flowered : fruit oval-inflated 
or globe-3-sided, acuminate-beaked, bifid, rough-pubescent, about equal to 
the ovate, acuminate scales. 10i. Dry woods. Var. pedicellata, (Dewey,} 
has the pistillate spikes short-peduncled, erect, and the lower bract leafy. 
Numerous variations in height, &c. are common to this plant. S. ; 

mar ginata, M.(E. Ap. 2{.) staminate spike erect, peduncled, somewhat 3-sided; 
pistillate spikes in pairs, ovate, sub-sessile, sub-approximate, few-flowered : 
fruit globe-ovate, short-beaked, somewhat 2-toothed, tomentose, about equal- 
ling the ovate-acuminate, or oblong-mucronate, scales. 15 i. a woods, NS. 

Jiava, (E. M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spike somewhat 3-si ed, from the 
same base with pistillate, und short-peduncled ; pistillate spikes in threes, 
ovate-oblong, approximate, peduncles inclosed : fruit ovate, densely imbri- 
cate, 2-toothed, ribbed, reflexed witha curved beak, larger than the lance- 
ovate scale. 181i. Wetupland. ; : 

oedere, Eh. (M. 2{.) spikes distinct, or androgynous, or both; staminate spike 
erect ; pistillate spikes about in fours, aggregated, sub-sessile, bracted, 
somewhat oblong ; upper androgynous spike stamminate above or below, or 
both: fruit sub-ovate-inflated, nerved, joe with a subulate straitish 
beak, a little longer than the ovate scale. iy Wet. P ‘ 

tentaculata, M. (O. M. 2.) spikes distinct; staminate spike sub-sessile, bract- 
ed; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, oblong, cylindrical, bracted 3 Up- 
per one sessile, the rest with short inclosed peduncles : fruit ovate, inflated, 
long-beaked, 2-toothed, nerved, glabrous, diverging, closely compressed, 
twice as long as the small, ovate, rough-mucronate scale. 181i. Wet, often 
forming bogs. S. ; : . 

collinsti, N. (A. M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect; pistillate spikes 
somewhat in threes, sessile or with inclosed peduncles, distant, few-flowered : 
fruit subulate or somewhat ioflated-lanceolate, long, beaked, reflex-spread- 


~ (1) digitalis, T. & Sz. (2) davisii, T. 


ing, glabrous with an entire orifice, more than thrice as long as the lanceolate 
scale. 1 f, This is Dewey’s michauxiz, which he yields to Nuttall, and adopts 
his name. It is the subulata of Mx. not of Muhlenberg. S, 

folliculata, (O. M. 2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike oblong, peduncled ; 
pistillate spikes somewhat in pairs, approximate, few-flowered, erect, sub-pe- 
duncled ; the lower one sometimes remotely and exsertly peduncled : fruit 
conic-ovate, acuminate, beaked, 2-toothed, large, very glabrous, nerved, in- 
flated, diverging, thrice as long as the ovate-cuspidate scale. 20i. Wet. S. 

xanthophysa, Wh. (E. M. 2{.) spikes distinct ; pistillate spikes thick, about in 
threes, distant, lax-flowered, ovate, peduncled, inclosed orexsert, leaf-bracted : 
fruit oblong, inflated, large, beaked, diverging, 2-forked at the orifice, longer 
than the lance-ovate, sub-awned scale. 2to5f. Elevated wet ground. 

Var. nana, (Dewey.) has pistillate spikes in pairs, sub-approximate, and the 

fruit twice as long as the scale. 1f. Var. minor, is like the last, but is still 
smaller, and has the pistillate spikes aggregated. 

lupulina, M.(O. M. 2{.) staminate spike erect, slender, sub-sessile ; pistillate 
spikes in threes and fours, ovate-oblong, very thick, or oblong-cylindric, short- 
peduncled, erect, dense-flowered, approximate ; lower one exsertly pedun- 
cled and sometimes distant: fruit ovate-conic, inflated, long and conically 
beaked, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about thrice as long as the lance- 
ovate, acuminate scale. 3f. Wet. Var. polystachia, T. has the pistillate 
spikes in fives, long-cylindric ; lower one remote and long-peduncled. S. 

davisii, Dewey. (M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spike sessile, short ; pis- 
tilate spikes in pairs or in threes, approximating the staminate, ovate, sessile, 
few-flowered ; often a radical one long peduncied : fruit globe-3-sided, ta- 
pering at the base, beaked, pubescent, with an oblique aperture, about 
equalling the ovate scale: culm decumbent. 8i. Dry hills and woods. 

nigro-marginata, Sz. (M. 2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike sessile; pis- 
tillate spikes in pairs, ovate, sessile, closely approximating the staminate ; 
culms (or peduncles) radical, long, somewhat in threes, arising from the same 
root: fruit ovate, somewhat 3-sided, conic-beaked, 2-toothed, pubescent, 
equalling the ovate acutish scale. 61. Hills. Scales dark brown, with 
green keels. 

collecta, Dewey. (A. M. 2{.) staminate spike erect, lax-imbricate, slender, 
sub-peduncled; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, ovate, few-flowered, 
bracted ; lower one short-peduncled: fruit ovate, beaked, somewhat 2-tooth- 
ed and pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, acute scale. 151i. Insmall 
bogs in mountain swamps. 


2. Pistillate spikes exsertly peduncled. 


plantaginea, Lk. (O. Ap. 2{.) staminate spike erect, peduncled ; pistillate 
spikes somewhat in fours, oblong, with flowers somewhat scattered, erect, re- 
mote, exsertly peduncled : fruit oblong, oval-3-sided, sub-cuneiform, taper- 
ing at both ends, curved back at the apcx, entire at the orifice, longer than 
the ovate-cuspidate scale: leaves very broad, ensifompm. 181i. Stem 3-sid- 
ed; sheathes reddish-brown towards the base: leaves radical, green through 
the winter. Often mistaken for the next species. Sw: 

anceps, Sh. (O. M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes oblong, short-pedun- 
cled ; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-filiform, erect, alternate, with 
scattered flowers : peduncle 2-edged ; upper spike sessile, and the rest somee 
what remotely and exsertly peduncled : fruit oval-inflated, elongated at the 
base, tapering at the apex, alternate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, striate, 
curved back at the membranaceous or entire orifice, a little longer than the 
oblong, mucronate or ovate, acute, scale. 1f. Stem acutely triangular and 
often 2-edged above. Woods. S. 

alba, Haenke. (2{.) staminate spike peduncled; pistillate ones in pairs, about 
5-flowered: bracts sheathing, membranaceous, hyaline: fruit globe-obovate, 
striate, beaked, obliquely truncate. 10 i. Var. setifolia, (Dewey.) has 
bristle-form, slender, somewhat stiffly-erect leaves, till near maturity. Rocky 
soil. Pownal Vt. and Goat Island at Niagara Falls. 


156 CAREX: 


oligocarpa, Sh. (E. M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spike without bracts ; pis- 
tillate spikes in threes, somewhat 5-flowered, oblong, distant, peduncles long 
and lax: fruit ovate-3-sided, alternate, glabrous, nerved, curved back and 
short-beaked at the apex; entire at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate 
scale. 1f. Woodsand hills. Var. van-vleckii, Sz. has the spikes longer. 

eduncles shorter, fruit more remote and smaller, With scales half as lone. : 

conoidea, Sh. (1) (E. M. 2[.) spikes distinct; staminate spike oblong, pedun- 
cled ; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, oblong, remote, erect, sub-dense- 

~ flowered, bracted; upper one sub-sessile: fruit oblong, obtusish, glabrous 
nerved, somewhat diverging with an entire orifice, a little longer than the ovate 
subulate scale. Dewey says, this is the granularoides of Sz. 1f. Moist. SS. 

granularis, M. (M. 2f.) staminate spike erect, sub-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 
somewhat in threes, cylindric, dense-flowered ; upper ones sub-sessile, often 
approximate ; lower ones exsertly peduncled: fruit round-ovate, recurved at 
the apex and short-beaked, entire, nerved, hardly twice as long as the ovate, 
acuminate scale. If. Wetupland. S. 

scabrata, Sz. (E. M. 2f.) spikes distinct; staminate spike 3-sided, peduncled ; 
pistillate spikes somewhat in fives and remote, exsertly peduncled, cylindric, 
alternate, sub-erect, furnished with long leafy bracts: fruit oblong-ovate, 
beaked, sub-ventricose and bifid, scabrous, longer than the scale i scale 
lance-ovate, acuminate, sub-ciliate at the margin, and scabrous at the apex. 
18i. Wet. 

blanda, Dewey. (2) (M. 2.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike erect, peduncled, 
3-sided ; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, oblong, cylindric, with flowers 
scattered, alternate, bracted; upper one sub-sessile ; lower one with a long 
2-edged peduncle : fruit oval or obovate, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, recury- 
ed and entire at the apex, scarcely longer than the ovate, scabrous-mucronate 
scale. 1f. Dry woods. 

laxiflora, Lk. (E. M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes oblong, slender, rare- 
ly bracted ; pistillate spikes in threes, lax-flowered, remote, erect; upper 
one with a short and inclosed peduncle ; lower one exsertly peduncled: fruit 
ovate or oblong-ovate, sub-obtuse, glabrous, ventricose, nerved, somewhat 3- 
sided, with an entire orifice, a little longer than the ovate-mucronate and sca- 
brous scale. 15 i. Damp woods and meadows. WS. 

ustulata, Wh. (A. 2{.) staminate spike oblong, recurved ; pistillate spikes in 

airs, oval, nodding: fruit ovate, beaked, acuminate, flattish both sides, black, 

9-toothed at the orifice, about twice as long as the ovate scale. Labrador. 

flexuosa, Sh. (E. M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spike filiform; pistillate 
spikes in fours, filiform, flexuose, nodding; flowers scattered; peduncles long : 
fruit lance-oblong, somewhat 3-sided, alternate, glabrous, beaked, bifid, hard- 
ly twice as long as the lance-ovate scale. 18i. Moist woods and mea- 

Sf. 

ca, Hd.(M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spike slender, short-peduncled ; 

spikes somewhat in fours, filiform, with scattered flowers, remote, 
nodding, long-peduncled : fruit ovate, 3-sided, glabrous, sub-ventricose, 
somewhat long-beaked, bifid, scarcely exceeding the ovate, mucronate, mem- 
branaceous scale. 151. Moist woods and meadows. 

digitalis, M. (E. 1 ) spikes distinct; pistillate sipkes in threes, alternate, lax- 
flowered, with long¥ filiform, nodding peduncles : fruit oval-3-sided, obtuse, 
nerved, glabrous, longer than the ovate, acute scale, 6 i. Wet. S. 

castanea, Wh. (doubtful as an American,) spikes staminate and pistillate, dis- 
tinct ; pistillate spikes thickish, short, sub-dense-flowered; peduncles long- 
exsert, recurved, bracted, lax-sheathed, leafy, distant: scales short: fruit ob- 
long, slender, divergent, with a 1-lobed orifice: leaves hirsute. 

washéngtonia,* Dewey. (3) (A. J. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect ; 


dow 
sylvati 
pistillate 


* Prof. Dewey will excuse me for shortening some of his personal and geo- 
graphical names by substituting genitives. In this case, I believe, the adjective 
may be properly made Washingtonius, &c. 

(1) granularoides, Sz. (2) conoidea, M. (3) nigra, Sz, 


CAREX. 157 


‘pistillate spikes oblong, cylindric, sub-sessile, sub-remote, erect ; flowers 
somewhat scattered : fruit oval, acute at both ends, compressed, short-beak- 
ed, glabrous, with one entire orifice, about equalling the oblong-ovate, acut- 
ishseale. 1f. Damp. Found on the White Mts. N. H. near the summit 
of Mt. Washington, by Prof. Barratt. 

halseyi, Dewey. (E. M. 2.) staminate spike remote from the pistillate, aecom- 
panied with one or two smaller, arising near its base; pisti!late spike solita- 
ry, (rarely another with stamens at its top, interposed between it and 
the staminate one) oblong, cylindric, erect, sub-lax-flowered: fruit oval- 
ovate, short-beaked, somewhat 3-sided, inflated, nerved, glabrous, oblique at 
the orifice, a little longer than the ovate, acutish scaie. 18 i, Wet up- 
land. 

tetanica, Sh. (E. M. 2.) staminate spike peduncled; pistillate spikes in 
pairs or in threes, remote ; lower one long-peduncled: fruit obovate, recurv- 
ed at the apex, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse scale. 10i. 
Moist meadows. Dewey says, seme mistake must have been made about 
this species ; but it must remain asit is for fartherexamination. WS. 


S. Pistiliate spikes peduncled and scarcely sheathed. 


miliacea, M. (E. M. 2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike elongated, slender ; 
pistillate spikes in threes, elongated, cylindric, somewhat slender ; upper 
one sub-sessile, the rest peduncled, all bracted, and aodding: fruit ovate-3- 
sided, glabrous, somewhat beaked, sub-bifid or entire at the orifice, longer 
than the oblong, emarginate or obcordate, scabrous-awned scale. Wet. S&S. 

umbeilata, Sh. (O. M. 2[.) spikes distinct; staminate spike short, with a long 
peduncle ; pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, one often sub-sessile and near 
the staminate, the rest sub-radical, exsertly peduncled, all ovate and sub-um- 
belled: fruit ovate, acute at both ends, beaked, shortly 2-toothed, pubescent, 
equalling the lance-ovate scale. 1to4i. Insmall tufts on dry hills. Var. 
vicina, (Dewey.) has one sessile, ovate. pistillate spike at the base of the sta- 
minate, with two or three radical peduncles, each bearing a pistillate spike, 
as in the common one. 

miliaris, Mx. (A. 2[.) spikes distinct; staminate spike pallid, long-peduncled ; 
pistillate spike sessile, oval, fuscous: bracts setaceous, short : fruit sub-spher- 
ical, smooth. Canada marshes. 

pallescens, (2{.) spikes peduncled, sub-cylindric, nodding: bracts somewhat 
clasping, leafy and distant: fruit oval, very obtuse, terete. Culmerect. 1f 
Staminate spike lanceolate, pistillate ones in threes. 

okesti, Dewey. (A. J. 2[.) spikes distinct; staminate spike short-bracted, ob- 
long, slender; pistillate spikes somewhat in pairs, ovate, distant, bracted ; 
lower one sub-peduncled: fruit ovate, somewhat 3-sided, sub-inflated, nerv- 
ed, short-beaked, glabrcus, entire at the orifice, a little longer than the lance- 
ovatescale. If. 

hystericina, W. (O. M. 2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike 3-sided, bract- 
ed, peduncled; pistillate spikes somewhat ia threes, alternate, somewhat 
distant, oblong, cylindric, bracted, nodding; upper one with an iaclosed 
peduncle, the rest exsertly peduncled, and the lower one long-peduncled : 
fruit ovate, glabrous, inflated, somewhat 3-sided, beaked, nerved, witha 2- 
cleft orifice, twice as long as the oblong, emarginate, scabrous-mucronate 
scale. 201i. Plant yellowish-green, spikes becoming brown. Wet. Often 
mistaken for the tentaculata. WN. 

lemosa, (J. 2f.) spikes distinct; staminate spike without bracts ; pistillate 
spikes somewhat in pairs, ovate or oblong, somewhat iong-peduncled ; flow- 
ers somewhat scattered, pendulous, remotish : fruit oval, compressed, verv 
short-beaked, entire at the orifice, about equalling the ovate-cuspidate and 
lance-ovate or oblong scale. 1f. Bracts with very short brownish sheaths. 
Var. irrigua; has sub-cylindric spikes, and long-acuminate, dark red pistil- 
Bate scales, Var. bariflora, has sub-linear spikes, loose-flowered, with sub- 


¢ 


N 


156 CAREX. 


circinal pistillate scales. Var. divida, has shorter peduncles, few-flowered, 

oblong-pistillate scale about equal to the fruit, and obtusish, with sub-ovate- 

oblong fruit, and sub-incurved leaves. Var. oblonga, (Dewey.) has spikes 

= long-cylindric. Alpine. This species is the lenticularis of Mx. 
ewey. 

Saleeeyperns, (O. M. 2f.) staminate and pistillate spikes distinct ; staminate 
spike peduncled; pistillate spikes peduncled, cylindric, thick, pendulous : 
bracts somewhat clasping, long-leafy, sub-approximate: seales setaceous : 

_ fruit oblong, acuminate-beaked, reflexed, 3-sided, nerved, bicuspidate. 3 f. 
In clusters. Wet. S. 

hitchcockii, Dewey. (A. M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect, pe- 
duncled; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, erect; flowers few and scat- 
tered; lower spike remote: fruit somewhat 3-sided-oval, inflated, alternate 
both sides, recurved at the apex, striate, with a short truncate beak and aper- 
eo about equalling the oblong or ovate-mucronate scale. 20i. Mountain 
woods. 

verna, (E, M. 2{.) staminate spike erect; pistillate spikes in pairs, ovate-ob- 
long, approximating, sub-peduncled: fruit oval, somewhat 3-sided, acute, 
pubescent, a little shorter than the oblong-ovate, sub-mucronate scale. 6 i. 
Rocky hills. 


H. Staminate spikes two or mores 


trichocarpa, M. (E. M. 2{.) staminate spikes somewhat in threes, erect; 
lower ones sessile, rarely androgynous ; pistillate spikes in threes, erect, 
Jong-cylindric, slender, sub-rernote, sub-lax-flowered, exsertly peduncled, 
excepting that the lowest is nearly inclosed : fruit lance-ovate, sub-conic, in- 
flated, nerved, beaked, 2-forked, dense-pubescent, about twice as long as 
the lance-ovate scale. 2f. Wet. Var. turbinata, (Dewey.) has the stami- 
nate spikes with oblong, mucronate, tawny scale; and the pistillate spikes 
with the upper ones nearly sessile, or with inclosed peduncles; and the fruit 
conic, inflated. 

barrattii, T. (L. 2{.) staminate spikes somewhat in pairs; pistillate spikes 
somewhat in threes, oblong-cylindric, nodding, distant, upper one bearing 
stamens : fruit oblong, somewhat 3-sided, short-beaked, sub-scabrous, entire 
at the mouth, a little shorter than the lance-ovate, sub-obtuse scale. 1f. 

filiformis, Gn. (2{.) spikes subsessile, oblong: bracts short-sheathed, leafy, re- 
motish : capsules long-oval, villous, with a 2-forked beak ; leaves convolute. 
2 f. Staminate spikes one or two, lanceolate ; scale of the fruit oblong, with 
a yellow nerve—pistillates with green nerved scale. Is it an American 
species ? ere ; : 

ampullacea, Gn. (2{.) spikes short-peduncled, cylindric, thick, lax ; staminate 
spikes numerous: bracts clasping, leafy, distant ; scales lanceolate : fruit 
sub-globose, inflated, setaceous-beaked, larger than the scale, diverging : 
culm obtuse-angled : Jeaves narrowish, with incurved margins. Staminate 
spikes three or more. Is it an American species ? 

vesicaria, (M. 2{.) steminate spikes distinct, somewhat in threes, erect; up- 
per one peduncled, the rest sessile ; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, cy- 
lindric, alternate, erect, dense-flowered, upper one sessile, lower ones sub 
peduncled : fruit oblong-ovate, sub-terete, inflated, subulate-beaked, spread- 
ing, nerved, glabrous, bi-cuspidate, scarcely twice as long as the ovate-cus- 
pidate scale. 2f. Wet. ; ; ; 

bullata, Sh. (M. 2{.) staminate and pistillate spikes distinct ; staminate spikes 
in threes, longish, upper one peduncled, lower one bracted ; pistillate spikes 
in pairs, exsertly peduncled, oblong, cylindrical, somewhat nodding : fruit 
ovate, globose, inflated, erect, glabrous, ribbed, with a sub-hispid 2-forked 
beak, twice as long as the lanceolate scale. 2f. Wet bogs. Var, cylin- 
dracea, (Dewey.) has long-peduncled staminate spikes, and long cylindrical 
pistillate spikes, sub-dense-flowered—fruit long-beaked. S. 


e 


CAREX. 159 


echweinitzia, Dewey. (E. J. 2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spikes in pairs, 
upper one long, slender, peduncled ; pistillate spikes in fours, oblong, cylin- 
dric, sub-approximate, with inclosed peduncles, somewhat pendulous, with 
long leafy bracts: fruit ovate-oblong, tapering above, beaked, inflated, 2- 
forked, nerved, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, subulate, sub-setaceous 
scale. 10i. Wet, sandy. 

retrorsa, Sz. (M. 2{.) spikes distinct; staminate spikes somewhat in threes, 
upper one long, peduncled, slender, the rest short, small, often fruit-bearing 
at the base, sessile ; pistillate spikes somewhat in fives, oblong, cylindric, 
approximating, sub-fascicled, with leafy bracts and peduncles inclosed, low- 
er one often very remote, with long inclosed peduncles : fruit ovate, inflated, 
beaked, 2-forked, nerved, reflexed, twice as long as the lanceolate scale. 
2f. Inclusters. Wet. 

pellita, M. (E. M. 2{.) staminate and pistillate spikes distinct ; staminate spikes 
in pairs, oblong, lower one sessile and bracted ; pistillate spikes in pairs or 
in threes, cylindric, erect: fruit ovate, short-beaked, bicuspidate, somewhat 
3-sided, hairy, about equal to the lance-ovate, awned scale. 20 i. Wet. S. 

lacustris, W. (O. M. 2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spikes somewhat in fours, 
erect, lower ones sessile ; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, oblong, cy- 
lindrical, erect, nerved, glabrous, a little longer than the lance-oblong scale. 
Sf. «Wet. wW. 

oligosperma, Mx. (Canada. 2{.) staminate spikes many ; pistillate spike one, 
Poet ad sessile: fruit turgidly ovate, largish, few, acute: leaves involute- 
rushlike. 

Zongirostris, T. (M. 2[.) spikes distinct ; staminate spikes in threes, short, 
upper one peduncled, middle one sessile, lower one peduncled and furnish- 
ed with an ovate, cuspidate bract; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, cy- 
lindric, pendulous, with scattered flowers somewhat distant, with long exsert 
peduncles, bracted: fruit ovate, sub-globose, inflated, glabrous, long-beaked 
and bifid, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate-cuspidate scale. 2f. 
Woods on river banks. 


Arctic region. n 


[These species having been found only in very high northern latitudes in Ameri- 
ca, they are set by themselves. Probably many of them may be found far- 
ther south. ] 


I. Stiemas TWo. 


dioica, (A. 2{.) spike single, simple, dioecious, rarely androgynous, staminate 
above, oblong ; pistillate spike oblong or ovate, sub-dense-flowered : fruit 
oval-ovate, convex both sides, nerved, erectish, serrulately margined above, 
equalling the ovate scale. 9i. Var. davallina, has serrulate or hispid 
leaves. 

remota, (A. M. 2{.) spikelets androgynous, staminate below, numerous, ob- 
long-ovate, sub-sessile ; lower ones distant with long, leafy, linear bracts be- 
neath: fruit ovate, acuminate and bifid, or plano-convex and sub-bifid, a 
little longer than the lance-ovate scale. 181i. Woods. 

concolor, Br. (A. 2{.) staminate spike solitary ; pistillate in pairs or in threes, 
erect, sub-sessile : fruit oval, mucronate, entire, smooth: scales all about 
the same colour, obtuse : culm smooth : bracts auricled. 


II. SrigMAS THREE. 


mutica, Br. (A. 2{.) staminate spike solitary, with obtuse scales ; pistillate 
spikes in threes, distant, erect ; peduncles sub-exsert : fruit oval, not awned, 
smooth, longer than the ovate, mucronate scale : leaves and bracts flat. 

affinis, Br. (A. 2f.) one spike androgynous, staminate above, few-flowered, 
lax: scales lanceolate, acute, the bottom one awned: leaves flat. 61, 


160 CAREX. 


attenuata, Br. (A. 2{.) one spike androgynous, staminate above, dense; pis- 
tillate ones few-flowered, about in threes : scales all obtuse. 

Silifolia, N. (A. 2{.) one spike androgynous, staminate above, sub-cylindric, 
acute : fruit sub-globose, entire at the orifice, with a retuse scale: leaves fili- 
form, involute, subulate. 4 i. This has been see by Nuttall in Missouri 
hills, as well as in the Arctic region. 

media, Br. (A. 2{.) spikes androgynous, staminate below, in threes, sub-ses- 
sile, approximate : fruit ovate, beaked, very glabrous, longer than the ob- 
tusish, ovate scale. 

misandra, Br. (A. 2{.) spikes somewhat in threes, oval, peduncled, pendu- 
lous, alternate or rarely sub-umbelled ; terminal one androgynous, below or 
rarely all over staminate : fruit lanceolate, acuminate, 2-toothed, denticulate 
at the apex, longer than the oval, obtusish scale. 6 i. 

richardsoni, Br. (A. 2{.) staminate spike solitary, peduncied, erect; pistil- 
late spikes in pairs, sub-sessile, approximate, with enclosed peduncles : fruit 
ovate, obtuse, pubescent, with an ovate acute scale : culm very scabrous. 


i. 

concinna, Br. (A. 2.) staminate spike sessile, cylindrical, oblong ; pistillate 
spikes in threes, sub-sessile, approximating : fruit 3-sided-oboyate, very 
short-beaked, 2-toothed, hispid-pubescent, about twice as long as the obo- 
vatescale. 471. : 

capillaris, (A. 2{.) staminate spike solitary, peduncled, small ; pistillate spikes 
somewhat in threes with long exsert peduncles, nodding, oblong, with few 
scattered flowers : fruit oval, beaked, acuminate at both ends, oblique at 
the orifice, scarcely twice as long as the ovate or oblong, obtuse, caducous 
scale. 61. 

podocarpa, Br. (A. 2{.) staminate spike solitary ; pistillate spikes in pairs, 
oblong, pendulous : fruit oval, very short-beaked, entire, smooth—seed pedi- 
celled: lower leaves abbreviated. 

aristata, Br. (A. 2{.) staminate spikes in pairs or many; pistillate spikes 
somewhat in threes, cylindric, distant, short-peduncled: fruit very glabrous. 
nerved, long-beaked, deeply bifid ; scales awned : leaves villose beneath and 
on the sheaths. 


Southern. 
I. Stigmas TWO. 


muskingumensis, Sz. (J. 2{.) spike compound ; spikelets androgynous, stami- 
nate below, oval-oblong, acutish at both ends, somewhat in eights, approxi- 
mate : fruit lanceolate, compressed, nerved, winged, glabrous, acuminate, 
2-toothed, more than twice as long as the lance-ovate scale. 301i. Wet. 

Aoridana, Sz. (2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike solitary, sessile, small ; 
pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, aggregated, ovate, sessile, bracted, lower 
one often sub-remote : fruit oval, somewhat tapering at the base, compressed, 
plano-convex, beaked, shortly bifid, equalling the ovate-oblong, scabrous- 
cuspidate scale. 6i. Florida Le Conte, Sz. says the terminal spike is 
staminate above. 


II. STicgmMAS THREE. 


dasycarpa, M. (E. M. 2{.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike sub-sessile, smalh; 
istillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, oblong, alternate, 
wom, ones sub-peduncled : fruit 3-sided-ovate or oblong, villous, nerved, 
longer than the ovate acuminate scale. 1 f. wh 
elliottu, T. (1) (E. Ap. 2{.) staminate spike solitary, long-bracted ; pistillate 
spikes in threes, roundish, upper ones sessile and the highest one staminate 
at the apex, the lowest one long-peduncled and nodding : fruit ovate, some- 
what 3-sided, glabrous, with small punctures, nerved, long-beaked, 2-forked, 
rouch longer than the ovate, obtuse scale. 2f. Wetsand. 


_ (1) castanea, E. 


CAREX, CARYA. 161 


gtaucescens, E. (E. Ap, 2[.) staminate spike solitary, cylindrical, peduncled ; 
pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, peduncled, cylindric, at length pendu- 
lous : fruit ovate, 3-sided, compressed, glaucous, beak-bifid, about equalling 
the ovate, emarginate, mucronate, scale. 2f, Wet sand. 

verrucosa, M. (E. M. 2{.) staminate spikes many or one ; pistillate spikes 
somewhat in fives, erect, cylindric, staminate above, axillary, the lower one 
exsertly peduncled: fruit ovate, compressed, somewhat 3-sided, short-bifid, 
shorter than the ovate, sub-emarginate, mucronate scale. 3 f. 

cherokeensis, Sz. (W. 2[.) staminate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-cylindric, 
upper one larger and peduncled ; pistillate spikes in fours, cylindric, sub- 
lax-flowered, distant, with long exsert peduncles, staminate above : fruit 
ovate, glabrous, somewhat 3-sided and compressed, nerved, long-beaked, 
bifid, a little larger than the ovate, long-acuminate scale. 1 f. 

gigantea, Rudge. (E. Ap. 2{.) staminate spikes many or one ; pistillate spikes 
in threes, cylindric, sub-lax-flowered, remote ; upper one sessile, lower ones 
exsertly peduncled : fruit globe-ovate, conical, long-beaked, nerved, inflated, 
glabrous, bifid, spreading, twice as long as the oblong-ovate or lance-ovate 
scale. 2f. Wet. 


Remark. Students should be directed to examine the species of Carex, 
when they have passed flowering, and before the fruit is quite ripe. The best 
time is when the fruit has arrived to its full size, but the seed has not yet be- 
come hard. 


20—10. Carica. 38. 97. 


Southern. 
papaya, (O. 5.) leaves palmate, 7-lobed, middle lobe sinuate ; divisions ob- 
jong acute : staminate flowers corymbed. Menispermum., 


19—12. Carpinus. 50. 99. 


americana, W. (1) (hornbeam, blue beech. O. g. M, 5.) leaves oblong-ovate, 
acuminate, unequally serrate : scales of the strobile 3-parted, the middle di- 
yisions with a lateral tooth. WS, Ostrya. 


21—3. Carpogotus. 57. 3. 


orbicularis, fronds about half an inch in diameter, often confluent, never su- 


perincumbent : capsules yellow, semitransparent. Anthoceros. 
17—1. CartHamus. 49. 54, 
Exotic. 


tinctorius, (false saffron, safflower. y. J. 2%.) leaves ovate, entire, serrate- 
aculeate. 
coerulius, (blue saffron. b. 2{.) stem. about 1-flowered.: leaves lance-ovate, 


spine-toothed. Cynara. 
5—2. CaRruM. 45. 60. 
: Exotic. 
carut, (caraway. w. og.) stem branching : leaves with ventricose sheaths : 
partial involucre none. Conium. 


19—12. Carya. 50. 94. 


tomentosa, Mx. (2) (white-heart hickory. Ap. 5.) leafets about 9, lance- 
oblong, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, scabrous ; terminal 
one sub-petioled: aments filiform, tomentose : fruit sub-globose, smooth, 


(1) virginiana, Mx. (2) alba, W. 
14* 


162 CARYA, CASSIA- 


pericarp very thick; nut somewhat 6-angled ; putamen thick, hard; na- 
cleus agreeably tasted. WS. 

alba, L. (1) (shag-walnut, shag-bark hickory. O. M. 5.) leafets about 7, long- 
petioled, lance-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, villose beneath ; the ter- 
minal leafet sessile : ament filiform, glabrous : fruit Zlobose, a little depress- 
ed : nut compressed, oblique. S. 

sulcata, W. (2) (shell-bark hickory. Ap. 5.) leafets about 9, ob-lanceolate, 
acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath; the terminal leafets sub-sessile, ta- 
pering to the base: fruit roundish, 4-keeled : nut sub-globose, a little com- 
pressed, smooth, long-mucronate, 60—80f. S. 

amara, Mx. (O. bitter-nut. Ap. 5.) leafets about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
sharply serrate, glabrous both sides ; the terminal leafet short-petioled : fruit 
sub-globose, with the sutures prominent above : nut smooth, sub-globose, 
mucronate ; putamen easily broken; nucleus bitter. WS. 

porcina, Mx. (pig-nut, broom hickory. O. M. b-) leafets about 7, lanceolate, 
acuminate, serrate, glabrous both sides ; terminal leafets sub-sessile: fruit 
pear-form or globose : nut smooth ; putamen very thick and hard ; nucleus 
small. Var. obcordata, (3) has an obcordate nut. War. jficiformis, has the 
fruit turbinate and nut oblong. 70—80f. S. 


Southern. 

aquatica, Mx. (O. Ap. b.) leafets about 11, narrow, obliquely lanceolate, acu- 
minate, sub-serrate, glabrous, sessile : fruit peduncled, ovate ; sutures 4, 
prominent : nut roundish compressed ; putamen thin ; nucleus bitter. 40 
—50 f. 

myristicaeformis, Mx. (E. Ap. 5.) leafets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- 
rate, glabrous; terminal one sessile: fruit oval, rugose, scabrous: nut oval 
slightly acuminate, furrowed, very hard. 

olivaeformis, W. (W. Ap. b.) leafets numerous, (13—15.) lanceolate, sub- 
falcate, serrate ; petioles not in pairs: fruit oblong, 4-sided: nut olive-shap- 
ed, smooth. Acalypha. 


10—1. Cassia. 33. 93. 


marilandica, (wild senna. O. y. Au. 2{.) somewhat glabrous: leaves in 8 pairs, 
lance-oblong, mucronate ; flowers in axillary racemes, and in terminal] pani- 
cles: legumeslinear, curved. An excellent mild cathartic. B. River allu- 
vion. 2—4f. SS. 

chameecrista, (cassia, partridge pea. E. y. Au. 3%.) somewhat glabrous : leaves 
linear, in many pairs, the glands on the petioles sub-pedicelled : two of -the 
petals spotted: legumes pubescent. A most elegant plant. 8—16i. Dry 
sand, &c. S. 

nictitans, (E. y. Ju. 3%.) spreading, pubescent: leaves in many pairs, linear; 
glands of the petioles pedicelled: peduncles short, supra-axillary, 2 or 3- 
flowered ; flowers pentandrous. The leaves of this species, and of the cha- 
mecrista, possess a considerable degree of irritability. 121. 8S. 

fasciculata, (E. y. Ju. 3%.) somewhat glabrous: leaves at tne summit, in 9 
pairs : gland sessile near the middle of the petiole : fascicles many-flowered, 
lateral: petals and stamens of the same colour: legumes glabrous, ascend- 
ing, arched. S. 


Exotic. 
senna, (Egyptian senna, 3%.) leaves in 6 pairs; petioles glandless : legume 
reniform. 
Southern, 
tora, W. (E. y. Ju. 3%.) glabrous: leaves in 3 pairs, obovate, ciliate ; termi- 


(1) compressa, W, squamosa, Mx. arb. (2) laciniosa, Mx. arb. mucro- 
nata, Mx. (3) These two varieties are the species obcordata and glabra of W. 


‘ CASSIA, CAULOPHYLLUM. 163 


nal ones largest ; a subulate gland between the lower pair: peduncles few- 
flowered, axillary: legumes curved. 3 f. ; 

occidentalis, W. (O. y. Ju. 2[. b.) glabrous: leaves ind pairs, ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, scabrous along the edges: peduncles clustered, few-flower- 
ed, axillary : legumes compressed, falcate. 4—6 f. ; 

ligustrina, W. (E. y. Ju. Au. 2{. 5.) pubescent: leaves in 7 pairs, lanceo- 
late ; exterior ones smallest: peduncles terminal, somewhat paniculate : le- 
gume oblong slightly falcate. 

linearis, Mx. (E. y. J. 2{.) glabrous : leaves in 5 or 6 pairs, ovate, acute: 
peduncles axillary, few-flowered: legumes terete. 

procumbens, W. (E. y. 3%.) leaves in many pairs, without glands: stem pro- 
cumbent. Flowers small. 

aspera, M. (L. S. 3%.) strigose, rough: leaves in many pairs, linear, lanceo- 
late, ciliate : peduncles few-flowered, above the axils : stamens 9—7 ; 3 long- 
er than the rest. 1—3 f. Baptisia. 


19—12. Castanea, 50. 99. 


vesca Var. americana, (chesnut. O. g. J. 5.) leaves lance-oblong, sinuate-ser- 
rate, with the serratures mucronate, glabrous both sides. Largetree. S. 

pumila, (chinquapin. E, g. J. 5.) leaves oblong, acute, mucronate-serrate, 
with white down beneath. Smailtree. S. 


Southern. 
nana, M. (1) (E. M. 5.) leaves oval-lanceolate, rather obtuse, mucronately- 
serrate, shining on the upper surface, slightly tomentose beneath. 1—2 f. 
Betula. 


13—2. Castinteya. 40. 35. 


Southern. 
occidentalis, T. & J. (W. 2{.) stem simple, pilose : leaves linear-lanceolate, 
narrowing towards the apex, minutely pubescent, entire, acutish: flowers 
spiked, sessile: corol scarcely exceeding the calyx: bracts 3-cleft; divisions 
erect. Schwalbea. 


Castilleja, EucHRoMA. 
2—1. Caratpa. 40. 45. 


cordifolia, Duham. (2) (M. w. & y. 5.) leaves simple, cordate, entire, by 
threes: flowers in panicles. 40—50f. WS. Justicea. 


22—2. CATHARINEA. 56. 4. 


undulata, leaves lanceolate, serrate, undulated, crisped when dry: capsule 
cylindric: lid subulate, In woods and shades. Riccia. 


19--1. Cauninia. 15. 6. 


Slexilis, (water knot-grass. E. Au. 3%.) leaves in sixes, toothed at the apex, 
spreading. linmersed in ditches, &c. S. 

fragilis, (E. S. %%.) leaves in threes or opposite, linear-subulate, recurved, 
aculeate-toothed, rigid. Immersed. S. Zannichellia. 


6—1. CavuLoPHYLLUM, 24. 61. 


Remark. 'To the generic description of p. 34, it should be added: that the 
supposed drupe is but a naked seed elevated on a funicule-like stipe, after 
having burst its caducous pericarp. See Torrey’s Flora, p.336. Dr. Darling- 


~ (1) alnifolia,N. (2) syringaefolia, Ph. Bignonia catalpa, W. 


164 €AULOPHYLLUM, CELTIS. 


ton says (M. S.) he has closely watched this plant three years, and knows thia 


remark of R. Brown to be correct. ‘ 


thalictroides, Mx. (1) (poppoose root, false cohosh. O. p-y. Ap. 2{.) ver 
glabrous: leaves more than decompound ; leafets oval, the lower ones petiol- 
ed and lobed, the end ones 3-lobed. Berries darkwlue. Woody. 1 p Ss. 
Berberis. 


5—1l. Cranotuus. 43,-95:—— 


_americanus, (New-Jersey tea. O. w. J. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate, Priate, 
3-nerved, pubescent beneath: panicles axillary, long-peduncled, sub-corymb- 
ed. W. 

herbaceus, R. (2) (E. M. 2f{.) leaves oval, sub-serrulate, smooth: panicle 
thyrroid, axillary and terminal. S. 

ovalis, Bw. (Lake Champlain.) leaves oval, with glandular serratures, 3-nerv- 
ed; nerves pubescent beneath: panicle corymbose, abbreviated. 


Southern. 
intermedius, M. (O. J. 5.) leaves oblong-oval, acute, mucronate-serrulate, 3- 
nerved, pubescent beneath: panicles axillary, on long peduncles; pedicels 
corymbed, flaccid. 
wicrophyllus, Mx. (E. Ap. b.) leaves very small, obovate, nearly entire, clus- 
tered, glabrous: racemes corymbose, terminal. 1—2f. 
sanguineus, Ph. (W.M. 5.) leaves obovate, serrate, pubescent beneath: pa- 
_ nicle axillary, compact, short-peduncled ; pedicels aggregate. 3f. 
serpyllifolius, N. (E.) branches filiform: leaves small, elliptic-ovate, serru- 
late, obtuse ; petioles and nerves strigose beneath: panicles pedicelled, axil- 
lary, few-flowered ; flowers conglomerate. ~  _Euonymus. 


5—l1. CE Rus. 43. 95. 


scandens, W. (false bittersweet, staff tree. O. y-w. J. 5.) stem twining : 
leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate: racemes terminal. Retains its scarlet 
berries through the winter. 


Southern. 
bullatus, W. (E. b.) unarmed: leaves ovate, acute, entire: panicle termi- 
nal. Gomphrena. 


5—2. »Ceris: 53. 99: 


occidentalis, W. (nettle tree. E. w. M. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate, equally 
serrate, except near the base; scabrous above, rough-haired beneath: fruit 
solitary. Var. integrifolia, leaves entire : bark of the tree not rimose. S, 

crassifolia, W. (hag-berry, hoop asb. E. w. M. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
unequally serrate, unequally cordate at the base, sub-coriaceous ; peduncles 
about 2-flowered. S. 

pumila, Ph. (3) (E. M. }.) leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal 
at the base, smoothish on both sides; the younger anes only pubescent: pe-. 
duncles mostly 3-flowered : fruit solitary. Berries brown and glaucous, 2 f. 


S. 
Southern. 
reticulata, T. & J. (W. b.), leaves broad-cordate, pubescent, sub-coriaceous, 
somewhat entire, obtusish, unequal at the base, papillose-scabrous above, re- 
ticulate, prominent veins beneath: peduncles 1-flowered, 
Beta, 


—_ —— 


= 


(1) Leontice thalictroides, W. (2) perennis, Ph. (3) occidentalis. Var. 
pumila, M 


CENCHRUS, CENOMYCE. 165 


3—1. CerncHRUs. 4. 10. 


echinatus L. (burr grass. E. Ju.—Au. 3%.) spike with the flowers approxi- 
mated: involucre sub-globose, villose: culm compressed. Erect or procum- 
bent. Sandy soil. 1—2f. WS. Var. tribuloides, W. (L.) spikes and mar- 
gins of the sheaths, white-pubescent. 1f. S. Limnetis, 


21—5. Crnomyce. (1) 97. 2. 


1. Frond foliaceous : peduncle (podetia) fistulous, dilated upwards, bearing 
cups, or attenuate-subulate : the cups closed with transverse membranes. 


(Receptacles sooty-yellow or pale.} 


ewespilicia, Ach. Frond minutely cleft: podetia very short, marginal. On 
earth. 

alcicornis, frond foliaceous, marked, becoming pale-green ; divisions sub-pal- 
mate, ascending, repand-toothed, obtuse, inflexed, fascicles of hairs at the 
margin: peduncles long-turbinate, all bearing cups, smooth: cups regular, 
crenate, at length leafy and proliferous at the margin: receptacles yellowish 
or tawny. 

endivieefolia, Ach. in dry rocky situations. Frond large, leafy, yellowish- 
ay white beneath: segments multifid: podetia also very minute. On 
earth. . 

verticillata, Ach. podetia cylindric, glabrous, livid-greenish ; the margin dilat- 
ing horizontally, proliferous from the centre. On earth among mosses. 

pyxidata, frond foliaceous; divisions crenulate, ascending: peduncles all tur- 
binate, cup-form, glabrous, at length warty-granulale, scabrous, greenish- 
grey : cups regular ; afterwards the margin is extended and proliferous: re 
ceptacles tawny. 

jimbriata, frond foliaceous ; divisions small, crenate: peduncles elongated, cy- 
lindric, bearing cups; some are awl-form, very thinly pulverulent, white : 
cups wine-glass-form, regular; margin entire and crenate, at length prolif 
erous: receptacles tawny. 

gonorega, frond foliaceous; divisions broadish, gash-crenulate : peduncles 
longish, glabrous, somewhat warty, glaucous or whitish-green ; when drying 
it becomes dark-coloured, white-dotted ; all bearing cups, which are irregu- 
lar, somewhat torn-radiate ; margin proliferous, leafy: receptacles tawny, 


(Receptacles scarlet or dark red.) 


bacillaris, frond foliaceous, minute ; divisions gash-lobed, crenate, nakedish be- 
neath: peduncles cylindric, simple, sub-ramose at the apex, white-cinere- 
ous, with pulverulent granulations ; rarely bearing cups, which are narrow, 
at length radiate: receptacles scarlet. On decaying trunks. : 

deformis, frond foliaceous, minute ; divisions broadish, gashed, crenate, naked 
beneath: peduncles long, thick, sub-ventricose, sulphur-colour, thinly-pul- 
verulent; bearing cups, which are narrow, crenate-toothed, at length dilat- 
ed and torn: receptacles sessile and pedicelled, scarlet. On the earth in 
woods and mountains. 

coccifera, frond foliaceous, minute; divisions round, crenate, naked beneath : 
peduncles long-turbinate, naked, warty-scabrous, pale-yellowish, cinereoug 
and green; all bearing cups, which are wine-glass-form ; margin extended, 
fertile: receptacles rather large, at length roundish, scarlet. 


1 
(1) Bemyces of Acharius, in a former edition of his work. 


166 : CENOMYCE. 


2. Frond leafy : peduncle (podetia) fistulous, dilated above, bearing cups, 
which are not closed. e 

parecha, frond foliaceous, largish ; divisions narrow, pinnatifid, crenulate: pe- 

' duncles smooth, pale, obconic, cup-form; cup somewhat pervious; margin 


torn, dentate; the proliferous parts ramose, thick, not c rm ; apexes 
denticulate : receptacles terminal, aggregate, tawny. en ou sterile 
earth. 


3. Frond leafy: peduncles (podetia) sub-fistulous, cylindric, simple, split at 
the apex, or sub-digitate-rayed ; rays all fertile. 


cariosa, frond foliaceous, minute; lobes crenulate : peduncle white, latticed 
as if worm-eaten, warty-granulate, divided somewhat in a digitate form at 
the apex: branches fastigiate : receptacles crowded, dark-tawny. 

symphycarpa, frond foliaceous; lobes roundish, crenulate, livid: peduncles 
shortish, smooth, sub-divided at the apex: receptacles heaped together, 
tawny. 

botrytes, Ach. podetia slender, fastigiately branching, rough; apothecia pel- 
tate, pale,crowded. Rotten wood and earth. 

deltcata, frond foliaceous ; lobes minute, erose-laciniate, granulated: peduncles 
glabrous, granulate, pale, somewhat divided at the apex: branches very 
oe? receptacles conglomerate, dark-tawny. On decaying trunks or 
earth. 

capitata, frond foliaceous; lobes imbricated, somewhat olive-coloured: pedun- 
clessub-simple, somewhat straw-like: receptacles heaped in a sub-globular 
form, reddish-yellow. 


4, Frond leafy, almost wanting or disappearing : peduncle (podetia) eartila- 
ginous, rigid, fistulous, all attenuated and subulate, ramose, mostly perforat- 
ed at the axils. 


acicularis, peduncles stifily-erect, terete, warty-wrinkled, white, sub-simple : 
receptacles capitate, sub-globose, sub-solitary, shining, dark-tawny. 

furcata, peduncle elongated, smooth, livid, and somewhat chesnut-brown, di- 
chotomous: axils not perforated: branches auricular, curved, forked at the 
apex, diverging: receptacles of the fertile ones tawny. 

uncialis, peduncles elongated, glabrous, pale, dichotomous: axils perforated, 
standing open; apex of the branches spreading, short, rigid: receptacles 
terminal, becoming tawny. 

adunca, peduncles pale or hoary, fork-branched: axils perforated; apex of 
the branches radiately hook-spined : receptacles capitate, pale-tawny. A 
variety of the last? 

rangiferina, peduncles elongated, cylindric, erect, somewhat scabrous, becom- 
ing cinereous, ramose: axils at length perforated: branches scattered and 
sub-divided ; the extreme branchlets sub-radiated ; apexes nodding : recep- 
tacles of the fertile ones sub-globose, aggregate, tawny. 

sylvatica, peduncles white-hoary, softish, thickish and turgid: branches short, 
scattered, terminal, erectish, sub-fastigiate: apex sometimes dilated and 
somewhattorn. Variety of the last? 

alpestris, peduncles white, softish, very branching: branches and branch- 
lets interwoven, terminal, forming a dense thyrse. Variety of the last? 


5. Frond none: peduncle (podetia) soft, sub-solid, subulate, somewhat branch- 
ed, (sterile:) axils not perforated. 


ermicularis, peduncle somewhat awl-form, sub-simple, smooth, very white, 
sub-fistulous, zigzag, prostrate. Baemyces, 


CENTAUREA, CERAMIUM. 167 


17—3. CENTAUREA. 49. 54. 


Exotic. 

cyanus, (blue bottle. b. w. r. J. 3%.) scales of the calyx serrate: leaves li- 
near, entire; lowerones toothed. Naturalized. 

jacea, (knapweed. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, entire ; radical ones sub- 
dentate: branches angular: calyx scarious. Naturalized. 

benedicta, {blessed thistle. y. J. 3%.) scales of the involucre doubly armed 
with spines, woolly, bracted: leaves somewhat decurrent, toothed, spiny. 
Naturalized. 

solstitialis, (y. Ju. 3%.) calyx palmate-spinose, solitary : spines straight : 
leaves hoary, lance-linear, decurrent, entire; radical ones lyrate. Natur- 
alized. 

nigra, L. (p. Au. 2{.) scales of the calyx ovate, with an erect capillary fringe : 
lower leaves lyrate-angular; upperones ovate. Naturalized, 2f. 

calcitrapa, (3%.) scales of the calyx somewhat doubly spinous, sessile: leaves 
pinnatifid, linear, dentate: stem pilose. _ 

centaurium, (great centaury. 2[.) leaves pinnate, glabrous; leafets sharply 
and doubly serrate, decurrent: calyx smooth. 

scabiosa, (scabrous centaury. 2{.) leaves pinnatifid,'roughish; divisions lance- 
olate, spreading, acute, pinnatifid at the base: calyx ciliate. 

suaveolens, (yellow sultana. 3%.) leaves lyrate-pinnatifid: calyx smooth. 

moschata, (sweet sultana. 3¢.) leaves slightly pinnatifid ; lower divisions most- 
ly entire: calyx smooth. 

Southern. 

americana, N. (W. 3%. or Go.) stem somewhat branching, sulcate: leaves 
sessile; lower ones oblong-oyate, repand-toothed; upper ones lanceolate, 
acute: leafets of the calyx furnished with recurved pinnate appendages : pe- 


duncies thick at the apex. 4—6 f. Leptopoda. 
4—1l. CENTAURELLA. 20. 34, 
Southern. 


verna, Mx. (1) (E. w. March. 3%.) stem simple, few-flowered, (1—3:) corol 
thrice aslong as the calyx: style as long asthe germ. 4—8 i. 

cestivalis, Ph. (E. Ju. 3%.) stem simple: peduncles opposite, simple; divi 
sions of the corol spatulate, abruptly acute, thrice as long as the calyx: style 
the length of the germ. 2—4i. Ammannia. 


Centaurella, BARTONIA. 


4—1. Crnruncutus. 20. 34. 


Southern. 
lanceolatus, Mx. (O. r. March 3%.) leaves lanceolate, oval and obovate, 
acute: flowers axillary, sessile: stem prostrate. 2—3 7. 
minimus, N. (W. Ju.) stem simple or with a single branch, sub-angular : 
leaves alternate, spatulate-ovate, acute: flowers sub-sessile. Often pentan- 
drous. 4—6i. Callicarpa. 


4—j. CrpHatantuus. 48. 56. 
occidentalis, L. (button bush. O. w. Ju. 6.) leaves opposite and in threes, 
oval, acuminate. Inflorescence a round head. Swamps. Var. pubescens, 
has the leaves and branchlets pubescent. 4—5f. S. Dipsacus. 
21—4. Crramium. (2) 57. 2. 
1. Red or reddish. 
rubrum, threads dichotomous, very branching, sub-cartilaginous: branchlets 


(1) vernalis Ph. (2) Species of Conferva of Linneus and others, excepting 
the aureum, whichis a Byssus, 


, 


168 CERAMIUM; CERASTIUM. 


forges joints ovate, opake ; knee-joints contracted: capsules involucred. 
ays, &c. 
diaphanum, threads dichotomous, very branching, sub-membranaceous, varie- 
gated with purpie and hyaline; branchlets forceps-like ; joints cylindric, 
hyaline ; knee-joints elevated: capsules involucred. Bays, &c. 
~ 


2. Vellowish or Tuarolour. & 


ferrugineum, threads slender, divaricately ramose, loosely entangled : joints 
twice as long as their diameter. Sea. 

littorale, threads very slender, woven into a rope-like frond: branches erect; 
joints with their length equalling their diameter. Lakes, &. 

cyrrhosum, branches pinnate, spreading, approximate, stiff and straight: length 
of the joints nearly equalling their diameters. Seas, bays, &c. 

aureum, threads flexuose, fascicled in a dense, soft, cushion-like tuft : branches 
elongated, spreading, somewhat rigid : joints twice as long as their diame- 
ters. On damp rocks and overflowed timber, &c. Lamania. 


13—1. CERANTHERA. 42. 39. 


Southern. 
tinearifolia, E. (E. r-w. S. 3%.) stem glabrous, branching: leaves opposite, 
linear, sometimes clustered: racemes terminal: peduncles opposite. 12 i. 
Obolaria. 


10—5. Crrastium. 22. 82. 


culgatum, L. (mouse-ear, chick weed. O. w. Ap. #¢.) hirsute, viscid, cespi- 
tose: leaves ovate: petals oblong, about equal to the calyx: flowers longer 
than the peduncle. 6—10i. NS. 

viscosum, L. (E. w. J. 3%.) hairy and viscid, spreading: leaves lance-ob- 
long: flowers shorter than their pedicels: petals obovate, scarcely longer 
than the calyx. 4—6i. S. 

semidecandrum, L. (E. w. M. #.) hirsute, viscid : leaves ovate-oblong, acute : 
petals emarginate, shorter than the calyx: peduncles longer than the calyx : 
flowers pentandrous. 6—12i. S. 

hirsutum, M. (1) E. w. M. 3%.) very hairy: leaves oval, obtuse, connate : 
flowers clustered: petals 2-cleft, a little longer than the acutecalyx. 4—8i, 

dichotomum, M. (w. #%.) leaves lanceolate : stem dichotomous : capsules 
erect, twice as long as the calyx. 

ulpinum, L. (A. w. 2{.) leaves lance-oval : panicle dichotomous, few-flower- 
ed, bracted: capsule oblong recurved. 

nutans, R. (2) (E. w. J. #.) viscid, pubescent: stems erect, striate: leaves 
elongated, distant, oblong-linear, acute; radical ones spatulate : petais ob- 
long, 2-cleft at the apex, longer than the calyx: peduncles at length much 
longer than the flower. 6—12i. S. 

oblongifolium, T. (O. w. J. 2{.) cespitose, pubescent : stems erect, terete : 
leaves lanceolate-oblong, sub-acute, shorter than the joints: flowers termi- 
nal, shorter than their pedicels: petals obovate, bifid at the tip, twice as 
long as the calyx. 6—121. 

‘enutfolium, Ph. (O. w. M. 2{.) very slender, pubescent, cespitose: leaves 
narrow-linear, longer than the internodes : petals obovate, emarginate, about 
thrice as long as the acute calyx. 

arvense, W. (O. w. J. 2{.) pubescent, cespitose : leaves lance-linear, obtuse, 
ciliate atthe base, shorter than the internodes: petals obcordate, twice as 
long as the calyx; leafets of the calyx obtuse. 


(1) semidecandrum, Wr. (2) glutinosum, N. longepedunculatum, M. 


‘ 
( 
rr 


CERASTIUM, CETRARIA. 169 


Southern. 
elongaium, Ph. (W. A. 2[.) hirsute: leaves linear, divaricate, longer than the 
internodes : peduncles terminal, long, twice trichotomous: bracts opposite 
ovate: petals emarginate, twice a8 long as the acute calyx: capsule sub- 
globose. Agrostemma. 


ag 
~ . * PRUNUS. 
20—2. SC@ERaTIo“a. 18. 51. 


‘- eile 
ericowdes, W. (E. Au. 5.) bra ets partly tomentose : leaves verticillate, 
narrow, linear, smooth. Anevergreenshrub. 4—6/, Empetrum. 


38—2. CrrRaTocHLoa. 4. 10. 


Ss. ; : : 
unioloides, Beauv. (E. Ju. 3. or 2[.) panicle nodding, spreading ; spikelets 


o 7 


oblong-lanc , compressed, 6—S flowered ; florets ucuminate, unarmed ; 
sheaths bearded at the throat, the lower ones hairy : root fibrous. S. 
e Diarrhena. 
* 19—12. CrratopHyitium. 15. 91. 


diemersum, W. (hornwort. E. Ju. 2{.) leaves 8 in a whorl, dichotomous in two 
pairs, tooth-spined on the back : flowers axillary : fruit 3-spined. 

submersum, L. (2f.) leaves dichotomous in three pairs: fruit without spines. 
In water. . Myriophyllum. 


10=t:> GEerReise “332-92; 


canadensis, {red-bud, judas tree. r. M. 5.) leaves round-heart-form, acumi- 
nate, villose at the axils of the nerves: stipules minute : legumes short-stiped. 

Var. pubescens, has roundish, acute leaves, pubescent beneath. 15—307. 

S. Rhodora. 


3—2. Cerresta. 4. 10. 


Southern. 
fiuitans, E. (E. Oc. #?) stem creeping and ascending, generally floating : 
leaves scabrous : spikes numerous ; glumes of the calyx white, dotted, some- 
what hairy. 1—3f. Cysodon. 


Ceropegia, CYNANCHUM. 
21—5. CrrTraria. .57. 2. 


gcelandica, (1) (the iceland lichen, iceland moss. C. Y.) frond olive-chesnut- 
brown, at the base reddish-white, white beneath ; divisions erectish, sub- 
Jinear, many-cleft, channelled, tooth-ciliate ; the fertile ones dilated : recep- 
tacles close-pressed, flat, one-coloured ; margin frond-like, elevated, entire. 
On sandy plains, as on the barren plains near Beaver-ponds, in New-Haven, 
where it covers the earth very densely in many places. 

juniperina, frond pale-yellow, very yellow beneath : divisions ftat, ascending, 
erose-crenate, crisped : receptacles elevated : disk liver-brown : margin 
frond-like, crenulate. On trunks and branches. 

pinastri, frond with divisions depressed, round-lobed, crenate : margin crisp- 
ed, pulverulent, very yellow. A variety of the last? 

ciliaris, frond livid-tawny, reticulate-lacunose, white beneath ; divisions crisp- 
ed, ciliate: receptacles somewhat elevated, dark-tawny ; margin frond-like, 
crenate. 


Jacunosa, frond ample, whitish-green, rugose-reticulate, ceilalar, whiter be- 


(1) Physica islandica, Mx. 


15 


170 CETRARIA, CHEIRANTHUS. 


neath, round-lobed ; margin torn-crenate : receptacles large, elevated, red- 
dish-yellow : margin frond-like, flexuose, sub-entire. 
glauca, Ach. frond glaucous, tawny, brown underneath. On stones and 


ences. 5 

eiridis, Sz. frond glaucous green, ro reticulated, underneath pale-yel- 
low, margin complicately waved and beset with bla@k soredia ; apothecia 
chesnut-brown, margin inflected, lobed entated. On small limbs in 
cedar swamps. Sticta. 


Chaerophyllum, URISPERMDM 
6—3. CuamarnoMi 1. 11. 


poe W. (E. Ju. 5.) ? Southern. 

‘ ata . {E. Ju. 5.) caudex creeping ; stipes sharp! te: fi 

plaited palmate. Fronds 2 f. ses = ga See oem 

hystriz, Fras. (1) (E. Ju. 6.) caudex creeping ; stipes intermingled with 
long thorns : fronds plaited palmate. Fronds4—jf. "x 


palmetto, W. (E. Ju. 6.) caudex arborescent ; stipes rmed : spathes 
doubled : fronds plaited, palmate. Fronds 5—6 f. Caloc 3. 
17—4. Cuapraria. Vent. 49. 55. ad 


Southern. 
tategrifolia, Mx. (2) (E. p-w. J. 2{.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, and obovate, 
retrorsely denticulate, tomentose, and silvery beneath: scape naked, 1-flow- 
ered: flowers nodding. Pursh says the leaves are ovate-oblong, entire. 


Parthenium. 
19—1. CuHara. 15. 6." 


vulgaris, W. (feather-beds. O. Ju. 3.) stem and branches naked at the base ; 
branchlets terete ; joints leafy: leaves oblong-subulate: bracts shorter than 
the berry. Odourdisagreeable. Ponds and ditches mostly stagnant. JS. 

foliosa, W. (E. Ju. 3.) stem naked, papillose above: branchlets terete and 
leafy at the base and leafy in the joints: leaves linear: bracts shorter than 
the berry. In clear water. SW. 

fexilis, W. (E. Au. #%.) stem translucent, naked : branchlets jointless, leaf- 
less, compressed : berries lateral, naked. Ponds in Stockbridge. WS. 

glabra, M. (E. Ju.) whole plant glabrous. S. 


Southern. 
capitata, E. (E, A.) stem and branches terete, glabrous; joints leafy : fruit ia 
heads : bracts a little longer than the berry. Podostemum. 


21—1. CHEILANTHES. 55. 5. 


sestita, W. (lip-fern. E. 2{.) frond doubly pinnate, hairy both sides: leafets 
pinnatifid; divisions oblong, obtuse, entire : stipe and racemes rough-haired. 
Small, on rocks. 


Southern. 
dealbata, Ph. (W. Ju. 2{.) frond triply pinnate : leafets oval, distinctly cre- 
nate or emarginate at the apex, whitish beneath. Hymenopbyllum. 


14—2. CuHeErrRantHus. 39. 63. 


ii, Ph. (W. r. Ju. Gi.) stem simple, terete, somewhat glabrous : leaves 
glabrous, lanceolate-linear, tapering, repand-toothed. 


_ (1) Sabel hystrix, N. (2) Tussilago, Mx, W. C. tomentosa, Ph. 


CHEIRANTHUS, CHENOPODIUM. 171 


Exotic. 
theiri, (wall-flower. J. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, acute, glabrous : branches an- 
gled ; stem somewhat of a woody enere- 
fenestralis, (waved wall-flower. of.) leaves crowded together in a head, re- 
curved, undulate : stem undivided. = 
annuus, (stock july-flower. Ju 
hoary : silique cylindric, wi n acute apex. , 
ancanus, (brompton stock, br n queens. (f\.) leaves lanceolate, entire, ob- 
tase, hoary: silique truncate, compressed at the apex: stem somewhat of a 


%.) leaves eolate, sub-dentate, obtuse, 


woody texture. ae 
Southern. 
asper, N. (W. y. J. ©.) leaves sharply-serrate ; upper ones lanceolate, lower 
ones pinnatifid below :_silique shortish, short-peduncled. Hesperis. 
. “sf “ . 


& 


~ 121. CHELIDonIuM. 27. 62. 


id ag Exotic. 


majus (celandine. y. M. 2{.) umbels axillary, peduncled : leaves alter 
nate, pinnate, lobed. Naturalized. Glaucium. 


Chelidonium, Mrconopsis. 
13—2. CHeEtone. 40. 45. 


glabra, (1) (snakehead. O. w. & r. Ju. 2.) leaves opposite, lance-oblong, acu- 
minate, serrate: spikes terminal, dense-flowered. Var. alba, leaves sub- 
sessile : flowers white. Var. purpurea, leaves short-petioled: flowers pur- 
ple. Var. lanceolata, leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile, pubes- 
cent beneath : segments of the calyx oblong. Some authors make a species - 
obligua, which they say, has all the leaves opposite, and that the glabra has 
the lower leaves alternate—sed quere ?—Damp. 


Southern. 

Zyont, Ph. (E. p. Au. 2{.) glabrous, branchin 
serrate: spikes terminal: flowers itech 
latifolia, M. (E. r. Au.) glabrous : leaves broad, ovate and oval, serrate, 
abruptly acuminate, tapering at the base, petioled : flowers crowded : bracts 

and calyx ciliate. 2 f. Penstemon. 


: leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, 


5—2. CHENOPODIUM. 12. 29. 


rhombifolium. M. (J. 3%.) leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repandly toothed; 
racemes axillary, erect, leafless : bracts minute inflexed. 

album, L. (O. g. Ju. 3%.) leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose, entire behind, the upper 
ones oblong, entire, seed smooth. Var. viride, leaves lance-rhomboid, sinu- 
ate-toothed: racemes ramose, sub-foliaceous: stemvery green. 2—4f, 

hybridum, L. (E. Ju. 3%.) leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate : racemes 
branching, somewhat cymose, divaricate, leafless. Var, simplex, stem sim- 
ple, 5-angled: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, coarsely repand-toothed : spike 
simple, terminal, naked. 2—3f. S. 

rubrum, L,.(E. r-g. Ju. #%.) leaves rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and 
sinuate : racemes erect, compound, leafy. 2—3f. 

ambrostoides, L. (sweet pigweed. O. g. Ju. #.) leaves lanceolate, remotely 
toothed : racemes leafy, simple. Sweet scented. 1—2f. S. 

botrys, L. (oak-of-jerusalem. O. g. J. #.) leaves oblong, sinuate : racemes 
naked, many-cleft. Sweetscented. 12i. S. 

anthelminticum, L. (wormseed. E. g. Au. 2{.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, tooth- 


(1) obliqua, W. 


: 
172 CHENOPODIUM, CHLORIS.- 


ed: spikes long, interrupted, leafless. Odour strong. A good anthelmix~ 
tic, B. 12—241 


glaucum, L. (E. 2f.) leaves oblong, repand, glaucous beneath : spikes simple, 
naked, glomerate, axillary, termi 


maritimum, L. (sea pigwe »g. Au. 2{.) leaves subyJate, fleshy, semi-terete : 
flowers glomerate, axilla 8—24 i. 

murale, W. (Ju. #.) leaves ovate, unequa 
branching, cymose, leafless. 

bonus-henricus, L. (english mercury. E. ¢. J. 7. 
entire : spikes compound, leafless, axil a 


Exotignen "i 

scoparium, (summer cypress.) leavesflat, lance-linear, margin ciliate; flowers 
glomerate, axillary. a Nis 

, © Southern. a 


subspicatum, N, (W.) stem 4-angled : lower leaves hasta 
acute; upper ones sub-lanceolate : racemes glomerate, 


ed, acute, shining : racemes 


aves triangular, saggitate, 
rminal, erect. 


bidentate, 
erminal, 


sola. 


10—1. CrimaprHita. Pho{Ll) 18. 51. 


maculata, L. (spotted winter-green. O. w. Ju. 2[.) leaves lanceolate, rounded 
at the base, remotely serrate, marked with long spots; scape 2 or 3-flowered : 
filaments woolly. : 

_.umbellata, W. (prince’s pine, bitter wintergreen. O. r-w. Ju. 2{.) leaves ser- 

rate, uniformly green, wedge-lanceolate, with an acute base : scape corymb- 

ed: filaments glabrous, Both species are tonics and diuretics, and resemble 

ju their efiects the Arbutus uva-ursi. B. Ledum. 


5—1. CHiococca. 45. 57. 


" Southern. M 
racemosa, W. (E. y-w. Ju. 5.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, flat : racemes ax- 
illary, peduncled, simple. Lonicera. 


2—1. CHronantuus. 44. 37. 


virginica, W. (fringe tree. w. M. 5.) panicle terminal, trifid: peduncles 3- 
flowered : leaves acute. Var. montanus, leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, 
glaurous: panicle dense: drupe oval. Var. maritimus, leaves obovate-lan- 
ceolate, membranaceous, pubescent: panicle very lax: drupe elliptic. Ber- 
ries purplish-blue. WS. Ornus. 


Chironia, SABBATIA. 


3—2. Cutoris. 4. 10. 


Southern. 
petraea, Sw. (sea-side chloris. L. Ju. 2{.) spikes by fours, digitate, straight, 
erect: flowers imbricate, glabrous, unawned ; exterior valve of the calyx 
awned : stem compressed. 
monostachya, Mx. (EK, Ju. 3%.) spike solitary: spikelets about 6-flowered : 
flowers awned, bearded at the margin: exterior valve of the calyx rough- 
ened by glands, awned on the back. 


(1) Pyrola, L. The Chimaphila was long united to the Pyrola. Though 
they possess strong botanical affinities, they differ quite as much in habit, and 
sensible, as well as medicinal properties, as other genera of the natural order 
Ericae. Such divisions of the Linnean genera, where the “ natural genus gives 
the characters,” ought to be adopted. But divisions founded on any artificial 
character, however constant and decisive, injure the science. 


CHLORIS, CHRYSOGONUM. 173 


secundus, Ph. (1) (W. 2{.) gf Prpts, leaves linear; spike elongated, one sid- 
ed: spikelets solitary and reflexed a defloration: glumes of the calyx 
linear-lanceolate, very acute. Aegilops. 


Chloris, ELEvsi 


CHONDRILLA, see BORKHAUSIA. 


Chondrocargitn Hyprocoryce. 


21—4, La (2y) 57. 2. 
filum, frond filiform, very simple terete, enuate at the apex and base; con- 


t 
structed of fibres spiral pa Coloar tawny-olive, substance tenaceous,, 
Sea. 2 Laminaria. 


a 17—2. CHRYSANTHEMUM. 49, 55. 


leucanthemum, W. (0 daisy. O. J. 2{.) leaves clasping, lanceolate, ser- 
rate, cut-toothed at Se: stemerect, branching. 12—20i. S. 
arcticunt, W. (W. pew. 2f.) radical leaves 3-parted, gash-toothed ; cauline 
ones wedge-form, 3-parted, obiuse. 12i. S. 
a 


. Exotic. 
parthentum, (feverfew.) leaves petioled, compound, flat : leafets ovate, gashed : 
peduncles branching, corymbed : stem erect. is 
carinatum, (three coloured daisy. r. w. Au. 3%.) leaves bipinnate, fleshy, gla- 
brous: scale of the calyx carinate. 
coronarium, (garden chrysanthemum. Au. #.) leaves bipinnatifid, acute, 
broader outwards : stem branching. Bellis. 


1l—1. Curysoparanus. 36, 92, 


Southern. 
oblongifolius, Mx. (E. w. J. 5.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at the base, 
entire, glabrous, shining : flowers panicled: fruit oblong. ‘* Mx. observes. 
that it varies with the leaves woolly and hoary on the under surface.”’ Elliott. 
1—21f. Tigarea. 


17—]. Curysocoma. 49. 55. 


virgata, N. (goldy Jocks. L. y.) herbaceous, smooth : leaves narrow, linear : 
stem branching ; branches corymbed, fastigiate, virgate: scales of the calyx 
glutinous, appressed. 18. 


Southern. 

nudata, Mx. (E. y. Sept. 2{.) radical leaves spatulate, lanceolate ; cauline 
ones linear, scattered : corymb compound, fastigiate : calyx oblong, 3—4- 
flowered. 2f. 

graveolens, N, (3) (W.y. Oc. b.) leaves linear, 3-nerved, smooth, impunctate : 
branches whitish, tomentose : flowers corymbed, fastigiate, crowded: calyx 
angular, smooth, 5-flowered. 6—8 f. 

nauseosd, Ph. (W. y. Oc. 2{.) calyx peduncled ; calyx and leaves, weolly pu- 
bescent : leaves narrow-linear: corymb somewhat lax : calyx lax, 5-flowered ; 


inner scales divaricate, glabrous. Cacalia. 
17—4, Curysoconum. 49. 55. 
Southern. : 
virginianum, W. (E. y. J. 2{.) low : woolly-villose : leaves oval, dentate, nar- 
rowing into the petiole. 6—12i. Baitimora.. 


(1) Cynosurus, Ph, (2) Fucus, L. iS dracunculoides, Ph. 
9 | 


174 3 CHRYSOPSIS, CICER. 


17—2. Curysopsis. (1) 49. 55. 


mariana, W. (E. y. Au. 2.) villose : leaves sessile, lance-oblong, tapering: to. 
the base, obtuse, lara lower ones petioled, serrate: peduncles 
3 


axillary, corymbed, gla -hairy. 8 i. 

falcata, Ph. (y. S. 2{.) woolly: leaves sessile, linear, very acute : sub-falcate, 
Spreading, nerves hairy both sides : peduncles few, axillary, corymbed: ca- 
lyx and peduncles villose. 5—6i. S. 

graminifolia, Mx. (y. S. 2.) silky, leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, 
nerved : corymb compound: stem \eafpit ards the summit. Var. fenuifo- 

lia, silky or woolly: leaves narrow-linear, shining : stem few-flowered : 
scales of the calyx glabrous. 2 f..S. Pee < 

scabra, Ph, (W.y. Oc. 2. oro.) Eepid-pilose igor scabrous: radical leaves 
ai, re “pipes cauline ones cordate, ovate, sessile : flowers in pani- 
cles. 2—3 f. 4 


argentea, P. (E.y. 2{.) silky: leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, erdiPentize, acute, 
* Higzag 55 corymb sub-compound, erect: scales of the cy flat, pubescent. 


wake 


wo 
Southern. : 

pinifolia, E, (E. y. S. Oc. 2.) very glabrous : stem rigid : leaves linear, crowd- 
pe gh corymb large; scales of the involucre woolly at the suinmit. 18 
—241. ; 

trichophylla, N. (E. y. Au. 2{.) hairy ; leaves ohlong, obtuse, very entire, 
somewhat clasping, scabrous on the margin: corymb simple ; scales of the 
involucre very narrow, glandular. 12—18.i. 

gossypina, Mx. (E. y. S. 2{.) woolly, hoary: leaves sessile, oblong, spatulate, 
obtuse, very entire: corymb fastigiate. 1—2f. 

dentata, E. (KE. y. S. 2{.) lanuginous: leaves cuneate, obovate, obtuse, deep- 
ly toothed ; upp r ones oblong, oval, entire: corymb simple. 2 ; 

divaricata, N. (E. y. S. 2f.) leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, and with 
the stem hispid: panicle divaricate: peduncles and calyx viscid-pubescent. 
2 f. 

villosa, Ph. (2) (W. y.2{.) hirsutely villous: leaves sessile, entire, linear-ob- 
long, acute, ciliate below ; margin scabrous: branches sub-corymbose : flow- 
ers fastigiate. 

ertcoides, T. & J. (W. y.) stem branching below ; branchlets elongated, sub- 
simple, 1-flowered : leaves subulate, imbricate, appressed, hispid and ciliate. 
o—Sf i. 


Note. The following species of Aster, according to Nuttall, belong to this 
genus. A. linariifolius, L. linifolius, W. dichotomus,E. albus,N. obovatus, 
N. humilis, W. amygdalinus, Lb. Pectis, 


8—2. CurysospLtenium. 13. 84. 


oppositifolium, (golden suxifrage, water-carpet. O. y-r. M. 2{.) leaves oppo- 
site, Peeedich, slightly crenate, tapering: br a little distance to the petiole. - 
In rivulets, springs, &c. 
alterntfolium, L. (M. 2{.) leaves alternate. Perhaps only a variety of the first. 
Polygonum. 


16—10. Cicer. 32. 93. 


arietinum, (chick-pea, %%.) peduncle I-flowered: seeds globose, gibbous ; 
leaves serrate. ‘ ornia. 


(1) Inula, L. (2) Amellus, Ph, 


CICHORIUM, CISTUS. 175 


17—1. CicHoRIum. 49, 53. 


intybus, L. (succory or endive. O. b. Ju. 2{.) flowers axillary, in pairs, ses. 
sile: leaves runcinate. a 
. Exotic. 
endivia, (garden endive. b. oj.) peduncles a in pairs; one long, 1- 
flowered, the other short, about 4-flowered: leaves oblong, denticulate. Var. 
crispum, has fringed leaves and solitary flowers. Apargia. 


5—2. Cicura. 45, 60. 


szaculata, W. (O. w. Ju. 2{.) serratures of the leaves mucronate : petioles mem- 
branaceous, 2-lobed at the apex. Damp. 3—6f. S. 

bulbifera, W. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves ternate and biternate, bulbiferous; leafeta 
linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed. 2—3 f. 


ae Exotic. 
virosa, (rte hemlock umbels opposite to the leaves: petioles margined, 
obtuse; leafets ternate, acutely serrate. Root containing a yellow juice. 


ison, 
Cimicifuga, Macrorys. 
17—2. Cuineraria. 49. 55. 


heterophylla, Ph. (ashwort. y. M. 2{.) downy: radical leaves long-petioled, 
obovate-spatulate ; also ovate, acutish and pinnatifid; cauline 2—3, linear, 
pinnatifid: flowers corymbed. 8 i. 

canadensis, W. (E. 2{.) villose: leaves pinnatifid, sub-villose ; divisions sinu- 
ate : flowers panicled. 

Southern. 

integrifolia, var. minor, W. (O.y. Au. 2{.) woolly-tomentose: stem simple 
lower leaves spatulate, sub-dentate ; upper ones narrow-lanceolate, very en-. 
tire, ereci: flowers somewhat umbelled.  Tussilago, 


3—2. Cinna. (1) 4—10. 


arundinacea, W. (indian reed. E. Au. 2{.) glabrous: panicle large, many- 
dowered, capillary: leaves broad-linear: one valye somewhat awned below 
atthe apex. 2—5f. S. Polypogon. 


i 2—1. Circaxka. -48,...83; 


lutetiana, var. canadensis. L. (O. Ju. w. 2{.) stem erect: leaves ovate, remotely 
toothed, opaque, smooth. 12—18i. S. 
alpina, L, (O. r-w. Au. 2{.) stem branched, glabrous, often procumbent : leaves 
- broad-cordate, membranaceous, acutely toothed, shining. 6—8i. S. 
Anthoxanthum. 


Circium, Cnicus. 
Cissus, AMPELOPSIS. 
12—1. Cistus. (2) 20. 80.' 
canadensis, W. (rock rose, frost plant. O. y. J. 2{.) without stipules, erect; 


leaves alternate, erect, linear-lanceolate, flat, tomentose beneath: racemes, 
terminal, few-flowered; divisions of the calyx broad-ovate-acuminate: cap- 


a) Agrostis, Lk. Ph. (2) Helianthemum, Ju. 


176 CISTUS, CLAVARTA. 


sules shorter than the calyx. At the foot of the Pine-rock, New-Haven, the 
barren plains produce great quantities of this plant. In Nov. and Dec. of 
1816, I saw hundreds of these sending out broad, thin, curved ice 
crystals, about an inch in breadth, from near the roots. These were melted 
away by day, and renewed every morning, for more than 20 days in succes- 
sion. 6—14i. 8. ° 

ramulifiorum, Mx. (O. y. Ju. 2{.) without stipules, erect, powdery-tomentose : 
leaves alternate, oblong, acute, revolute at the margin, tomentose beneath : 
racemes short, about 3-flowered at the summit; divisions of the calyx orbic- 
niar, pulverulent : capsule globose, of ee” of the calyx. 6—10i. 
S 


corymbosum, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) without stipules, erect, ramose, minutely pubes- 
cent: leaves alternate, lanceolate, whitish downy beneath: corymb fastigi- 
ate, with numerous crowded flowers; divisions of the calyx ovate, acute : 
capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. 12 i. 


Southern. . 

rosmarinifolium, Ph. (E. y. Ju. 2{.) without stipull simple, stiffly erect, 
hoary: leaves linear, revolute at the margin, hoary-tomentose beneath: little 
racemes axillary ; flowers interruptedly crowded: divisions of the calyx 
ovate, acute: petals thrice as long as the calyx. 

carolinianum, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) without stipules, hirsute, erect: leaves alternate, 
oblong-oval, sub-denticulate; bottom ones obovate, hirsute on both sides : 
peduncles few, terminal, with the calyx very villose: divisions of the calyx 
oblong, acute, shorter than the petals, Hudsonia. 


12-1, - Crrrovs.> 18. - 70. 


Exotic. 
medica, W. (lemon tree. w. J. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate, with linear wing- 
less petioles. Var. limon, (lime tree) bears smaller fruit, which is almost 
round. 4—10f. 2 - 
aurantium, W. (orange tree. w. 5.) leaves oval, acuminate, with the petioles 
_ winged or margined. Bejaria, 


8—l.. CuarcKia... 17. 88. 


Southern. 
pulchella, Ph. (W. r. p. J. oj.) stem erect, terete, somewhat branching above: 
leaves alternate, linear, entire, glabrous: flowers axillary towards the top of 
the stem, sub-sessile, large. 12—18i. Menziesia. 


21--6. Cravaria. 5%. 1. 
r 1. Corol-like ; clavate pileus branched. 
(Stems or stipes very thick.) 


formosa, very branching : stem sub-decumbent, thick, white: branches elon- 
vated, rose-orange ; branchlets obtuse, becoming yellow. In groves. 

flava, stem thick, white: branches and branchiets straight, shortish, yellow. 
In autumn it grows in shady woods, about 3 inches long. 

botrytis, sub-deformed : stem very thick, decumbent, becoming palish-white: 
branches shortish, sub-rugose.; branchlets obtuse, red. On fallen trees, &c. 


(Stems slender, or not so thick as to equal all the branches taken together.) 


palmata, somewhat winged or wing-like, becoming pale : stem slender: branch- 
es sub-compressed, palmate, About 3 inches long, and the breadth about 


the same, 


CLAVARIA, CLEMATIS. 177 


corniculata, sub-ramose, yellow: stem slender, elongated, twice ternately di- 
vided in forks; branchlets acute. Branches mostly compressed; branchlets 
alittle woolly. In woods, one and a half inch long. 

byssiseda, various, sub-ramose, small, pale, reddish-yellow ; rootlets byssus- 
ws or flax-like, white, sessile or sitting down. Springs up among fallen leaves, 

mucida, in groups, minute, simple and ramose, white : apex ochre-colour: sit- 
ting down with a tomentose base. On decaying trunks, &c, about the fourth 
of an inch long; substance tough. 

cornea, in groups, minute, viscid, becoming yellow, simple and ramose; con- 
pais at the bases. ,.On trunks in autumn, scarcely the fourth of an inch 
ong. 


2. Simple; the clavate pileus not branched. 


ligula, sub-cespitose, pale-reddish-yellow, opake, various, villous and slender 
at the base, terete or sub-compressed at the apex. Adhering to branches, &c. 
about 2 inches long. ¥ 

pistilaris, solitary, large, thick, from yellow becoming a little reddish; round 
at the apex. Nearly cylindric at first, and becoming thick and sub-rugose. 
Has a bitter taste. ; 

Fusiformis, cespitose, heaped together, orange: clavate pileus attenuated, sub- 
tenacious, cohering at the hase. In woods. ~ 

Alavipes, cespitose, fragile: clavate pileus sub-falcate, acuminate, pale-approxi- 
mate at the base: shining, yellow. 

eburnea, cespitose, crowded, fragile, snow-white. In shady woods on the earth. 
Very variable: but distinguished by being white and fragile. 

herbarum, in groups, minute, lanceolate, sub-tenaceous, becoming dark-olive. 
Hardly belongs to this genus. About one sixth of an inch long, -on leaves 
and other herbage. 

muscicola, very minute, white, sub-incrassate, curved, all glabrous; sitting 
down with globose tubercles. ; . 

gyrans, on leaves; wholly white, filiform: stipe with long pubescence. In 
autumn. Stipe white, weak. Geoglossum. 


o—Il. Crayronia. 13. 86. 


virginica, L. (O. w. r. A. 2{.) leaves linear-lanceolate: petals obovate, retuse: 
leaves of the calyx somewhat acute: root tuberous. Var. datifolia, 'T. (1) 
leaves ovate-lanceolate: leaves of the calyx obtuse. 6—12i, SN. 


Southern. 

lanceolata, Ph. (W. w. J. 2{.) leaves lanceolate; cauline ones ovate, sessile : 
raceme solitary, elongated: leaves of the calyx short, obtuse: petals wedge- 
form, 2-cleft: root tuberous. 

alsinoides, Sims. (W.w. J. #%.) radical leaves spatulate-ovate ; cauline ones 
ovate, distinct : racemes somewhat in pairs: flowers secund: bracts ovate 
and linear: petals emarginate : root fibrous. : : 

perfoliata, Donn. (W. w. M. 2%.) radical leaves spatulate-rhomboid; cauline 
ones roundish, perfoliate: raceme sub-solitary, without bracts: root fibrous : 
petals emarginate. Ceanothus. 


12—13. Cxrematis. 26. 61. 


virginica, (virgin’s bower. O. w. Ju. ).) climbing: leaves ternate ; leafets 
ovate, sub-cordate, gash-toothed and lobate: flowers panicled, dioecious. 
15—20f. S, 


(1) C, caroliniana, Mx. spathulaefolia, Ph. spatulata, 4th Ed. 


178 CLEMATIS, CLEOME. 


viorna, W. (leather flower. E. b. J. 5.) climbing: leaves compound and de- 
compound ; leafets lance-oval, acute at both ends, trifid and entire: flowers 
solitary, bell-form: petals thick, leathery, acuminate. S. 

ochroleuca, Hort. Kew. (1) (w. & y. J. 2{-) erect, simple, pubescent! leaves 
simple, ovate, entire; young ones and calyx silléy: flower terminal, pedun- 
cled, solitary, nodding. 121. S. 

Exotic. 

flammula, (sweet virgin’s bower. 5.) lower leaves laciniate ; upper ones sim- 
ple, entire, lanceolate. 

witicella, (purple virgin’s bower. p. Ju. 2{.) climbing: leaves compound and 
decompound ; leafets oval, sub-lobate, entire; petals obovate, spreading. 


Southern. 

cordata, Ph. (A. w. Ju. 5.) climbing: leaves pinnate in two pairs; leafets 
cordate, lobed, acuminate, gash-toothed ; teeth mucronates racemes com- 
pound, elongated, many-flowered : stamens and petals about equal: flowers 
dioecious, 

holosericea, Ph. (E. w. 5.) climbing: leaves divided, ternate ; segments ob- 
long-lanceolate, entire, pubescent on both sides: corymbs trichotomous, few- 
hee divecious: petals linear, longer than the stamens. Whole plant 
silky. 

walteri, Ph. (E. w. b.) climbing: leaves divided, pinnate; leafets in 3 pairs, 
divaricate, petioled, cirrhose, linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, glaucous be- 
neath: flowers solitary: petals elliptic, twice as long as the stamens. 

crispa, W. (E. p. Ju. 5.) climbing: leaves pinnate and ternate; leafets diva- 
ricate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-lobed or entire: flowers solitary, bell-form ; 
— acuminate, revolute ; margins undulate: awns of the seed subulate, 
naked, 

cylindrica, Sims. (E. p-b. Ju. b.) climbing: leaves pinnate, decompound ; leaf- 
ets ovate, acute at each end, glabrous, simple, petioled: peduncles terminal, 
solitary: corol nodding, cylindrical: petals coriaceous, undulate; awns of 
the seed plumose. 

reticulata, Wr. (O. p-r. Ju. 5.) climbing: leaves pinnate in 4 pairs; leafets 
ovate, obtuse at each end, all entire, petioled, membranaceous, reticulately 
pre on both sides: flowers solitary ; petals coriaceous: awns of the seed 
plumose. 

hirsutissima, Ph. (W. M. 2{.) erect, simple: leaves very hirsute, bipinnatifid, 
gashed; divisions linear, acute; cauline leaves compoundly multifid: pe- 
duncle terminal, solitary: flower erect, bell-form; petals 4, erect, ovate, 
somewhat obtuse, reflexed at the apex. 

catesbyana, Ph. (E. b.) climbing, pubescent: leaves biternate; leafets sub- 
cordate, 3-lobed: panicle divaricate-dichotomous: petals longer than the 
stamens. Flowers often dioecious. 

ovata, Ph. (E. 2{.) erect, simple: leaves ovate, gradually acute, short-petiol- 
ed, glabrous, reticulate-nerved on both sides; lower ones sub-cordate: pe- 
duncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered: plumose awns very long. 

lineariloba, Dc. (E.) peduncles 1-flowered: petals very acute: leaves divid- . 
ed, pinnate, glabrous ; leafets entire or 3-parted. Atragene. 


6—1. CLeome. 25. 64. 


pentaphylla, W. (E. w. Ju. 3%.) smoothish : leaves quinate and ternate ; leafets 
entire, sub-serrulate : stamens inserted on the pedicel of the germ. 2f. S. 

dodecandra, W. (2) (O. r-w. Ju. #.) viscid-pubescent : leaves ternate ; leaf- 
ets elliptical-oblong : flowers generally dodecandrous. 1f. S. 


(1) sericea, Mx. (2) Polanisia graveolens, T. 


CLEOME, CNICUS, 179 


Southern. 

serrulata, Ph. (W. p-w. Au. #%.) glabrous; leaves ternate ; leafets lanceolate, 
obsoletely serrulate : raceme elongated, bracts linear: stamens 6. 3—4 f. 

pinnata, Ph. (W. y.) sub-pubescent : leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, at- 
tenuate below, sparingly dentate, upper ones confluent : flowers racemed, 
pedicelled, aggregated. J 

cuneifolia, M. (E. w. Ju. 3%.) leaves simple, sub-sessile, obovate-cuneéate : 
flowers hexandrous, in terminal clusters, 12—18 i. 

mexicana, Dc. (1) (W. y.) stem herbaceous, branching, smooth, unarmed ; 
branches obtusely angular: leaves terrete, smooth, petioled ; leafets lanceo* 
late, acutish, entire : racemes corymbose, terminal. Tillandsia, 


(10-1. Crerara. 18. 51. 


alnifolta, W. (E. w. Au. 5.) leaves wedze-oboyate, acute, coarse-serrate, ola. 
brous, both sides one colour: racemes spiked, simple, bracted, hoary-tomen- 
tose. 4—8f. S. z 
Southern. 


tomentosa, Lk. (E. w. Au. 5.) leaves cuneate-obovate, acute, sub-serrate, 
white 7s ae beneath : racemes spiked, simple, bracted, villous-tomen: 
tose. 2—4 f. 

scabra, P. (E. w. Ju. 5.) leaves broad-wedge-obovate, acute, coarse-serrate, 
scabrous on both sides ; serratures uncinate ; racemes spiked, sub-panicled, 
bracted, sub-tomentose. 

paniculata, W. (E.w. Ju. 5.) leaves narrow-wedge-lanceolate, glabrous on 
both sides, acute, serrate ; serratures acuminate : panicle terminal, race- 
mose, white-tomentose. 

acuminata, Mx. (A. w. Au. 5.) leaves oval, acuminate, serrate , glabrous on 
both sides, glaucous beneath : racemes spiked, bracted, white-tomentose, 

Ruta. 


21—2. Cuimacium. 56. 4. 


dendroides, (2) (tree moss.) stem branching, tree-form : leaves crowded, 
erect, lanceolate, sub-3-nerved, serrulate above : capsule erect, long-cylin- 
dric : inner peristome at length multifid-capillaceous. Leskia, 


13—1. Cuinopopium. 42. 39, 


vulgare, W. (field thyme. O. r-w. Ju. 2{.) flowersin head-form whorls : bracts 
setaceous, hispid; leaves above pilose, remotely toothed : stem simple. 2 f, 
Origanum, 


17—1. Cwicus. (3) 49. 54, 


fanceolatus; L. (common thistle. O. p. J. (j.) leaves decurrent, hispid, pin- 
natifid : divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose : calyx ovate, with spider- 
web-like pubescence : scales lanceolate, spinose, spreading. 2—4f. SS, 

altissimus, L. (4) (tall thistle. O. w-p. Au. 2{.) leaves sessile, lance-oblong, 
scabrous, downy beneath, toothed, ciliate ; radical ones pinnatitid ; calyx 
bracted, ovate : scales lance-ovate, spinose, close-pressed. 3—8f. SS. 

arvensts, W. (5) (canada thistle. O, p- J. 2.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, ciliate, 
spinose : stem panicled : calyx ovate, mucronate : scales broad-lanceolate, 
close-pressed ; margin woolly, 


(1) Cleomella, Dc. (2) Leskea dendroides, Mx. (3) Carduus, EL. in some 
of his works. Cirsium, Mx. (4) virginianus, Wr. repandum, Mx. (5) 
Carduus, 8S. Serratula, W. 


i860 CNICUS, COCHLEARIA. 


Rorridulus, Mx. (1) (E. w-y. Ju. 2.) tall: leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acutely- 

: gashed, very spinose : involucre terminal, 1-flowered, many-leaved; leafets 
very spinose, double ; calyx unarmed. 2—3f. S. - 

muticus, Mx. (O. p. Ju. co.) leaves all pinnatifid, woolly beneath : divis- 
ions sub-lanceolate, acute, a little spinose : bragches at the summit many, 
nakedish, 1-flowered: calyx globose : scales not spinose. 3—4f. S. 

discolor, M. (O. p. Ju. o.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy be- 
neath; divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose : calyx globose, with spider- 
web-like pubescence: scales ovate, close-pressed, with spreading spines at 
the tips. 3—5f. 


evirginianus, W. (A. p. Ju. 2{.) stem simple: leaves sessile, lanceolate, hoary-- 


tomentose beneath, remotely toothed; teeth spinous : flowers solitary : calyx 
globose ; scales mucronate, appressed, carinate. 3—5f. &. 

odoratus, M. (2) (E. r. Ju. 2.) woolly: stem 1 to 3-flowered: leaves clasping, 
lance-oblong, pinnatifid ; segments irregularly lobed, ciliate, tipped with 
spines ; colour similar both sides: calyx large, sub-globose, dime scales 
close-pressed, lanceolate, acuminate, spinose. f, 

glutinosus, Bw. (E. p. Au. (*.) leaves pinnatifid, segments divaricate; calyx 

ovate ; scales unarmed, glutinous. 4—6f. 

undulatus, N. (W. r-p.) leaves clasping, pinnatifid-sinuate, undulate ; seg- 
ments bifid, spiny ; both sides tomentose : calyx sub-globose ; scales lanceo- 
late mucronate. 1—2f. 

pitcheri, T. (W.) cottony-pubescent : leaves very long-linear, pinnatifid (al- 
most pinnate) sub-decurrent ; radical ones sheathing the base of the stem ; 
leafets very remote, linear, terminated with slender spines ; terminal leafets 
broadest, sometimes branching : calyx globose; scales lanceolate, keeled, 
spinose ; spines reflexed. First found by Dr. Zina Pitcher, on the great 
sand banks of Lake Superior. My specimen was collected by Dr. E. James, 
at Lake Huron, from which I made this description, not having seen Dr. Tor- 
rey’s. It is 18 inches high. ; 

glaber, N. (E. p. Ju.2f.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, all over smooth; segments 
spinose, acute, lower ones sub-decurrent: calyx ovate, glabrous ; scales spine- 
less, short-mucronate, obtusely carinate: stem much branched. 4—6f. S. 


Southern. 
repandus, Mx. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves amplexicaule, narrow, oblong, obtusely 
sub-sinuate, with numerous smal] spines, lanuginous : flowers solitary ; scales 
of the calyx lanceolate, erect, spinous. 2 f. Carduus. 


5—2. Cnipium. (3) 45. 60. 


canadense, Mx. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) stem angular, flexuous: leaves bipinnate ; leaf- 
ets many-parted ; segments lanceolate. . 
atropurpureum, Lk. (E. p. J. 2{.) radical leaves subcordate, simple, serrate ; 


cauline ones serrete ; leafets ovate, acute, sub-cordate ; middle one petiolate ;: 


partial involucre dimidiate, 3-leaved. Pursh says all the leaves are ternate. 
2—3 f. 
Southern. 
acaule, Ph. (W. 2{.) glabrous, stemless: leaves bipinnate ; leafets linear, up- 
per ones confluent: scape shorter than the radical leaves: partial umbels of 
the ray staminate. 2—3i. Pastinaca. 


14—1. Cocnigarts. 39, 63. 


fenestrata, Br. (arctic region.) stem simple ; leaves ovate-deltoid ; petiole 
broad. ‘ eal ae 
——e . 
ij (1) spinosissimus, Wr. Serratula discolor, Lk. (2) pumilus, N. (3) Se- 
inum, L, 


¥ 


—— oe eee ee 


COCHLEARIA, COLLEMA. 181 


tica, Ea. (water horse-radish. w. J. 2f.) leaves all pinnatifid; lower ones 
doubly and finely pinnatifid. Grows in Pittsfield, Mass. in water and wet 
grounds. Manifestly indigenous; but perhaps a variety of armoracia. 


Exotic. 
officinalis, (scurvy-grass. w. J. 2{.) radical leaves roundish ; cauline ones ob- 
long, sub-sinuate : silicles globose. 
armoracia, (horse-radish. w. J. 2{.) radical leaves lanceolate, crenate ; cau- 
line ones gashed, Naturalized. Lunarie. 


19—3. Corx. 4. 10. 


dachryma, (job’s-tear. Ju. %.) culm semi-terete above: flowers naked: fruit 
ovate. Zea. 


: 2i—5. Correma. 57. 2,’ 
sigrum, frond crust-like, sub-orbicular, dark-tawny ; lobes gash-crenate all 
around the periphery, the central ones sub-ramose, and in the form of grains: 
receptacles at length corvex, black, marginated. On stones. 
pulposum, frond sub-orbicular, formed of thick, sub-imbricate, repand-crenate, 
plicate, naked, lobes: receptacles central, crowded, flattish, reddish-yellow, 
with elevated entire margins. 
paptlosum, frond orbicular : central lobes thick, entangled, irregular; those 
of the periphery expanded, dilated outwardly, gash-crenate, warty-blistered 
above. 
palléscens, frond yellowish-green, pale beneath : lobes deformed, densely en- 
tangled, irregularly crenate, ascending: receptacles sub-margina!. A va- 
riety of the tenax. 
myriococcum, frond sub-orbicular, imbricate, black ; lobes crowded, entangled, 
crisped, granulate ; receptacles minute, globose-turbinate, heaped together, 
marginal and scattered, one-coloured, marked with punctures. Among and 
on mosses on rocks, &c. 
palmatum, frond sub-folfaceous, tawny-green, becoming glaucous ; lobes 
thick, crowded, gash-palmate ; divisions sub-linear, terete : receptacles red- 
tawny. On the earth and trunks. 
nigrescens, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-monophyllous, orbicular, 
depressed, radiately-plicate, round-lobed, dark-green: receptacles central, 
crowded, at length convex, red-tawny, margins entire. On roots of trees, 
rocks, &c. Halsey. 
pulchellum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, orbicular, flat, sub-laciniate, 
round-lobed at the periphery, plicate-papulose above, dark-green, paler be- 
_oeath and deeply Jacunose : receptacles scattered, crowded, elevated ; disk 
urceolate, pale wax-colour ; margin thin, contracted, entire, at length sub- 
rugose. 
furvum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-rugose, complicate, dark-green, 
granulated both sides : lobes round-deformed, afterwards undulate, crisped, 
Figen receptacles scattered, flat, dark-tawny ; margins entire. Trunks, 
c. - 
tremelloides, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, very tender, sub-diaphanous, 
lead-colour, obsoletely rugose and marked with dots ; lobes oblong, round, 
gashed, entire: receptacles scattered, flat, red-tawny, at length black ; mar- 
gin pale. Trunks among moss, &c. 
dacerum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-diaphanous, sub-rugose-reticu- 
late, becoming glaucous ; lobes smali, sub-imbricate, laciniate, tooth-ciliate : 
receptacles scattered, a little concave, red ; margin pale, 


Corniculana. 


Be a Sadia 


182 COLLINSIA, COMMELINA. 


13—2. Coxiinsia. N. 40. 40. 


a a 


verna, (collinsia. O. b. M. 2%.) leaves opposite and whorled, obtuse, entire; 
peduncles axillary, whorled, single-flowered. 121, S. Gerardia. 


2—1. Coriinsonta. 42. 3h 


canadensis, (horse-balm, rich-weed. O. y. Au. 2{.) leaves heart-ovate, broad, 
glabrous: teeth of the calyx short-subulate: panicle terminal, compound. 
Var. cordata, leaves broad-cordate, upper ones entire. Var. ovata, leaves 


ovate, ma at the base, all serrate. Strong scented, not unpleasant. 
1—3f SW. 


Southern. 

scabra, Ph. (FE. r-y. Au. 2{.) leaves small, ovate, sub-cordate, somewhat hairy : 
teeth of the calyx short, subulate: panicle terminal, simple: stem bairy, 
rough. 2—3 f. Fo 

ovalis, Ph. (E. y. Au. 2{.) leaves oblong-oval, acute at each end, glabrous ; 
petioles long: teeth of the calyx short: panicle terminal, simple, naked : 
stem glabrous. 

tuberosa, Mx. (E. y. S. 2{.) leaves somewhat rhomboid-oval, acute at eack 
end, glabrous : teeth of the calyx setaceous, longer than the tube: panicle 
compound, leafy: stem branching, somewhat hairy. 3—4f. 

anisata, Sims. (A. y. Au. 2{. leaves ovaie, cordate, rugose, glabrous ; nerves 
pubescent beneath : teeth of the calyx linear, nearly as long as the tube: 
panicle leafy, compound, pubescent: flowers tetrandrous : stem branching, 
pubescent. 

punctata, BE. (E. y. S. 2{.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at the 
base, pubescent and dotted beneath : panicle compound, 2—6f. 

verticillata, Bald. (E. M.) leaves verticillate, oval and acuminate. Var. pur- 
purasceus, flowers purplish; panicle short. 1f. Rosmarinus. 


5—1. Corromia. N. (1) 29. 44. 


Southern. 
linearis, Cav. (W. w-p. J. 3%.) sub-pubescent: leaves oblong-linear, sub- 
lanceolate ; floral ones ovate-lanceolate, acute: bracts and calyx viscid. 
4—12 1. : Cantua. 


16—10. Convurea. 32. 93. 


arborescens, (bladder senna. y. b.) leaves pinnate ; leafets oval, retuse: ban- 
ner gibbous, abbreviated. 


vesicaria, (senna herb. y. Ju.) leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate : stem herbaceous, 
decumbent, villose : legumes orbicular, inflated. Indigofera. 


Comandra, THESIUM. 
11—13. Comarnum. (2) 35. 92, 


palustre, W. (marsh five-finger. O. Ju. 2.) leafets in threes, fives and sevens, 
serrate ; stipules growing to the petioles and sheathing: flowers axillary and 
terminal ; stemrooting. An active astringent. 18i. S. 


Frogaria. 
3—l1. Commertina. 6. 13. 
~ angustifolia, Mx. (day-flower. E. b. Ju. 2{.) assurgent, weak, somewhat gla- 
a3 
£1) Taken from Phlox. (2) Potentilla, T. 


COMMELINA, CONFERVA. 183 


brous ; leaves lance-linear, very acute, flat, glabrous: sheaths sub-cilliate ; 
bracts (or involucres) peduncled, solitary, short-cordate, 12i. 8S. 
virginica, L. (1) (b. Ju.-2f-) stiffly erect, ail over pubescent: leaves long- 
lanceolate ; sheaths red-bearded at the throat: bracts (or involucres) sub- 
sessile, lateral and terminal: calyx petal-like, 3-leaved, nearly equal. 2 f, 
Southern. 
-communis, L. (E. b. Au. 3%.) coral unequal : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute : 
stem creeping, glabrous. Xyris. 


19—3. Compronta. 50. 99. 


asplenifolia, A. (sweet fern. O. g. Ap. 5.) leaves long-linear, alternately cre- 
nate-pinnatifid. 18—48i. S. Coix. 


2i—4,. CoNFERVA. 57. 2. 
1. Coloured, (not green) ramose. 


rufa, threads ramose, capillary, straight, obsoletely geniculate ; branches and 
branchlets opposite, remotish: length of the joints equalling the diameter. 
In the sea. Reddish-yellow, shining, in fascicles ; threads of the thickness 
of human hair, 2 inches and longer, flaccid, soft. 


2. Coloured, simple. 


Ffucicola, threads simple, cylindric, fascicled : joints twice as long as thick. In 
bays, &c. fascicled like a pencil-brush, an inch or an inch and a half, yellow- 
ferruginous. 


3. Green, simple. 


ftoccosa, threads simple, spider-web-like, woven into a bullate stratum: joints 
with the length and diameter equal. In ditches and slow-flowing streams, 
frequent early in the spring, yellowish-green. Adheres to paper or leaves. 

capillaris, threads simple, variously reflexed and loosely interwoven : joints 
when dry alternately compressed ; granulations scattered. Common instill 
water. Joints vary inlength. Hardly adheres to paper ; obscure green. 

wesicata, threads simple, slender : joints six times as long as thick ; in some 
parts globose-inflated. Var. fuscescens, soo'y-yellow. 

fontinalis, threads simple, adnate, fascicled, straight, obtuse : joints thrice as 
long oro In limpid fountains, bright-green. Hardly adheres to paper 
when dry. 

_ dinum, Beas simple, filiform, very long, variegated and equal when dry : 
diameter of the joints about equalling the length. In salt water ditches. 
Will not adhere to paper. 

rivularis, threads simple, capillary, very long, straight, equal : knee-joints pel- 
lucid, joints bearing grains, diameter about one third their length, alter- 
nately compressed when dry. In rivers, summer and autumn. Obscure 
green, more slender than human hair. Var. crispata, has ramose threads, 


4. Green, ramose and sub-mersed. 


fraeta, threads rigid, very branching, capillary ; branches divaricate, alter- 
nate: joints five times as long as thick. Common in ditches, large. 

glomerata, threads very branching, capillary : branches alternate, terminal 
ones fastigiate, somewhat I-sided : joints cylindric, four times as long as 
thick. Common in rivers and lakes, Adheres slightly to paper. 

rupestris, threads fascicled, very branching, straight, wand-like, obtuse : 
branches erect: knee-joints pellucid ; joints cylindric, thrice as long as 


(1) Hirtella, Vahl. 


7 


184 CONFERVA, CONVALLARIA. 


thick. Inthe sea and bays. Threads from 3 inche . ‘ oe 
leagth. Discs nota hei Petrvent 2 inches to a hand’s breadth ia 


5. Green, ramose and emersed. 


velutina, threads creeping, rooting ; fibrils flexuose, h¥aline, ramose ; branches 


erect, obtuse, interwoven into a veil-like tissue - u joi 
: 2er joints double the 
length of the diameter. On fe naked earth. ie Zygnema 


5—2. Conium. 45. 60. 


maculatum, L. (poison hemlock. O. w. Ju. 2{.) stem very branching, spotted - 
leaves very compound : seed striate. Var. crispatulum, leaves crisped ; 
ultimate divisions acuminate, or terminated in a bristle. 24f. SS. 


Sium, 
21—6. Conoptrea. 58. I. 


sphaerica, in groups, sub-confluent, becoming a dark-olive, tubercled or sub- 
granulated, spherical. On deciduous branches in dense masses. 


Cyathus. 
6—1. Conostyuts. 10. 17. 


americana, Ph. (1) (weed-grass. E. y. Ju. 2{.) corol woolly within: scape co-~ 
rymb-panicled : leaves grass-ensiform, glaucous : filaments equal. 12— 
Gi. &. Aletris. 


6—I. ConvaLuaria. II. 12. 


1. Corol deeply 4-parted, spreading : stamens 4: berry 2-celled. (Flowers 
in @ terminal raceme.) Masantoemum, D. 


bifolia, L. (2) (dwarf solomon seal. O. w. Ju. 2{.) stem with two heart-oblong, 
sub-sessile, glabrous leaves: raceme simple, terminal : flowers tetrandrous. 
Var. trifolia, stein 3-leaved. 4—6 i. 


2. Corol 6-parted, spreading : filaments divergent attached to the base of the 
segments. (Flowers in a terminal raceme.) Smicacina, D. 


stellata, L.(O. w. M. 2[.) stem with alternate, clasping, oval-lanceolate leaves : 
raceme simple, terminal. 8—18i. 

trifolia, L. (OQ. w. J. 2{.) stem about 3-leaved : leaves alternate, ovate-lanceo- 
late, contracted at the base : raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. 6—10i. 

ciliata, D. (w. 2{.) stem arched: leaves alternate, sessile, ovate, ciliate: pani- 
cle terminal, crowded. S. 

racemosa, L. (spiked solomon seal. O. y-w. M. 2{ ) stem with alternate leaves ; 
leaves sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent: flowers ina ter- 
minalraceme-panicle. 18—24i. S. 


3. Corol. sub-campanulate, deeply 6-parted : style elongated : berry 2-eelied, 
many seeded. Dracaena, D. & W. 


borealis, W. (wild lily of the valley, or dragoness-plant. O. g. y. J. 2{.) sub- 
caulescent: leaves oval-obovate ; margin ciliate: scape pubescent: umbel 
few-flowered, sub-corymbed, sometimes proliferous ; pedicels naked, nod- 
ding. 61. 

ssnalleen, Mx. (A. w. Ju. 2f.) leaves radical, oblong-oval, with the margin 
and keel ciliate : scape pubescent : umbel terminal ; pedicels bracteate. 
Torrey says, keel not ciliate: tlewers greenish-yellow. 8—12i, S. 


(1) Helonias tomentosa, M. (2) Smilacina canadensis, Ph. 


CONVALLARIA, CONYOLYULUS. 185 


4. Corol 6-cleft, cylindric : filaments inserted on the upper part of the tube : 
berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. (Flowers axillary. ) PoLyGonaToum, D, 


ultiflera, L. (giant solomon seal. E. w. Ju. 2{.) stem terete: leaves alternate, 
a > a 2 malian peduncles axillary, some of them many-flowered. 
2—3f. S 


éiflora Wr, (E. g-y. J. 2{.) stem terete, smooth: leaves alternate, sessile, e]- 
ee iencksiste 3-nerved : peduncles axillary, solitary, few-flowered, 12 
—18i. SN. 
pubescens, W. (O. w. M. 2[.) stem teretish, furrowed : leaves alternate, clasp- 
ing, ovate, pubescent beneath : peduncles axillary, about 2-flowered. 181. 


canalgpulata, W. (clasping solomon seal. w. Ju. 2{.) stem channelled : leaves 
alternate, clasping, oblong, margin pubescent: peduncles axillary, about2- 
flowered. S. ‘ 

latifolia, (J. 2{.) stem angled: leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate : peduncles 1 
or many-flowered. Ss. 

hirta, Lk. (2{.) stem angular, hispid: leaves alternate, somewhat clasp- 
ing, ovate, abruptly acuminate: peduncles axillary, 3-flowered. 


Southern. 
majalis, W. (lily of the valley. A. w. J. 2(.) scape naked, smooth: leaves 
oval-vvate. Asparagus. 


5—1. Convotvouus. 29. 43. 


repens, L. (1) (field bind-weed. O. w. &r. J. 2{.) twining: leaves sagittate, 
with the apex acute and the Jobes truncate, entire (some obtuse :) bracts 
acute, longer than the calyx, and shorter than the middle of the corol: pe- 
duncle angled, exceeding-the petiole. S. 

arvensis, L. (2) (E. w. J. 2{.) stem climbing or prostrate: leaves sagittate ; 
pe acute, spreading: peduncles about 1-flowered: bracts minute, acute. 


panduratus, Mx. (mechoacan. E. w. & r. Ju. 2{.) twining, pubescent : leaves. 
broad-cordate, entire or lobed, guitar-form : peduncles long: flowers fasci- 
cled: calyx glabrous, awnless : corol tubular-bell-form. A mild cathartic, | 
and resembles rhubarb in its effects. B. 

spithameus, L. (3) (E. w. J. 2{.) erect: leaves oval, or oblong, sub-cordate, 
pubescent: peduncles 1-flowered, generally longer than the leaves. 9—12i, 


Exotic. 
batatus, (sweet potatoe, carolina potatoe. w-r. Ju. 2{.) creeping, tuberous : . 
leaves cordate, hastate, angular-lobed, 5-nerved, smoothish: peduncles long : 
flowers fascicled: corol sub-campanulate. Cultivated. : 
yurpureus, Ph. (4) (common morning glory. b. p. J. #.) pubescent : leaves 
cordate, entire : pedunclss 2 to 5-flowered: pedicels nodding, thickened : 
divisions of the calyx lanceolate: capsules glabrous. Cultivated. 
tricolor, (3-coloured bindweed, Ju. 3%.) leaves lance-ovate, glabrous: stem 
declined’: flowers solitary. . 


; Southern. 
macrorhizus, Mx. (5) (E. w.J. 2.) pubescent: leaves cordate, entire and 
lobed, rugose-plaited, downy beneath : peduncles 1 to 5-flowered : flowers 
sub-campanulate : root very thick. 
tenellus, (6) (E. w. Ju. 2{.) stem prostrate : leaves elliptic, mucronate, sub- 
cordate ; peduncles many-flowered, longer than the leaves: style 2-parted. 


(1) sepium, W. L. (2) sagittifolius, Mx. E. speciosus, Wr. (3) Calys- 
tegia tomentosa? Ph. C. stans? Mx. (4) Ipomea, Ph. (5) Ipomea jalapa, 
Ph. Ipomea, Mx. C. jalapa? L. ) trichosanthes, Mx. Ph, 

] * 


186 CONYVOLYULUS, CORALLORHIZA. 


aguaticus, Wr. (1) (E. w. J. 2{.) stem prostrate : leaves oblong-ovate, nearly 
sessile : peduncles generally3-flowered, three times as long as the leaves - 
style 2-parted. 

obtustlobus, Mx. (E. y. & w. S. 2{.) stem prostrates leaves thick, sinuate, 

_ lobed, emarginate ; lobes rounded : peduncles 1-flowered. 

catesbetanus, Ph. (E. p.) twining, tomentose : leaves oblong, sagittate, acumi- 
nate: peduncles 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves: bracts oval, obtuse, 
longer than the calyx. 

puradoxa, Ph. (E. w.) prostrate, tomentose: leaves oblong, cordate-sagittate, 
acute: peduncies 1-flowered, longer than the leaves : bracts linear, remote 
from the flowers: calyx naked, glabrous, acuminate. 

sherardt, Ph. (E. 3%.) prostrate, pubescent : leaves elliptic, retuse at eachend, 
mucronate: flowers solitary, nearly sessile. 


tamnifolius, (E. b. S. 3%.) twinining : leaves cordate, acuminate, hairy; flow- 
ers clustered. Ipomea. 


17—2. Conyza. 49. 55. 


marylandica, Mx. (2) (marsh fleabane, plowman’s wort. p. Au. 3%.) herbace- 
ous, pubescent: leaves sessile, broad-lanceolate, acute, serrate ; seratures 
at the apex cartilaginous : corymbs terminal, fastigiate, condensed, almost 
leafless: scales of the calyx subulate-mucronate: floretsshort. 12—20i. S, 


Southern. 

camphorata, Ph. (E. p. Au. 2{.) herbaceous, sub-pubescent : leaves petioled, 
ovate-lanceolate, very acute, somewhat repand-denticulate, dentures glan- 
dular: corymbs terminal and axillary, shor'er than the leaves : scales of the 
calyx acute, about equal to the florets. 3 f. 

bifrons, W. (E. y. Ju. 2{.) sub-glutinous : leaves clasping, spatulate-oblong, 
acute, serrate : corymbs of the panicle glomerate. 

pycnostachya, Mx. (black root. E. w. Au. 2[.) stem winged : leaves lanceolate, 
tomentose beneath, nearly entire: spike cylindric, dense. 


Gnaphalium. 
12—13. Coprtis. 26. 61. 


trifolia, Sy. (3) (gold thread. O. w. M. 2{.) scape 1-flowered: leaves ternate: 
Roots long, filiform, golden-yellow. Tonic bitter. B. 2—4i. WS. 

asplenifolia, Sy. (W.2{.) leaves biternate ; leafets sub-pinnatifid : scape 2- 
flowered. Caltha. 


18—1. Corattoruiza. (4) 7. 21. 


verna, T. (5) (corol root. O. w-y. M. 2{.) petals linear-lanceolate, spreading ; 
lip oblong without spots, bi-dentate at the base, apex recurved, ovate; spur 
obsolete, adnate. 5—6i. 

odontorhiza, W. (corol teeth. O. p. w. Ju. 2{.) lip entire, oval, obtuse; margin 
undulate or a little crenate ; spur obsolete, adnate to the germ: capsule sub- 
globose. 12i. S. ; 

multiflora, T. (6) (p. Au.) scape many flowered, (15—30 :) lip cuneate-oval, 
3-parted, recurved, spotted: spur conspicuous, adnate. 12—15i. , 

hyemalis, W. (O. g-p. M. 2{.) leaf single, radical, lance-oval, many-nerved : 
fip 3-cleft, not produced at the base. This species belongs tothe new genus 
Aplectrum ; which was left out by mistake. Putty root. Calypso. 


(1) trichosanthes v. patens, Ph. (2) camphorata, M. (3) Helleborus trifo- 
lius, L. (4) Cymbidium, W. (5) innata, Br? (6) innata, Br? 


COREOPSIS. 187 


17—3. Corxopsts. 49. 55. 
1. Leaves opposite and undivided. 


rosea, N. (r. M.) small, smooth: stem simple: leaves linear, entire ; axils 
leafy : flowers few, long-peduncled, dichotomous, terminal; rays unequally 
3-toothed. 1f. S. 


2. Leaves opposite, divided. 


trichosperma, Mx. (E. y. Ju. o.) glabrous; dichotomous: leaves opposite, 
quinate-pinnate, lanceolate, serrate : outer leafets of the calyx ciliate serrate : 
rays entire : seed wedge-form : about 4-toothed. 2f. S. 

tripteris, W. (tickseed sunflower. A. y. 2{.) glabrous: leaves petioled, lance- 
olate, entire; radical ones pinnate; cauline ones ternate; rays entire: seeds 
obovate, naked at the apex. 


3. Leaves alternate. 


dichotoma, Mx. (1) (O.y. S. #¢.) stem glabrous, nakedish and dichotomous 
above : leaves mostly alternate, undivided, entire, narrowing into the petiole : 
seed obovate, 2-bristled, scabrous, with a torn margin. 2—3 f. 

aspera, Ph. (E.) leaves Janceolate-linear, rough; upper ones alternate; lower 
ones opposite: stem 1-flowered. 


Southern. 
1. Leaves opposite, undivided. 


lanceolata, L. (E. y. S. 2{.) leaves sessile, lanceolate-linear, entire, ciliate: pe- 
duncles long, naked : seeds orbicular, scabrous, winged, 2-toothed at the sum- 
mit, emarginate, 

crassifolia, A. (O. y. J. 2.) leaves obovate-oblong, entire, tapering at the base, 
hirsute : peduncles long, hirsute at the base. 

arguta, Ph. (i. y. 2{.) glabrous: leaves petioled, ovate, lanceolate, gradually 
acuminate, acutely serrate: peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous- 
corymbose. 

latifolia, W. (A. y. Au. 2{.) leaves ovate, acuminate, crenate-toothed ; teeth 
mucronate: petioles short: rays entire: seed cuneate, oblong, without 
wings, naked at the summit. 

oemleri, E. (E. y. Au.) leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile, acute at each end, en- 
tire: peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotoinous-corymbose. 2—3 f. 


2. Leaves opposite, divided. 


artstata, W. (O. y. Au. 2{.) pubescent: leaves quinate, pinnate ; leafets ser- 
rate : rays entire, broad, oval: seed cuneate-obovate, 2-awned; awns long, 
divaricate. . 

pubescens, E. (E. y. Au, 2f.) pubescent: leaves quinate, pinnate ; leafets 
lanceolate, obtuse, entire; lateral ones small: leaves of the exterior calyx 
ovate-lanceolate : rays undulate ? egret 2-leaved, subulate, pubescent. 2 f. 

auriculata, W. (A. y. 8. 2{.) pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, oval-lanceolate, 
entire; lower ones ternate ; exterior calyx deeply divided: rays 4-toothed : 
seeds obovate, roundish, 2-toothed at the summit. Var. diverséfolia, E. 
hairy: radical leaves ternate, leafets round; cauline ones ternate, leafets 
obovate; upper leaves spatulate-lanceolate: seed roundish, denticulate, 2- 
toothed at the summit. 3—4f. 

eenifolia, W. (A. y. Au. 2{.) pubescent: leaves sessile, ternate ; leafets lance- 
olate, entire: rays entire: seed cuneate. Var. rigida, N. leafets lincar- 


(1) gladiata, Wr. 


188 CORECPSIS, CORNUS. 


lanceolate; margin scabrous: exterior calyx about 12-leaved. 23 f. 

aurea, W. (y. 2[.) leaves serrate; radical ones 3-parted; cauline ones 3- 
cleft or entire, lanceolate-linear. 

palmata, N. (W. y.) stem simple, 1—3-flowered : eaves sessile, sub-coria- 
ceous, palmate-3-lobed ; margin scabrous: double calyx 8-parted : seeds ob- 
long-elliptic, naked. 123. 

trifida, Lk. (y. 2{.) glabrous: leaves 3-cleft, subulate, fascicled : peduncles 
terminal, 1-flowered: rays 3-cleft: stem somewhat flexuous. 

tenuifolia, W. (A. y. S. 2[.) glabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, ternate ; leaf- 
ets compoundly many-parted: segments linear, entire : disk one-coloured. 
2—3 f. 

verticillata, W. (A. y. Au. 2{.) smooth: leaves opposite, sessile, ternate or 
quinate; leafets linear-lanceolate, entire: rays acute: seed obovate, some- 
what 2-toothed. 2—3f. 

mitis, W. (O. y. Au. o’.) glabrous: leaves bipinnatifid; leafets linear, serru- 
late: leaves of the external calyx linear, serrulate: seeds oblong, 2-awned. 
3—4 f. 


3. Leaves alternate. 


acuta, Ph. (E. y. G’.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, toothed, somewhat hairy : 
flowers corymb-panicled. 

procera, W. (y. 2{.) leaves elliptic, acuminate, serrate, petioled, veined, de- 
current; lower ones verticillate ; upper ones alternate. 

angustifolia, W. (E.y.) leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth: rays oblong, 
3-cleft; middle segment largest. 

nudata, N. (E. r.) stem sub-simple; summit dichotomous: leaves subulate, 
linear, remote, glabrous : rays somewhat 3-toothed: seeds naked. 2—3f. 

tinctoria, N. (W.y. & p.) radical leaves sub-bipinnate; leafets sub-oval, en- 
tire, glabrous; cauline ones sub-pinnate; leafets. linear: rays.2-coloured : 
seeds naked. 1—4f. _ Actinomeris. 


5—2. Corranprum. 445. 60. 


Exotic. 
sativum, S. (coriander. w. J. #.) fruit globose: calyx and style permanent. 
Aethusa. 


1—2. CorispErRmMom. 12. 29. 


Ayssopifolium, W. (O. Au. b.) spikes terminal: leaves linear, without nerves, 
unarmed. War. americanum, N. spikes terminal and axillary : leaves nery- 
ed, subulate-mucronate. S. Ligustrum. 


291—6. CorNIcULARIA. 57. 2. 


pubescens, (horned lichen.) frond decumbent, terete, rugose, a little scabrous, 
dark-coloured: branches interwoven, capillary, the extreme ones simple ; 
receptacles of one colour, entire all around. On moist rocks, &c. 

fibrillosa, frond obscurely soot-yellow, terete, smoothish, slender, entangled, 
ramose, somewhat rough-haired from the branchlets and fibres, which are 
flexuose, ramose, very thick, irregular, sub-clayate. On rocks. Variety of 
the pubescens, Usnea. 


4—l. Cornus. 45. 58. 


canadensis, L. (dogweed, low cornel. O. w. M. 2{.) herbaceous: leaves at 
a top, whorled, veiny: involucres ovate, acuminate ; fruit globose, 4— i. 


florida, L, (false box, dogwood tree. E. w-y. M. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate : 
involucres 4, very large, somewhat obcordate: fruit ovate. 15—30f. JS, 


CORNUS, CORYDALIS. 189 


sericea, W. (1) (red osier. O. w. J. 5.) branches spreading ; branchlets wool- 
ly: leaves ovate, acuminate, rusty-pubescent beneath: cymes depressed, 
woolly. Berries brightblue. 8—I2f. S. 

sanguinea, L. (W.w.J. b.) branches straight: leaves ovate, pubescent, both 
sides coloured alike: cymes spreading. Berries dark-brown: anthers yel- 
low. 8—I2f. S. 

circinata, Hr. (2) (O. w. J. b.) branches warty : leaves broad-oval, acuminate, 
white-downy beneath: cymedepressed. 6—8f. WS. 

alba, W. (3) (white dogwood. O. J. 5.) branches recurved; branchlets gla- 
brous; leaves ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath: cymes depressed. 
Berries bluish-white. !0f. S. 

paniculata, Hr. (4) (bush dogwood. O. w. J. 5.) branches erect: leaves 
ovate, acuminate, glabrous, hoary beneath: flowers in a thyrsed cyme. Ber- 
ries white, globular-flattened. S—I2f. SS. 

stricta, H. (5) (O. w. Ju. 5.) branches straight, fastigiate: leaves ovate ; co- 
lour alike both sides: panicled cyme convex. 8—12f. S. 

alternifolia, (O. w. M. 6.) branches warty: leaves alternate, ovate, acute, 
hoary beneath : cymes depressed, spreading. Berries purple. 18f S. 


Exotic. 
mascula, (cornelian cherry. M. 5.) umbels equalling the involucre. 


Southern. 


aspertfolia, Mx. (E. w. J. 5.) branches erect, pubescent: leaves oval-lance- 
olate, acuminate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath. 4—10f. 


Ludwigia. 
16—10. CoronrLta. 32. 93. 
Exotic. 
emerus, (coronilla. y. 2{.) stem angled, woody ; peduncles about 3-flowered : 
claws of the petals about thrice as long as the calyx. Cicer. 


14—]. Coronopus. 39. 63. 


Southern. 
ruell, S. (E. w. Ju. 3%.) silicle entire ; margin muricate: style prominent : 
corymb few-flowered. 
didyma, S. (O. Ju. 3%.) silicles emarginate, in pairs, reticulate, rugose: style 
obsolete: corymb many-flowered. 1—2f,. Myagrum. 


16—5. CoryYDaLis. (6) 24. 62. 


glauca, P. (7) (O. y-r-g. J. o.) corol 1-spurred: stem branching, erect : 
leaves glaucous ; cauline ones biternate: raceme sub-corymbed ; bracts mi- 
nute: silique linear, thrice as long as the peduncle. I1—4f. S. 

eurea, W. (QO. y. M. 3%.) stem branching, diffuse: leaves doubly-pinnate ; 
leafets divided, lance-linear, acute at both ends: racemes one-way : bracts 
tanceolate: silique linear, thrice as long as the peduncle. 8—12i. S. 

eucullaria, W. (colic weed. O. y. & w. M. 2{.) corol 2-spurred: scape naked : 
raceme simple, 1-sided : nectaries divaricate, of the leugth of the corol: style 
enclosed. 8—12i. S. 

formosa, Ph. (A. r. M. 2.) scape naked: raceme somewhat compound, 
nodding, many-flowered: nectaries very short, incurved: style extended : 
root tuberous. 6—10i, SS. 


(1) lanuginosa, Mx. alba, Wr.  rubiginosa, Eh. (2) tomentulosa, Mx. 
rugosa, Lk, (3) stolonifera,Mx. (4) racemosa, Lk. (5) fatigiata, Mx. 
sanguinea, Wr. (6) Fumaria, L, (7) sempervirens, L. 


190 CORYDALIS, CRATAEGUS. 

fungosa, A: (1) (climbing colic-weed. O. r-w. J. of.) stem climbing: leaves 
cirrose: racemes axillary, corymbed, nodding: corol monopetalous, gibbous 
both sides of the base. S&S. - Polygala. 


19—12. Coryxzus. 50. 9 


americana, Wr. (hazel-nut.O. Ap. 5.) leaves roundish, cordate, acuminate: ca- 
lyx roundish-campanulate, larger than the sub-globose nut; border dilated, 
coarsely serrate. 3—5f. 8S 

rostrata, W. (beaked hazel. G. Ap. 5.) leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate: sti- 
pules lance-linear: calyx of the fruit bell-tubular, 2-parted ; divisions gash- 
toothed, elongated beyond the nut into a beak, 2—3 f, 


Exotic. 
avellana, (filbert. Ap. 5.) stipules oblong, obtuse: calyx of the fruit cam- 
panulate, spreading at the apex, torn-toothed: leaves round-cordate, acumi- 
nate. Var. maxima, has a gash-toothed calyx: nut depressed-ovate. 


Fagus. 
18—1. Crantcuis. 7. 21. 


Southern. 
multifiora, E. (E.O.) root fascicled, villous: leaves oval-lanceolate, sub-ses- 
sile: scape many-ilowered, pubescent towards the summit : inner petals con- 
nivent; lip vaulted, acuminate. Pogonia. 


Crantzia, HYDROCOTYLE. 
11—5. Cratarcus. 36. 92. 


eoccinea, L. (ihorn-bush. O. w. M. 5.) thorny: leaves long-petioled, ovate, 
acutely-lobed, ‘serrate, glabrous: petioles and pubescent calyx glandular : 
flowers pentagynous. Var. viridis, has lance-ovate leaves, sub-trilobate : 
stemunarmed. Var. flexuosa? Sz. having flexuous, spreading branches. A 
specimen from Rainy Lake was examined by Schweinitz, after it was past 
flowering. 

pyrifolia, A. (pear-leaf thorn. O. w. J. 5.) thorny or unarmed: leaves oval- 
ovate, gash-serrate, somewhat plated aud rather rough-haired: calyx a lit- 
tle villose ; leafets lance-linear, serrate: styles 3.7 WS. 

cordata, K. (2) (w. J. 5.) thorny: leaves keart-ovate, pinnatifid-lobed, an- 
gled, glabrous; petioles and calyx without glands: stiles 5. &. 

elliptica, W. (3) (M. 5.) thorny: leaves oval, unequally serrate, glabrous : 
petioles and calyx glandular; divisions of the calyx obtuse: berry globose, 
o-seeded. SS. 

glandulosa, W. (w. M. 5.) thorny: leaves wedge-obovate, angled, glabrous, 
shining: petioles, stipules and calyx glandular: berries oval, d-seeded. 
S 

5.) thorny: leaves obovate, deeply ser- 

_ Yate, entire at the base, tomentose: calyx gashed: flowers solitary: styles 5. 
3—6 f. S- 

punctata, W. (5) (common thorn tree. O. w. M. 5b.) thorny or unarmed: 
leaves wedze-obovate, sub-plicate, glabrous, serrate: calyx villose; divi- 
sions subulate, entire. Var. rubra, has red berries. Var. aurea, yellow 
berries, with dark specks. S. 

crus-galli, W. (6) (tborn tree. O. w. M, b.) thorny: leaves wedge-obovate, 
sub-sessile, shining, leathery, serrate: corymbs eompound; leafets of the 
calyx lanceolate, sub-serrate: styles 2. Var. splendens, leaves very shin- 
ing. War. pyracanthifolia, leaves lance-oblong, sub-cuneiform. Var, salt- 
cifolia, leaves lanceolate, Berries small,red. S&S. 
(1) recta,Mx. (2) popnilifolia, Ph. (3) prunifolia, Lk. (4) tomentosa, 

Mx. (5) crus-galli, DuRoi. (6) lucida, Wm, hyemalis,Wr 


parvifolia, W. (4) (low thorn. w. M. 


CRATAEGUS, CROTADLARSA. 191 


flava, W. (yellow-berried thorn. M. ).) thorny: leaves wedge-obovate, an- 
gled, glabrous, shining: petioles, calyx and stipules glandular: flowers sub- 
solitary: berries turbinate, 4-seeded. 8—10f. 


Exotic. 
a, (quickset. w. M. 5.) leaves obtuse, somewhat 3-cleft, serrate, 
labrous: peduncles and calyx somewhat glabrous: segments of the calyx 
faiiceolate, acute: styles 2. Naturalized. 


Southern. 

lucida, E. (E. A. 5.) thorny leaves wedge-obovate, crenate, coriaceous, lucid : 
corymbs simple, few-flowered: styles 5. 10—12f. | 

turbinata, Ph. (E.) unarmed, glabrous: leaves wedge-obovate, notched, ser- 
fate: corymbs few-flowered: pedicels short: fruit turbinate. ; 

arborescens, E. (E. w. March. b.) unarmed: leaves lanceolate, acute at each 
end, deeply serrate, glabrous avove ; nerves hairy beneath: corymbs many- 
flowered : calyx hairy; divisions subulate, entire: stiles 5. 20—30 f. 

viridis, L? (E. 6.) thorny: leaves sub-sessile, spatulate-ovate, with round 
lobes, serrate, glabrous: calyx glabrous ; divisions with glandular serra- 
tures. e 

spathulata, Mx. (E.w. Ap. 5.) somewhat thorny : leaves clustered, (base long, 
tapering,) 3-cleft, lobed, crenate, glabrous : corymbs many-flowered : calyx 
glabrous; divisions ovate, entire. 12—15f, 

aptifolia, Mx. (1) (E. w. Ap. 5.) thorny: leaves deltoid-ovate, notched and 
lobed, hairy: lobes deeply serrate: calyx hairy; divisions serrate : styles 
2 4—12f. 

populifolia, Wr. (E. w. Ap. b.) thorny : leaves ovate, sub-truncate at the base, 
acute-serrate, somewhat lobed: petioles sparingly glandular: styles 5. 

caroliniana, E. (E. 5.) leaves cordate, cuneate, entire, (dentate?) 3-5-lobed : 
peduncles bracted : calyx somewhat leafy. Sorbus. 


6—1. Crinum. 9. 17. 


Southern. 
americanum, A. (W.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, very glabrous at the margin; 
‘apex compressed-unguiculate: flowers pedicelled: tube shorter than the 
limb. Conostylis, 


Cristaria, MALvVa. 
Critonia, Kumnta. 
3—l. Crocus. 6. 18. 


Exotic. 
oficinalis, (saffron. y. 2{.) leaves linear, with revolute margins: stigma ex- 
sert, with long-linear segments. Var. safzvus, having violet corols. 


Phyllactis, 
16—10. CroTatarta. 32. 93. 


sagittalis, Mx. (rattle-box. E. y. Ju. 3%.) hirsute, erect, branching: leaves 
simple, lance-oblong : stipules Janceolate, acuminate, decurrent: racemes 
opposite to the leaves, about 3-flowered: corol less than the calyx. S. | 

parviflora, W. (2) (E. y: J. 3%.) hirsute,’ erect, branching: leaves simple, 
lance-linear: stipules above decurrent, with two short teeth: racemes op- 
posite to the leaves: corol smaller than-the calyx. S. 


Southern. 
ovalis, Ph. (E. y. Ju. 3%.) hirsute, diffuse, branching: leaves simple, oval, pe- 


_ (1) oxycantha, Wr. (2) A variety of sagittalis, Mx. 


—. 3 a 


192 “CRUTALARIA, CUCUBALUS. 


tioled : upper stipules scarcely decurrent, short: racemes opposite to the 
leaves, long: corol as long as the calyx. 121. 

laevigata, Ph. (E. Ju. 3%.) glabrous, erect, simple: leaves lance-oblong : sti- 
pules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent: racemes opposite to the leaves, 3- 
flowered. - Genista. 


Crotalaria, BAPTIsIAs 
19—5. Croton. 38. 96: 


Southern. 

wutritimum, Wr. (1) (O. Ju. 5. 2{.) leaves oval or ovate, sub-cordate, obtuse, 
pale above, hoary beneath: branches tomentose: pistillate spikes few-flow- 
ered, Var. monanthogynum, spikes dichotomous: pistillate flowers solitary, 
pedicelled. 2—3f, 

argyranthemum, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{. & 5.) leaves entire, obtuse, obovate : racemes 
terminal, short, many-flowered: calyx pedicelled, silvery. 

glandulosum, L. (O. Ju. #%.) leaves oblong, serrate, hairy beneath; base 
nearly entire, bearing two glands: stem trichotomous: spikes in the division 
of the stem. 

ellipticum, N. (W. #%.} stellate-pubescent: leaves elliptic-ovate, (older ones 
obtuse) smovth and green above : flowers conglomerated: styles 3, bifid. 

capitatum, Mx. (W. 3.) woolly-tomentose : leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, entire 
and rounded at the base; both sides tomentose: fertile flowers at the base 
of the spikelets ; staminate ones capitate, crowded. Pinus. 


19—5. Crotronopsis. 38. 98. 


Uaearis, Mx. (2) (J. 2{.) stem erect, dichotomous-branching : leaves stellate- 
pubescent above, covered with silvery scales beneath, 12—18i. 


Amaranthus. 
21—2. CrypH#a. 56. 4. r 


}eteromalla, stem branching, diffuse : leaves lance-ovate, acute, I-nerved : ca 
sales lateral, sub-sessile. On trunks, Pilotrichum. 


3—2. Crypsis. Lk. 4. 10. 


ewirginica, W. (3) (S. 2{.) spikes oblong, thick-lobed : stem procumbent, gen- 
iculate: joints numerous, approximate : leaves involute, rigid, pungent. S. 


Southern. , 
eguarrosa, N. (W. #%.) stem decumbent, branching: capituli squarrose, few- 
flowered: leaves short, rigid, pungent. Alopecurus. 


2—9,. Crypra. 13. 86. 


minima, (4) (mud purslane. w-g. S.) stem dichotomous, decumbent, striate : 
leaves wedge-oval or obovate, opposite, sessile, entire, papillose above, with 
very minute stipules: flowers axillary, sessile, solitary Erianthus. 


10—3. CucuBatus. 22. 82. 


behen, L. (bladder campion. E. w. Jy. 2[.) glabrous, glaucous, decumbent : 
leaves oblong-oval, acute, nerveless: calyx inflated-membranaceous, veiny. 
nivens, M. (5) (E. w.) stem divaricate-dichotomous above: leaves oblong- 


lanceolate, minutely, pulverulent, pubescent; upper ones ovate: calyx ob- 
tuse, bell-form, inflated, sub-pilose. 


(1) disjunctiflorum Mx. (2) argentea, Ph. (3) Agrostis virginica, W. 
(4) Peplis americana, Ph. (5) Silene, M. sll: 


ar” 


CUCUBALUS, CUPRESSUS, 198 


steiiatus, L. (O. w. Ju. 2{.) pubescent, erect: leaves whorled, in fours, lance- 


eval, very long-acuminate, 2—3f. SS. Silena: 
19—16. Cucumis. 34. 97. 
Exotic. 


colocynthis, (bitter apple. 2%.) leaves many-cleft: pomaceous berry globose, 
glabrous. Fruit very bitter. 

anguria, W. (prickly cucumber.) leaves palmate-sinuate : fruit globose, echi- 
nate. 

anguinis, (snake cucumber. %%.) leaves lobed: pomaceous berry cylindric, 
very long, smooth, contorted, plaited. 

melo, W. (muskmelon. y. Ju. 3%.) angles of the leaves rounded : pome oblong, 

- torulose. Sweet-scented. 

sativus, W. (cucumber. y. Ju. 3%.) angles of the leaves straight: pomaceous 


berry oblong, scabrous. Brought from Asia. Cucurbita. 
19—16. Cucurpita. 34. 97. 
Exotic. 


ovifera, W. (egg-squash. 3%.) leaves cordate, angled-5-lobed, denticulate, pu- 
bescent: pomaceous berry with fillet-like stripes lengthwise. 

verrucosa, W. (club-squash. y, J. 3%.) leaves cordate, deeply 5-lobed ; middie 
jobe narrowed at the base, denticulate: pomaceous berry clavate, a little 
warty. 

nae: W. (fiat squash. y. J. 3.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, den- 
ticulate : pomacecus berry depress-based, swelled at the margin. 

nepo, W. (pumpkin. y. Ju. 3%.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, denticu- 

~ Jate: pomaceous berry roundish or oblong, smooth. Var. potire, has the 
fruit more or less flattened. From Asia. 

eitrullus, W. (watermelon. y. Au. 3%.) leaves 5-lobed ; the lobes sinuate-pin- 
natifid, obtuse: pomaceous berry oval, smooth. Fruit watery, often striped. 
From Africa and the south of Asia. 

dagenaria, W. (gourd, calabash. w. Au. 3.) leaves cordate, round-obtuse, pu- 
bescent, denticulate, with 2 glands at the base on the under side: poma- 
ceous berry clavate, somewhat woody. 


Southern ? 

Joetidissima, Kunth? (1) (W. Ju. 2{.) stems procumbent, sulcate: leaves al- 
ternate, long-petioled, somewhat erect, triaugular-cordate, scabrous, glau- 
cous, thick; margin sinuate, undulate: fruit globose, smooth, sub-sessile : 
tendrils trichotomous. Ricinus. 


13—I. Cunimza. 42. 39. 


mariana, L. (dittany. E. Highlands. r-b. J. 2{.) leaves ovate, serrate, sessile: 
corymbs axillary and terminal, dichotomous. Diaphoretic, B. ¥&. 
Hyssopus. 


/ 


Cunila, HEDEOMA, 
1i—1. CurnHea. 54. 91. 


stscosissima, (wax-bush. E. p. J. 5.) viscous : leaves opposite, petioled, ovate- 
oblong: flowers with 12 stamens, lateral, solitary : peduncles very short. S. 
Washington co. Stevenson. Myrtus. 


19—15. Cupressus. 51. 100. 


thyotdes, W. (white cedar. O. M. 5.) branchlets compressed: leaves im- 
bricate four ways, ovate, tubercled at the base: strobile globular. S. 


(1) Cucumis? perennis, James. 


17 


194 CUPRESSUS, CYNOGLOSSUM. 


disticha, W. (E. Feb.) leaves distichous, flat, deciduous: sterile florets pani- 
culate, leafless: strobile spherical. S. Vallisneria. 


59: Cuscura: 29. 43. 


americana. W. (dodder. O. w. Au. %%.) flowers pedupcled, umbelled, 5-cleft: 
stigma capitate. A bright yellow leafless vine, twining around other weeds 
in damp places. 
europea, (KE. w. Au. 3.) flowers sub-sessile: stigma acute: stamens 4 or 5. 
Gelseminum. 
Cyamus, NELUMBIUM. 


21—6.+ Cyatuus. 58. 1. 


striatus, (tunnel fungus.) dark-brown, villous, striate within, chesnut-brown. 
On the earth and fallen branches in woods, late in autumn. 

olla, cinereous outside, or becoming sooty-yellow, sub-tomentose ; lead livid 
within. 

nitidus, (bird-nest fungus.) campanulate, grey, tomentose; margin at length 
revolute; shining lead-colour within, striate with concentric zones. In sand 
and on wood, in summer and autumn. 

erucibulum, sub-cylindric, indurated, sub-tomentose, ochre-yellow. In pine 
woods, rarely in gardens, on branches, chips, &c. Phallus. 


18—1. Cymsrpium. 7. 21. 


pulchellum, Sw. (1) (grass pink. O. r. Ju. 2{.) radical leaves ensiform, nerv- 
ed: scape few-flowered: lip erect, slender at the base: lamina spread; disk 
concave, bearded. Var. graminifolia, leaves 1—2 lines broad; bracted 
ones acuminate. 12—18i. S. Arethusa. 

18—5. CynancHum. 30. 47. 
Southern. 

angustifolium, M. (2) (L. y-g. Ju. 2{.) twining : leaves linear, entire: flow- 

ers umbelled ; peduncles the length of the leaves: divisions of the calyx li- 


near. 

laeve, Mx. (3) (W. p. J. 2.) shoots somewhat glabrous: leaves sub-ccnoid- 
cordate, gradually acute, nerved, pubescent beneath: flowers glabrous; di- 
visions of the corol oval-oblong, obtusish : follicles smooth. Echites. 


17—1. Cynara. 49. 54. 


Exotic. 
cardunculus, (cardoon. 2{.) leaves spinose, all pinnatifid: scales of the calyx 
ovate.* 


scolymus, (garden artichoke. 2{.) leaves sub-spinose, pinnate: scales of the 
calyx ovate. Naturalized. Stokesia. 


3—2. Crnopon. 4. 10. 


dactylon P. (4) (E. Au. 2{.) creeping: spikes digitate, (4—5) spreading : 
keel of the calyx scabrous: leaves baicy cin the margin and base: aheaths 
hairy. 1f. S&S. Gymnopogon. 


5—1. Cynociossum. 41. 42. 


officinale, (hound-tongue. O. Pp. Ju. o.) very soft-pubescent : leaves broad- 
lanceolate, sessile: panicled racemes. 


(1) Limodorum tuberosum, L, Calopogon pulchellum, Br. (2) Ceropegia 
palustris, Ph. (3) Gonolobus,Mx. (4) Digitaria, E. Panicum, L. 


CYNOGLOSSUM, CYPERUS. 195 


amplexieaule, Mx. (1) {O. w.&b. J. 2{.) very hirsute: leaves oval-oblong ; 

upper ones clasping : corymbs terminal, leafless, long-peduncled. S, 
Southern, 

sylvaticum, S. (E. b. Ju. of.) nakedish: leaves spatulate-lanceolate, shining, 
scabrous beneath: racemes scattered. 
losum? (W.w. M.) hairy : radical leaves spatulate-oblong ; cauline ones lance- 
oblong, obtuse: flowers axillary, sub-spiked, secund. rigtte 

chellia. 


Cynosurus, ELEusInE and CHLOoRIs. 
3—1, Cyperus. 3. 9. 


inflecus, M. (2) (E. Au. o?) umbel 2—3-rayed, or conglomerated and sim- 
ple: involucre 3-leaved, very long: spikelets collected into ovate heads, ob- 
long, 8-flowered : glumes squarrose at thetip. 2—31. S. 

flavescens, L. (O. Au. 2{.) spikelets linear-lanceolate, in fascicles of 3—4: 
glumes obtuse: style 2-cleft: seed lenticular: involucre 3-leaved, longer 
than the spikes. 6—8i. S. 

nuttallii, T. (L. Au. 2{.) culm acute-triangular : umbel radiated, or sub-ses- 
sile, loose: rays short: iavolucre 4-leaved ; two leaves longer: spikelets li- 
near-lanceolate, compressed, acute: stamens 2: style 2-cleft: seed oblong, 
obtuse, compressed. 5—12 i. 

diandrus, T. (E. S.2{.) culm slender, obtuse-triangular: umbel sessile or 1— 
2-rayed : involucre 3-leaved; two of the leaves longer than the umbel 
spikelets lanceolate-oblong, much compressed, many-flowered : (14—16) 
glumes margined, acutish, keeled: stamens 2: style 2-cleft: seed oval, com- 
pressed. 8—12i. 

dentatus, T. (3) (E. S.) umbel compound, (6—10-rayed:) involucre 3-leav- 
ed, longer than the umbel: spikelets 3 on each ray, alternate-ovate, compress- 
ed, 8-flowered: glumes acute, nerved, spreading at the points: seed trique- 
trous. 1 f. 

erithrorhizos, M. (E. Au.) umbel decompound: involucre 3—6-leaved, 
long: spikes alternate, linear, horizontal ; about 12-flowered, nearly terete : 
style 3-cleft: seed triquetrous. 1 

strigosus, L. (Au.) spikelets linear, compressed, acute, alternate : glumes 
lanceolate, nerved: umbel simple or compound: inyolucre about 6-leaved ; 
margin pubescent: root globose. 1—2f. SS. 

tenuis, Sw. (2{.) spikes lanceolate, acute, 10—17-flowered : umbel simpie: 
involucre 3—4-leaved, Jonger than the rays: root tuberous. 8i. 

phymatodes, M. (Au.) umbel simple or decompound: involucre 3—9-leaved ; 
three of the leaves very long: peduncles compressed: spikelets distichous, 
linear; lower ones branched, about 15-tlowered ; sides rather convex : glumes 
oblong, obtuse: radicles tuberous at the extremities. 1 f. 

compressus, L. spikes digitate, somewhat in fours, lanceolate: glumes mucro- 
nate, broad, membranaceous. 3—8 i. 

virens, Mx. culm acute-triangular : umbels decompound : spikelets ovate-lance- 
olate, capitate: involucre very long. 1—2f. S. ; 

mariscoides, E. (E. Au.) umbel simple or 1—2-rayed : spikelets capitate, li- 
near, 7—8-flowered : glumes loose, obtuse. 8—12i. WN. 

odoratus, L. (Au.) spikelets corymbed, subulate, remote, distichous: glumes 
somewhat distant: smaller umbels very spreading, about the length of their 
involucres. WS. 

favicomis, Mx. (E.) culm triquetrous: umbe] compound : spikes linear-lance- 


a, 7-flowered, (10—12-flowered, E:) glumes obtuse: involucre long, re- 
exed. 


(1) virginicum, L. (2) uncinatus, Ph, (3) parviflorus, M. 


196 CYPERUS, CYPRIPEDIUM. 


articulatus, Vahl. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem columnar, naked, jointed, erect. 3-6 f. &, 

kyllingaeoides, Vahl. (E. J.) head globose: spikes oblong, convex, about 8-flow- 
ered: involucres 4-leaved, and with the keeled leaves loose. S. 

strigosus, E. (E. S.) spikes oblong, loose; spikelets subulate, expanding, a 
little remote: small involucres generally wanting : partial umbels with al- 
ternate rays. 2—3f. S. 

alternifiorus, Sz. (W. 2{.) spike corymb-umbelled, compressed, central; sub- 
sessile : spikelets distichous: florets alternately distant: glume broad-ovate, 
keel mucronate. 1f. 

minimus, W. (E? ) culm capillary, terete: spikes solitary or in pairs: invo- 
lucre 1-leaved. 

Southern. 

fasciculatus, E. (E.) spikelets ovate-oblong, many-flowered, in terminal fasci- 
cles: involucre 2-leayed, and with the leaves linear, very narrow. 6 i, 

poaeformis, Ph. (E. Ju.) spikes oblong, flattened, corymb-fascicled; fascicles 
sessile and peduncled: involucre 3-leaved, very long. 8 i. 

autumnalis. Vahl. (E. Ju.) spikes linear, terminal, digitate, somewhat in 
threes: umbel as long as the 2-leaved involucre. 

vegetus, Vahl. (E. Ju.) stemslender, obtusely 3-angled : umbels decompound : 
spikelets oval, in compact globose heads : involucre very long. 2—3 f. 

formosus. Vahl. (W. 2{.) spikelets ovate-lanceolate, capitate : involucre about 
6-leaved, very long, scabrous at the margin. 

filiculmis, Vahl. (E.) spikelets linear, in globose heads, expanding : umbel 
about l-rayed: involucre 2-leaved, with the stem setaceous. 

filicinus, Vahl. (Ju. 2{.) spikelets linear-lanceolate, somewhat remote, loose- 
imbricate: inyolucre 3-leaved, longer than the umbel, with the leaves 
loose. 

gracilie, M. (E. S. 3%.) stem slender, acutely 3-angled: leaves 3-angled: um- 
bels compound: spikelets linear-lanceolate. 121. 

tenuiflorus, Vahl. (E. S.} spikes corymbed : spikelets linear, somewhat con- 
vex: inyolucre longer than the umbel : stem leafy. 2—3f. 

tetragonus, E, (E.) spikes oblong, cylindric: spikelets somewhat 4-angled, 
few-flowered: small involucre wanting. 2—3f. 

distans, Vahl. (E.) spikes distichous: spikelets filiform, expanding: florets 
distant: umbel straight. 

speciosus, Vahl. (E. S-) spikes corymbed: spikelets subulate, distichons : 
partial umbels shorter than the small involucres: ochreas 2-awned: stem 
acutely angled. 2—4f. 

enslenii, Ph. (E. Au.) spikes corymbose, oblong, branching at the base, nak- 
ed: spikelets numerous, divaricate, crowded, linear, about 6-flowered : 
valves oblong, striate : involucre 8-leaved, as long as the umbel. 

Eriophorum. 


18—2. Cyprirepivm. 7. 21. 


candidum, M. (white ladies’ slipper. w. M. 5.) stem leafy: leaves Jance-ob- 
long : lobe of the style lanceolate, obtusish: Jip compressed, shorter than the 
lanceolate petals. ; , 

parviflorum, Sy. (1) (E.y-g. M. 2{.} stem leafy : lobe of the style triangular, 
acute ; outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate ; inner ones linear, contorted : 
lip shorter than the petals, compressed, SS. 

pubescens, W. (2) (yellow ladies’ slipper. y. M. 2{.) stem leafy: lobe of the 
style triangular-oblong, obtuse : outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate; in- 
ner ones very long, linear, contorted: lip compressed, shorter than the pe- 
tals. < 

spectabile, W. (3) (gay ladies’ slipper. O. w. & p. J. 2{.) stem leafy : lobe of 


(1) calceolus, Mx. (2) flavescens, Redoute. calceolus, Wr. (3) cana- 
dense, Mx. album, A. reginae, Wr. 


CYPRIPEDIUM, DALIBARDA. 197 


the style oval-cordate, obtuse : outer petals broad-oval, obtuse: lip longer 
than the petals, split before. S. 

acaule, A. (1) (low ladies’ slipper. O. w. & p. M. 2{.) scape leafless, 1-flow- 
ered : leaves radical, in pairs, oblong, obtuse: lobe of the style round-rhom- 
boid, acuminate, deflexed: lip longer than the lanceolate petals, split before. 


arietinum, A. (E. w. r. g. M. 5.) stem leafy: lobe of the style orbicular, ob- 
tusish: petals 5 ; the two lower ones lance-linear, deflexed; the two lateral 
linear spreading ; upper one ovate-oblong, acute: lip of the length of the pe- 
tals, ob-conic before, saccate. Asclepias. 


5—1. Cyriuta 40. 41. 


| Southern. 
racemifiora, L. (E. J. 5.) leaves lanceolate, cuneate at the base, coriaceous, 
very smooth : petals thrice as long asthe calyx. 15 f. Galax. 


Cytissus, see GENISTA. 
2 


D. 


3—2. Dacrriis. 4. 10. 


glomerata, L. (E. J. 2{.) panicle secund, glomerate: leaves carinate. 2—3 fs 
S. Danthonia, 


16—10. Darra. $2. 93. 


Southern. 

aurea, N. (W. y. 2{.) erect: spikes dense, cylindric: bracts rhomboid-ovate, 
as long as the calyx: calyx woolly-villose: leafets (about 9) obovate, pilose 
beneath. 

laxtflora, Ph. (W. w. 2f.) somewhat glabrous : stem very branching above: 
branches lax, elongated: spikes panicled, elongated, with remotish enne- 
androus flowers: bracts roundish, mucronate, keeled: calyx silky-villose: 
leaves about 4 pairs, Jinear. 

alopecuroides, W. (2) (W.b. Ju. 3%.) spikes cylindric, peduncled, terminal, 
silky, crowded : bracts about as long as the calyx: leaves 6—12 pairs, oval, 
(toothed near the summit?) retuse, mucronate. 

pedunculata, Ph. (W. w-r. Ju. 3%.) a little glabrous: spikes oblong, axillary, 
somewhat crowded, short: peduncles thrice as long as the leaves : bracts 
minute, aslong as the pedicels: teeth of the calyx subulate: leaves about in 
6 pairs, linear, acute, mucronate. Is this a variety of the last? 

formosa, T.& J. (W. p. 6.) suffruticose, very branching, glabrous: leafets 
somewhat in 5-pairs, wedge-oblong, retuse, black-punctate beneath: spikes 
lax, few-flowered, short-peduncled,: bracts ovate, shorter than the calyx ; 
calyx plumose-villous. Psoralea. 


Dalea, ASTRAGALUS. 


T1—13.- Datrparpa. 35, 92: 


repens, Lk. (3) (O. w. J. 2{.) villose: having creeping shoots : leaves simple, 
cordate, crenate: peduncles 1-flowered. 


(2) humile, W. (2) cliffortiana, Ph. Petalostemon, do. Dalea linnaei, Mx. 
(3) violacoides, Mx. Rubus dalibarda, W, 


ise in 


198 DALIBARDA, DATURA. 


fragaroides, Mx. (1) (dry strawberry. E. y. M. 2{.) leaves ternate: leafets 

wedge-form, gash-serrate, ciliate: peduncles mapy-flowered : tube of the ca- © 
dyx obconic. 5—8 i. 

Southern. 

lobata, Bald. (E. y. M. 2f.) hairy: leaves nearly rognd, cordate, lobed, cre- 

nate, ciliate : stem somewhat naked: peduncles many-flowered. Si. 

Dryas. 

3—2. Danroonta. 4. 10. 


spicata, W. (2) (E. Ju. 2{.) panicle simple, appressed : spikelets 7—9, about 
?7-flowered : inferior valve of the corol hairy : leaves subulate : lower sheaths 
hairy at the throat. 18—24i. $2 

glumosa, Mx. (3) (E. Ju.) culm erect: raceme compound: branches 2 and 
3-flowered ; spikelets 9 to 13, 8 and 9-flowered, somewhat shorter than the 
calyx : valves of the corol very unequal, outer lanceolate, densely villose on 
the margin, bristly, 2-cleft at the apex, with a central twisted awn: inner 
valve ciliate, much shorter. /S, Trisetum. 


8—l. Darune. 31. 25. & 


Exolic. 
mezereum, (mezereon. M. 5.) flowers sessile, cauline, in threes : leaves lance- 
olate. 
odora, (sweet mezereon. w. Ap. 6b.) having many flowers in little termi- 
nal heads: leaves scattered, lance-oblong, glabrous. Tropaeolum. 


15—10. Daruinetonia. 33. 93. 
[Generic description by De Candolle.] 


Petals 5, distinct: stamens 5: legume bivalved continuous, dry, 1-seeded, 
lanceolate. 
Southern. 
brachyloba, De. (W. 2{.) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 6 to 8 
pairs; leafets 16 to 24 pairs, linear, with glands between the lower leaves : 
little heads solitary, axillary, peduncled: legumes shortish, lanceolate,— 
Kentucky, &c, 
glandulosa, Dc. (W. 2{.) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 12 to 14 
airs; leafets 20 to 30 pairs, linear, with glands between all the leaves : 
little heads solitary, peduncled, axillary: legumes falcate. Tennessee. 
intermedia, T. & J. (W. 2{.) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 8 or 9 
pairs; leafets 20 to 24 pairs, oblong-linear, with glands between the lower 
leaves : little heads solitary, axillary, peduncled: legumes falcate. 
Schrankia. 


20—12. Datisca. 54. 98. 


hirta, W. (false hemp. y. 2{.) stem hirsute : leaves pinnate : leafets running 
together at the base. Flowers small, panicled. Zamia. 


5], Datura, -28. 41. 


stramonium, L. (thorn apple. O. w-b. Au. 2%.) pericarps spinose, erect, 
ovate: leaves ovate, glabrous, angular-dentate. S. 

tatula, L. (O. b. Ju. 3%.) pericarps spinose, erect, ovate : leaves cordate, gla- 
brous, toothed. This species is cousidered only a variety of the first by 
some botanists. Stemreddish. S. _ Azalea, 


(1) Dryas trifoliata, Pallas, (2) Avena,L, (3) sericea, N, Avena, gl. 
>. o 


DAUCUS, DENTARIA. 199 


5—2. Daucus. 45. 60. 


carota, W. (carrot. w. J. o.) seeds hispid: petioles nerved underside : diyis- 
ions of the leafets narrow-linear, acute. 2—3 f. 


Southern. 
pusillus, Mx. (E.) retrorsely hispid : leafets with the segments very smal), 
linear-lanceolate: umbels small: seeds muricate, with 8-crested ribs. 16 
—18 i, Uraspermum. 


Decodon, LYTHRUM. 
l1—1. Dercumaria. 19. 39. 


Southern. 
barbara, W. (E. w. Ju.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute at each end, slightly ser- 
rate. 
sarmentosa, W. (E. J.) leaves ovate, acute, rounded at the base, serrate at the 
top. Philadelphus. 
'o 21—6. Deparra. 58. 1. 


x 


guercina, coriaceous, pale-woody : pileus regular, glabrous ; laminae branch- 
sinuate, with the hollows large. On trunks of oaks, &c. Boletus. 


a 
21—4. DeELeEsseria. 57. 2. 


alata, stem compressed : leaves pinnate, confluent, ribbed, linear, entire. In 
the sea. Sphaerococcus. 


12—2. Detpuinium. 26. 61. 


exaltatum, W. (1) (A. b. Ju. 2[.) petioles not dilated at the base : leaves flat, 
3-cleft below the middle ; lobes wedge-form, 3-cleft at the apex, acuminate = 
lateral ones often 2-lobed: raceme straight: spurlonger than the calyx. 2 
—4f. 8. 

azureum, Mx. (2) (b. M. 2.) petioles slightly dilated at the base: leaves 3— 
5-parted, many-cleft ; divisions linear : racemes straight ; petals densely 
bearded : flowers short-pedicelled. 2f. SS. 

virescens, N. (W. g-w. 2{.) pubescent: nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the 5 
calycine petals, inner laminae densely bearded: leaves 3-parted; divisions 
linear, sub-trifid, lower ones divaricate. 8—12i. S. 


Exotic. 

consolidum, (larkspur. b. Ju. 3%.) nectaries 1-leaved : stem sub-divided. 
Naturalized. 

staphisagria, (b. ¢.) nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the petals: leaves pal- 
mate, with obtuse lobes. 

. Qacis, (rocket larkspur. b. Au. 32.) nectary 1-leaved: stem simple. 
; Southern. 

tricorne, Mx. (O. b. M. 2[.) "petiole scarcely dilated at the base, glabrous; 
leaves 5-parted ; divisions 3—5-cleft, segments linear : nectary shorter than 
the corol: capsules arched, expanding from the base. 8—12i. 


Aconitum. 
14—2. Dentaria. 39. 63. 
diphylla, Mx. (tooth-root, trickle, pepper-root. O. y. & r. M. 2f.) stem 2-leav- 


ed: leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, unequally gash-toothed : root toothed. 
6—8 l. S, ‘i 


ee 


(1) trydactylum, Mx, urceolatum, Ju. (2) carolinianum, Wr. 


200 DENTARIA, DICHONDRA. 


laciniata, W. (1) (p. M. 2{.) leaves in threes, ternate ; leafets 3-parted ; seg- 
ments oblong, gash-toothed : root tuberous, moniliform. 8i. S. 

heterophylla, N. (W. p. w. J.) stem 2-leaved ; leaves ternate, petioled; leafets 
linear, sub-lanceolate, acute, entire ; margin rough, ciliate: radical leafets 
ovate-oblong, coarsely gash-toothed. Very small. Always one radical leaf 
with a long petiole. 

maxima, N. (W. p. 2f.) leaves numerous, alternate, petioled ; leafets ternate, 
sub-oval, gash-toothed ; lateral ones lobed : axils without glands : racemes 
lateral and terminal. 12—18 i. 


4 Southern. 
multifida, M. (E. p.) stem 2-leaved: leafets many-parted, segments linear, 
somewhat acute. 10 i. 
tenella, Ph. (W. p. Ap. 2.) stem 2-leaved : leaves distant, sessile, ternate ; 
leafets linear-oval, entire : petals wedge-form. 
dissecta, (2) (E. p. Mar.) glabrous, erect : stem 2-leayed: leaves many-cleft ; 
divisions linear: flowers racemed. 4—0 i. Cardamine. 


Diamorpha, SEDUM. 
10—2. Diantuus: 22. 82: 


armeria, L. (pink. E? r. Ju. se) flowers aggregate, fascicled: scales of the 

calyx lanceolate, villose, equalling the tube. 1 f. 
Exotic. 

barbatus, (sweet william. r. & w. Ju. 2{.) flowers fascicled; scales of the ca- 
lyx ovate-subulate, equalling the tube: leaves lanceolate. 

caryophyllus, (carnation. r. & w. 2{.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx sub- 
rhomboid, very short :; petals crenate, beardless : leaves linear-subulate, 
channelled. By rich culture, the stamens mostly change to petals. 

chinensis, (china pink. Ju. 3.) flowers solitary: scales of the calyx subulate, 
spreading, leafy, equalling the tube: petals crenate : leaves lanceolate. 

plumarius, (single pink. r. & w. 2{.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx sub- 
ovate, very short and obtuse, awnless: corol maay-cleft, with the throat 


hairy. 


Southern. 
¢arolinianus, Wr. (E.) flowers aggregate : peduncles long: scales smaller 
than the halved tube. Scleranthus. 


5—1. Drapensia. 21. 43. 


lapponica, W. (3) (A. w. Ju. 2{.) cespitose : leaves spatulate, glabrous : 
flowers pedunculate : anthers oblique, awnless. : 
guneifolia, Sy. (4) (A. w. J. b.) creeping : leaves lance wedge-form, pubes-. 
cent below : flowers sessile: anthers horizontal, beaked at the — Ss. 
atura. 


3—2. DiarrHena. 4. 10. 


americana, Pb. (W? Ju. 2{.) culm erect, almost naked, slender, slightly 
compressed, scabrous above : sheaths sub-pubescent : panicle racemed : 
branches few-flowered, appressed: spikelets about 2-flowered : fforets di- 
vergiag. Dactylis. 


5—2. DicHonpra. 29. 438. 


Southern. 
caroliniensis, Mx. (E. p. J. 2{.) pubescent: leaves reniform-emarginate, one- 
coloured : calyx villose ciliate. Creeping. Evolvulus. 


eet 


(1) concatenata, Mx. (2) M,C. Leavenworth. (3) obtusifolia, Sy. (4) 
Pyxidanthera barbulata, Mx, 


~ 


DICHROMENA, DICRANUM. 201 


Dicuroma.* DicHROMENA. 
3—2. Dicnromena. 4. 9. 


Southern. 

leucocephala, Mx. (E. Au. 2{.) involucre somewhat 3-leaved, white at the 
base : head white. 1f. 

ciliata, Ph. (E. Ju.) involucre and leaves ciliate at the base: spikelets ob- 
long, tapering. 

latifolia, Bald. (E. J. 2{.) involucre many-leaved, large, with the leaves 
white: heads compressed : leaves very long, loosely sheathing the stem. 
9—18 i. Leersia. 


21—1. Dicxsonta. 55. 5. 


pilosiuscula, W. (1) (fine haired fern. O.) Described under Aspidium pune: 
tilobium. Cheilanthes. 


Diclytra, CoRyDALis. 
21—2. Dicranum. 56. 4. 
1. Capsule with apophysecs 


cerviculatum, monoecious : stem simple : leaves capillary, without nerves, 
spreading, lax: capsule ventricose, erectish ; apophysis gibbose. 

virens, stems divided ; branchlets erect, sub-divided : leaves clasping at the 
base, linear, flat, spreading, coiled : capsules nodding, at length curved ; 
apophysis wen-like. 

fragile, stem erect, ramose, very fragile : leaves erect, densely crowded to- 
gether, somewhat whorled, lance-ovate, acuminate, sub-entire, with the mar- 
gin undulated : capsule nodding, elongated ; apophysis wen-like, at length 
striate. 


2. Capsules without apophisis, or truncated processes on the foreside of the 
base. 


(Leaves turned to one side.) 


scoparium, stem ramose : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, keeled, falcate: pe- 
dicels sheathed, solitary : lid long-beaked. 

condensatum, stem short, simple : leaves lance-oblong, mucronate, with ex- 

_ tended fascicular points : capsules nodding; lids subulate. On the earth. 

heteromallum, stem sub-simple : leaves capillary, one-nerved, dilated at the 
base : capsule ovate ; lid long-beaked. 

orthocarpon, small ; stem short, simple : leaves setaceous, dilated at the base : 
peduncles lateral, longish : capsule sub-erect, oblong-ovate ;, lid beaked. 

varium, stem sub-simple : leaves somewhat one-sided ; lower ones lanceolate, 
upper ones subulate : capsules urceolate, somewhat nodding ; lid conic. 


(Leaves not one-sided.) 


xanthodon, minute : leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate : capsules ovate: teeth 
of the peristome yellow. e 

polycarpon, stem ramose: leaves linear-subulate, twisted when dry, investing 
the stem on all sides: capsule obovate, erectish, furrowed. On rocks in 
mountains. 

glaucum, small: stem ramose, thick, with a dense foliation: leaves glaucous, 
convex-channelled : capsule sub-inclined, oblong-ovate ; lid slenderly sub- 
ulate, sub-inflexed, 


* Strike out this Genus at page 17. 
(1) pubescens, Sh. Aspidium punctilobum. 


202 DICRANUM, DIODIA. 


3. Capsules with truncated prominences on the foreside of the base. 


purpureum, stem dichotomous : leaves lanceolate, 


) twisted when dry, furnished 
with a purple nerve: capsule oval; lid conic. 


Campylopus. 
21—2. Dipymopon. 56, 4 


rigidulum, leaves lanceolate, cuspidate from the middle nerve, somewhat 
rigid : lid subulate, a little curved. Splachnum. 


5—1. Drervitra. 48. 58. 


canadensis, M. (1) (bush honeysuckle. O. y. Ju. 5.) peduncles axillary and 
terminal, dichotomous, 3-flowered: leaves ovate, serrate, acuminate. 2— 
3f, S&S. Pinckneya. 


13—2. Dicirauis. 40. 40. 


Exotic. 
purpurea, (foxglove. p. Ju. Gi.) leafets of the calyx ovate, acute: corol ob- 
tuse ; upper lip entire : leaves lance-ovate, rugose. 
intermedia, (p. Ju.) leafets of the calyx lanceolate, equal : corol slightly pu- 
bescent ; upper lip emarginate, 2-cleft: leaves pubescent at the margins 
and base. Capraria. 
3—2. Diciraria. 4. 10. 


sangutnalis, Scop. (E. S. #%.) spikes numerous, fascicled, a little spreading : 
leaves and sheaths somewhat hairy : spikelets oblong : florets pubescent on 
the margin. 1—2f. S. : 

glabra, R. & S. (E. Au. 3%.) spikes digitate, sub-alternate (3—4,) spreading : 
leaves and sheaths smooth : spikelets ovate, crowded: calyx equal to the 
abortive floret, both hairy. 1 f. ‘ 

gerotina, Mx. (E. 2[.) decumbent: leaves and sheaths very pubescent: spikes 
preetons setaceous ; spikelets all pedicellate: inferior glume very minute. 
Bi. S. 

Jiliformis, E. (E. Au. 3%) culm erect, filiform: leaves somewhat glabrous: 
spikes 2—4, filiform, erect: spikelets in threes, all pedicellate : calyx 1- 
valved, as long as the abortive floret, pubescent. 12—18i. S. ‘ 

paspalotdes, Mx. (E. Au. 3%.) spikes in pairs, sub-villose at the base: rachiz 
broadish, glabrous : flowers solitary, imbricate two ways, glabrous: leaves 
spreading ; sheaths glabrous, villose at the neck: culm creeping. 

Andropogon, 
3—1. Diarris. 6. 18. 


tinctoria, Ph. (2) (red-root. E. y. Ju. 2.) petals lanceolate, downy outside : 
panicle corymbed, downy : leaves long, naked, linear. 2f. e te: 
aleriana. 


4—1. Diropia. 47. 57. 


virginica, W. (w. Au. 2{.) glabrous: stem procumbent, nearly terete: leaves 
fanceolate : corol glabrous within : fruit oblong, glabrous. S. _ 


Southern. 
tetragona, Wr. (E. w. M.—O. 2{.) stem procumbent, somewhat angled, near- 
ly glabrous : leaves cordate-ovate : stipules subulate, ; 
hirsuta, Ph. (E. w. S. 2{. hirsute: stem procumbent: leaves lanceolate : sti- 
pules nearly setaceous, Perhaps a variety of the last. E. .  Hedyotis. 


(1) lutea, Ph. humilis, P. tournefortii, Mx. Lonicera diervilla, L. (2) 
beritiera, P, Lachnanthes, E. 


DIONZA, DIRCA, 


208 

10—1. Dronaa. 20. 68. 
Southern. 

muscipula 


, W. (Venus’ fly-trap. E. w. Ju. 2{.) radical leaves, with terminal 
ciliate appendages, somewhat resembling a rat-trap ; this is suddenly closed 
on being irritated. 


Jussiena, 
20—6. DioscoreEa. 


11, 12. 
villosa, L. (1) (yam root. O. J. 2{.) leaves alternate, opposite and whorled, 


cordate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 9-nerved ; lateral nerves simple, 
Stem climbing. S, 


' date, acuminate, glabrous, 7—9-nerved ; lateral nerves divided. 
climbing. 


quaternata, Wr. (2) (J. 2.) leaves verticillate by fours, and alternate, cor- 
Stem 

Gleditschia, 
18. 50. 


20—13. Drospyrros. 
virginiana, (persimon, seeded plum. E. w-y. M. 5.) leaves ovate-oblong, acu 


minate, glabrous, reticulate-veined : petioles pubescent: buds glabrous. 
Var. pubeseens, leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath: 


I : ons ub petioles long : 
fruit bearing few seeds. This is madea distinct species by Pursh. 


8. 


Hippophae, 
19—4,. Diotis. 12. 29. 


Southern. 
lanata, Ph. (W.J. 5.) ‘all over hoary-tomentose : stem flexuous : glomerules 
of the spikes very crowded. 


rotonopsis. 
6—1. Dipuyriera. 54, 78. 


Southern. 
cymosa, Mx. ( 


A. w. J. 2{.) very glabrous: leaves sub-palmate, angularly 
lobed, serrate ; lobes acuminate; cyme many-flowered. 


-Amaryllis, 
21—2. Dipnysicum. 56, 4. 
foliosum, stemless : capsule sub-sessile: leaves lance-linear. 
Buxbaumia. 
21—2, DirLocomium. (3) 56. 4. 


longisetum, caulescent : leaves gradually narrow-acute ; upper ones subulate- 


acuminate from a broad base : peduncles very long; lid conic : the setace- 
ous teeth of the inner peristome about four times as long as those of the outer 
peristome. 


Meesia. 
4—\. Dipsacus. 48. 56. 
lvestris, L. (wild teasel. O. b. Ju. ¢.) leaves connate, and opposite, sinuate ; 
chaff straight : head involucred. 3—4f. S. 
Exotic. 
fullonum, (teasel. w. Ju. oy.) leaves sessile, serrate; chaff hooked. 3—6f, 


Galium. 
8—1. Drrea. 31. 25. 


palustris, W. (leather-wood, moose-wood, american mezereon. O. y. Ap. 5.) 
leaves oval: flowers axillary, 2 or 3 ina hairy bud-like involucre. Small 
bush; bark very tough, I1—5f. S. Jeffersonia. 
(1) paniculata, Mx. (2) glauca, M. (3) Meesia, H, 


204 DODECATHEON, DRACOCEPHALUM. 


5—1l. DoprecaTHEoN. 20. 34. 


meadia, W. (false cowslip. p. M. 2{.) leaves oblong-oval, repand-toothed ; um- 
bels many-flowered, lax : bracts oval. Woods near rivers. 8—10i. 8, 

tntegrifolium, Mx. (b. J. 2{.) leaves sub-spatulate, entire: umbels few-flower- 
ed, straight : bracts linear. _ Menyarithes. 


16—10. Donicuos. 32, 93. 


purpureus, L. (wild cowhage. p. 3%.) twining : stem glabrous: petioles pu- 
bescent : corol with spreading wings, 


Exotic. 
pruriens, (cowage, or cowitch. p. 3%.) twining: leaves hairy beneath : legumes 
in racemes: valves slightly keeled, hairy : peduncles in threes. 


Southern. 
luteolus, W. (E. w-y. O. 2%.) climbing, pubescent : leafets ovate, acuminate 1 
peduncles longer than the leaves: spikes short, somewhat capitate : banner 
broad, reflexed ; wings rhomboidal, Trigonella. 


17—2. Donta. 49. 55. 


Southern. 
squarrosa, Ph. (W. y. Au. 2{.) herbaceous: leaves clasping, serrate: scales 
of the calyx filiform at the apex, squarrose, revolute. Whole plant viscous. 
3—4 f. Boebera. 


Doronicum, ARwICA. 
14—1. Drapa. 39.°63. 


gerna, W. (whitlow grass. E. w. Ap. #%.) scape naked : leaves oblong, acute, 
sub-serrate, rough-haired: petals bifia: stigma sessile. 2—6i. S. 

caroliniana, Wr. (1) (w. A. 3%.) flower-bearing stems haked : leaveg oval, 
acute, very hirsute: silicles long-linear, glabrous, approximate. 1—2i. S. 

nivalis, W. (E. 8%.) scape about one-leaved, ascending : leaves lanceolate, 
very entire, sub-tomentose, with stellate hairs: petals retuse. 

glabella, Ph. (E. 3%.) scape about 2-leaved, erect: leaves lance-spatulate, 
somewhat glabrous: raceme dense-flowered : silicle lance-ovate, acute. 

incana, W. (E. J. 6.) cauline leaves hoary, numerous, with interwoven stel- 
late hairs : silicle oblong, oblique, mucronate with a very short style. 

arabisans, Mx. (2) (M. <j.) stem leafy, rarely branched ; radical leaves 
wedge-lanceolate ; cauline ones lanceolate, acute : silicles acuminate with 
the permanent style. S. 

alpina, lL. (S. A. 2{.) scape naked, simple: leaves lanceolate, entire, spread- 
ing: petals sub-emarginate. 

hirta, L. (A. w.) scape one-leaved: leaf oblong, acute, dentate, somewhat 
hirsute : silicle oblique, pedicelled. 


Southern. 
nemoralis, W. (W. y. M.) sparingly branched: radical leaves spatulate ob- 
long ; cauline ones eessile, or clasping, ovate, sub-dentate; silique pubes- 
cent. Alyssum. 


Dracaena, CONVALLARIA. 
13—1. DracoczurHatum. 40. 40. 


virginianum, W. (dragon-head. W. p. Au. 2{.) spikes elongated, with the 
owers crowded : bracts subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly equal, short : 
leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. 1—~2 f. 


(1) umbellata, M. hispidula, Mx. (2) Arabis, P. 


DRACOCEPHALUM, ECHINOPS. 805 


éenticulatum, W. (1) (W. p. Ju. 2[.) spikes elongated, with remote flowers : 
bracts subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly equal : leaves obovate-lanceolate, 
toothed above. 
Exotic. 
canariense, (balm of gilead herb.) flowers spiked: leaves ternate, oblong. 


Southern. 

variegatum, Vent. (2) (B. p. J.) spikes short, square: bracts ovate, acumi- 
nate, as long as the calyx: teeth of the calyx somewhat unequal : leaves 
closely sessile, oblong-lanceolate, toothed near the summit. 

cordatum, N. (W. b. J. 2{.) stem and petioles pubescent: leaves cordate, ob- 
tusely crenate, somewhat hirsute above: spikes secund : pedicels 2-bracted, 

parviforum, N. (W. w. Ju. o.) flowers verticillate, sub-capitate : leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, deeply serrate, petioled : bracts foliaceous, ovate, ciliate, serrate ; 
serratures mucronate : teeth of the calyx unequal, scarcely shorter than the 
corol, Prunella. 


Dracontium, IctopEs. 
5—1. Drosera, 20. 68. 


rotundifolia, {sun-dew. O. y-w. Au. 2{.) scape simple: leaves nearly orbicu- 
lar, peered at the ge Tey tee long, sings f Wetordamp. 4—8i, S&S. 
longifolia, (3) (E. y-w. Ju. 2{.) scape simple : Jeaves spatulate-eborate: pe- 
ie haked Wet Soe , * 
jiliformis, R. (4) (E. p. J. 2{.) scape sub-ramose, terete, glabrous: leaves very 
long, filiform: styles6to9. Wet. 1f. 
Southern. 
brevifolia, Ph. (E. w-r. J. 2{.) very small: scape rooting, simple: leaves 
short, wedge-form, scarcely petioled : petals oval. 
foliosa, E. (E.) caulescent: leaves crowded, oval, cuneiform at the base, on 
long naked petioles. 4—61. Zanthorhiza. 


1J1—13. Dryas. 35. 92. ; - 


integrifolia, Vahl. (5) (A. w. Ju. 2{.) small-leaved ; leaves ovaie, acute, cor- 
date at the base, very entire, flat, white-tomentose beneath : peduncles one- 
flowered. 

octopetala, W. (A. w. Ju. 2[.) leaves ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rugose, 
white-tomentose beneath: peduncles one-flowered. Geum. 


3—I. Duticuium. (6) 3. 9. 


spathaceum, Rd. (galingale. O. g-y. Ju. 2.) stem columnar, 3-cornered above : 
leaves pointing in three directions : spikelets spreading, somewhat 6-flower- 
ed, subulate, in axillary racemes. Var. canadense, spikelets few, erect, 
somewhat 10-flowered. 1—2f. S. Cyperus, 


Ee 


17—5. Ecurinorps. 49. 54, 


Exotic. 
spharocephalus, (globe thistle.) leaves pinnatifid : stem branching. 
Orchis. 


(1) Prasium purpureum, Wr. (2) Prasium incarnatum, Wr, (3) ameris 
cana, M. (4) tenuifolia, M. (5) tenella, Ph. (6) Schcenus, L. Scirpus, Mx. 
Cyperus, W. 

18 


206 ECHITES, ELLIOTTIA. 


18_5. Ecuites. 30. 47. 


Southern. 
difformis, Wr. (E. w-y. M. Au. 2{.) climbing : lower leaves nearly linear 
per ones oval-lanceolate, acuminate : raceme cofymbed: stamens includ- 
i Amsonia. 
5—1. Ecuium. 41. 42. 


vulgare, L. (viper’s bugloss, blue thistle. E. b. Ju. ¢{.) stem tubercalate-his- 
pid: cauline leaves lanceolate-hispid : spikes lateral: stamens exsert. 2 


—3f, S. Myosotis. 
17—2. Ecuirta.. 49.55. 


Southern. 

erecta, W. (O. w. Ju. 2%.) erect, dichotomous, strigose : leaves lanceolate, at- 
tenuate at the base, rarely serrate : peduncles by pairs, long: scales of the 
valyx ovate, acuminate. 

procumbens, Mx. (O. w. J. O. 3%?) decumbent or assurgent: leaves long- 
lanceolate, attenuate at the base: sub-sersate : scales of the calyx lanceo- 
lately acute: disk florets 4-cleft. 1—3f. 

brachypoda, Mx. (E. Ju. S.) prostrate, divaricate: leaves lanceolate, spar- 
ingly serrulate : peduncles solitary and paired, short: scales of the calyx 
oval-lanceolate: disk florets 5-cleft. Siegesbeckia. 


4—l. Exaracnus. 31. 24. 


argentea, Ph. (W. J. 5.) unarmed: leaves undulate, oval-oblong, rather 
acute, coyered with silvery scales: flowers aggregate, (sub-solitary, Ph.) 
nodding. WS. Plantago. 


17—5. Exvepnantorus. 49, 55. 


carolinianus, W. (1) (elephant-foot. r. Au. 2{.) radical and cauline leaves 
oblong, narrowed at the base, pilose on both sides : stem erect, pilose, leafy. 
of SS. @ 
Southern. 
nudicaulis, E. (2) (E. r. Au. 2f.) radical Jeaves oval-lanceolate, crenate-ser- 
" rate, sub-scabrous, hairy beneath: stem hairy, rough, nearly naked. 1+2f, 
Echinops. 
38—2. Exrusine. 4. 10. 


indica, Mx. (3) (dog-tail grass, wire grass. E. Ju. %.) stipes straight, erect, 
~ in pairs or quaternate : rachis linear: spikelets lanceolate, about 5-flowered - 
pills compressed, declined. 8—12i. S. 
Southern. 
eruciata, E. (4) (E. Ju. O. #%.) spikes quarternate, expanding, mucronate : 
spikelets about 3-flowered : exterior valve of the calyx awned : outer valve 
of the corol very acute. 12—18 i. Triticum. 


Eleusine, OXYDENIA. 


8—l. Exziortia. 18. 51. 
Southern. 
racemosa, M. (E. w. J. b.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, mucronate, entire, 
short petioled, pubescent and slightly glaucous beneath : racemes terminal. 
Chrysosplenium. 


(1) scaber, Mx. (2) carolinianus, v. simplex, N. tomentosus, Ph? (3} 
Oynosurus, i. (4) Chloris mucronata, Mx. 


ELLISIA, ENDOCARPON. 207 


5—1. Exrista. 41. 42. 


Southern. 
myctelea, L. (1) (O. w. & b. J. 3%.) stem decumbent, branching, leafy, brittle : 
leaves alternate, petioled, pinnatifid, roughish : flowers solitary. 6—8i. 
ambigua, N. (W.b. M. 2.) stem decumbent, branching, glabrous, somewhat 
glaucous: leaves hirsute, lyrate-pinnatifid, sub-sessile : divisions sub-lanceo- 
late, angularly toothed or lobed : racemes lateral and terminal. 4—6 i. 
Androsace. 


Elodea, Hypericum and SERPICULA. 
3—2. Exnymus. 4. 10. 


virginicus, L. (E. Ju. 2{.) spike erect, compressed : spikelets in pairs, 2—3- 
flowered ; florets smooth: glumes lanceolate, nerved. 3—4f. S. 

canadensis, L. (E. Au. 2{.) spike nodding at the extremity, patulous: spike- 
lets 3—5-flowered : florets hairy : glumes linear-subulate. Var. glaucifoltus, 
‘leaves glaucous. 3—4f. S, 

villosus, M. (E. Ju. 2{.) spike a little nodding at the extremity, patulous : ra- 
chis and florets hispid, pilose: spikelets geminate, 2—3-flowered: glumes 
linear, pilose-ciliate, 2-nerved, shorter than the florets. 2—3 f. 

hystrix, L. (E. Ju. 2{.) spike erect: spikelets diverging: calyx0. 3f. 

striatus, W. (E.,Ju. 2{.) spike erect : spikelets 2-flowered, awned, hispid, in 
pairs: calyx linear, nerved, awned, rather exceeding the spikelets: leaves 
and sheaths glabrous. 3—4f. WS. 


Southern. 
europeus, L. (E. Ju. 2{.) spike erect :_ spikelets 2-flowered, awned, as long as 
the smooth involucre. Melica. 


2—1. Exytraria. 40. 36. 


Southern. 
virgata, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) leaves entire near the summit and with the nerves un- 
erneath somewhat smooth: scales under the flower ovate, villous along the 
margin. 12—18i. »» Veronica. 


20—3. Empretrum. 18. 51. 


nigrum, Mx. (black crowberry. Whitehills. A. 5.) procumbent : branchlets 
glabrous : leaves imbricate, oblong, glabrous, with a reyolute meee 
icus. 


91—5. Enpocarpon. 57. 2. 


hedwigii, Ach. frond sub-cartilaginous, roundish-angled and lobed, somewhat 
olive-coloured ; under side pale at the edge, then dark-coloured and fibrous: 
the little mouths sub-prominent, dark sovuty-yellow. On naked earth, rocks 
and sides ofmountains. War. lachneum, has the frond with aggregated sub- 
aca lobes ; margin elevated, repand-lobed, undulated, dark woolly 

eneath. 

muhlenbergii, Ach, frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous, orbicular, 
peltate, obscurely tawny-green, thin, rugose-plicate, and somewhat in 
chinks; dark tawny and tubercled beneath : little mouths convex. 

miniatum, Ach. frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous, orbicular, peltate, 
becoming cinereous, repand at the periphery, flexuose-plicate; underneatia 
of areddish hue. Onrocks. 

complicatum, Ach. like the last, but of a dark colour underneath. 

smaragdulum, Ach. frond composed of very small, detached, scale-like lobes, 
of a light greenish or olive colour. On rocks. 


(1) Polemonium, L, 


i 


208 ENDOCARPON, EPIPHEGUS. f 


tephrotdes, Var. polythecium, Ach. frond adnate like a Verrucaria, cracked, of 
a bright liver colour. 
webert, Ach. resembles the complicatum, but the frond is of a thicker consistence 


and changes to a greenish colour when moistened. Porina. 
ey 1g—5, Enstema. 30. 47." 
Southern, 


albida, N. (E. Ju. y-w. 2{.) twining : stem marked with an alternating pubes- 
cent line: leaves opposite, smooth, cordate-ovate, somewhat acuminate, sinu- 
ate at the base: corymbs axillary, many-flowered, long peduncled: pedicels 
and calyx pubescent. Cynanchum. 


18—1. Epipenproum. 7. 21. 


Southern. 
conopseum, Ai. (E. y. Au.) stem simple : leaves lanceolate, rigid, lucid, peren- 
nial: spikes erect: lamina of the lip 3-lobed; middle one retuse: inner pe- 
tals narrow. Parasitic. Cypripedium. 


10—1. Epicara. 13. 51. 


repens, L. (trailing arbatus. O. r. & w. Ap. 5.) stem creeping: branches and 
petioles very hirsute : leaves cordate-ovate, entire : corol cylindric. 
Gaultheria. 


Epifagus, EpiPHEGus. . 
_8—1. Epinosium. 17. 88. 


spicatum, Lk. (1) (willow herb. O. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves scattered, lance-linear, 
veiny, glabrous : flowers unequal : stamens declined. 4—6 f. 

coloratum, M. (2) {O. r. Ju. 2{.) stem terete, pubescent, leaves lanceolate, 
serrulate, petioled, opposite ; upper ones alternate, glabrous, red-veined. 
Var. tetragonum, has the stem 4-cornered part ofits length, 3—4f. S. 

lineare, M. (3).(O. w. & r. Ju. 2{.) stem terete, pubescent, wand-like, branch- 
ed above : line leaves opposite, branch-leaves alternate, linear, very en- 
tire : flowers few, terminal, long-peduncled. 1—2 f. 

molle, T. (E. w-p. Au. 2{.) densely and softly pubescent: stem terete: leaves 
oblong-linear, sessile, very entire ; lower ones opposite ; upper ones alter- 
nate: flowers pedicelled, sub-terminal, regular. 12—!8 i. 

alpinum, L. (A. w-r. Au. 2{.) stem simple, sub-terete, 1 or 2-flowered : leaves 
opposite, oval, entire : flowers sessile. 1—3i. : 

palustre, W. (O. Ju. 2[.) stem terete : leaves sessile, lanceolate, sub-denticu- 
late: stigmaundivided. Damp. S. y 

latifolium, L. (p. Ju. 2{.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, nearly entire, pu- 
bescent, without veins: flowers unequal. Var. tetrapetalwm, leaves narrow, 
lanceolate, entire : stem low. 

luteum, Ph. (W. y. 2{.) stem4-cornered, somewhat glabrous : leaves opposite ; 
upper ones alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate : peduncles axillary, 
alternate, elongated : divisions of the calyx narrow, as long as the petals : 
style exsert : stigma thick, 4-lobed. Oxycoccus. 


Ejipactis, ListerRA. 
13—2. Epipuecus, N. (4) 40. 35. 


virginianus, (5) (beech drops, cancer-root.O y. p. Ju. 2{.) stem very branch- 
ing : flowers alternate, distant : calyx short, cup-form, shorter than the cap- 


(1) angustifolium, W. (5) levigatum, Le Conte. (3) oliganthum, Mx. 
rosmarinifolium, Ph. squamatum,N. (4) Orobanche, L. (5) americanus, N. 


EQUISETUM, ERIGERON. 209 


sule. The whole plant is yellowish-white and of a naked appearance. 8— 
12i, S. Astringent. B. Orthocarpus. 


21—1. Eguisetum. 55. 5. 


arvense, L. (horse-tail. O. Ap. 2{.) barren stems with simple branches; the 
branches scabrous, 4-sided : fructification simple : sheaths cylindric, gash- 
toothed; teethacute. 8i. S. 

hyemale, L. (scouring rush. E. Ju. 2{.) stems erect, very scabrous, bearing 
spikes at the apex: sheaths 2-coloured, withering at the base and apex : 
teeth with caducousawns. 2—3f, S. 

sylvaticum, L. (O. Ap. 2{.) barren and fertile stems doubly-branched ; branch- 
es scabrous, deflected, 4-sided ; branchlets somewhat 3-sided. S. 

limosum, T. (Ju.) stems branched upwards, with the branches about 12in a 
whorl, simple, pentagonal, smooth. 2—4f. 

scirpotdes, Mx. (O. Ju. 2{,) stem simple, ascending, glabrous, filiform, bearing 
a spike at the top: sheaths 3-toothed ; teeth withering, with caducous awns 
atthe apex. 3—6i. ° 

ulizinosum, M. (2{.) stems erect, round, furrowed, nearly smooth, somewhat 
branched ; branches from the middle joints unequal: sheaths serrate above ; 
teeth even, acute, black. 

palustre, W. (E. J. 2{.) stem simply ramose, glabrous, sulcate : branches pen- 
tagonal, bearing spikes at their apexes. 

forreyanum, Stewart. (2{) stems branched ; branches thick, roughish, hexa- 
gonel, close-pressed to the stem: spike terminal. Perhaps nota distinct 
species. Isoetes. 


2—2. Ertanruaus. 4. 10. 


Southern. ’ 

alopecuroides, L. (1) (E. p.S. 2f.) hair-like involucre much longer than the 
calyx: awns straight. 6—10f. 

brevibarbis, Mx. (E. p.S. 2{.) panicle somewhat spreading: hair-like involu- 
cre shorter than the calyx: awns straight. 3—5 f. : 

strictus, Bald. (E. p. Au.) involucre very short, or none: panicle closely 
appressed ; branches remote : peduncles 2-flowered : awns straight, twice 
as long asthe calyx. 4—6f. 

contortus, Bald. (E. O. 2[.) hairy involucre as long as the calyx: inner valve 


of the corol eared : awn spirally twisted, Fedia. 
| 8—1. Erica. 18. 51. 
Exotic. 


pubescens, (downy heath. r. M.) corol linear, pubescent, with the limb erect: 
capsule glabrous: leaves fringed. 

tetralix, (5.) anthers awned: corol ovate: style enclosed: leaves in fours, 
ciliate; flowers in heads. Daphne. 


Erigenea, HyDROCOTYLE. 
17—2. Ericreron. 49. 55. 7 


alpinum, W. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) villose: stem generally 1-flowered: calyx villose: 
rays spreading : leaves lanceolate, obtusish. 2i. 

bellidifolium, W. (2) (O.b. & w. M. 2f.) hirsute, hoary: radical leaves ob- 
ovate, sub-serrate ; cauline ones few, distant, lanceolate, sessile, entire: stem 

_ about3-flowered: rayslong. 12—18i. S. 

integrifolium, Bw. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) stem simple, leafy, smooth: leaves lanceo- 


(1} ssccharoides, Mx. Anthoxanthum giganteum, Wr. Andropogon, L, 
Saccharum <'ganteum, Ph, (2) pulchellam, Mx; 
: 418" 


210 ERIGERON, ERINEUM. 


Pe 

late, anne : flowers corymbed : calyx hemispherical : scales 
acute. 5 re 

purpureum, W. (O. p. Ju: 2{.) pubescent: leaves oblong, toothed, clasping ; 
upper ones entire : peduncles thickened, corymbed ; lower ones elongated : 
scales of the calyx hairy on the keel ; rays twice as long as the calyx. 2f. S. 

compositum, Ph. (W.w-r. Ju. 2[{.) pilose, somewhat gtemless: ra ical leaves 
long-petioled, thrice 3-parted ; divisions linear, divaricate; cauline leaves 
linear, generally undivided : stem naked above, 1-flowered. 8i. . 

philadelphicum, W. (O.b-p. Au. 2{.) pubescent: leaves wedge-oblong, rarely 
gash-toothed ; cauline ones half-clasping : stem weak, simple, corymbed 
above : peduncles elongated, 1-flowered : rays capillary, twice as long as 
the hemispherical calyx. 1—3f.. NS. 

strigosum, W. (O.w. Ju. Co.) strigose-pilose : leaves lanceolate, tapering to 
both ends: in the middle are a few coarse teeth, or it is entire: flowers co- 
rymb-panicled, 2—3f. S. 

heterophyllum, L. (1) (E. w. J. oi.) radical leaves round-ovate, deeply-toothed, 
petioled ; cauline ones lanceolate, acute, serrate in the middle : corymb ter- 
minal. 2—3f. 

nervosum, W. (2) (y. w. Ju. 2{?) white-pubescent: leaves lance-linear,jvery 
entire, silky, nerved : flowers panicled. 

hyssopifolium, Mx. (y. Ju. 2{.) stem panicled, with sterile branches, a few of 
them protracted into naked peduncles: leaves linear, glabrous, ciliate: rays 
much longer than the cylindric calyx. 

eanadense, L. (flea-bane, pride-weed. O. w. Ju. %&.) stem hispid, panicled: 
Jeaves lance-linear, ciliate: calyx cylindric: rays crowded, short. Var. 
grandiflorum, rays yellowish, flowers very large, short peduncled, crowded, 
terminal and axillary. Var. pusillum, low, smoothish: leaves lance-linear, 
entire, scabrous along the margin. This last variety is made a distinct spe- 
cies by Mr. Nuttall. 4i1.—3f. S. 


Southern. 

pumilum, N. (3) (W.w. 2{.) hirsute: stems simple, 1-flowered: leaves linear, 
entire, sessile, without nerves: calyx hirsute. 4—5i. 

nudicaule, Mx. (E. w. y. J. 2{.) glabrous: radical leaves lance-spatulate, acute, 
slightly toothed: stem simple, nearly leafless, long: terminal corymb few- 
flowered: raysas long asthe involucre. 2f. 

quercifolium, Lk. (E. b. w. Ju. 2{.) finely pubescent: leaves lanceolate, acute ; 
radical ones somewhat lyrate, coarsely toothed; upper ones entire: stem 
sub-simple, few-flowered (3,) at the summit : rays twiceas long as the calyx. 
Elliott thinks this and the philadelphicum may be thesame, 8—10i. 

longifolium, Lk. (E. y. Au.) very glabrous: stem virgately panicled: branches 
straight : leaves very long-linear, straight: calyx ovate : rays scarcely long- 
er than the calyx. Does it belong to this genus? E. 

ambiguum, N. (E. w-y.) pubescent, somewhat scabrous: leaves linear; lower 
ones slightly serrulate : flowers small, generally in pairs, axillary and ter- 
minal: calyx hemispherical. 18 i. 

asperum, N. (W. w. Au.) hirsute-scabrous: stem slender, about 2-flowered : 
leaves lanceolate, acute, entire: calyx hemispherical. 12 i. 

glabellum, N. (W. w-b. Au. 2{.) leaves lance-linear, smooth, acute; radical 
ones long-petioled, lance-spatulate, nerved: stem pubescent above, 3—5- 
flowered: calyx pubescent. 12—18 i. 

divaricatum, Mx. (W. Au. 3%.) decumbent, divaricate-branching ;: panicles 
sub-fastigiate : leaves subulate: florets of the disk 4-cleft. Chrysopsis. 


2i1—6. Erineum. 58. 1. 


a depressed, broadish, reddish-tawny ; at first thick-clotted and 
pale. 


——_—_—_—— 


(1) Aster annuus,L. (2) strigosum? E. (3) uniflorum, W ? birsutum, Ph. 


ERINEUM, ERIOGONUM. 211 


fagineum, sub-immersed, compact, sub-elliptic, chesnut-brown. 


pyrinum, oblong; lax, chesnut-brown. Wacol. 
19—4. Errocauton. 6. 13. 


: Mx. (pipe-wort. O. g. Au. 2{.) scape very slender, about 7-strip- 
mo oP ate channelled, glabrous, pellucid, 5-nerved, ae 
versely-striate : head small, globose: scales of the involucre oval-obtuse. 
Grows in water. 6—12i. 
decangulare, Mx. (1) (tall pipe-wort. E..w.S. 2{.) scape 10-striped: leaves 
ensiform, glabrous : heads large, depressed-globose : scales of the involucre 
ovate, acute: chaffof the receptacle mucronate. 3—4f. 
flavidulum, Mx. (Ju. 3%. or 2{.) scapes numerous, about 7-furrowed, sub-pu- 
bescent: leaves short, subulate-eusiform: head convex: scales of the invo- 
lucre roundish. 2—41. S. 
gnaphalioides, Mx. (2) (Ju. 2f.) scape sub-compressed, with 10 grooves: 
leaves short, subulate, ensiform, glabrous : heads hemispheric-convex : the 
involucre consists of shining scarious, oval, round-obtuse scales. 10—14i. 
Ss. 
Southern. 
villosum, Mx. (E. M. S. 2{.) scapes numerous, compressed, about 4-furrowed, 
’ villous : leaves short, subulateé, linear, hairy: head small spherical. Corol 
nearly black, 121. Atay 


3—1. Eriocoma. 4. 9. 


Southern. 
membranacea, Ph. (3) (W.) leaves convolute-filiform, glabrous: panicle lax : 
pedicels flexuose : scales of the calyx membranaceous, 3-nerved, long-acu- 
minate: corol shorter than the calyx, silky-villose, hairs exceeding the corel : 
awn naked, straight, alittle longer than the calyx. ~Dichromena. 


9—2. Ertoconum. 12. 28. 


narvifolium, S. (W.) calyx naked: cauline leaves petioled, alternate, ovate, 
revolute, shining above, rusty tomentose beneath. 

latifolium, S. (W.) calyx naked: cauline leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, 
undulate, white-downy above, white-woolly beneath: petioles clasping. 


Southern. 

tomentosum, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{.) leaves oval, wedge-form at the base, glabrous 
above, white-downy beneath; cauline leaves in threes and: fours: fascicles 

of flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 2 f. 
sericeum, Ph. (4) (W. y. Ju. 2{.) stem simple, naked: flowers fascicled, in 
terminal umbels, peduncled; umbel involucred: divisions of the calyx ob- 
long, acute, silky-lanate: radical leaves petioled, lance-oblong, villose above. 
pauciflorum, Ph. (W.w. 2{.) stem simple, leafy at the base: umbel few-flow- 
ered: flowers sub-sessile : leaves lance-linear, hoary-tomentose on both sides. 
tenellum, T. & J. (W. 2{.) stem dichotomous, naked, slender, very glabrous : 
branches elongated, bearing fascicles of flowers at their extremities: flowers 
very minute : divisions of the calyx roundish, obtuse, glabrous : leaves ovate, 
- nil Sd oem alli beneath, (both sides when young) pubescent above. 

Ad 

wmbellatum, T. & J. (W. 2{.) stem naked, simple : peduncles elongated, (about 
in sixes) umbelled, bearing a single involucre at the apex: calyx glabrous ; 
divisions obovate, narrow at the base, obtuse; leaves obovate-spatulate, 
woolly beneath, somewhat glabrous above. 8 i, Pleea. 


(i) serotinum, Wr. (2) decangulare, Wr. compressum, Lk. (3) cuspida- 
tam, N. Stipa, Ph, (4) Hagan, : P (3) cuspida 


- 


212 ERIOPHORUM, ERYNGIUM. 


3—1. EriopHorum. 3. 9. 


1. Spike solitary. 


— L. (1) (E. Au. 2{.) culm triquetrous, somewhat scabrous, naked : 

eaves very short, sudulate: spike oblong: woollyghairs crisped, few. 8— 
10 i. 

vaginatum, L. (2) (E. Ju. 2{.) culm terete below, obtusely-triangular above, 
smooth and rigid: sheaths inflated: spike oblong-ovate: glumes scarious: 
wool straight, dense. 12i. 


2. Spikes numerous. 


polystachyon, L. (3) (E. Ju. 2f.) leaves flat, triquetrous at the extremities : 
culm nearly terete: spikes nodding: peduncles scabrous. 18—24i. 

virginicum, L. (E. J. 2{.) culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above : 
leaves flat, very long: spikes clustered, erect, sub-sessile: involucre 2—3- 
leaved. Var. gracile, culm very slender, leaves almost filiform. 2—4f. S. 

angustifolium, Roth. (E. J. 2{.) culm somewhat triangular: leaves channel- 
led, triquetrous: peduncles very smooth. Var. megastachyon, culm some- 
what triangular, short: involucre longer than the umbel : spikes peduncled, 
very large. Dr. Torrey thinks the E. angustifolium of Wild. is not found 
in this country, and the one so called by authors is a variety of the E. polys- 
tachyon. Fuirena. 


15—5. Eropium. 14. 73. 


. Exotic. 

ciconium, (stork-bill geranium. 3%.) peduncle many-flowered : leaves pinnate : 
leafets pinnatifid, toothed: petals oblong, obtuse : stem ascending. 

cicutarium, (hemlock geranium. p. Ap. 3%.) peduncles many-flowered; leaves 
pinnate ; leafets sessile, pinnatifid, gashed : coroliarger than the calyx: stem 
prostrate, hirsute. 

moschatum, (musk geranium. 2%.) peduncles many-flowered : leaves pinnate ; 
leafets sub-petioled, oblong, gash-toothed : petals equalling the calyx :_stem 
procumbent. Philoxerus. 


16—10. Ervum. 32. 93. 


hirsutum, W. (4) (creeping vetch. L. p. J. #.) peduncles many-flowered ; 
legumes hirsute, 2-seeded ; leafets linear, truncate. 

tetraspermum, W. (5) (E. b. J. 2%.) peduncles mostly 2-flowered: legume 
smooth, 4—5-seeded: leaves oblong, truncate. Orobus. 


5—2. Eryneiwm. 45. 60. 


aguaticum, Ju. (6) (button snake root. E. w-b. Ju. 2{.) leaves ensiform, fring- 
ed with soft spines; floral leaves undivided, very short. 3-4f. S, 

virginianum, Lk. (7) E. g. & b. Ju. 2.) very tall: leaves long-lanceo- 
Jate, serrate: involucre much longer than the heads: chaff 3-cuspidate. 4— 
6h 

ovalifolium, Mx. (8) (sea-holly. L. b. Ju. 2.) leaves spatulate-ovate, irregus 
pt! “age cia heads shorter than the involucre : chaff equally 3-cuspidate. 


(1) hudsonianum, Mx. Trichophorum, Ph. (2) cespitosum, Ph. (3) te- 
nellum, N. angustifolium, Bw.? (4) Vicia mitchilla, R. (5) vicia pusilla, M. 
6) yuccifolium, Mx. (7) aquaticum, Mx, (8) virgatum, Lk. integrifolium, 
I 


ERYNGIUM, ERY THRONIUM. 213 


Southern. 
foetidum, W. (E. Ju. 2{.) radical leaves lanceolate, serrate; floral leaves 
many-cleft: stem dichotomous, : 
aromaticum, Bald. (E..S. O. 2{.) stem leafy : leaves cuspidate, pinnate, 3-cleft 
at the summit, cartilaginous along the margins: involucre 5-leaved: leaves 
3-cleft: chaff 3-pointed. 9—10 i. 
gracile, Bald. (E. Ju. 3.) leaves pctioled, oval, entire ; stem branching, slen- 
der; heads numerous, very small: involucre 2-leaved, 3-cleft, linear. 
plukenetii, E. (E. w-b. J.) leaves long, linear-lanceolate, serrate: involucre $- 
leaved, longer than the head; leafets dissected: chatf 3-awned. 2f. 
diffusum, T. & J. (W. w? 2%.) stem dichotomous-branched, diffuse : leaves all 
_ digitate-palmate; divisions oblong, gash-serrate, spinous : little heads sub- 
globose : leafets of the involucre 4—6, 3-cleft, gash-serrate, longer than the 
heads: germ squamose, 6—8 i. Heracleum. 


14—2. Erysimum. (1) 39. 63. 


nasturtium, L. (2) (english water-cress. E. w. J. 2{.) silique short, declined: 
leaves pinnate ; leafets roundish, repand, sparingly toothed. WS. 

palustre, L. (3) (E. y. Ju. 3%.) leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; lobes confluent, une- 
qually dentate, smooth: petals about the length of the calyx: siliques short, 
turgid. 12—18i. S. 

amphibium, W. (4) (water radish. ‘O. y. J. 2{.) silique (or rather silicle) ob- 
long-ovate, declined: leaves lance-oblong, pinnatifid or serrate : petals long- 
er than thecalyx. Wet. 1—2f. WS. 

vulgare, P. (creeping water-cress, E. y. J. 2{.) silique declinate: leaves pin- 
nate ; leafets lanceolate, gash-serrate. ‘ 


Southern. 
walteri, E. (E. y. Feb.—M. 2/.) branching, procumbent: leaves pinnatifid ; 
segments obtuse, sinuate-dentate ; upper ones confluent: pods short, gener» 
allyerect. Perhaps a variety of the palustre. 6—14 i. Cheiranthes. 


Erysimum, SisyMBRIUM, BARBAREA. 


Southern. 
herbacea, W. (E. r. M. 2{.) small: leaves ternate; leafets rhomboidal, glae 
brous: spikes very long: stem herbaceous, prickly. 2—4 f. Cichorium. 


6—1. Eryturonium. 11. 14. 


americanum, S. (5) (dog-tooth violet, adder’s-tongue. O. y. Ap. 2{.) leaves 
lance-oval, punctate: petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the point ; inner 
ones 2-dentate near the base: style clavate; stigma entire. (stigmas 3, El- 
liott.) 6—8i. S. oe 

albidum, N. (b-w. Ap. 2{.) leaves elliptical-lanceolate, not punctate: pe- 
tals linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; inner ones without dentures, sub-unguiculate : 
style filiform: stigma 3-cleft, lobes reflexed. 6—8i. S. 

bracteatum, Boot, (A. y. J. 2{.) scape bracted, shorter than the leaves: leaves 
lanceolate, very unequal : style clavate: stigmas united? 

grandifiorum, Ph. (W. w-y. J. 2{.) petals lanceolate, sub-unguiculate, acute : 
germ oblong: leaves linear-lanceolate, A species not satisfactorily defined, 
N. Uvularia 


(1) Sisymbrium of Authors, (2) Nasturtium officinale, T. (3) terrestre, S. 
Nasturtium, T. (4) Nasturtium, T. (5) lanceolatum, Ph. longifolium, Pt. 
dens-canis, W. 


\ * a ety 
214 EUCHROMA, EUPATORIUM. ; 


Erythrorhiza, GALAX. 
13—2. Evcuroma. (1) 40. 40. 


eoccinen, W. (painted cup. O. y. & r. J. G*.) we i alternate, linear, gash- 
pinnatifid; divisions linear: bracts dilated, generally 3-cleft, longer than 
the flowers: calyx 2-cleft, about equal to the corol ; divisions retuse, emar- 


ginate. Flowers yellow, with scarlet bracts. One variety, pallens, has 
yellow bracts. 10—16i. S. 


Southern. 
grandifiora, N. (W.g-w. M. 2[.) leaves and bracts mostly 3-cleft ; segments 
divaricate: calyx 4-cleft, partly oblique: corol longer than the calyx; di- 
visions of the lower lip acuminate. Bracts not coloured. Bartsia. 


5—l. Evonymus. 43.-95. 


atropurpureus, Ju. (spindle tree. O. p. J. 5.) leaves petioled, lance-oblong, 
acuminate, serrate: peduncles divaricate, many-flowered; flowers 4-cleft : 
fruit smooth. Fruit red, 4—Sf. &. 

americanus, W.-(burning bush. E. r-y. J. 5.) branches 4-angled, smooth ; 
‘leaves sub-sessile, lance-oval, acute, serrate: peduncles about 3-flowered; 
flowers all 5-cleft: fruit warty-muricate. Yruit red. Var. sarmentosus, N. 
stem sarmentose, often rooting, acutely 4-angled : leaves sub-sessile, 

' opaque, lance-oval, acute, obtusely serrate; serratures generally undulate. 

i 

obovaius, N. (W. p-g. J. 5.) stem prostrate, rooting ; twigs erect, obtusely 4- 
-eornered, with four distinct lines: leaves broad-obovate, obtuse, acute at the 
base, sub-sessile, acutely serrate, flat: peduncles 3-flowered. Stamens, as 
well as petals, sometimes but4. 1f. S. 


Southern. 
angustifolius, Lyon. (E. Ju. 5.) branches 4-angled: leaves long-linear-ellip- 
tic, somewhat ensiform, nearly entire: peduncles about 1-flowered: flowers 
all 5-cleft : fruit roughened, warty. A doubtful species, ae 
elastrus. 


17—1,. Evuparorium. 49. 55. 
1. Calyxes not more than 5-flowered. 


hyssopifolium, L. (hyssop thorough-wort, hemp-weed. E, w. Au. 2{.) stem 
erect; lowest leaves opposite, lance-linear, sub-dentate: corymb sub-fasti- 
giate: style much longer than the corol. 2f. ! 

linearifolium, Wr. (E. w. S. 2{.) stem sub-procumbent, villous towards the 
summit: cauline leayes opposite, lance-linear, rarely dentate, sometimes 
clustered ; style as long as the corol 1—2f. WS. 

sessilifolium, W. (O. w. Au. 2{.) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lance-ovate, 
rounded at the base, serrate, very glabrous: stem somewhat glabrous. 2f. 


truncatum, W. (w. Ju. .) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lanceolate, trun- 
cate at the base, serrate, somewhat glabrous: stem pubescent. ‘ 
album, L. (Au. 2{.) leaves sub-sessile, lance-oblong, roughish, serrate ; inner 
scales of the calyx long, lanceolate, scarious, coloured. 18—24i, p 
lanceolatum, W. (Au. 2{.) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-oblong, scabrous, 
deeply serrate at the base ; scales of the calyx one-coloured. : 
verbenaefolium, Mx. (2) (E. w. Au. 2{.) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-ovate, 
rugose, scabrous; upper ones with coarse teeth at the base, and with the 
summitentire. 2f. WS, " 


ta 


(i) Bartsia, L, (2) teucrifolium, W. pilosum, Wr. 


EVPATORIUME. ors 


melissioides, W. (E. w- Au. 2{.) leaves petioled, ovate, obtusish, obtusely-sey. 
rate, veiny, somewhat glabrous. 1—2f. _ ay : 

rotundifolium, W. (w. Au. 2{.) leaves sessile, distinct, deltoid, roundish, 
somewhat glaucous, obtusely-serrate, veiny: scales of the calyx acuminate. 
12—18i. S. “ 

pubescens, W. (1) (E.w. Au. 2{.) leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, sub-scabrous, 
yeiny; lower ones doubly-serrate, upper ones sub-serrate: stem panicled, 
pubescent: branches fastigiate. 18—24 i. S. 

altissimum, W. (w. Au. ?{.) leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, 3-neryed, tapering 
to both ends, pubescent; lower ones serrate inthe middle. 3—7f. S, 

amoenum, Ph, (A. p. S. 2{.) leaves with short petioles, opposite and in threes, 
lance-oblong, acute at both ends, serrate, sub-glabrous, sub-rugose, net-vein- 
ed beneath: corymb fastigiate, crowded: scales of the calyx oblong, colour- 
ed,acutish. 2f. 

trifoliatum, W. (2) (p. Au. 2{.) leaves petioled, in threes or fours, ovate and 
oval, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, punctate. 3—4f.  S. 


2. Calyxes more than 5-flowered. 


ceanothifolium, W. (Au. 2{.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, toothed, 3- 
nerved, somewhat glabrous: calyxes5—10-flowered. 2f. S&S, 

purpureum, L. (purple thorough-wort, joe-pye. O. p. Au. 2{.) leaves in fours 
or fives, petioled, lance-ovate, serrate, rugose-veined, roughish : stem hollow, 
Var. laevigatum, calyx about 5-flowered:: leaves in fives, petioled, lanceo- 
late, very glabrous both sides, slender: stem hollow, smooth, sub-glaucous. 
4—6f. WS. 

maculatum, WW. (E. p. Au. 2f.) leaves in fours or fives, lance-ovate, unequally 
serrate, pubescent beneath: stem solid, furrowed: 4—5f.  S. 

verticillatum, W. (joe-pye’s weed. E. p. Au. 2[.) leaves petioled, it threes or 
fours, lance-ovate, acuminate at each end, unequally serrate, somewhat gla- 
brous: stem solid, smooth. 4—6€rf, 

punctatum, W. (O. p. Au. 2{.) leaves in fours or fives, petioled, ovate, acumi- 
nate, serrate, scabrous both sides: stem solid, terete. Is this a variety of the 
last? N. 3—of, 

perfoliatum, (3) (boneset, thorough-wort. O. w. Au. 2{.) leaves connate-perfo- 
liate, oblong-serrate, ruguse, downy beneath: stem villose. 2f. S. 

coelestinum, W. (E. b. Au. 2[.) leaves petioled, heart-ovate, obtusish, 3-nerv- 
ed, obtusely-serrate, slightly scabrous : calyx many-leaved, many-flowered : 
(30—40) receptacle conic. 2—3f. S., : 

ovatum, B. (E. w. Au. 2{.) hairy, scabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, 
obtusely dentate : corymb fastigiate: calyxes about 8-flowered. 3—4f, . 

aromaticum, Mx. (4) (E. w. S. 2(.) leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, (ovate, Ph.) 
acute, 3-nerved, obtusely serrate, somewhat scabrous: flowers corymbed : 
scales of the calyx sub-equal. 2f. S. 

ageratoides, W. (5) (O. w. Au. 2.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerv- 
ed, unequally and coarsely toothed, serrate, glabrous: corymb many-flower- 
ed, spreading: calyx simple. 2—3f. S. 

Southern. 

foentculaceum, W. (6) (E. y-w. S. 2{.) stem panicled: leaves glabrous; lower 
ones pinnate ; upper ones clustered; all filiform. 3—10f. 

coronoptfolium, W.(7)(E.w. S. 2{.) stem panicled : lower leaves pinnatifid ; di- 


visions lance-linear, denticulate ; upper leaves undivided, linear, clustered ; 
all punctate, pubescent, 3—4f. 


(1) glandulosum, Mx. (2) ternifolium, G. E. (3) connatam, Mx. (4) cor 
datum, Wr. (5) urticaefolium, Mx. Ageratuin altissimum, L. (6) foenics- 


loides, Wr. Chrysocoraa capillacea, Mx. (7) compositifolium, Wr. Chry- 
socoma coronopifolia, Mx, 


216 EUPATORIUM, EUPHORBIA. 


éuneifolium, W. (E. w.) leaves petioled, obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate at 

the summit, 3-nerved, pubescent on both sides. 1 f. 
atum, Mx. (W. 2{.) without hair: leaves in fours, lance-oval, acuminate 

at each end, sub-falcate, sparingly serrate: outs scales of the calyx short, 
oval. 

pinnatifidum, E. (E. w. 8. 2{.) leaves pinnatifid; lower ones verticillate ; up- 
per ones alternate; divisions linear, pubescent: flowers corymbed. 3— 
4f. 

glaucescens, E. (E. w. S.) leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, obtusely serrate, 
entire at the base, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous, pubescent: flowers corymb- 
ed. 2f. 

parviflorum, E. (E. w. S.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, very acutely ser- 
rate, pubescent on both sides: flowers corymbed, small: seeds angled. 


serotinum, Mx. (E. w. S.) leaves petioled, lance-ovate, tapering towards the 
summit, acute, coarsely and acutely serrate, 3-nerved, pubescent: scales of 
the calyx imbricate. 5—6 f. 

incarnatum, Wr. (E. p. O.) leaves long-petioled, deltoid, cordate, acute, ob- 
tusely toothed, 3-nerved, thin, nearly glabrous: scales of the calyx nearly 
equal. 2f. Mikania. 


19—12. EvpHorpia. 38. 96. 
1. Flowers with involucred umbels. {1} 


corollata, W. (O. Ju. 2{.) umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, and dichotomous: involucels 
and leaves oblong, obtuse : petals obovate, and resembling appendages of the 
calyx. War. angustifolia, E, leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, paler and 
hairy ee et 3-cleft: rays elongated: upper branches dichotom- 
ous. 1—2f. : 

eplus, W. (wild caper. Ju. 3.) umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous : involucels ovate : 

leaves entire, obovate, petioled. : 

obtusata, Ph. (W. Ju. 2{.) umbel 3-rayed, twice dichotomous: involucels ovate, 
obtusish, sub-cordate : leaves alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth: 
capsule muricate. 12—18i. S. 

mercurialina, Mx. (Ju. 2{.) stem slender, weak, simply 3-cleft: leaves opposite 
and ternate, sub-sessile, oval, entire ; peduncles terminal, solitary, 1-flower- 
ed. WS. - 

yilosa, W. (O. Ju. 2f.) umbel with 5 primary rays, bifid: involucels ovate : 
leaves lanceolate, somewhat hairy, serrulate at the extremity: petaloid seg- 
ments of the involucre entire. 1—2f. WS. 

helioscopia, L. (E. #%.) umbel with 5 primary rays, bifid: involucels obovate’: 
leaves wedge-form, serrate, glabrous: capsules smooth. 12—18 i. . 


2. Flowers not in involucred umbels. 


hypericifolia, W. (spurge. E. Ju. 3%.) dichotomous, glabrous, very branching, 

sub-erect, spreading : leaves opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub-falcate, short- 
etioled: corymb terminal and axillary. Var. hirsuta, T? stem slender, 

Foes leaves oblong, smooth, serrulate. 12—18 i. 

maculata, L. (E. Ju. O, 3%.) stem procumbent, branching, hairy: leaves op- 
posite, oval or oblong, serrulate, cblique at the base, short petioled, smooth 
above, hairy and pale beneath: flowers solitary and axillary, much short- 
er than the leaves. 6—12i. S. 

polygonifolia, Jn. (Ju. 2{.) very glabrous, diffused, succulent: leaves opposite, 
sme lance-linear, obtuse at the base; flowers solitary, axillary: stipules 
simple. 


(1) This section comprises the genus Esula, 2d Ed. 


> 


. 


EUPHORBIA, i a S. Q17 


: whae, (E. Ju. 2{.) procumbent, small, glabrous: leaves opposite 
— ae yea : Sedenees axillary, elongated, 1-flowered. ss? r 
rtulaccoides. Ph. (Ju. 2{) erect: leaves entire, oval, retuse: peduncles ax- 
iliary : 1-flowered, as long asthe leaves. A variety of the corollata? T. S. 
ventata, Mx. (Ju. 2.) hairy: leaves opposite, oval, dentate: flowers crowded 
atthe summit of the stem WS. 
Exoiic. 
lathyrus, (spurge caper. J. 5.) umbel 4-cleft, dichotomous : leaves opposite, 
entire, lanceo!ate, pointing four ways. 


Southern. 

eyathophora, W. (O. Ju. 2%) somewhat shrubby : leaves petioled, ovate, slight- 
ly toothed, panduriform; upper ones and involucres coloured: flowers sub- 
umbetled. 2F. 

graminifolia, Mx. (E.) smail, ereet, branching from the base, finely pubescent : 
leaves scattered, linear, entire; upper ones discoloured at the base: flowers 
fascic’ed, terminal. 

chyntifolia, L. {O.) procumbent, slender, pubescent: leaves opposite, oval- 
oblong, obtuse, siightly serrate near the summit. heads axillary, clustered, 
nearly sessile. 

pubentissima, Mx. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) erect, very pubescent: stem somewhat di- 
chotomous: leaves opposite, sessile, oval, sub-cordate, obtuse: peduncles 
solitary. 

snarginata, Ph. (W.-w. Ju. 3%.) umbel 3-cleft, twice dichotomous: involucre 
leaf-like ; involucels oblong, cordate, co'oured, membranaceous at the mar- 
gin: leaves lance-oblong, sub-cordate-clasping, acute, becoming g!aucous, 
glabrous: petal-like appendages of the calyx roundish: capsules pilose. 

cordifolia, E. (E. w. Yi. 3%.) procumbent, glabrous, branching = leaves 
smail, opposite, broad-oval, entire, cordate at the base : flowers axillary, so- 
litary. 8—15i. 

gracilis, E. (E. J. 2{.) stem erect, dichotomous, glabrous: leaves opposite, re- 
mote, sessile, lance-linear: peduncles solitary in the divisions of the stem, 
longer than the leaves. 121. : 

paniculata, E. (E, Au.j umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous: flowers terminal, some- 
oe oval, sessile, slightly hairy beneath: sten: sometimes hairy. 

hexagona, N. {W.) tail, slender, very branchiny: leaves linear: flowers in 
axillary clusters. ¢ Poterium. 


13—2. Eupurasta. 40. 35. 


officinalis, W. {eyebright. w. Ju. 3%.) ieaves ovate, obtusely teothed: lower 
divisions of the lip emarginate. 
latifolia, W. (A. p. Ju. 3%.) leaves ovate, tooth-palmate : flowers spiked : co- 
rol tubular: divisions of the lower lip obtuse. Labrador. - 
Lantana. 


91—5. Evernta. 5% 2. 


prunastrz, Ach. frond granulated, glaucous above, whitish beneath, reticuia{- 
ed. Branches of trees. Rare. 

vulpina? Ach. frond yellowish green, branching ; segments attenuated, lacu- 
nose, compressed. In appearance like cenomyce uneialis, but easily dis- 
tinguished by its centra! cotton-like medulla. Perhaps a new species. Hai- 


SCY . Cenomyce. 
5—2. Evotvuces. 29. 43. 


ae, Southern. 
argenteus, Ph. (W. p- M. 2[.) stem simple erect: leaves oblong, acute, siiky- 
‘tomentose on both sides: peduncles 1-fowered, short. 
nummularis, (W. 3%.) leaves roundish: stem creeping : flowers sub-sessile. 


Z18 EVOR_ULUS, FESTUCA. 


sericeus, Sw. (1) (O. 2.) leaves lanceolate, sessile, silky beneath : peduncles 
short, 1-flowered. ‘ Heuchera. 


4—1. Exacum. 47. 46. 
pulchellum, Ph. (L. r. Au. $$.) corol 4-cleft: calyx"4-parted; divisions sub- 
ulate : panicle corymbed : peduncles filiform. Swertia. 


F. 


19—12. Facus. 50. 99. 


ferruginea, A. (red beach. O. y-w. M. 5.) leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, pu- 
bescent beneath, coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, sub-cordate-oblique : 
nuts ovate, acutely 3-sided. 

sylvatica, Var. americana, (white beach. O. y-w. M. 2{.) leaves ovate, acu- 
minate, slightly toothed, ciliate at the margin, acute at the base : nuts ovate, 
3-sided, obtuse mucronate. S. Castanea. 


3—1. Ferpra. 48. 56. 


radiata, Mx. (2) (wild lamb lettuce. O. w. J. 3%.) leaves spatulate-oblong, sub- 
entire : fruit pubescent, about 4-sided, nakedat the apex. 8—18i. S. 


Exotic. 
olitoria, (lamb lettuce.) stem dichotomous: leaves lance-linear. 
Southern. 
chenopodifolia, Ph. (E. #.) dichotomous : leaves ovate, acute, dentate below : 
cyme naked, divaricate-dichotomous : filaments long. _ 8i. Iris. 


5—2. Frrvura.. 45. 60. 


villosa, Wr. (w. Ju. 2{.) leaves more than decompound ; divisions ternate ; 
leafets ovate, serrate, rigid, veiny : stem, peduncles, and umbels, villous. S, 


Southern. 

foeniculacea, N. (W.y. M. 2.) stemless, pubescent: leaves more than de- 
compound, somewhat biternate-pinuate ; primary divisions decussate at the 
base: segments shortish, narrow-!inear, acutish ; ultimate divisions 3-cleft : 
involucel halved, 5—7-lobed. 1 f. 

nudicaulis, Ph. (3) (W. w. M. 2[.) leaves radical, thrice ternate ; leafets un- 
equally-sparingly toothed: ray umbels elongated : involucre and inyolu- 
cel nearly wanting: scape radical. Anethum. 


3—2. Festuca. (4) 4. 10. 


slatior, (fescie-grass. O. J. 2{.} panicle spreading, very branching, lax : 
spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4—5-flowered ; florets slightly armed: leaves 
flat: rootcreeping. 3—4 f. 

myurus, L? (E. J. #. (og. M:) panicle slender, crowded, equal: spikelets 
about 4-flowered : florets subulate, awned, hairy, monandrous. 6—12i. S, 

eenella, W. (5) (E. J. 2%.) pany piked, very simple, one-sided: spikelets 
about 9-flowered : bristles sh than the subulate florets : culm filiform, 
angular above: leavessetaceous. 8—~15i. S. 

duriuscula, L. (E. J. 2{.) panicle one-sided, oblong, contracted : spixelets5— 
6-flowered, nearly terete : florets terminated by short bristles : root fibrgus. 
Perhapsintroduced. 12—18i. S. 

evra, L? (J. 2{.) panicle one-sided, erect, spreading : spikelets teretish : 


1) nuttallianus, R. (2) Veleriana, W. Ph. (3) Smyrnium, Ph, (4) 


Schenodorus, R. &S. (5) bromoides, Mx. octoflora, W. 


FESTUCA, FLOERKEA. 219 


florets longer than the bristle at their tips .. Wee pubescent above: root 
oreeping. 8 i. , ; ' : 
pratensis, Hd. (J. 2{.) panicle spreading, branched : spikelets linear, many- 
flowered, acute : leaves linear : rootfibrous. 1—2f. ; 
poaeoides, Mx. (E.) panicle somewhat crowded ; lower branches simple ; 
spikelets alternate, oblong, sub-sessile, unarmed : leaves flat, very glabrous. 
nutans, W. (E.J.2{.) panicle diffuse, at length nodding : branches long, in 
pairs, naked below : spikelets ovate, 3—d-flowered : florets somewhat ob- 
tuse, unarmed, nerveless. 3 f. ‘ ' , 
faseicularis, Lk. (1) (E. Au, 3%.) culm procumbent, geniculate ; panicle sub- 
secund: branches straight, spike-like: spikelets appressed, 8—10-flowered : 
florets armed: leaves very long. 1f. S. - : 
clandestina, M. (E.) panicle partly concealed in the sheaths ; branches soli- 
tary, simple: spikelets 10-flowered ; florets awned. $i. 
Southern. 
spicata, Pb. (W. J.) spikelets alternate, sessile, erect, somewhat 5-flowered : 
florets subulate, sub-glabrous, with along, scabrous awn: linear leayes and 


culm glabrous. 
grandiflora, Lk. (E.) panicle simple, erect : spikelets very few, generally 7- 
flowered : florets acute, distant. 
parviflora, E. (E. Ap. 2{.) panicle equal, slender, appressed: spikelets terete- 
subulate, 5-flowered, awned: calyx unawned. J]2—18i. Ceratochloa. 


Festuca, GLycrerta, DiARRHENA, UnioLa, CERATOCHLOA, 
20—3. Ficus. 53. 98. 


Exotic. 
carica, (figtree. g. Ju. 5.) leaves cordate, 3or5-lobed, repand-toothed : lobes 
obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath. 5—8 f. Mpyrica. 


3—1. FimsBristyuis, (2) 3. 9. 


spadiceum, (E. Ju. 2{.) spikes ovate-lanceolate : involucre rigid, with one 
leaf longer than the umbel : leaves subulate, teretish, striate. 2—3 f. S. 

ferrugineum, (3) (E. M. 2f{.) stem compressed: angles near the summit 
scabrous: leaves concave, those of the involucre unequally ciliate: spikes 
lanceolate, roundish, 1—3f. S. 

Southern. 

castaneum, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{.) spikes ovate-oblong, obtuse: involucre 2-leaved, 
rigid, as long as the compound umbel. 

cylindrieum, (2{.) spike cylindric, very obtuse : involucre about 1-leaved, 
rigid, equalling the simple umbel. 

Vaginaria, 
21—2. Fisstpens. 56. 4. 


hyotdes, stem short: leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate : pedicels terminal ; 
capsules erect.. In damp shades, . 
taxifolius, stem short : leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate, slenderly denticulate: 
capsules erect. In damp shades. 
adianthoides, stem elongated, ramose : leaves lanceolate, sheathed at the base : 
pedicels lateral : capsules sub-erect. In wet woods aud meadows. 
Poly trichum. 


6—l. FLorerKea. 15. 22. 


uliginosa, M. (4) (false mermaid. O. w-y. Ap. 2{.) leaves alternate ; those 


(1) polystachya, Ph, E. Mx. (2) Scirpus, L, Mx. &e. (3 
Vahl. (4) Nectis pinnata, Ph. (2) Scirpus, x. &c. (3) puberulum, 


220 FONTINALIS, FRAXINUS. 


under water ternate, those a water quinate-pinnate. Grows in great 
quantities along the southeast part of Lake Erie—often 1 f. S. ‘Cleome. 


91—2, Fontinaris. 56. 4. 


capillacea, (water moss.) leaves acute, linear-aw]-form® spread, longer than the 
capsule: sheaths and peduncles long filiform. 

antepyretica, stem branched, 3-sided . leaves facing 3 ways, tance-ovate, Cari- 
nate, acute, pericheth obtuse. In water. Fissidens. 


J1—2. FotTuercizna. 50, 99. 


Southern. 
alnifolia, W. (1) (witch alder. w. Ap. b.) leaves wedge-obovate, crenate- 


toothed above. Var. major, has ovate-oblong leaves, sub-cordate. Var. 
acuta, has oyate-acute leaves. Rosa. 


11—13. Fracaria. 35. 92. 


virginiana, (2) (wild strawberry. O. w. M.2{.) calyx of the fruit spread- 
ing: hairs on the petioles erect, on the peduncles close-pressed : leaves 
somewhat glabrous above, 

canadensis, Mx. (mountain strawberry. w. M. 2{.) large : leafets broad-oval, 
iateral ones manifestly petioled: pedicels long, recurve-pendulous: recep- 
tacle of the seeds globose, honeycomb-scrobiculate, villose. Probably a 
variety of virginiana. S. 

Exotic. 

vesca, (english strawberry. w. M. 2{.) calyx of the fruit reflexed: hairs on 
the petioles spreading, on the peduncle close-pressed. 

elatior, (hautboy strawberry. w. 2{.) calyx of the fruit reflexed: hairs on 
the peduncle and petiole spreading. 

grandiflora, (pine-apple strawberry. w. 2{.) calyx of the fruit erect: hairs 
on the peduncle and petiole erect: leaves coriaceous, somewhat glabrous 
above. > Calycanthus. 


4—1. Frasera. 47. 46. 


caroliniensis, Wr. (3) (pyramid flower, columbo root. r. & y. Ju. oj.) 
_leaves whorled or opposite : flowers inclusters. 3—6 f. S. Lycium. 


20—2. Fraxinus. 44. 37. 


sambucifolia, Mx. (black ash. O. M. 5.) leafets sessile, lance-ovate, serrate, 
rugose-shining, round-oblique at the base; axils of the veins villose beneath : 
flowers naked, not calycled. S&S. 

acuminata, Lk. (4) (white ash. O. w-g. M. b.) leafets petioled, oblong, shin- 
ing, acuminate, very entire, or slightly toothed, glaucous beneath : flowers 
calycled. NS. 

pubescens, Wr. (5) (red ash. E. M. b.) leafets petioled, oval-ovate, serrate ; 

etioles and branchlets downy beneath: flowers calycled. Var. longifolia, 

ei rsh lance-ovate, sub-serrate. Var. latifolia, Jeafets ovate, broad, 
serrate ; serratures obsolete towards the middle. Var. sub-pubescens, leaf- 
ets oval-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, sub-pubescent below, common 
petiole very glabrous, : 

-juglandifolia, W. (6) (walnut-leaf ash, swamp ash. E. M. 5.) leafets petioled, 
ovate, opake, serrate, glaucous beneath ; axils of the veins pubescent : 
branchiets glabrous : flowers calycled. WS. 


(1) gardeni,Mx. (2) glabra, Du Hamel. (3) walteri, Mx. (4) concolor, 
Mx, americana, W. (5) tomentosa, Mx. (6) caroliniana, Wm. 


FRAXINUS, FUIRENA. 921 


epiptera, Vabl. (1) (E. M. 5.) leafets lance-oval, sub-serrate : samaras wedge- 
‘orm, obtuse-emai ginate at the apex, terete below. S. ; t 
platycarpa, Mx. (E. Ap. 5.) leafets petioled, serrate, and, like the fruit, lance- 
elliptic. S&S. oe 
see eataec, W. (Ap. 5.) leafets petioled, lanceolate, serrulate, shining, gla- 
_brous : branchlets glabrous; flowers calycled. S. 


Southern. 
ériptera, N. (E. 5.) leafets obovate, entire, subsessile, tomentose beneath, 
oblique at the buse : fruit broad, obovate, generally 3-winged, tapering at 
the base. 
quadrangulata W.(W.™M_ 5.) leafets sub-sessile, lance-oval, serrate, pubes- 
cent beneath : samara obtuse at each end. Borya. 


6—1l. Frirmparia. 10. 14. 


Southern. 
lanceolata, Ph. (2) (W. p. Ju. 2{.) stem leafy, 1—2-flowered : leaves lance- 
linear, obtusish ; iower ones whorled : petals lanceolate. 
alba, N. (W. w. Ap. 2{.) glaucous: leaves remotish, alternate, sessile, ob- 
lon.-linear, flattish, oblique, obtuse, sub-striate beneath ; flowers 1—3, ax- 
illary and terminal. 1 f. 
Exotic. : 
imperialis, (crown imperial. r. & y. M. 2{.) flowers under a leafy crown, nod- 
ding : leaves lance-i near, entire. From Persia, 
maleagris, (iritillary, guinea-hen flower. p. & y. M. 2{.) leaves alternate, lin- 
ear, channelled : stem 1-flowered : nectary linear. Flower checkered. 


, Scilla. 
8—1. Fucusia. 17. 88. 
Exotic. 
magellanica, Lk. (3) (ear-drop. r.) peduncles axillary, 1-flowered: leaves 
opposite or in threes, very entire. Flowers pendulous. Clarckia. 


21—4. Focus... 57. 2. 


siliguosus, stem compressed: branches 2-ranked, alternate : vesicles articu- 
lated, beaked : receptacles beaked, lance-linear, compressed, petioled. In 
the sea, bearing fruit in the winter. 

nodosus, stem compressed : vesicles imbedded, some of them inflated: recep- 
tacles sub-opposite, pear-form, peduncied. In the sea. 

vesiculosus, frond flat, ribbed. linear, dichotomous, very entire: wesicles sphe- 
rical, in pairs, imbedded iu the frond : receptacles terminal, thick-oval. In 
the sea, large. Var spiralis frond slender, without vesicles, spirally twist- 
ed. At the mouths of rivers. 

lorens, stem very short, dilated into a cup, sending out a fusiform, dichoto- 
mous receptacle. In the ocean. ; Chordaria, 


3—1. Furrena. 3. 9. 


sguarrosa, Mx (umbrella grass. Ju. 2{)-spikes clustered (5—6.) ovate - 
culm smooth : leaves ciliate : sheaths hairy: valyes of the corol cordate-ovate. 
Var. pumila, culm pubescent above: leaves smooth: throat of the sheaths 
hairy ; spikes1—3,termina!. 18i. S. Var. pumila, 3—6 i. 
Soutiern. 
scirpoidea, Mx. (E. 2{.) stem leafless : head solitary, ovate, terminal : valves 
of the coro] oval, unarmed. 12—18 i. 


ae 


(1) discolor, Mx. (2) Lilium camschatcense, W. (3) coccinea, A. 
* 


999 FUIRENA; GALANTHUS. 


Aispida, E. (E. Au.) leaves long, with the sheaths very hispid: stem hispid 
above : heads many (5—8) clustered: valves of the corol ovate, mucro- 
nate. 1—2f. Cenchrus. 


21—6. Fourico. 58.1. * 


rufa, (soot fungus.) cushioned, reddish-yellow : bark sub-rugose, fragile, sub- 
compact. On trunks in summer and autumn. Sometimes globose in the 
young state, and sometimes hemispheric ; from half an inch to an inch in 
diameter. 

flava, opening and roundish, yellow, with a cellular fibrous bark. On decidu- 
ous leaves, trunks, mosses, &c. in autumn. 

waporarta, at first covered, veiny, creeping; when mature broad-cespitose, 
thick, cellular-fibrous, cinnamon-yellow. Among pulverized bark, at first 
appearing like vapour, then fibrous and coriaceous. Physarum. 


16—6. Fomaria. 24, 62. 


Exotic. 
officinalis, (fumitory. r. z. #%.) stem branching, spread: leaves more than de-~ 
compound ; leafets wedge-lanceolate, gashed. Naturalized. 6—10i. 
Petalostemon. 


91—2. Funaria. 56. 4. 


hygrometica, (hygrometer moss.) leaves ovate, acute, concave, entire, inflect: 
ed: capsules swelling, drooping, pear-form: pedicels very long, twisting 
spirally when dry. : 

Rfavicans, leaves setaceous, long-acuminate : peduncle capillary, pale. 

muhlenbergii, leaves obovate, awned, concave, serrulate, spread : capsule ob- 
ovate, oblique. Pterigynandrum. 


G. 


16—10. Garactia. 82. 93. 


glabella, Mx. (1) (milk-way plant. E. r. & w. J.2{.) prostrate, somewhat 
twining and glabrous: leaves ternate; leafets oval-oblong, obtuse, emargi- 
nate at both ends : raceme axil ary, as long as the leaves: legumes villose. S. 

mollis, Mx. (2) (r. & w. Ju. 2{.) twining, having soft whitish pubes- 
cence: leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish, glaucous beneath : 
racemes axillary, simple, elongated, few-flowered : legumes villose. S. 


Southern. 
pilosa, N. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) densely pilose: leaves ternate ; leafets oblong-ovate 
obtuse, pale beneath: racemes axillary, much longer than the leaves: flow- 
ers scattered on short pedicels, 
elliotti, N. (E. w. J. 2{.) leaves pinnate; leafets oval, emarginate, glabrous 
above, pubescent beneath: racemes long, few-flowered. Vexillaria. 


6—1. Gavantuus.’ 6. 17. ; 


Exotic. 
nivalis, (snow-drop. w. Ap. 2{.) leaves linear, keeled, acute, radical: scape 
1-flowered. Narcissus. 


a regularis, W. Ervum yolubile, Wr. (2) Hedysarum volu- 
bile, W. 


GALARDIA, GALIUM. 223 


17—3. GavarpiaAe 49. 55. 


Southern. 

bicolor, Lk. (1) (O. p. J. 2f.) leaves alternate, sessile, lance-linear, acute, 
pubescent, sparingly serrate, ciliate ; cilia hooked: flowers solitary, termi- 
nal: scales of the calyx Janceolate, acute, pubescent; outer ones reflexcd ; 
inner ones erect: chaff-of the egret very entire, awned. Var. aristata, Ph. 
very hirsute, scabrous: stem branching: leaves lance-linear, sessile: chafis 
of the egret (5—7) ovate-lanceolate, very long-awned. 2f. 

pinnatifida, T. & J. (W.y. p.) leaves pinnatifid; divisions lance-linear, some- 
whatentire. 8 i. Silphium. 


Galardia, AcTINELLA, LEPTOPODA. 


5—1. Gatax. 28. 40. 


Southern. 
rotundifolia, Mx. (2) (A. w.J. 2{.) very glabrous: leaves round-reniform, 
toothed: spike very long. Zizyphus. 


16—10. GaLeGa. (3) 32. 93. 


virgintana, (goat’s rue. O. r. 2{.) erect, having whitish down; leafets (1% 
to 21) lance-oblong, acuminate: raceme terminal, short, sub-sessile : le- 
gumes falcate, villose: calyx woolly. 1f. S. 


Southern: 

chrysophylla, Ph. (4) (E. M.) prostrate, pubsecent: leaves pinnate, in 
fives, sub-sessile; leafets cuneate, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous above, 
silky beneath: peduncles opposite the leaves, long, about 3-flowered : le- 
gumes nearly straight. 

hispidula, Mx. (5) (E. r. M. 2.) stem erect, slender, pubescent, dicho- 
tomous: leaves pinnate ; leafets (11—15) oval, sub-retuse, mucronate, hairy 
beneath : racemes as long as the leaves, few-flowered : legumes mucxonate, 
slightly hispid. 2 f. 

pauctfolia, N. (6) (E. r. M. 2{.) stem decumbent, very villous: leaves 
distant, pinnate ; leafets oval, wedge-form at the base, villous beneath: pe- 
duncles much longer than the leaves, few-flowered. Medicago. 


13—1. GatLropsis. 42. 39. 


tetrahit, (flowering nettle. O. r. & w. Ju. 3%.) the spaces between the joints of 
the stem thicken upwards: leaves ovate, hispid, serrate: calyx prickly, 
shorter than the corol: stem rough-haired. 1—2f. 
ladanum, (E. r. Ju. 3%.) stem hairy: internodes not swollen : leaves lanceo- 
late, sub-serrate, hairy: upper lip of the corol sub-crenate, 1 f. 
Stachys. 


4—1. Gatium. 47. 57. 
1, Fruit glabrous. 


trifidum, W. (7) (bed-straw. E. w. Ju. 2{.) stem procumbent, scabrous back- 
wards: cauline leaves in fives: branch leaves in fours, linear, obtuse, sca- 


(1) lanceolata, Mx. (2) aphylla, W. Erythrorhyza, Mx. (3) Tephrosia, 
Ph. &c, (4) prostrata, N. (5) T. gracilis, N. (6) villosa, Mx. spicata, Wr. 
(7) claytoni, Mx. : 


894 GALIUM. 


brous at the margin and on the nerves: fascicles terminal, few-flowered - 
pedicels short: corols mostly 3-clefi. S. 

verum, (E. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves whorled, about in eights, linear, grooved, entire, 
scabrous: flow rs in dense panicies Var latifolitim, leaves wedge-obovate. 

tinctortum, (dyes cleavers. O. w. Ju. 2f.) stem diffuse, smoothish: caul:ne 
leaves in sixes: branch ‘eaves in fours, linear-acutish: peduncies terminal, 
elongated, mostly 3 flowered. 1f. S. 

bbtusum, Bw. (E. w Ju. 2f.) stem smooth, procumbent: leaves in fours, . ob- 
lanccolate, obtuse, rough on the margin and midrib. 

asprellum, Mx. (rough bed-straw O. w. Ju. 2f.) stein diffuse, very branching, 
prickly backwards. leaves in fives and sixes, |anceolate, acuminate; mar- 
gins and nerves prickly: pedicels short. 18—24i, S. 


2,. Fruit hirsute. 


érachiatum, Ph. (bed-straw. E. w. Ju. 2{.) stem limber, long, brachiate-ra- 
mose, hispid: branches short ; leaves in sixes, lance-oblong, acuminate, zla- 
brous: margin and kee! ciliate: branche- whoried, the longest dichotomous : 
pedicels 2-flowered: fruit with hooks. WS. 
aparine, (E. w. J. of.) stem limber, scabrous backwards: leaves in about 
eights, Imear, linear-oblanceolate, mucronate, hispid above, margin and keel 
prickly: fruit hook-bristled. 3—4f. 
enecranthum, Ph..(O. w. Ju. 2{.) stem very branching, prickly backwards: 
Jeaves short, lanceolate, mucronate, glabrous ; margin and keel prickly: pe- 
dicels about 2-flowered. 
triforum, Mix. (1) (O. w. Ju. 2.) stem procumbent, smoothish: leaves in 
fives or sixes, lance-obovate, mucronate, g!abrous, scarcely ciliate at the mar- 
‘gin: branchlets 3-flowered at the end ; flowers p-dicel'ed: fruit small. S. 
pilosum, A.(E. p. J. 2{.) stem nearly simple, long, ascending, remotely gen- 
iculate, hispid: leaves in fours, oval, short-mucronate, very hirsute beth 
sides, ner: eless: branchlets nearly simp!e, about 3-flowered at the end: fruit 
pilose. If. &. 
circezans, Mx. (2) (wild liquorice. O. w-y. J. 2 ) stem erect, smooth: Jeaves 
in fours,.oval, obtuse, glabrous ;, margins and nerves a little ciliate: pedun- 
cles few-flowered: flowers remote, sub-sessile: fruit with hooked bristles. 
Leaves taste much like liquorice. 6—12i. WS. 
fanceolatum, T. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) stem erect, very smooth : leaves in fours, lanee- 
olate, genera!ly acute, smooth, 3-nerved, sub-ciliate at the margin: pedun- 
cles divaricate : fruit sessile, nodding, hook-bristled. 1 f. 
dermudianum, W. (3) (O. p. Ju. 2f.) stem very branching, searcely pubes- 
cent: leaves in fours, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, with peilucid dots; margins 
me nerves pubescent: tloriferous branchlets elongated: fruit with hooked 
bristles. WS. ' 
boreale, (4) (O. w. Ju. 2{.) stem stiffly erect, smoothish, branching: branche 
~ short, erect: leaves in fours, jinear-lanceo'ate, obtuse, 3-nerved, with inyo- 
jute scabrous margias: flowers panicled, terminal: fruit minutely book- 
bristled. 12—24i. 


Southern. 
latrfolium, Mx. (A. p. Ju.) stem ereci,-mooth: leaves in fours, oval, acute, 
membranaceous, somewhat hispid on the margin: peduncles divaricate, 
loosely many-flowered : fruit sinooth). 
watforum, Mx. (E. p. J 2.) stem assurzent, smooth : leaves generally in fours, 
. linvar,acute, revolute; peduncles generally so itary, 1-flowered : fruit smooth. 
hispidulum, Mx. (E. w. M. 2{.) stem procumbent, pubescent, much branch- 
ed: leaves in fours, lanceolate, dotted, scabrous: fruit scabrous. 
Spermacoce. 


(1) cuspidatum,M. (2) brachiatum, M. boreale, Wr. (3) purpureum, 
Wr. puncticulosum, Mx, (4) strictum, 4th Ed. 


fa) 
to 
an 


GAULTHERIA, GELSEMINUM. 


10—1. GavuttrHEerRia. 18. 51. 


precumbens, (spicy wintergreen. O. w. J. 2{. or 5.) stem procumbent : branch. 
es erect: leaves obovate, acute at the base: flowers few, nodding. Berries 
red, consisting in part of the permanent calyx ; a little mealy, pleasant tast- 


ed. S. 
hispidula, M. (1) (creeping wintergreen. O. w. M. 6.) stem creeping, hispid : 
leaves oval, acute: flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile, having but 8 sta- 
mens, short-bell-form. 
shallon, Ph. (W.w. J.°b:) erect, fruticose: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, serru- 
late: raceme l-sided, bracted: pedicels 2-bracted in the middle. S. 
Vaccinium. 


8—l1. Gaura. 17. 88. 


biennis, (virginian loosestrife. E. r. & y. Au. ¢.)-leaves lanceolate, tooth- 
ed: spike crowded: fruit roundish-4-cornered, pubescent. 4—6f. S. 


Southern. 
angustifolia, Mx. (2) (E. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves clustered, linear, repand, undu- 
late: fruit oblong, 4-angled, acute at each end. 

coccinea, N. (W. r. 3%. 2{.) silky-pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub-denti- 
culate: spike crowded: petals as long as the calyx: stigma sub-entire. 
Var integerrima, stems numerous, hoary-sub-viilose, simple : leaves lance- 
oblong, very entire, acutish, narrow at the base: racemes lax, few-flower- 
ed: petals ovate, obtuse, with very narrow claws. 

mollis, N. (W.) leaves lanceolate, entire, clothed with soft hairs. 

lintfolia, N (W.w.) stem erect, sparingly branched, smooth: leaves smooth, 
sessile, lance-linear, entire; midrib translucent: spike terminal, crowded, 
becoming much extended after flowering: fruit triquetrous, shorter than 
the linear bracts. 3—4f. 

villosa, T. & J. (W. r.) herbaceous: stem panicled above, naked, very gla- 
brous: leaves silky-villose lanceolate, acute, remotely toothed and entire : 
petals obovate, obtuse: stamens declined: flowers octandrous: capsules:li- 
near-oblong. 3f. 

parvifolia, T. & J. (W. r.) stem glabrous, panicled above: leaves linear, hir- 
sute, entire: flowers loosely spiked: petals roundish, with short claws : 
capsules ovate-oblong, narrowing towards each end. ‘Epilobium. 


21—6. Gerastrum. 58. 1. 


vufescens, rays .many-cleft, reddish: fruit sessile, glabrous, pale. In pine 
_ woods, 
hygrometricum, rays many-cleft, inflexed, liver-brown: fruit reticulate, sessile, 
nearly of an uniform colour. On gravelly soil, in spring and autumn. 
Boyista- 


5—2. Gertseminum. 40. 45. 


Southern. 
sempervirens, W. (3) (E. y. March. 2{.) stem twining, smooth, glabrous : 
‘leaves. opposite, perennial, lanceolate, entire, dark-green above, paler be- 
neath: petioles short. Var. inodorum, has inodorous flowers 
Hydrolea. 


(1) serpyllifolia, Ph. Vaccinium hispidulum, L. Oxycoccus hispidulus, P. 
Arbutus thymifolia, A. filiformis, Lk. (2) biennis, Wr. (3) Bignonia, W. 


226 GENISTA, GERANIUM. 


16—10. Genista. 32. 93> 


Exotic. 
finctoria, (dyer’s broom. y. Au. 2.) leaves lanceolate, glabrous: branches 
terete, striate, erect, unarmed: legumes glabrous. 1 f. 


5—2. GentTiana. 47. 46. 


zaponaria, (1) (soap gentian. O. b. & w. S. 2[.) stem terete, glabrous: leaves 
ance-ovate, 3-nerved : flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal and axillary ; corol 
5-cleft, bell-ventricose, almost closed at the top: inner folds toothed. 12— 
18i. 8. 

ochroleuca, Fri. (2) (O. y. & b. S. 2f.) stem somewhat angled, glabrous : leaves 
lance-ovate: flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal: corol 5—10-cleft, bell-ven- 
tricose; divisions acute; inner foldssimple, acute. 1f. S. 

rubricaulis, Sz. & Keating. (W.) stem terete, glabrous, red: leaves lance-ob- 
long, 3-nerved, obtuse : flowers terminal, fascicled, sessile: corol 5-cleft, 
bell-form, not ventricose ; divisions acute, connivent; inner folds 1-toothed. 1 f. 

pneumonanthis, (calathian violet. E. b. Au. 2{.) stem terete: leaves lance-li- 

"near, obtusish: flowers terminal, fascicled ; lateral ones solitary, peduncled : 
corol 5-cleft, bell-form ; divisions roundish; inner folds with onejacute tooth. 
i ae = 

angustifolia, Mx. (3) (E. b. O. 2{.) stem simple, slender, 1-flowered: leaves 
linear and wedge-form, spreading: corol funnel-form, with the alternate di- 
visions lacerate. 1f. S. 

linearis, Fr]. (4) (A. b. Au. 2{.) stem somewhat scabrous : leaves lance-linear, 
undulate, ciliate: flowers sessile, in terminal, crowded fascicles: calyx cili- 
ate: corol bell-form, 5-cleft; divisions obtuse, with the inner folds denticu. 
late. S. 

guinguefiora, Fri. (5) (O. b. Au. co.) stem 4-cornered, branching: leaves 
half-clasping, oval, acute, 3-nerved: flowers 5-cleft, bell-tubular, with a 
glabrous throat, terminal and lateral, in threes or fives, sub-pedicelled; di- 
visions lanceolate, acuminate: calyx short. 1f. S. - 

crinita, W. (6) (fringed gentian. O. b. S. 2.) stem terete: branches long, 1- 
flowered: leaves lanceolate, acute: corol 4-cleft; divisions obovate, gash-ci- 
liate. 181. WS. 

acuta, Mx. (A. g-y.) stem 4-angled: leaves somewhat clasping, oblong, very 
acute: flowers fascicled, terminal and lateral ; throat of the corol ciliate. S. 

lutea, (yellow gentian. y.) leaves broad-ovate, nerved: corols about 5-cleft, 
wheel-form, whorled. 


Southern. 
catesbaet, Wr. (E- O.) rough: leaves narrow-lanceolate ; divisions of the ca- 
lyx lance-linear, twice as long as the tube: corol with the border erect; in- 
ner segments short, 2-cleft, fimbriate. Cuscuta. 


2i—6. GeroctLossum. 58. 1. 


hirsutum, sub-fascicled, hirsute, black. 
viride, fascicled, green: clavate pileus obtuse: stipe scaly. 
Spathularia. 


15—10. Geranium. 14. 73. 


maculatum, (crow-foot geranium. O. r. &b. J. 2.) erect: pubescence revers- 
ed: stem dichotomous: leaves opposite, 3 or 5-parted, gashed ; upper ones 
sessile: peduncles 2-flowered: petals obovate. 1—2f. WS. 


(1) fimbriata, Vahl. (2) saponaria, Wr. villosa, W. (3) purpurea, Wr. 
(4) puberula, Mx. (5) quinquefolia, L. amarelloides, Mx. (6) fibriata, 
Hot. rep. 


GERANIUM, GERARDIA,. 227 


int E. w. r. Ju. of.) diffuse, pubescent: leaves opposite, 5-lobed » 
Sein Tested : peduncles 2-flowered, sub-fascicled eta pices 
ate, equalling in length the awned calyx: arils villose. 12—18j. 9, 
usiilians (E. b. M. 3% ) peduncles 2-flowered: flowers pentandrous : petals 
Pp emarginate, of the length of the awnless calyx : leaves about 7-lobed, 3-cleft : 
arils pubescent. 
dissectum, W. (E. r. J. 3%.) spread, hairy: leaves opposite, 5-parted : lobes 3- 
cleft, gashed, linear: peduncles 2-flowered, long: petals emarginate, the 
length of the awned calyx: aril withglandular hairs. 1 f. 
robertianum, (herb robert. O. r. J. oj.) spread, hirsute: leaves opposite, ter- 
nate and quinate, 3-cleft, pinnatifid ; peduncles 2-flowered : petals entire, 
twice as long as the awned calyx: aril net-veined. 10—15i. S, 
columbinum, (b. M. 2{.) peduncles 2-flowered, longer than the leaves: leaves 
5-parted: lobes many-cleft, linear: petals emarginate, of the length of the 
awned calyx: arils glabrous. 
Exotic. 


sanguineum, (bloody geranium. 2[.) peduncle 1-flowered; leaves 5-parted, 3- 
cleft, orbicular: capsule bristly at the top. 


\ Southern. % 
caespitosum, J. (W. r.) somewhat erect, sparingly branched above: radical 
leaves reniform, deeply 5—7-cleft. Mewes. 


Geranium, PELARGonIUM, Eroproum. 
13—2. Gerrarpia. 40. 40, 
1, Flowers yellow. 


flava, (false foxglove. O. y. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: stem nearly simple: leaves 
sub-sessile, lanceolate, entire or toothed; lower ones sub-pinnatifid, gashed : 
flowers axillary, opposite, sub-sessile. 2—3 f. j 

glauca, Eddy. (1) (oak-leaf foxglove. O. y. Ju. 2.) glabrous: stem glaucous, 
panicle-like: leaves petioled, sinuate-pinnatifid, with acute-lanceolate divi- 
sions: upper leaves lanceolate, entire. 3—5f. S. 

pedieularia, (louse-wort foxglove. O. y. S. oy.) pubescent, brachiate-panicled : 
leaves oblong, doubly gash-serrate and pinnatifid: flowers axillary, opposite, 
pedicelled ; divisions of the calyxdeafy, gash-toothed. Var. peelinata, stem 
and branches densely pilose: leaves ovate, pectinately sub-bipinnatifid » Boft 
pubescent: calyxhirsute. 2f. SS. 


2. Flowers purple. 


purpurea, (E. p. Au. £2.) stem with opposite branches : leaves linear, slender; 
flowerd axillary, opposite, sub-sessile: segments of the calyx subulate, 12— 
138i 8. 

maritima, R. (2) (L. p. Ja. 3%.) leaves linear, fleshy, short, obtusigh: flowers — 
peduncled: upper segments of the corol ciliate: calyx truncate. 6—12i. 

auricylata, Mx. (3) (E. p. Au. 3%.) nearly simple, rough: leaves lance-ovate, 
2eeared at the base, entire: dowers axillary, opposite: leaves and flowers 
closely sessile. 8'i. SS. 

_ tenutfolia, W. (4) {O.p. Au. Oo. 3?) very branching: leaves linear, acute, 
scabrous a Rae axillary, longer than the flowers: teeth of the calyx 

acute. 6—I12i. & 


e 
VS 


(1) quercifolia, Ph. Rhinanthus virginicus, G. heterophylla, M. (2) eri 
nita, Eddy. crassifolia, Var. of purpurea,Ph, (3) Erinus africanus,M. (4) 
erecta, Vahl. 


228 GERARDIA, GEUM. | 


tetacea, Wr. (1) (p. S. 2%.) stem very branching: (Paves setaceous, glabrous: 
flowers scattered, terminal and axillary: peduncles much longer than the 
leaves. 2f. S. : 

Southern. 

aphylla, N. (E. p. Ju. 3.) stem naked, nearly simple, with small, deciducus, 
opposite, ovate scales : corol longer than the peduncle. 3 f, 

plukenetii, EF. (E. y.'8.) stem very branching: leaves setaceous, glabrous : 
flowers axillary and terminal: peduncles shorter than the leaves: teeth of 
the calyx setaceous, very short. 2f 

usciculata, E. (L. p. S. %&) stem rigid, erect, branching near the summit : 

leaves opposite and in threes, sometimes alternate, linear, clustered, very 
scabrous: peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 3—85f, 

filifolia, N. (E. p. S.) stem terete, branching : leaves filiform, somewhat clus- 
tered, glabrous, alternate ; divisions of the calyx acutely toothed: peduncles 
longer than the leaves a 

linifolia, N. (2) (E. p. S. 2f.) stem terete, virgate : leaves linear, acute, smooth, 
appressed : calyx truncate, denticulate : corol pubescent without, villous 
within: peduncles a a than the leaves. 2—3 f. 

cunetfolia, Ph. (E.) bra g: branches erect: leaves wedge-form, lanceo- 
late, unequally serrate; upper ones alternate: peduncles axillary, looger 
than the leaves: calyx 5-parted. Is this a Gerardia? E. ie 

ruticosa, Ph. (W. p. J. b.) very branching: leaves lanceolate, serrate, atten- 

uate at the base, sub-petioled : racemes terminal: flowers opposite, bracteds 
Rocky Mountains. ~ Pedicularis. 


GerarDIA. SEYMERIA. 
11—13. Grom. 35. 92. 


strictum, W. (3) upright avens. O. y. J. 2{.) hirsute: leaves all interrupted!y 
pinnate, the oddone largest: leafets ovate, toothed: stipules gashed; divi- 
sions of the calyx 5, alternately linear, short: tlowers- erect: petals round- 
ish, longer than the calyx: awns naked, hooked. 2 f. 

virginianum, (avens. O. w. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: radical and lower cauline 
Jeaves teraate, upper ones lanceolate: stipules ovate, sub-entire: flowers 
erect : petals shorter than the calyx : awns hooked, naked; at the apex twist- 
ed, hairy. Var. trilobum, has the radical leaves 3-lobed or ternate. 2f. 


album, W. (4) (w. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: radical leaves pinnate ; cauline 
ones ternate , upper ones simple, 3-cleft : lower stipules gashed: flowers 
erect ; petals of the length of the calyx: awns hooked, naked, hairy at the 
end. 2f. S. 

rivale, (purple avens. O. p. M. 2{.) pubescent: stem simple: radical 
leaves interruptedly pinnate ; cauline ones 3-clett: flowers nodding; petals 
of the length of the calyx : awns plumose, nakedish above, a little hooked. 
Excellent tonic. Damp. : 

peckiz, Ph. (A. y- Ju. 2{.) stem few-flowered: radical leaves reniform, round- 
ed, sub- runcate at the base, yash toothed: petioles very long, sometimes ap- 
pendaged : petals roundish, longer than the calyx. 4—8 i. 

geniculatum, Mx. (E. 2[.) many-flowered. sub-panicled ; cauline leaves sub- 
sessile, 3 parted : stipules entire: petals wedge-obcordate : awns all over 
hairy. geniculate in the middle. 

radiatum, Mx. (A. y.) very hirsute: radical leaves pinnate; terminal one 


(1) erecta, Mx? (2) erecta, Wr? (2) canadense, Mr. aleppicum, Ja. — 
(4) canadense, Jn. carvlinianum, Wr. 


GEUM, GLYCERIA. 229 


large, reniform, with radiating nerves, dentate; stem leaves clasping, gash- 
lacerate: awns glabrous, simple at the summit. SS, 
ciliatum, Ph. (W. y-p. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: stem simple : leaves a little gla- 
brous, ciliate at the margin; lower ones pinnate, cauline ones pinnatifid, 
upper ones palmate ; divisions linear, gashed: flowers corymbed. 
anemonoides, W. (W.Ju. 2{.) glabrous: stem 1-flowered : leaves pin- 
nate ; leafets wedge-form, toothed at the apex : awn straight, villose. 


Southern. 
triforum, Vh. (W.-w. 2[.) pilose : stem simple, somewhat 3-flowered : 
radical leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leafets wedge-form, gash-toothed: pe- 
tals oblong, as long as the calyx: awns very long, villose. Bootia. 


11—5. Ginztenta. 36. 92. 


. 
érifoliata, Mn. (1) (Indian physic, Bowman’s root. O. w. J. 2[.) leaves ter- 
nate, lanceolate, serrate, nearly equal : stipules linear, entire : flowers ter- 
minal, in loose panicles: calyx bel!-tubular. Styles5. 2f. S. 
stipulacea, (2) (W. w,J. 2{.) leaves ternate, lanceolate, gash-serrate, nearly 
equal : stipules leafy, ovate, gash-toothed: flowers in a jax panicle: calyx 
-bell-form. Styles 5. Var. imcisa, has ternate leaves, with leafets gash- 
toothed. 2—3f. 8. Mespilus. 


¥ j12—1. Gruaucium. 27. 62. 


Southern. 
luteum, S. (3) (L. y. Ju. &.) stem glabrous: cauline leaves clasping, repand : 
peduncles l-flowered : silique tuberculate, and a little scabrous. 
Del phinium, 
5—1. Gravx. 17. 91. 


maritima, (sea milk-wort. L. r. Ju. 2{.) leaves oblong, smooth : flowers axil- 
lary, sessile. 4—di. Gentiana. 


13—1. GrecHoma. 42. 39. 


hederacea, (ground-ivy, gill-overground. O. b. & r. M. 2{.) leaves reniform, 
crenate: stem rooting. Var. cordata, leaves cordate. S. 
Pycnanthemum. 
20—6. GuLepitscHia. 33. 93. 


ériacantha, (honey locust. w. J. 5.) thorn strong, cross-branched : Jeaves 
oval, and oblong : legumes very long, compressed. A large tree. One 
side of the long flat lerume contains a sweet pulp. Cultivated. Var. iner- 
mis, branches unarmed. SS. 


Southern. 


brachycarpa, Ph. (O. Ju. b.) spines thick, short, subternaté : leafets oblong, 
obtuse : legumes short-oblong. 


monosperma, W. (swamp locust. O. Ju. 5.) branches somewhat spiny : leafets 
ovate-oblong, acute : legunies oval, mucronate, somewhat l-seeded. 
Populus. 
3—2. Grycerra. 4. 10: 


Jtuitans, (4) (E. Ju. 2{.) panicle one-sided, slightly branched : spikelets lin- 
ear-terete, appressed, 8—1}2-flowered ; florets very obtuse, 7-nerved: leaves 
tong, fat. 2—3f. SS. 4 


__ (1) Spirea, L. (2) Spirea stipulata, M. (3) Chelidonium glauctum, W. 
(4) Festuca, L, Poa, s. Persuxic, Pb. *) Fy 
20 


230 GLYCERIA,; GNAPHALIUM. 


brevifolia, M. (1) (E. J. 2{.) panicle simple, elongated, appressed: spikelets 
linear-terete, 4—6-flowered : florets attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved : 
leaves short, erect. 18 i. Uniola. 


Glycine, Apios, STROPHOSTYLEs, AMPHICARPA. 
16—10. Guycrne. 32. 93. - 


{All the species of this genus, growing in the Northern States, have been 
distributed under Strophrostyles, Apios, and Amphicarpa. Elliott retains the 
following Southern species, which might perhaps be referred to Amphicarpa. 
Let Glycine be referred to with the pen, at p. 58, between Trigonella and 
Thyrsanthus.] Generic character by Elliott. Calyx 4-cleft ; upper segment 
2-toothed : wings 2-toothed at the base: germ naked at the base ; legume 
compressed, 2-seeded, sessile. 


Southern. 

simplicifolia, Wr. (2) (E. y. Ju.) leaves simple, orbicular, rugose ; clusters 
terminal and axillary. 2—4i. 

tomentosa, W. (E. y. J.) twining : leaves ternate, rhomboid, rugose ; clusters 
axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the petiole. 

erecta, Wr. (E. y. Ju. 2.) erect: leaves ternate, oval, acutish : racemes 
axillary and terminal, loager than the petiole. 2 f. 

mollissima, KE. (E. y.) stem erect: leaves ternate, oval, soft-tomentose: ra- 
cemes long, many-flowered, terminal. 

reflexa, N. (E. y.S. 2(.) twining : leaves ternate, round-rhomboid, pubescent : 
racemes axillary, erect, much longer than the leaves: flower buds and le- 
gumes reflected, Thyrsanthus. 


16—10. Gyycyrruiza. 32. 93. 
Exotic. 


officinalis, (liquorice. 2{.) leaves pinnate, the terminal one petioled. Root 
tuberous-cylindric, sweet. : 


Southern. ¢ ‘ 
lepidota, N. (W. w. Ju. 2{.) leafets oblong, acute, silky-villose : legumes ra- 
cemed, oblong, hispid. 3—5 f. Oxytropis. 


17—2, Gnappatiom. 49. 55.—_ 


_margaritaceum, W. (large-flowered life-everlasting. O. y. & w. Ju. 2{.) leaves 
linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowing, acute : stem branching above: co- 
rymb fastigiate : flowers pedicelled. Flowers with white pearly rays and 

_ yellow disks, 1—2f, S. be i 

polycephalum, Mx. (3) (sweet-scented life-everlasting. O. y-w. Ju. #.) leaves 
lance-linear, acute, glabrous above, downy beneath : stem panicled, downy ; 
corymbsterminal. 1—2f. S. ; 

decurrens, Ives, (4) (neglected life-everlasting. O. y-w. Ju. %& ) leaves lance- 
olate, broad at the base, acute, decurrent, somewhat scabrous aboye, tomen- 
tose beneath: stem leafy, branched, spreading. 1—3.f. 

plantagineum, W. (early life-everlasting. O. w. Ap. 2{.) shoots procumbent : 
stem simple: radical leaves spatulate, ovate, and obovate, nerved : corymb 
close-pressed : flowers dioecious: inner scales of th »calyx elongated, acut- 
ish, coloured. 6—10i. S. 

purpureum, W. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves lincar-spatulate, downy beneath: stem 
erect, simple : flowers sessile, glomeratc, terminal and axillary, Calyx 
purple, 6—12i. 

(1) acutiflora, T. Festuca, M. (2) reniformis, Ph. (3) obtusifolium, W. 
(4) luteo-album ? M. 


GNAPHALIUM, GORDONIA. 931 


uliginosum, W. (mud-life-everlasting. O. w. Ju. 3%.) stem branched, spread, 
woolly ; leaves lance-linear, narrowed at both ends, downy : flowers ter- 
minal, heaped; calyx brown. Damp. 4—6i. WS. 

germanicum, W. (E. w. Ju. 3%.) stem erect, dichotomous : leaves lance-linear- 
acute, tomentose : flowers in a globular head, terminal and lateral. 6— i, 
Ss. 


americanum, W. (1) (E. y-w. J. .) herbaceous, erect, branching: leaves 
obovate-spatulate, pubescent beneath : flowers axillary and terminal, in 
glomerate spikes. 6—8i. SS. 

sylvaticum, W. (Ju. 2{.) stem erect, simple, downy: flowers in a leafy spike, 
axillary and terminal: leaves lance-linear, downy. 12 i. 

alpinum, W. (A. 2[.) stem notsarmentose, very simple: radical leaves lance- 
olate : flowers terminal, clustered, sessile : inner scale of the calyx elongat- 
ed,acute, membranaceous. Labrador. 4 i. . Pterocaulon, 


5—1. GompnHrena. 54. 30. 


Exotic. 


globosa, (globe amaranth, bachelor’s button. . 3%.) stem erect: leaves 
lance-oyate : heads solitary : peduncles 2-lea Cyrilla. 


Gomphrena, ACHYRANTHES. 
Gonolobium, GoNoLogus. 
18—5. GonoLtogus. 30. 47. 


obliquus, (false choak-dog. p. J. 2{.) stem twining, hirsute : leaves heart-ovate, 
acute: corymbs axillary: segments of the corol ovate, acuminate, SS. 

Jarsutus, Mx. (2) (p. Ju. 2{.) sarments and petioles very hirsute : leaves 
gradually acuminate, pubescent on both sides: divisions of the corol oval- 
oblong, obtuse : follicles oblong, muricate. 


Southern. , 
macrophyllus, Mx. {E.y. Ju.) leaves broad, cordate, with the sinus closed, 
abruptly acuminate : follicles muricate : lobes of the crown divided. 
prostratus, (E. p.) stem prostrate, herbaceous: leaves reniform-cordate, acute, 
tomentose beneath, — 
viridifiorus, N. (W. g.) smooth, twining : leaves sub-reniform-cordate, auri- 
cled at the base, acuminate, somewhat long-peduncled : divisions of the co- 
rol oblong-linear, oblique, obtuse: follicles ribbed. Periploca. 


- 18—l. Goopyera, Br. (3) 7. 21. 


pubescens, W. (rattle-snake leaf, scrophula-weed. O. y. w. Ju. 2f.) leaves 
radical, ovate, petioled, veins coloured, reticulate : scape sheathed ; scape 
and flowers pubescent : lip ovate-acuminate; petalsovate. 10—15i. SS. 

repens, W. (A. w. Ju. 2{.) radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulate: scape 
sheathed : scape and flowers pubescent: flowers one-sided : lip and petals 
Janceolate. 8 i. _  Neottia. 


15—12. Gorponta. 37. 74. 


Southern. b 
lastanthus, W. (E. Ju. w. 5.) leaves lance-oblong, very glabrous, shining, co- 
riaceous : flowers long-peduncled : capsules conical, acuminate. 
pubescens, W. (E. w. M. 5.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrulate, pubes- 
cent beneath, deciduous: capsules spherical. Corydalis. 


(1) spatulatam, Lk. pensylvanicum, M¢ (2) carolinensis, E. Cynan 
chum carolinense, W. (3) Neottia, W. 


232 GOSSYPIUM, GRATIOLA. 


- 15—13. Gossypium. 37. 74. 


Exotic. s 
herbaceum, (cotton. Au. oj.) leaves 5-lobed, mucronate, one gland beneath + 
stem herbaceous, smooth. 5f. Malope., 


> 
21—5. GrapuHis. 57. 2. 


écripta, Ach. crust somewhat shining, white, black bordered : receptacles semi- 
immersed. Onsmooth bark, &c. Var. macrocarpa, crusteffuse, becoming 
white : receptacles very long, strait, sub-parallel, simple and forked at the 
apex. Var. pulverulenta, receptacles fiexuose : disk bluish-white. Var. 
cerasi, crust shining : receptacles straight and parallel. 

serpentina, Ach. crust very white : receptacles elongated, crowded and waved. 
Smooth bark. Verrucaria. 


2—1. Grations. 40. 46. 


carolinensis, Ph. (1) (E.w. Ju. 2{.) stem smooth, somewhat breed, pro- 
cumbent at the base, 4-sided above, terete below : leaves sessile, lance-ob- 
long, obtusish, dentate, le : pedancles pubescent, short : divisions of 
the calyx lance-linear, equal, entire : bracts broader, expanding : corol pu- 
bescent within : sterile filaments none : capsule globose. Le Conte. S. 

virginica, (creeping hedge hyssop. O. w. & y. 2{.) stem more or Jess pubes- 
cent, branching at the base, assurgent, terete: leaves smooth, sessile, lance- 
olate, obtusish, dentate above, attenuate below : peduncles long, setaceous, 
pubescent : divisions of the calyx equal, lanceolate, obtuse: bracts broad- 
er; corol pubescent within: capsule ovate, acutish: sterile filaments none. 
Le Conte. 6—8i. S&. 

aurea, M. (hedge hyssop. O. y. Ju. 2{.) smooth: stem 4-angled, repent at the * 
base, branching : leaves sessile, lance-oblong, punctate, dentate or very en- 
tire, acute or obtusish : peduncles long, setaceous, pubescent: divisions of 
the calyx equal, linear: bracts linear, expanding : corol pubescent within : 
capsule ovate rather acute : sterile flaments 2, minute. Le Conte. 4— 
8i. SS. 

anagallidea, Mx. (2) (w-b. 2{.) erect, very smooth: stem 4-sided : leaves 
oblong-oval ; sparingly denticulate, shorter than the flowers: calyx without 
bracts, subulate, pubescent : corol smooth within; divisions generally ob- 
tuse. &. 


Southern. 

viscosa, Sz. (3) (E. w-p. Ap. 2.) stem assurgent, viscid-pubescent, sub-terete - 
leaves smooth, sessile, lance-ovate, acutish, dentate, 3-nerved: peduncles 
long: divisions of the calyx equal, lance-linear: bracts broader, expanding, 
shorter than the calyx : corol pubescent within: sterile filaments two: cap- 
sule ovate, as long as the calyx. Le Conte. 

quadridentata, Mx. (4) (E. w. Ju. 3.) smoothish: stem terete, procumbent, 
sometimes viscous: leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, sub-punctate, 4-toothed ; 
two anterior teeth longest: divisions of the calyx unequal, linear: bracts 
small, only on the flowers that first appear ; (later flowers without:) corol pu- 
bescent within : sterile filaments 2, small: capsule ovate, acute, shorter 
than the calyx. Le Conte. awe 

pilosa, Mx. (5) (E. w. Ju. #%) erect, branching, very hairy: stem 4-sided : 
leaves sessile, ovate, dentate : flowers sub-peduncled: divisions of the calyx 
unequal ; two intermediate ones small, setaceous : corol smooth within : 
sterile filaments 2, very minute. LeConte. 1—2f. Lindernia. 


1) virginiana, and acuminata, Wr. sphaerocarpa, and mepsloceaa E, 
cinalis, Mx. (2) tetragona, E? Lindernia pyxidaria, Ph. &c. (3) ¥it- 
ginica,E. (4) ramosa, Wr. (5) peruviana, Wr. 


GRIMMIA, GYMNUSTYLES, 855 


21—2. Grimmia. 56. 4. 
1. Capsules sub-sessile, immersed. 


alpicola, stem ramose : leaves lanceolate, obtusish : capsule ovate-urceolate, 
smooth, sub-sessile ; calyptre torn at the base: lid obliquely beaked. 

apocarpa, stem ramose : leaves ovate-acuminate, carinate, naked at the apex : 
capsule oblong, striate, sub-sessile. On moist trunks. 

michauxi, Torrey, slenderly caulescent : leaves lanceolate, terminating in a 
capillary, white-pellucid and roughish point : pedicel terminal : capsule _ 
short-ovate, smooth. Michaux describes this species under the name gra- 
cilis ; but this name having been applied to another species, Dr. Torrey 
substituted the name of its discoverer. Herb. Tor. 

pilifera, stem erect, branching: leaves densely imbricate, lanceolate, erect- 
spreading and incurved ; hairy pericheth large : vapsule ovate, sub-sessile : 
lid conic, cuspidate. 


2. Capsules peduncled, exsert, short. 


ovata, stem very branching, fastigiate : leaves lanceolate, cbtusish, erect- 
spreading, somewhat inflexed, hairy : capsules oblong-ovate: lid convex- 
conic. Weissia. 


Grindelia, Donia. 
21—5. GyaLecta. 57. 2. 


bryophila, ‘crust rugose-plicate, white, becoming somewhat cinereous : recep- 

tacles dark-blue, dilated at the bottom : the periphery elevated, inflexed, 
somewhat contracted, acutish: at length crowned at the base. e 
Lecanora. 


20—10. GymnocLabDus. 33. 93. 
canadensis, W.(W. w. J. 5.) leaves bipinnate ; leafets oval, acuminate, pu- 
bescent. S. Carica. 
3—2. Gymnopocon. 4. 10. 


racemosum, Pb. (1) (E. Au. 2{.) (Described under Andropogon ambiguum.) 
Aulaxanthus. 


21—2. GymNostomuM. 56. 4. 
1. Stem simple, erect. 


pyriforme, stem very short : leaves ovate, acute, flat ; dicecious : capsules erect, 
pear-form ; lid obtusely conic : calyptre split laterally. 

turbinatum, stem short, simple: leaves lanceolate, apiculate, serrulate : cap-. 
sules somewhat oblong-turbinate ; lid convex, obtuse, acuminate. 

splachnoideum, capsules contracted in the middle : leaves deeply serrate at 
the margin. : 


2. Stems divided, procumbent or floating. 


prorepens, stipe creeping: stem erect, short, obtuse: leaves closely imbricate, 
lance-oval, acuminate : capsules globose ; lids subulate. Schistidium. 


17—4, .Gymnostytes. 49. 55. 


é Southern. 
stolonifera, P. (2) (E. M. 2{.) herbaceous, procumbent, creeping, glabrous : 
leaves pinnatifid : flowers sessile at the root. Elephantopus, — 


—_——— 


(1) Andropogon ambiguum, Mx. ae lepturoides, N. (2) Hippia, P. 


23a | GYROMIA, HABENARIAs 


6—3. Gyromta. N. 11. 12. 


virgmica, { 1) (Indian cucumber, O. y. g. M. 2{.) several leaves in a whorl near 
the middle of the stem, and 3 in a whorl at the top, lance-oval, acuminate : 
pedicels aggregated, terminal. Root white. 12—18 i. S. Trillium. 


21—5. GyropHora. 57.2. 


pustulata, Ach. frond deeply pitted beneath, smooth: receptacles distant : 
disk smooth. On rocks, &c. 

papulosa, Ach. receptacles very thick together, minute, urceolate, and rarely 
gyrose. On rocks, 

pensylvanica, Ach. frond tawny-olive ; under-side rough-granulate : recepta- 
cles marginated. On rocks and mountains. 

muhlenbergu, Ach. frond wrinkled and scaly beneath: receptacles in pits. 
On mountains. E 

vellea, Ach. frond large, coriaceous, sooty : receptacles generally towards the 
circumference of the frond. On rocks in mountains, 

mammulata, Ach. frond smooth, pale-olive, at length dark-tawny ; under-side 
very dark, scabrous and fibrous : receptacles convex, rugose-chinked, near- 
ly destitute of any margin ; disk sometimes concave and papillose. On rocks. 

Opegrapha. 


H. 


18—J. Hapenaria. W. (2) 7. 21. 


ciliaris, (orchis. O. y. Ju. 2{.) lip lance-oblong, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long 
as the petals: spur longer thanthe germ. 1—2f. S. 

blephariglottis, W. (E. w. J. 2{.) lip lanceolate, ciliate, of the length of the 
upper petal: spur longer than the germ. Resembles the last. 18% S. 

cristata, Mx. (y. J. 2{,) lip oblong, pinnate-ciliate : petals round, 2 lateral 
ones toothed: spur shorter than the germ. ‘ 

psycodes, W. (3) (O.y. J. 2{.) lip 3-parted, divisions capillary-many-cleft : 
petals obtuse : spur filiform-clavate, ascending, of the length of the germ. 

integra, (y. Ju. 2{.) lip oblong, entire, longer than the inner petals: spur 
longer than the germ, acute at the point: stem leafy: bracts shorter than 
the flowers. ; 

huronensis, N. (W. g-w. Au. 2{.) lip lanceolate, acuminate, entire, incurved : 
petals subulate, connivent : spur about the length of the lip, incurved : pe- 
tals flat: stemleafy. 1—2f. 

dilatata, Ph. (giant orchis. O, w. or g. J. 2f-) spur shorter than the germ : lip 
entire, linear, with the base dilated, of the length of the spur: bracts of the 
length of the flower: stem leafy. In the mountain woods, the flowers are 
green; in the open meadows, white. 1—4f. S. 

fuscescens, W. (p-y. Ju. 2{.) lip ovate, toothed at the base : petals spreading : 
spur subulate, of the length of the germ : bracts longer than the flowers. S. 

herbiola, Br. (E. y. J. 2{.) lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base: palate 1- 
toothed : spur filiform, shorter than the germ : bracts longer than the flow- 
ers, if. 

bracteata, W. (4) (vegetable satyr. O. g-w. M. 2{.) lip linear, emarginate, obso- 
Jetely 3-toothed : spur short, sub-intlated, somewhat 2-lobed : bracts twice 
as long as the flowers, leaf-likc, spreading: roots palmate. 6—10i. S. 

orbiculata, Ph. (E. g-w. J. 2{.) Jip linear, entire, obtusish : 3 upper petals 
converging ; with the uppermos: one deltoid, obtuse, and the 2 lateral ones 
spreading, oblique at the base: spur longer than the germ, clavate, flattish, 
curved: leaves 2, radical, orbicular, prostrate, glabrous, very shining. 12 
—18i. SN. 


—_—_—_—_—_—__ 


(1) Medeola, L. &c. (2) Orchis, L. (8)lacera, Mx. (4) Satyrium, P. 
. ; 


HABENARIA, HAMAMELIs. 935 


macrophylla, T. (1) (A. g-y- J. 2{.) lip lanceolate, entire, acuminate : spur 
longer than the germ, terete, nearly straight : upper petals ovate, acute - 
scape with 2, broad-oval, sub-erect, leaves at the base. 1 f. 

a, W. (O. p. Ju. 2f.) lips 3-parted : divisions wedge-form, ciliate. 
fringed : lateral petals ovate, toothed: spur filiform, clavate, longer than 
erm. 2f. . 

was. Bw. (2) (E. p. J. 2{.) lip dependent, twice as long as the petals, 
3-parted ; divisions wedge-form, fimbricate ; middle one largest with con- 
nivent fimbriae: lateral petals fimbriate : spur ascending, clavate, longer 
than the germ : leaves oval-oblong. 2f. — 

incisa, W. (w-p. Ju. 2{.) lip 3-parted ; divisions wedge-form, gash-toothed, 
middle one emarginate : lateral petals obtuse, sub-dentate : spur subulate, 
ascending, of the length of the germ. 2—4f. S. 

fissa, W. (p. Ju. 2{.) lip 3-parted ; divisions wedge-form, toothed, interme- 
diate one 2-lobed: spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. 
Tall. S. 

Southern. 

guingueseta, Mx. (3) (E. w. 8.) lip 3-parted; lateral segments setaceous: in- 
ner petals 2-parted ; lower segment setaceous, nearly twice as long as the 
outer petal: spur twice as long as the germ: leaves lance-oval: bracts acu- 
minate. 2 f. 

repens, N. (E. y-g. Au. 2{.) lip 3-parted; lateral segments setaceous: inner 
petals 2-parted ; lower segment setaceous, scarcely longer than the outer pe- 
tals: horn as long as the germ: leaves narrow-lanceolate: bracts acute. 

Goodyera. 


Habenaria, OrcuHIs. 
15—12. WHaresta. 37. 74, 


Southern. 
tetraptera, W. (snow-drop tree. O. w. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-oval, acuminate, 
serrulate : coroi 4-cleft : flowers dodecandrous: fruit equally 4-winged. 
diptera, W. (E. w. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-oval and ovate, acuminate, serrulate : 
tals 4: flowers octandrous: fruit compressed, with 2 large wings. 
parviflora, Mx. (E. b.) fruit unequally and somewhat 4-winged, clavate, 
smal] : flowers small. Gordonia. 


21—4. Hatymenta. 57. 2, 


palmata, frond flat, sub-palmate ; divisions oblong, sub-simple : colour reddish- 
purple: substance at first thin and membranaceous, at length passing into a 
soft leathery substance. In the sea. Ulva. 


4—2, Hamameuis. 54. 78. 


virginica, W. (witch hazle. O. y. Oc. 5.) leaves obovate, acute, toothed, cor- 
date, with asmall sinus. Var. parvifolia, (A.) leaves oblong-ovate, upper 
part undulate-coarse-crenate, pubescent and somewhat hirsute beneath: di- 
visions of the calyx oblong: flowers in the fal] and perfects the fruit the next 
summer. 5—i15f. S. 


Southern. 
macrophylla, Ph. (E. .) leaves roundish, cordate, coarsely and obtusely tooth- 
_ ed: scabrous and punctate beneath. A doubtful species. Aphanes. 


(1) bifolia, 3d Ed. Man. proposed and described as a new species by Ea. 
1822, named by T. 1826. (2) Orchis, Bw. (3) michauxii, N. Orchis, Mx. 


® 


F 
; > 


236 HAMILTONIA, HEDYSARUM. 


20—5. Hamittonra. 43. 95. 


oleifera, W. (1) (oil-nut. A. g-y. J. 5.) pubescent : leaves oblong, entire, acumi- 
nate : flowers in terminal racemes. Flowers small. 4—6f. S. r 
Zanthoxylum. 


. 


~ 
13—1. Herproma. (2) 42. 39. 


egioides, (penny-royal. O. b. J. #.) pubescent: leaves oblong, serrate: pe- 

Preies Lit! som whorled. 6—8 i. a 2 

glabra, P. (O. r-p. Au. 2{.) smooth: stem surculose: radical leayes nearly 
oval; cauline ones oblong-linear, all entire : flowers axillary, mostly solitary, 
long-peduncled. 6—121. S. 

Southern. 

hispida, Ph. (3) (W. Ju. 3%.) branching, pubescent: leaves linear, acutish at. 
both ends, very entire, veined, revolute at the margin: whorls many-flower- 
ed: calyx strigose. 3—6 i. 

bracteolata, N. (E.) pubescent: stem simple, slender, : leaves linear, sub-lance- 
olate, acute at each end, entire: pedicels 3—5-flowered: bracts setaceous. 


Cunila. 
5—1. Hepera. 46. 58. 
Exotic. 
helix, (english ivy. g-w. S. b.) leaves 3 or 5-lobed ; floral ones ovate: umbel 
erect. Thesium. 


Hedera, AMPELOPSIs. 
4—1. Hepyoris. 13. 84. 


glomerata, Mx. (4) (creeping green head. E. w-g. M. #.) stem assurgent : 
leaves lanceolate, pubescent, attenuate at the base : flowers fascicled, axillary 
andterminal. SS. Houstonia. 


16—10.. Hepysarvm. 32. 93. 


tanadense, (bush trefoil. O. r. Ju. 2{.) erect, smoothish: leaves ternate, lance- 
oblong: stipules filiform: flowers racemed: bracts lance-ovate, acuminate , 
ciliate : joints of the loment obtusely triangled, hispid. 3f WS. 
canescens, W. (r-b. Au. 2{.) erect, pilose: stem angled, ciliate, hispid: leaves 
ternate, roundish, with close-pressed hairs beneath: stipules ovate, acumi- 
nate: racemes panicled: bracts cordate : joints of the loment triangular, his- 
id. WS. 
anpaicinibiedins, W. (p. Ju. 2{:) erect, branching, pilose: leaves ternate, oblong, 
villose beneath : stipules subulate : racemes panicled: Joment 3-jointed; the 
joints rhomboid, reticulate, alittle hairy. S. 
ciliare, W. (O. p. Au. 2{.) erect, sub-pubescent : leaves ternate, ovate, short- 
petioled, pubescent beneath, margin ciliate: stipules filiform: panicle ter- 
minal; joints of the loment (2 or 3) half-orbicular, hispid, reticulate. Var. 
oblongifolium, E. leaves longer, nearly glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath, 
_long-petioled. 2f. S. : 
jridiflorum, L. not Ph. (g. & p. J. 2{.) erect: leaves ternafe, ovate, obtuse, 
scabrous on the upper surface, soft-villous bencath: panicle terminal, long, 
naked ; joints of the Joment triangular. E. 3—4f. S. 
aikini, Ea. (5) (E. g. § p. Au. 2{.) erect, branching, pubescent: leaves ter- 


(1) Pyrularia pubera, Mx. (2) Cunila, L. (3) hirta, N. (4) Oldenlandia, 
Mx. (5) viridiflorum, Ph. not Lin. See Eiliott. Vol. I. p. 217. As the viri- 
diftorum of Linneus is retained by Elliott and Torrey, and as we certainly 
have Pursh’s plant in abundance, it becomes necessary to give the latter a new 
name. I have given this mame as an expression of my esteem for Dr. William 
Aikin, @ most indefatigable and very acurate young botanist, 


- 


- HEDYSARUM, 237 


nate, ovate-oblong and sub-deltoid, acute-mucronate, scabrous beneath: sti- 
ules cuspidate : racemes panicled, bracted. Flowers become greenish in 
ull maturity. 3f. Very abundant on the islands about Troy, N. Y. 
obtusum, W. (E. p. & g. Au. 2{.) erect, slender, sub-pubescent : leaves ter- 
nate, ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at the base: stipules subulate : panicle ter- 
minal : joints of the loment sub-orbiculate, reticulate, hispid. 1—2 fi 8. 
humifusum, M. (E. p. Au. 2{.) stem prostrate, sub-glabrous : leaves ternate ; 
leafets ovate or oval, acutish, slightly hairy: racemes elongated : joints of the 
loment sub-rhomboidal, hispid. 
rotundifolium, Mx. (O p. Au. 2{.) prostrate, hirsute : leaves ternate, orbicular, 
pilose both sides: stipules round-cordate, reflexed: racemes axillary, and 
in the terminal panicles few-flowered: joints of the loment sub-rhombic, re- 
ticulate-scabrous. 2—3f. S. 
paniculatum, W. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) erect: leaves ternate, lance-linear, smoothish, 
revolute at the margin: stipules subulate: panicle terminal : loment hispid ; 
joints somewhat triangular. 2—3f. S. 
strictum, Ph,(O. p. Ju. 2{.) stiffly erect, glabrous, simple: leaves ternate, sub- 
linear, net-veined: stipules subulate: racemes axillary and terminal: lo- 
ments about 2-jointed ; joints lunate-triangular, hispid. 2—3f. S. 
_ levigatum, N. (E. p. Au. 2{.) very smooth : stem simple, erect, sub-glaucous : 
aq leaves ternate, long-petioled ; leafets ovate, acute: stipules subulate, minute, 
__ caducous: panicle terminal, sub-simple: flowers in pairs on long peduncles : 
bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the flower-buds: joints of the loment trian- 
: gular, hispid. SS. 
_ nudifiorum, (E. p. Ju. 2f.) leaves ternate, broad-oval, acuminate, sub-glaucous 
beneath: scape panicled, glabrous, radical, taller than the stem: joints of 
the loment round-triangular. 1—2f. S. 
glutinosum, W. (O. p. Ju. 2{.) erect, simple: leaves long-petioled, ternate, 
round-ovate, acuminate: panicle scape-like, proceeding from one side of the 
base of the stem: peduncles with glutinous hairs: joints of the loment ob- 
long-triangular, a little glabrous. S. 
acuminatum, Mx. (O. p. Ju. 2{.) erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at the sum- 
mit: leaves ternate, ovate, long-acuminate, with scattered hairs on both 
sides, close-pressed, long-petivled; the odd leafet round-rhomboid; panicle 
long-peduncled, Caininal. 1—2f, WS. 
bracteosum, Mx. (1) (O. r. Au. 2{.) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, oblong- 
oval, acuminate : stipules subulate: racemes terminal, with scattered flow- 
ers: bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, glabrous: joints of the loment sub- 
eval. 3—5f. WS. 
alpinum, Var. americanum, Mx. (2) (A. p. 2[.) erect: leaves pinnate; leafets 
oval-oblong, hairy; stipules partly sheathing : joints of the loment roundish. 


, 


glabelium, Mx. (O. p. Ju. 2.) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, ovate-obtuse, 
sub-glaucous beneath : stipules small, subulate; panicle terminal: joints of 
the loment rhomb-iriangular, 2f. SS, 


Southern. 
lineatum, Mx. (E. 2f.) stem creeping, striped with green: leaves ternate, 


roundish, sub-sessile: racemes long, with small scattered flowers: joints of 
the loment lenticular. 


rigidum, E. (E. p. Au. 2{.) erect, very branching : leaves oblong-ovate, ob- 


tuse, By 8 er pubescent: panicle branching: bracts lance-ovate, acumi- 
nate. 3f. 


rhombifolium, E. (E. p. S. 2{.) pubescent: leaves ternate, rhomboid, obtuse, 
thick, reticulate, rugose: panicle compound: bracts small: loment 1—3- 
jointed: joints roundish, veined. 2—3 f. 


scaberrimum, E. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) erect, very scabrous: leaves ternate, ovate, 


o—n-roOo- 


(1) suspidatum, W, (2) boreale, N? 
. ” 


. 238 HEDYSARUM, HELIANTHUS. 


tapering towards the apex, acute, pilose-pubescent : stipules ovate, acumi- 
‘nate, persistent: panicle terminal: joints of the loment somewhat triangular, 
very hispid. 3—4f, 

paucifiorum, N. (W. w. 2{.) decumbent: stem filiform: leaves ternate, long- 
petioled ; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate, pubes@ent-ciliate ; terminal one 
broad-rhomboid: stipules obsolete: raceme terminal, peduncled, shorter 
than the leaves, very few- (4—8,) flowered. Lespedeza. 


Hedysarum, LESPEDEZA. 
17—2. Herenium. 49. 55. 


autumnale, (false sunflower. O. y. Au. 2[.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub- 
decurrent: stem corymbed above: disk florets 5-cleft: rays flat, reflex- 
ed. Var. pubescens, leaves pubescent. 3—Of. S. 


Southern. 
canaliculatum, Lk. leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub-decurrent: stem simple : 
disk florets 5-cleft: ray-floretschannelled. 
guadridentatum, Mx.. (O. Ju. 2[.) leaves broad-decurrent; lower ones sub- 
pinnatifid ; upper ones lanceolate, entire, glabrous: disk florets 4-toothed. 
3—¢4 f. Zinnia. 


Helianthemum, Cistvs. 
17—3. Hewrantuus. 49. 55. 
1. Leaves opposite. 


airorubens, W.(W. y. & p. Au. 2{.) hispid: stem nakedish above, lax-pani- 
cled: leaves spatulate, ovate, crenate, 3-nerved, scabrous above : scales of 
the calyx lance-ovate, of the Jength of the disk. 3—4f. 

divaricatus, (E. y. Au. 2{.) stem glabrous, very branching: leaves nearly op- 
posite, sessile, lance-ovate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, smooth beneath: pa- 
nicle trichotomous, slender, few-flowered. 5—6f. S&S. 

Jrondosus, W. (E. Can. y. Ju. 2£.) stem glabrous below : leaves petioled, ovate, 
sharply serrate: peduncles scabrous: calyx squarrose, undulate, leafy, cili- 
ate: rays 8-flowered. 4—5f. ' 

trachelifolius, W. (1) E. y. Au. 2{.) leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
3-nerved, very rough both sides; scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate ; 
outer ones longest. 2—4f. WS. 

hispidulus, E. (W.y. S. 2.) stem scabrous: leaves sessile, lance-ovate, taper- 
ing towards the summit, serrulate, scabrous above, paler and slightly hispid 
beneath: scales of the calyx lance-ovate, ciliate : chaff 5-toothed. 3—i f, 


8. 
2. Upper leaves alternate. 


ongustifolius, W. (2) (E. y. & p. O.2{.) stem slender, slightly scabrous : 
leaves narrow-lanceolate, revolute at the margin, scabrous, entire, glaucous 
beneath: scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate, expanding: chaff 3-tooth- 
ed. 3—5 3 S. 8 

mollis, W. (E. y. Ju. 2{.) stem smooth below, scabrous aboye: leaves lance- 
ovate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent and hoary beneath: flowers 
few, terminal. 3—6f. S. 

strumosus, W. (O.y. 2{.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-neryed, scabrous 
beneath: scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate at the base. 

altissimus, W. (O. y. Au, 2{.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, serrate, scabro us, 


(1) gigas, Mx. (2) Rudbeckia, W. in the same work. 7 


s 


HELIANTAUS. 239 


8-nerved, slander at the apex, with ciliate petioles: scales of the calyx 
lanceolate, ciliate. Chaff on the receptacle green: stem purple. 4—# f, 


giganteus, W.(y.S.2{.) leaves lanceolate, scabrous, alternate, obscurely 3-nerv- 
ed, sub-sessile, attenuate at each end, ciliate at the base : scales of the calyx 
lanceolate, ciliate. Var. crinitus, leaves approximate, long, lance-linear, 
acuminate, sub-entire, scabrous, sub-sessile, both sides coloured alike: ca- 
lyx squarrose ; segments linear. 5—6 f. 

decapetalus, (O. y. Au. 2{.) leaves ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, 3-nerv- 
ed, scabrous, pubescent beneath: scales of the calyx lanceolate, sub-equal, 
sub-ciliate: rays tenortwelve. 3—4f. S. 

multtfiorus, W. (A. S. 2{.) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower ones cordate ; 
upper ones ovate: rays many-flowered: scales of the calyx lanceolate. S, 

macrophyllus, W.(y. Au. 2{.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate, sca- 
brous above, white-pubescent beneath : scales of the calyx linear, squarrose. 
S. 

petiolaris, N. (W. y. & p. Au. #%.) leaves alternate, ovate, acute, somewhat en- 
tire, very long-petioled, scabrous: stem erect, branching: flowers long-pe- 
duncled: seeds villose. SS. 


Exotic. 
tuberosus, (jerusalem artichoke. y. S. 2{.) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower 
ones heart-ovate ; upper ones ovate, acuminate: petioles ciliate. Root tu- 
verous. Naturalized. 4—8 i. 
annuus, (common sunflower. y. & w. Ju. 2{.) leaves all cordate, 3-nerved : 
peduncles thickening upwards: flowers nodding. 6—10 f. 


Southern. 
1. Leaves opposite. 


pubescens, W. (1) (W.y. Au. 2{.) hoary-pubescent: stem villose: leaves ses- 
sile, heart-ovate, clasping, 3-nerved, crenulate, very soft; scales of the calyx 
lanceolate, villous. 2—~3 f 

longifolius, Ph. (O. y. S. 2{.) very glabrous: stem panicled: branches few- 
flowered at the summit: leaves sub-sessile, very long-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
very entire; lower ones serrate: scales of the calyx ovate, acute; outer 
ones linear, divaricate. 4—7 f. 

sparsifolius, E. (E. y. & p. Au. 2{.) stem scabrous: branches sub-glabrous : 
leaves ovate, acute, coarsely toothed, hispid, very scabrous on both sides, ab- 
ae contracted into the petiole: scales of the calyx lance-oyal, ciliate. 
4—5 f. 

truncatus, Sz. (E. y. 8. 2.) stem slender, glabrous: leaves ovate, serrate, ta- 
pering towards the apex, hairy, scabrous, closely sessile: scales of the calyx 
lance-ovate, ciliate: chaff lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent. 2 f. 

tenuifolius, E. (E. y. 8. 2{.) stem smooth: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, 
coarsely serrate, a little scabrous on both sides, long petioled, membranace- 
ous: scales of the calyx lanceolate, ciliate: flowers small. 4 f. 

spatulatus, E. (E, y. S. 2{.) stem scabrous above : leaves spatulate-ovate, 
sub-acuminate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath: branches oppo- 
site: scales of the calyx lanceolate, hispid : chaff acuminate, entire. 4—6 f, 

tricuspis, E. (E. y.S.2{.) leaves oblong, lance-ovate, scabrous on both sides: 
scales of the calyx broad-subulate, ciliate: chaff of the receptacle tricuspi- 
date. 3—4f, 

diversifolius, E. (E. y.S. 2{.) stem scabrous : lower leaves lance-ovate, acu- 
minate ; upper ones heart-oyate, mucronate ; all scabrous above, and pubes- 
gent bee : scales of the calyx lanceolate, ciliate : chaff slightly 3-tooth- 
ed. 3-—of. 


(1) mollis, Lk. canescens, Mx. 


aa "e 


R40 -HESIANTHUS, HELONTIAS. 


scaberrimus, E. (E. y. S. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, scabrous on both sides, 
nearly entire : scales.of the calyx ovate: chaff of the receptacle entire, cili- 
ate onthe back. 4—6 f. : 

tubaeformis, W. (W. #%.) leaves cordate, wedge-form at the base, villose, 3- 
nerved : peduncles thickened, hollow. * 

laetifiorus, P.(2{.) leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 3-nerved, serrate, rough : 
peduncles elongated : scales of the calyx lanceolate, erect, ciliate: rays 
many-flowered, very long. i 

pauciflorus, N. (W. y.) leaves lance-linear, acuminate, serrdte, smoothish : 
stem naked, trichotomous, few-flowered: calyx close-imbricate ; divisions 
ovate. 4—5 f. 


2. Upper leaves alternate. 


tomentosus, Mx.? E. (E. y. S. 2{.) stem rough: leaves lance-ovate, tapering 
to the summit, acute, serrulate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath, gener- 
ally alternate: scales of the calyx leafy, squarrose, lanceolate : chaff 3-cleft. 
4—6 f. 

aristatus, E. (E. y. S.) stem erect, scabrous: lower leaves opposite, closely 
sessile, lance-oval, acute, toothed, scabrous, hairy beneath: corymbs few- 
flowered : seeds compressed : awns 2, persistent. This species appears to 
be intermediate between Actinomeris and Helianthus, and may belong to a 
distinct genus. Elliott. 2—3f. Rudbeckia. 


17—2. Hetiopsis. 49. 55. 


levis, P. (1) (ox-eye. O. Ju. 2{.) stem glabrous: leaves opposite, ovate, ser- 
rate, 3-nerved, smooth, 3—5f. S. Helenium. 


5—1. HeEtiorrorium. 41. 42, 


Southern. 
indicum, (turnesole. FE. b. Ju. 3%.) leaves heart-ovate, acute, roughish: spikes 
solitary: fruit bifid, 8—12i. 
curassavicum, (O. y-w. J. 2%?) leaves narrow lanceolate, succulent, glabrous, 
without veins: spikes conjugate. 6—12 i. 
europeum, (E. w. #.) leaves ovate, very entire, tomentose, rugose : spikes con- 
jugate. Inodorous. Anagallis. 


* 12—13. HeELitesBorvus. 26. 61. 


foetidus, (hellebore.) stem many-flowered, leafy: leaves pedate, remotely ser- 
rate, coriaceous : corol somewhat converging. Magnolia. 


Heileborus, Coptis. 
6—3. Hetonias. 10. 13. 


latifolia, Mx. (2) (helonias. E. p. M. 2{.) scape almost leafless : spike ovate, 
crowded: bracts lance-linear : leaves lancec!ate, mucronate, nerved. S. 

erythrosperma, Mx. (3) (w. & g. J. 2[.) scape leafy : racemes oblong: bracts 
short: leaves linear, very long: seed ovate, reddish : capsule shortened 
with divaricate horns. 2f. S. 

angustifolia, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) scape leafy : leaves linear, subulate : raceme 
simple, terminal: capsules oblong, covering at the summit: seeds linear. 
pA ities P 


(1) Helianthus laevis, L. Rudbeckia oppositifolia, L. in another place. 
Buphthalmum helianthoides, W: ‘silphium solidaginoides, L. the last time he 
notices it: (2) bullata, W. (3) “elanthium luteum, W: phalangioides, Lk. 
muscaetoxicum, Wr. Anthericum subtrigiaum, Jn, 


ied: 


HELONIAS, HERACLEUM. 241 


gjoica, Wr. (1) blazing star, false unicorn root, E, w. J. 2/.) scape leafy ; ya. 
cemes spiked, nodding: pedicels short, sub-bracted > filaments longér than 
the coro]: petals linear: leaves lance-oblong. Generally dioecious, 1 — 
2f &. 
‘ : Southern. 
siubia, Mx: (E. 2{.) leaves grass-like, very long and narrow: scape naked . 
spike slender : flowers small, sessile. 2—3 f. Xerophyllum. 


Helonias, XEROPHYLLUM. 
21—6. Hetrverra. 58. 1. 


‘nigricans, small, from sooty-yellow becoming black: pileus free but pressed 
together both sides : pileus smooth, having bran-like scales in a cases. 
Morchella. 


6—1. Hermerrocatyis, 10. 16. 


Exotic. 
flava, {yellow day-lily. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves broad-linear, keeled : petals fiat, 
acute ; nerves of the petals undivided. 
fulva, (tawny day-lily. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled: three in- 
ner petals obtuse, undulate ; nerves of the outer petals branching. Natural- 
ized. 3f. Polyanthes. 


Q—j,. Hemianruus. 40. 40. 


micrantha, Ph. (2) (E. w. Au. 2.) glabrous, succulent: leaves closely sessile, 
ovate, and oval, obtuse, entire, nerved : peduncles shorter than the leaves : 
calyx S-cleft : style 2-cleft. WS. Catalpa. 


12—13. Heparica. 26. 61. 


acutiloba, De. (heart-liverleaf. O. w. & b. Ap. 2[.) leaves cordate, 3 to 5-lobed; 
lobes entire, acute: leaves of the calyx acute. Grows in woods, preferin 
the north side of hills and mountains, This is the Var. acuta of the zriloba, 
of W. 5i. 

americana, Dc. (kidney-liverleaf. O. w. & b. Ap. 2{.) leaves heart-reniform, 
3-lobed ; lobes entire, round-obtuse: leaves of the calyx obtuse. Grows 
chiefly in woods, prefering the south side of hills and mountains. This has 
been mistaken for the ¢ri/oba of W.  5i. 

The last species has lately come into great repute as a tonic, deobstruent 
and diuretéc. Prof. Tully believes its powers are exaggerated, and that it can- 
not be relied on ina dangerous disease ; but that it may be considerably use- 
ful in moderate complaints. - It ought not to be called the Liverwort, as this is 
the well known name of the Marchantia polymorpha. Its true English name 
is Liverleaf. Ranunculus. 


5—2. Heracrteum. 45. 60. 


lanatum, Mx. (O. w. Ju. 2{.) petioles and nerves of the leaves very villose be- 
neath : leafets petioled, broad, round-cordate, sub-palmate-lobed : seed or- 
bicular. A large umbelliferous plant of a white woolly appearance. Mea- 
dows and other damp places. Very poisonous, 


(1) pumila, J n. Melanthium dioicum, Wr. densum, Lk. Veratrum lute- 
um, L, It is still placed where Linneus left it by N. but it differs too widely in 


habit and sensible qualities to remain with the Veratrum viride. (2) micran- 
themoides, N. H Ph. 
, 21 


242 HERACLEUM, HEUCHERA. 


: Southern. 
sponiilium, (W. ©.) leaves pinnate : leafets 5, oblong, pinnatif acute, den- 


tate: coro! nearly uniform. Angelica. 
13—2. Herprstis. (1) 40.40. | 


cuneifolia, Mx. (b. Au. 2{.) very glabrous : leaves wedge-obovate, obscurely 
crenate above : peduncles as long as the leaves: coro] 5-cleft. &. 


Southern. 
rotundifolia, Mx. (O. b. Au.) finely pubescent: leaves oval, roundish, many- 
nerved : peduncles opposite as long as the leaves : corol 4-cleft. 
amplexicaulis, Mx. (2) (E. Au.) stem woolly: leaves cordate, clas} ing, entire, 
obtuse : peduncles shorter than the leaves : corol 4-cleft. 


brownei, Ph. (W.) leaves oblong, entire : peduncles longer than the leaves : 
stem declined. Limosella. 


14—2. Hesprris. 39. 63. 


pinnatifida, Mx. (wild rocket. E. J. 9.) leaves sharply serrate ; upper ones 
_ lanceolate, lower ones pinnatifid: silique sub-peduncled : pedicel at length 
much longer than the calyx. 1 f. 


Exotic. 
tristis, (yellow rocket. <j.) stem hispid; branches spreading: leaves lance- 
ovate : silique sword-form. 
matronalis, (garden rocket, dame violet. 2.) stem simple, erect: leaves lance- 
ovate, denticulate : petals emarginate, mucronate. Var. hortensis, flowers 
double, odoriferous, white. Sinapis. 


3—1. HeEreERANTHERA. 6. 17. 


reniformis, Mx. (3) (mud-plantain. g-w. Ju. 2{.) leaves round-reniform : 
spathe oblong, acuminate, 2—3-flowered. 4—8i. S. 


Southern, 
ovalis, Mx. (4) (W. b. Ju. 2{.) leaves ovate-oblong: spathe lanceolate, one- 
flowered. : Syena. 


5—2: Hevucuera. 13. 84. 


americana, (5) (alum root. E. r. Ju. 2{.) viscid-pubescent: scape and leaves 
roughish : leaves round-lobed, with dilated obtuse mucronate teeth: panicle 
dichotomous: calyx short, obtuse: petals lanceolate as long as the calyx: 
stamensexsert. 2—3f. S. 

pubescens, Ph. (O. r.& y.J.2{.) dusty-pubescent ; scape glabrous below : leaves 
sub-acute-lobed, toothed, glabrous beneath : peduncles of the panicle short, 
with crowded flowers: calyx large, bell-form :; petals longer than the calyx, 
large: stamens scarcely exserted. 2f. S. 


Southern. 

hispida, Ph. (A. p. J. 2{.) hispid, scabrous: scape, petioles and leaves gla- 
brous beneath: leaves hispid-pilose above, acute-lobed, toothed ; teeth very 
short, sub-retuse, mucronate : peduncles of the panicle few-flowered: calyx 
shortish, sub-acute : Ey spatulate as long as the calyx: stamens exsert. 

caulescers, Ph. (A. w. J. 2{.) suffruticose at the base: scape at tlie base; and 
petioles pilose: leaves glabrous above, pilose at the nerves bencath, acutely 
Jobed, ciliate, dentate ; teeth acute, mucronate : calyx short, villose: pe- 
tals linear twice as long as the calyx : stamens exsert. 


(1) Monniera, Mx. (2) Obolaria caroliniana, Wr. (3) acuta, Vahl. Lep- 
tanthus, Mx. virginica, P. (4) limosa, Vahl. Mx. (5) cortu- 
sa, Mx. viscida, Ph. 


ae die 


. 


HEUCHERA, HIERACIUM. WAS. 


villosz, Mx. (A. w. J. very villose : leaves acutely lobed, toothed ; teeth 
acute, mucronate : fascicles of the panicle, capillary, lax-flowered : calyx 
short: stamens exser Parox. 


16—13. Hupiscus.” 37. 74," 


moscheutos, W. (1) (marsh mallow. w. & p, Au. 2{.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
serrate, sub-3-lobed, sub-5-nerved, white-downy beneath : peduncles flower- 
bearing : calyx downy: capsule glabrous. 4—6f. JS. 

palustris, (marsh hibiscus. E. p. Au. 2{.) leaves broad oval, obtusely serrate, 
sub-3-lobed, 3-nerved, downy beneath, acuminate: peduncles axillary, long- 
er than the petiole. 3—4f. 

militaris, (2) (W. w-r. Au. 2{.) very glabrous: leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acu- 
ininate, serrate : corol tubular-campanulate : capsules ovate, acuminate, 
glabrous: seeds silky. 3—4f. S. 

virginicus, (3) (sweat weed. L. r. Au. 2{.) downy, rough : leaves acuminate, 
unequally toothed ; lower ones cordate, undivided; upper ones cordate-ob- 
Jong, 3-lobed: peduncles axillary, and in terminal racemes: flowers nod- 
ding: pistilsnodding. 2—4f. S. 


Exotic. 

phoeniceus, (phenicean mallows. r. Ju. 2(.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate 
and crenate, lower ones 3-cuspidate: peduncles jointed: seeds woolly. 6 
—8 f. 

syriacus, (syrian mallow. w. & p. Au. 5.) leaves wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, tooth- 
ed: outer calyx about 8-leaved, of the lengthoftheinner. 5—10f. 

esculentis, (okra. y. Ju. 3%.) leaves heart-5-lobed, obtusish, toothed : petiole 
longer than the flower : outer calyx about 5-leaved, caducous, bursting 
lengthwise. 3 f. - 

tionum, (bladder ketmia, flower of an hour. 2.) outer calyx many-leaved, in- 
ner one inflated: capsule membranaceous : leaves toothed, upper ones 3- 
parted. 6—1¢i. ::. 


Southern. 

randiflorus, Mx. (O. r. Au. 2{.) leaves large, coriaceous, triangular-cordate, 
3-lobed, tomentose on both sides, hoary beneath: capsules tomentose, sub- 
truncate. 5—7 f, ¢ 

iacanus, W. (E. y-w. S. 2{.) leaves ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, hoary- 
tomentose on both sides: peduncles axillary : calyx tomentose, nearly equal. 

coccineus, Wr. (4) (E. r. Au. 2{.) very glabrous : leaves palmate-5-parted ; 
divisions lance-linear, acuminate, remotely serrate at the apex : capsule 
ovate, glabrous. 4—8 f. *. 

manihot, W. (W. y.&p. Au. 2f{.) stem and petioles unarmed: leaves palmate- 
digitate, 7-parted ; divisions linear : peduncles hispid: outer calyx 1-leay- 
ed ; inner one torn: capsule very hirsute, pyramidal. 

scaber, Mx.(5)(E. y. & p. Au.2(.)’stem scabrous: lower leaves cordate, angled ; 
upper ones palmate, 3—5-lobed ; lobes irregular-dentate, angled: calyx 
very hispid; inner one twice as long as the outer. 3 f. 

earolinianus, M, (E. p. Au. 2{.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
smooth on both sides, sometimes sub-3-lobed : seeds hispid. 4—6 f. 

Lavatera. 


17—1. Heracium. 49. 53. 


venosum, (vein-leaf hawkweed. O. y. Ju. 2{.) scape naked, corymb-panicled 
glabrous: leaves lance-obovate with thin hairs above and naked beneath, 


(1) palustris, yaaa Wr. hastatus, Mx. riparius, P. (3) 


clypeatus, Wr. sus, A, (5) aculeatus, Wr. 


ll 


a 
oe 


HIERACIUM; HIEROCHLOA. 


? Ms & 
“gaia ciliate, glandular-toothed, veins coloured : calyx glabrows. 1—2 i. 


gronovii, (O. y. Ju. 2[.) scape leafy, naked above, corymb-panicled: calyx 
and peduncles glandular-pilose : radical leaves obovate and lanceolate, cili- 
ate, very pubescent. Var. nudicaule, stem about onf€-leaved : panicle some- 
what fastigiate. 2—3f. S. 

paniculatum, W. (O. y. Ju. 2{.) somewhat glabrous: stem ereet, leafy, pani- 
cled, white-woolly below : pedicels capillary : leaves lanceolate, naked, 
toothed, membranaceous. 2—4f. WS. 

kalmii, W. (O. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, many-flowered, smooth, downy above : 
leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed outside: pedun- 
cles axillary and terminal, downy. 

marianum, W. (1) (O. y. Ju. 2{.) stem erect, villose: leaves oval-obovate, 
strigose, villose on the keel, lower ones sub-dentate: peduncles and calyxes 
downy. 1—2f. S. 

pusilum, W. (E. y. Ju. 2.) small, very villose : stem simple, erect, one-flow~ 
ered, somewhat 2-leaved : leaves remote lanceolate, slenderly tapering, acute, 
entire ; cauline ones linear: calyx very villose. Probably a variety of H. al- 
pinum. Ph. Labrador. 

molle, W. (E. y. Au. 2{.) pilose: stem erect, simple, leafy, corymbed, few- 
flowered: leaves lance-oblong, attenuate, sparingly toothed below ; radical 
ones petioled. Labrador. 

virgatum, Ph. (2) (O. y. Ju. 2{.} stem erect, simple, villose: leaves sessile, 
lanceolate, acute, glabrous, pilose beneath, sharply repand-toothed at the 
margin, entire towards the-apex: panicle sub-corymbed: calyx and pedun- 
ae tg going Var. scabrum, Sz. leaves smaller, scabrous, more rigid. 

—3 f. 

Jasciculatum, Ph. (E. y. Au. 2{.) somewhat glabrous: stem erect, leafy, sim- 
ple, glabrous: leaves sessile, oblong. acute, sharply toothed; teeth elongat- 
ed: branches of the panicie divaricate, short: pedicels pubescent, some- 
whet fascicled. t Re 

macrophyllum, Ph. (y. 2{.) very tall: stem erect, leafy, hispid, suleate: leaves 
cordate, half-clasping, ovate-oblong, remotely coarse-toothed, nearly naked : 
nerves and veins pubescent beneath: panicle divaricate-corymbed: pedun- 
cles elongated, naked, glabrous: calyx glabrous. 

scabriusculum, Sz. & Say. (W. y.) stem glabrous, erect, terete, sulcate, leafy : 
leaves lance-ovute, sessile, clasping, sub-dentate, scabrous and somewhat in~ 
volute at the margin, rugose above, glaucous and pilose beneath: calyx 
smoothish. 


Exotic. 
aurantiacum, (orange hawkweed. y. 2{.) scape leafy, hispid: flowers co- 
" rymbed: peduncles glomerate: leaves oblong, acutish, pilose-hispid. 


Southern. . 
rurcinatum, J. (W.) hirsute: leaves radical, oval-oblong, runcinate: scape 
few-flowered, angular: calyx glandular-pilose. 1 f. Krigia. 


38—2. Hierocntoa. 4. 10. 


borealis, Sch. (3) (sweet summer grass, seneca grass. M. 2f.) panicle sub- 
secund, a little spreading : peduncles smooth : florets unarmed : lower valve 
of the corol ciliate on the margin: rootcreeping. 18 i. 

alpina, Wahl. (A. J. 2f.) panicle ovate, contracted: spikelets compressed, 
longer than the branches: glumes lanceolate, nearly nerveless : latera: florets 
triandrous ; one of them with an awn about as long as the valves; sides al- 
most smooth, margins ciliate. 6—8 i. Holcus, 


(1) scabrum, Mx. (2) canadense, Mx. (3) fragrans, Rs. Halcus odora- 
tus, Mx. lanatus, L. 


HIMANTIA, HOTTONIA. 


1—6. Himantia. 58. 1. 


~ 7 

domestica, large tawny " olet, soft; somewhat cohering ina membrane. Of- 
ten between timbers of a building. 

sulphurea, pale sulphur-yellow, flaxen and fibrous ; branches sub-terete, inter- 


woven. On trunks. : 
candida, white, thin and tender; dilated at the apex and sub-plumose. On 
fallen leaves. Mesenterica. 


20—8. HippopHar. 16. 24. 
canadensis, W. (sea buckthorn. M. 5.) leaves ovate, acutish, a little gla- 


brous above, silver-haired and brilliant beneath: scales scattered, ferrugi- 
f. 


nous, 2 
argentea, Ph. (W. 5.) leaves ovate, obtuse, glabrous on both sides and coy- 
ered with silvery scales. 12—18 f. Serpicula, 


J—l1. Hippuris. 15. 88. 


vulgaris, (mares tail. y-g. M. 2f.) leaves linear, and lance-linear, verticil- 
late in 6s, 8s, 9s. S. Canna. 


3—2. Hotcus. 4. 10. 


lanatus, (E. J. 2{.) panicle equal: florets shorter than the calyx ; superior one 
with arecurved awn: rootfibrous. 1—2f. Pennisetum. 


Holeus, HizRocHioa, KoELERIA. 
3—3. HoLostreum. 22. 82. 


succulentum, (L.) leaves elliptic, fleshy : petals somewhat 3-cleft, shorter than 
the calyx. Mollugo. 


15—12. Hopra. 37. 74. 


Southern. 
tinctoria, (sweet leaf. E. y. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, pubescent 
beneath: flowers sessile, axillary, in clusters. 15—18 f. Nuttallia. 


3—2. Horpreum. 4—10. 


jubatum, (O. J. oj.) lateral florets abortive, neuter: awns of the calyx and co- 
rol 6 times as long as the flowers. 2f. S. 


Southern. 
pusillum, N. (W.) lateral florets staminate or neuter, awnless, acute: four 
inner scales of the calyx coriaceous, dilated; all short awned: awns sca- 
brous. @—6i. Decumbent. 


Exotic. 
vulgare, W. (barley. Ju. %.) florets all perfect, awned, in two erect rows. 
distichon, W. (J. 3%.) lateral florets imperfect, awnless : seeds angular, im-. 
bricate. Monocera. 


10—3. Hortensia. 13. 84, 


‘ Exotic. ; 
speciosa, (changeable hydrangea. r. & w. J. 5.) leaves broadly ovate, serrate, 
acuminate: flowers corymbed. From the East Indies. This is the com- 
mon flower-pot shrub, usually called hyderindia. Micropetalum. 


| Beg Hotromta, 21. 34 
palustris, (water violet. E. w. Ju, di? flowers whorled, peduncled: stem 


ll 


& 


246 HOUSTONIA, HUMULUS. 


geniculate, with inflated joints: leaves pinnatifid ; segments linear. SS. 
“: Samolus. 


4—1 Hovstonia. 47. 57. 


coerulea, (1) (venus’ pride, forget-me-not. O. b. & w.M. 2{.) stem erect, se- 
taceous, dichotomous: radical leaves spatulate; cauline ones oblanceolate, 
opposite: peduncles 1-flowered, elongated. 4—6i. S. 

longifolia, W. (2) (E. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering to each 
end: flowers corymbed. 6—12i. S. 

yagi W. (3) (O. p. w. Ju. 2{.) stem erect, branching above, pubescent at 
the joints: leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate or lance-linear: fascicles termi- 
nal,corymbed. 4—8i. S. 

ciliolata, T. (W. p.) radical leaves ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, ciliate 
at the margin; cauline ones ovate-spatulate, sessile : corymbs terminal, pe- 
dicelled : peduncles trichotomous : divisions of the calyx lance-linear : stem 
smooth, branched above. 

pubescens, R. (W.) leaves wedge-form, acute, pubescent; lower ones sub-pe- 

eeey lanceolate ; upper ones sub-oval, sessile: panicle trichotomous, ter- 
minal. 

Southern. 

serpyllifolia, Mx. (O. b. M. 2{.) procumbent, cespitose: leaves spatulate, ob- 
tuse : peduncles terminal, 1-flowered, very long. 

tenella, Ph. (A. b. J. 2{.) stem creeping, filiform: leaves round, acute, nerv- 
ed: peduncles terminal, 1-flowered, very loug. Smaller than the last. 

rotundtfolia, Mx. (L. w. Ap. 2{.) creeping: leaves ovate, roundish, abruptly 
narrowed at the base: peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered. Leaves 
evergreen. 

patens, E. (4) (E. p. March. 3%.) small: stem spreading, dichotomous, with 
scabrous angles: flowers solitary, terminal and axillary. 1—2 i. F 

tenuifolta, N. (W.) smooth: stem erect, divaricate, very branching : branches 
sub-trichotomous: leaves narrow-linear: corymbs terminal, sub-fastigiate, 
with long setaceous peduncles. 6 i. 

minima, Bk. (W. p. March. 3%?) stem erect, simple, 4-cornered, somewhat 
scabrous: leaves opposite, spatulate-ovate, sub-acuminate, ciliate, scabrous 
on both sides: flowers peduncled, solitary, terminal. 1—1 1-2 i. 

Mitchella. 


19—-1. Hupsonza. 18. 80. 


ertcoides, (false heath. O. y. J. 5.) leaves agerose-subulate, hirsute : pedun- 
cles filiform, solitary. About 6 inches high; a very delicate shrub, Pine 
barrens. 
tomentosa, N. {L. y. Ju.) hoary-tomentose: leaves ovate, imbricate, shorter 
than the intervals of the stem: flowers sub-sessile : calyx obtuse. 
Southern, 
montana, N. (A.) decumbent, smoothish, cespitose : leaves long, filiform-subu- 


late, sub-imbricate : peduncles terminal, solitary: calyx bell-form, woolly: 
- capsule villose, 3—oi. Portulacca. 


20—5. Humvurus. 53. 98. 


lupulus, (hop. O. g-y. Au. 2.) stem twining with the sun: leaves lobed. One 
of the best of tonics. Cannabis, 


(1) linnei, Mx. (2) angustifolia, Mx. (3) varians, Mx. Hedyotis um- 
bellata, Wr. Knoxia purpurea, Lk. (4) linnei, Var. Mx. coerulea. Var. 
minor, Ph, Pe 


* 


HUTCHINSIA, HYDRANGEA. 247 


21—4. Hurcnwinsia. 57. 2. 


tiziate, threads dichotomous, sub-equal, fastigiate: joints shorter than thei 

pe marked in the middle with dark dots. “ the sea. Will not ok 
here to paper. : 

violacea, very branching, diffuse : branches wand-like, spreading: lower joints 
shorter than their diameter, those of the branches six times as long. In the 
sea. Adheres to paper loosely. 

stricta, threads straight, equal: branches dichotomous, erectish: joints about 
thrice as long as the diameter. Ceramium. 


6—I. Hyacintuus. 10. 16. 


Exotic. 

ortentalis, (garden hyacinth. r. Ap. 2{.) corol funnel-form, half-6-cleft, ventri- 
cose at the base. 

museari, (musk hyacinth. b. Ap. 2f.) corols ovate, all equal. 

botryoides, (grape hyacinth. b. Ap. 2{.) corols globose, uniform: leaves cy- 
lindric, channelled, straight. 

comosus, (purple grape hyacinth. p.) corols angular-cylindric; upper flowers 
sterile, long-peduncled, erect. 

racemosus, (hare-bell hyacinth. 2{.) flowers thick, ovate, those at the top ses- 
sile: leaves lax, pendant, linear, carinate. Tulipa. 


21—6. Hypnum. 58. 1. 


imbrieatum, (prickly fungus.) pileus fleshy, umbilicate, scaly: scales thick, 
sub-erect, obscure. 

repandum, pale-fleshy : pileus rugose, flexuose, somewhat lobed, glabrous: 
teeth thickish, mostly compressed: stipe tuberous, a little out of the centre 
of the pileus. Sometimes it is halved. 

soncrescens, in groups, confluent: pileus corky, funnel-form, having zones, 
chesnut-brown : teeth slender, shining-tawny : stipe short, sub-tuberous, de- 
formed: Colour varies with the season. 

gelatinosum, gelatinous, white-glaucous : pileus flat both sides: stipe lateral. 
About three-fourths of an inch broad. 

corallowdes, large, very branching: branches crowded, incurved: terminal 
teeth sub-fascicled. 

chrysorhizum, (paper punk.) yellow, membranaceous, stemless, spread : roct 
golden-yellow, filiform, with intersecting branches ; extending far along tke 
grains of decaying wood. The root of this fungus has been often noticed se- 
veral yards in length ; but Dr. J. Torrey, of New-York, was the first, I be- 
lieve, who traced it to the pileus, and proved ita hydnum. (1) 

“Gn Thelephora. 


10—2. HyprancEa. 13. 84, 


vulgaris, Ph. (2) (hydrangea. E. w. Au. 5.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at. 
the base, acuminate, toothed, glabrous beneath: cymesnaked. 5f. S. 

nivea, Mx. (3) (E. w. Ju. 5.) leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, snows 
white down beneath : cymes radiate. 6—8f, 8S. 


Southern. 
cordata, Ph. (4) (A. Ju. 2[.) leaves broad-ovate, sub-cordate at the base, acu- 
minate, Coarsely toothed, glabrous beneath: cymes generally radiate. 


(1) Dr. Torrey did not publish this species in his catalogue, because some 
doubts had arisen since the publication of the second edition of the Manual, 
I have concluded to let it remain for the present. I am still inclined to believe 


it is a hydnum ; but the pileus is rarely found. (2) arborescens, W. (3) rs- 
iata. Wr, (4) vulgaris, Mx, Z or . *) 


248 “HYDRANGEA, HYDROLEA. 


quereifolia, Bart. (E. w. & r. Ju. .) leaves oblong, sinuate-lobed, toothed, to- 
‘mentose beneath: cymes radiate, thyrse-panicled. 4—5 f. 
Saxifraga. 


Hydrangea, HORTENSIA. » 


12—13. Hyprastis. 26. 61. 


canadensis, (orange root. O. w-r. Ap. 2{.) stem with two opposite leaves above : 
leaves petioled, emarginate at the base, palmate, serrate, gashed: pedunele 


terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Rootsyellow. WS. Clematis. 
20—9. Hyprocuaris. 1. 22. 
Southern. 


spongiosa, Bosc. (1) (E. w. Au. 2[.) monoecious : leaves floating, round-cor- 
date, reticulate beneath, with vesicles at the base. Stagnant water. 
Gymnocladus. 


19—6. Hyprocutoa. 4. 10, 


filuitans, Mx. (2) (E. Ju. 2{-) small: stem slender, branching : leaves linear, 
* flat: spikes solitary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered : glumes unawn- 
ed. WN. Ceratophyllum. 


5—2. HyprocoTyLe. 45. 60. 


umbellata, W. (water navel-wort. E. g-w. M. 2{.) leaves peltate, crenate, at 
the base emarginate: umbels peduncled, many-flowered. SS, 

americana, (O. g-w. J. 2{.) glabrous, tuberous : leaves sub-peltate, orbicular, 
doubly-crenate: glomerules few-flowered, sessile. Var. flexicaulis, stems 
firmer and shorter, somewhat flexuous-angled. Var. gracilis, slender, fili- 
form, ay flexuous: leaves smaller. Plant low and prostrate, Flowers very 
small. h 

vulgaris, (7) (g-w. J. 2.) leaves orbicular, peltate, slightly crenate ; scape in- 
terruptedly spiked, few-flowered. S. 

ranuculordes, (3) (J. 2f.) leaves cordate, somewhat 5-lobed, crenate-dentate : 
umbels capitate, 8—10-flowered. 

lineata, Mx. (4) (E. r-w. Ju. 2{.) glabrous, creeping : leaves sessile, cuneate- 
linear, with transverse nerves : umbels peduncled. S. 

composita, Ph. (5) (E. w. Ap.) root tuberous : stem simple, 2-leaved : leaves 
sub-ternate; leafets many-cleft: umbel 3—5-flowered. 1i, S., 


Southern. 
repanda, P. (E. r-w. Ju. 2.) leaves round-cordate, somewhat repand : pe-. 
tioles and nerves pilose : heads 3-flowered, peduncled. 
ambigua, Ph. (W. w.) radical leaves compound: stem nearly leafless, 2—3- 
umbelled : little umbels somewhat 3-flowered: petals lanceolate. 
Smyrnaium. 
Hydroglossum, LyGopium. 
5—2. Hyprorea. 29. 43. 


Southern. 
guadrivalvis, Wr. (6) (E. b. Ju. 2[.) spinose, pilose: leaves. long-lanceolate : 
flowers nearly sessile, axillary: capsules glabrous. 
corymbosa, Macbride. (E.b. & y. Ju. 2{.) without spines: sub-glabrous: 
leaves lanceolate; calyx hispid : flowers terminal. : 
spinosa, (W.) leaves lanceolate, hirsute : flowers terminal. Dichondra. 


(1) cordifolia, N: (2) zizania, Mx. (3) cymbalarifolia, M. (4) Crautzia, 
N. (5) bipinnata, M. Erigenia bulbosa, N. (6) caroliniana, Mx. (7) in- 
terrupta, M. "wees 


HYDROPELTIS, HYPERICUM. 249 


12—13. Hypropentis. . 26. 61. 


purpurea, Mx. (1) (water shield. O. p. Au. 2[.) leaves peltate, oval, entire : 
peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. The leaves float on the surface of water, hay- 
ing long flexible petioles. Plant mostly covered with mucilage. 8... 
Nelumbium. 


5—I. Hypropuytium. 41. 42. 


appendiculatum, Mx. (water-leaf. b. M. 2{.) very hirsute: radical leaves sub- 
pinnatifid, cauline ones lobe-angled: sinuses of the calyx appendaged : the 
fascicles of flowers sub-panicled. Calyxvery hispid. S. 
wirginicum, (burr-flower. O. b. J. 2{.) smoothish : leaves pinnate and pinnati- 
- fid; divisions lance-oval, gash-serrate : fascicles of the flowers conglomerate. 
ba flowers have the appearance of a burr several weeks before they expand, 
—18i. SV. 
eanadense, W. (rough burr-flower. O. p. & w. Ju. 2{.) hirsute: leaves lobe- 
angled : fascicles of the flowers crowded, Resembies the last in some res: 
pects ; but the leaves are much larger. 


: Southern. 
lineare, Ph. (W. Ap. 2{.) pilose: leaves linear: racemes slopealed: 
« 181a. 


17—1. Hymenopappus. 49. 55. 


Southern. 
scabiosaeus, Mx. (E. w. Ap. 2{.) whitish-woolly: leaves deeply pinnatifid’; 
divisions |inear-oblong, sub-dentate : flowers corymbed. 2—3 f, 
tenuifolius, Ph. (W. g-w. G”.) whitisli-woolly : stem corymb-branched : leaves 
sub-bipinnatifid ; divisions narrow-linear, entire: flowers compoundly co- 
rymbed : pedicels crowded: calyx about 6-leaved, shorter than the florets ; 
seeds very villose. ~ Polypteris, 


21—1. HymENoPHYLLUM. 55. 5. 


ciliatum, W. (2{.) frond pinnate ; lower leafets larger; upper ones gradually 
smaller, pinnatifid; divisions linear, obtuse, 2-cleft, ciliate, hairy on the 
yeins: rachis and stipe with ciliate wings. On trunks of trees. 8. 


Onoclea, 
5—1. Hyoscyamus. 28, 41, 
Exotic. 
niger, (henbane. y. & p. Ju. (’.) leaves clasping, sinuate ; flowers veiny, se3- 
sile. Naturalized. Convolvulus. 


Hyoseris, Kricia. 


12—5. Hypericum. 20. 68. 
1. Flowers with 5 styles. 


kalmianum, W. (y. Ju. b.) fruticose, very branching; branchlets 4-cornered : 
leaves lance-linear; corymbs terminal, 3—7-flowered: divisions of the calyx 

lanceolate, obtusish: capsule as long as the calyx. 3—5f. S. 
pyramidatum, W. A. (O. y, Ju. 2{.) flowers pentagynous, terminal; styles 
_ shorter than the stamens; leafets of the calyx ovate, acute: stem somewhat 


Sa ee 


(1) Brasenia peltata, Ph, 


250 HYPERICUM. 


4-sided, branching: leaves sessile (sub-amplexicaulis,) oblong, acute, gia. 
brous. This plant has generally been mistaken for the next species ; espe- 
cially when it happened to be found without branches. But the relative 
length of the styles and stamens is always decisive. 3—6 f. 

ascyroides, W. Mx. (pennsylvania?) 2{. or 5.) flowers pentagynous, terminal : 
styles equalling the stamens in length: leafets of the calyx lance-ovate : 
stem 4-sided, simple, herbaceous (frutescent with 2-edged branches, Mx.) 


leaves sessile, oblong, acute, glabrous. Probably a Var. of the last, or not 
a North American plant. 


_ 2. Flowers with 3 styles, or fewer. 


prolificum, W. (1) (W. y. J. 5.) branches 2-edged: leaves lance-linear, ob- 
tusish: corymbs axillary and terminal, few-flowered: petals a little longer 
than the stamens: leafets of the calyx lanceolate. 1—3f. S. 

galioides, Lk. (E. y. Ju. 5.) branches 4-sided: leaves linear, sessile, revolute 
at the margin, fascicled: panicles terminal, divaricate-dichotomous : petals 
and stamens equal, scarcely longer than the linear calyx: styles united, sub- 
exsert, 27.'. 8. 

perforatum, (2) (O. y. J. 2f.) erect, branching: stem 2-edged: leaves oblong, 
obtuse, transparently punctate: panicle terminal, brachiate, leafy: petals 
twice as long as the acute, laneeolate calyx. This is the common St. John’s 
wort, so troublesome to farmers. 1—3f, S. 

corymbosum, W. (3) (O. y. Ju. 2{.) erect, glabrous, darkly-punctate: stem 
terete, branching: leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse: corymbs terminal, 
oes dense-flowered : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute. 18—24 i. 


parviflorum, W. (4) (O. y. Ju. 2{.) erect, small, glabrous; dichotomou’ ra~ 
mosé, somewhat 4-sided: leaves ovate-obtong, sub-cordaie, obtuse, nerved, 
sessile: panicles terminal, dichotomous-corymbed : petals shorter than the 
lanceolate calyx. 6—12i. S. ; ; 

canadense, (E. y. Ju. #%.) erect, small, few-flowered: stem 4-sided, dichoto- 
mous above: leaves sessile, linear, slender at the base; the branches of the 
panicle opposite, the branchlets dichotomous: capsule long, conic, coloured. 
Capsules red. 9—18i. WS. 

cdpressum, B. (y. Ju. 2[.) stem erect, 2-edged immediately below each pair 
of leaves, and sub-cylindric near the root: leaves opposite, closely sessile, 
lanceolate-obtuse, transpareatly punctate, with very fine dots; those of the 
branches sub-linear, crowded ; those of the cymes small, acute, crowded : 
flowers terminal and axillary, with obtuse, entire petals: style 1: capsule 
sub-conic. 

petiolatum, Wr. (5) (E. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves petioled, oblong-oval, round-obtuse : 
flowers opposite, axillary, sub-sessile, sub-ternate : stamens adnate as far as 
the middle: capsule oblong. WS. ; 

angulosum, ‘Mx. (6) (E. y-r. Ju. 2{.) erect: stem 4-sided: leaves oblong, 
acute, closely sessile: panicle terminal, dichotomous: branches divaricate, 
with distant, alternate flowers: calyx sub-campanulate ; divisions lanceo- 
late, acute, keeled below, almost as long as the corol : petals with a single 
lateral tooth. 2 f. on 

virginicum, (7) (O. p. Au. 2{.) flowers with 9 or 12 stamens, distinctly arrang- 
ed in three parcels, and separated by nectaries: leaves oval, obtuse, clasp- 
ing: stem compressed. Var. emarginata, leaves heart-ovate, emargmate : 
peduncles axillary,elongated. 1—2f. SW. 


(1) kalmianum, Du Roi. (2) virginicum, Wr. _ (3) punctatum, Lk, macu- 
jatum, Wr. (4) quinqueneroium, Wr. mutilum, W. (5) axillare, Mx. Elo- 
dea petiolata, Ph. (6) denticulatum, Wr. (7) campanulatum, Wr. Elodea 
campanulata, Ph, 


HYPERICUM: 251 


Southern. 
Flowers with 3 styles. 


aspathaloides, W. (1) (E. y. b.) branches sub-terete, dichotontous : leaves 
fascicled, linear, acute, striate: flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile : styles 
united. 

fasciculatum, Mx. (2) (E. y. Ju. 5.) branches 4-angled : leaves crowded, 
somewhat in verticillate clusters, filiform, linear, obtuse, sessile: peduncles 
axillary, near the summit of the branches, 1—3-flowered : calyx filiform: 
styles united. Does this really differ from the galioides? Elliott. 1—~ 


rosmarinifolium, (3) (O. y. Ju. b.) stem terete, somewhat angled: leaves 
lance-linear, acute, tapering at the base, somewhat clustered : panicle long : 
peduncles near the summit of the branches, axillary, 3-flowered : styles 
united, 2—4f. 

ambiguum, E. (E. J. 5) branches compressed, leaves lance-linear, acute, mu- 
cronate: flowers axillary and terminal : leaves of the calyx lance-linear, un- 
equal, as long as the corol: petals toothed near the summit: styles 3, unit- 
ed. 2—4f. : 

amoenum, Ph. (E. y. Ju. 5.) diffuse: branches compressed: leaves oval, 
glaucous beneath : flowers axillary, sub-solitary: leaves of the calyx ovate, 
acute: petals deflected, longer than the stamens, 2 f. 

fastigiatum, E. (E. J. 5.) branches somewhat compressed: leaves narrovi 
lanceolate, very acute: corymbs terminal, many flowered, fastigiate : styles 
united. 3 f. 

nudiforum, Mx. (E. y. Au. b.) branches winged: leaves oblong-ovate, ob- 
tuse, sessile: panicle terminal, naked, compound: corol larger than the 
calyx: styles united: 

glaucum, Mx. (E. y. Ju. 5.) branches terete: leaves oblong, cordate, clasp- 
ing, obtusish, smooth, glaucous, coriaceous: panicle leafy divaricate-dicho- 
tomous: divisions of the calyx ovate, acute, longer than the petals: sta- 
mens and petals about equal: styles united. 

frondosum, Mx. (W. y. Ju. 5.) branches two-edged: leaves oval-oblong, ob- 
tuse, mucronate, narrow at the base: flowers terminal, sub-solitary : divis- 
ions of the calyx oblong, acute, equalling the stamens and petals: styles 
united as long as the stamens. 

densiflorum, Ph. (4) (A. y. Ju. 5.) very branching ; branchlets sub-terete : 
leaves lance-linear, obtusish, narrowed at the base: panicle terminal, com- 
poundly dichotomous, somewhat leafy, dense-flowered : flowers solitary pe- 
dicelled: divisions of the calyx very short, ovate, caducous: stamens short- 
er than the petals and united styles: 2f. 

puosum, Wr. (E. Ju.) pilose: stem virgate, simple: leaves expanding, ovate, 
acute, tapering at the base: panicle few-flowered. 

simplex, Mx. (E. y. Au. #.) erect, woolly ; stem simple, terete, virgate : leaves 
rae PS 7 closely sessile, appressed: panicle terminal, few-flowered. 

acutifolium, E, (E. y.) stem herbaceous? branching, glabrous: leaves nar- 
ret ong acute : panicle many-flowered : capsules scarcely longer than 
the calyx. 


marae (5) (E.) leaves sessile: corol tubular: stamens united above 
e. 


the midd 

triplinerve, Vent. (W. y. Au. 2[.) erect, somewhat branching : stem somewhat 
two-edged: leaves linear, spreading, 3-nerved: flowers raceme-panicled : 
corol unequal : acute calix and petals glandular-serrate. 

dolabriforme, Vent. (W. y. Ju. 2{.) erect, branching: stem two-edged : 


(1) fasciculatum, Lk, P) tenuifolium, Ph. (3) fasciculatum, Ph. W. 
{4) romarinifolium, Lk, (5 Elodea, Ph. &c. 


252 HYPERICUM, HYPNUM. 


leaves lance-linear, spreading, obtuse: corymb terminal, dichotomous: ca- 
lyx lanceolate, unequal: petals axe-form. 

sphaerocarpum, Mx. (W. y. 2{.) erect, very glabrous: leaves oblong: pani- 

; mene dichotomous; forks all one-flowered: styles united: capsule 
globose. 

procumbens, Mx. (W.y.) procumbent, very glabrous : branches two-edged, 
few flowered at the summit: leaves linear, without nerves, spreading: di- 
visions of the calyx lance-oblong, acute: stamens shorter than the corol; 
styles united. Nigelea. 


Hypericum, SsroTHRa. 
21—2. Hypnum. 56. 4. 
1. Leaves two-ranked. 


sylvaticum, branches divided: leaves imbricate, compressed, spread at the 
apex, lance-ovate, entire, nerveless: lid subulate. Woods, 

denticulatum, stems simple: leaves imbricate, compressed, spreading at the 
apex lance-ovate, entire, nerveless: lid conic. On trunks and ground in 
woods. 

serrulatum, shoots creeping: branches simple, bearing fruit at the base and 
middle: lid beaked. 

prelongum, stem pinnate, creeping: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
1-nerved, spreading: lid subulate, incurved. (1) 

ripartum, stem ramose, spreading : leaves lax, lance-ovate, entire, one-nerved : 
lid convex, slightly mucronate. On stones, &c. in flowing streams, 


2. Leaves imbricate, close-pressed—sometimes a little spreading, part of their 
length. 


cusptdatum, stem pinnate, sub-erect: branches cuspidate: leaves lance-ob- 
long, nerveless, smooth: lid conic. In ditches and brooks. 

illecebrum, stem with scattered, obtuse branches : leaves ovate, ventricose, ob- 
tuse, mucronate: obsoletely one-nerved. Woods and meadows. 

abietinum, stem pinnate, villose: leaves lance-ovate, entire, one-nerved, 2-fur- 
rowed: lid conic. In dry places and among pines, &c. 

splendens, stem bipinnate : leaves lance-ovate, almost nerveless, shining, close- 
pressed: lid subulate, recurved. In woods. 

delicatulum, stem decumbent, bipinnate: leaves cordate, with ruptured nerves 
and two grooves, scabrous: lid beaked. 

minutulum, very slender, decumbent, pinnately branched: leaves very minute, 
oval, acute: margins and keel somewhat scabrous, separately incurved when 
dry: capsule recurved : lid long beaked. 

adnatum, small: branchlets simple: leaves cordate-acuminate, destitute of 
fascicles: capsules nodding: lids conic. 


3. Leaves imbricate, spreading. 


yaminicolor, stem creeping; branches sub-simple, erectish: leaves lax, sub- 
alternate, heart-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, with a nerve some- 
whatcontinued : capsules ascending, oblong, unequal; lid round conic. 
héans, stem decumbent: branches short, simple: leaves somewhat lax, heart- 
ovate, acute, serrulate : peduncles a little scabrous: capsules oblong, slight- 
ly inclined: lid conic. : “y 
asprellum, stem decumbent, sub-pinnate: leaves remotish, somewhat bifari- 
ously imbricate, acuminate, serrulate with sub-continued nerves: capsules 
oblong, a little curved: lid conic, sub-mucronate. 
(1) This description, taken from Lk, and De. is similar to that given in Tur- 
ton’s Linneus of the serrulatum, 


HYPNUM, HYPOPELTIS. 853 


dutescens, stem procumbent, ramose ; leaves imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, 
3.striate: peduncles a little scabrous: lidconic, acute. On dry earth, walls 
and rocks. ; 

rutabulum, stem procumbent: branches erect, sub-simple : leaves lance-ovate, 
acuminate, one-nerved: peduncles scabrous: lid conic. On the earth and 
trunks. : 

haldanianum, Greville. (Canada.) stem elongated, creeping, with scattering 
sub-pinnate branches : leaves imbricate, yellowish, lance-ovate, very entire, 
without nerves or obscurely 2-nerved at the base : capsule cylindric, arched, 
erectish-nodding : lid conic, obliquely beaked, closely adherent. 

cooleyanum, S!. (Deerfield.) For description see Addenda. 

chrysostomum, procumbent : inordinately branched ; leaves laxish, spreading, 
lance-oval, acuminate, entire, sub-linear: peduncles smoothish: capsules 
oblong, recurved ; lid perfectly conic, with a very acute spinose tip; peris- 
tome yellow. ; j 

triquetrum, stem sub-erect, ramose; leaves deltoid, acuminate, striate, some- 
what nerveless, spreading every way : capsule ovate: lid conic, obtuse. 


4. Leaves imbricate, sub-reflexed or recurved. 


fragile, outer peristome has the teeth lanceolate, remotely tubercled, yellow : 
inner one is a membrane, extended into an equal number of solid, lance-acu- 
minate, very acute teeth, with ciliae a little less than the teeth, capillary 
very acute. 

stellaium, stem weak, procumbent: leaves ovate, long-acuminate, nerveless, 
entire, spreading: capsule oblong: lid with an obtuse apex. 

sguarrosum, stem ascending: leaves keeled, nerveless, ovate at the base, close- 
pressed, acuminate at the apex, recurved-spreading: capsule ovate: lid 
short, conic. 


5. Leaves turned to one side, and conical falcate. 


erista-castrensis, stem elongated, somewhat simple, recurvedly and elegantly 
wing-branched: leaves recurve-curled one-way, subulate, with slender line- 
ate nerves: capsules very long peduncled, oblong, arched: lid conic. 

commutatum, stem procumbent, :amose: branches sub-ramose: capsule large, 
becoming white, striate: peduncles pretty large. In water or mud. 

cupressiforme, stem prostrate, sub-ramiose: leaves lance-ovate, falcate, nerve- 
less: lid conic. 

imponens, very short, somewhat feather-branched, recurved: leaves uncinate, 
one-way, nerveless: capsule erect, cylindric-oblong: lid conic, obtusely 
beaked. 

torreyanum, Sl. For description see Addenda. 


. 6. Leaves turned to one side, and not circinal-falcate. 


fuviatile, branches rather long, simple: leaves lance-ovate, laxish, somewha 
spreading : capsules oblong, erect-nodding. On rocks under water in riv- 
ers, &e. 

orthocladon, decumbent, bulbiferous: branches simple: leaves ovate, nerves 
solid, very entire: lid conic. Flowers moneecious. Calyptre subulate, 
white. Bulbs in the axils of the leaves or at the apexes of the branches. 


7. Leaves remote, lax-spreading. 


serpens, stem creeping : leaves laxish, small, lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerv- 
ed at the base: capsule elongated, obconic ; lid convex, mucronate. Shades. 
Fontinaliz. 


21—1. Hypoperttis. 55. 5. 
obtusa, W. (Ju: 2{.) Described me eile obtusum. Woodsia. 


254 HYPOPITHYS, IBERIS. 


10—1. Hypopiruys,N. (1) 18. 51. 


lanuginosa, (false beech-drops. E. y-w. Ju. 2{.) scape spike-flowered: whole 
plant, including the flower, woolly, except the base of the stem. Grows on 
roots of trees, &c. whole plant yellowish-white. 3—6j. S. 
europea, N. (2) (yellow beech drops. y. J. 2{.) aaa spike-flowered: flow- 
ers and scales on the stem glabrous outside: lateral flowers octandrous. 
Pterospora. 
6—1. Hypoxis. 10. 17. 


erecta, W. (3) (star-grass. O. y. Ju. 2{.) pilose: scape 2 or 3-flowered : 
leaves lance-linear: divisions of the corol lance-oblong. War. graminea 
has longer and narrower leaves; more flowers, longer lance-linear divis- 
ions to the corol—and altogether a more grassy appearance. S&S. 


} Southern. 

frifolia, E. iE Ap.) leaves filiform, somewhat angled, hairy: scape generally 
2-flowered. 

juncea, 8. (E. J. 2{.) pilose: leaves filiform, channelled, very entire : scapes 
one-flowered. , Pontederia. 


13—1., Hyprtis. 42. 39. 


Southern. 

radiata, (E. w. Au. 2[.) heads of flowers opposite: peduncles as long as the 
internodes: bracts lanceolate, longer than the fruit bearing calix: leaves 
oblong, serrate. 3—4f. 

capitata, W. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) heads of flowers opposite : peduncles as long as 
the internodes: bracts lanceolate, shorter than the fruit bearing calyx: 
leaves oblong, attenuate at each end, unequally serrate. It is doubtful 
whether this species has been found in this country. Clinopodium. 

spicata, Poit. (E. Florida.) spikes terminal ; flowers in litile heads, pedicell- 
ed, crowded ; leaves cordate-ovate, doubly serrate. 


13—1. Hyssopus. 42. 39. 


nepetoides, W. {giant hyssop, g-y. Ju. 2[.) stem acutely 4-angled, sub-alate : 
eaves ovate, acutely dentate ; petioles smooth. 4—8f WS. 

scrophularifolius, W. (P. Ju. 2{.) stem obtusely 4-angled : leaves heart-ovate, 
obtusely dentate ; petioles ciliate-pubescent. 3—5f. Dr. Darlington and 
Dr. M. Stevenson, have shewn that these are perfectly distinct species. 

foeniculum, Ph. (4) W. b. Ju. 3%.) erect pubescent: leaves heart-ovate, tooth- 
ed, glabrous above, whitish-tomentose beneath: whorles about 6-flowered. 


Exotic. 
officinalis, (hyssop. Ju. 2{.) flowers whorled: racemes one-way: intermedi- 
ate division of the corol 2-lobed, entire: leaves lance-linear. Nepeta. 


2i—6. HystTerium. 58. 1. 


pulvicare, gregarious, oblong or oval, striate. On oaks. 

fraxini, bursting, black, sub-ovate : lips a little swollen. On the branches of 
ash and maple. : : 

quercinum, bursting, flexuose, sub-ventricose, soft, dark-cinereous. On the 


young branches of oaks. Xyloma. 
B 
14—1. Iseris. 39. 63. 
Exotic. ‘ 
umbéellata, (candy tuft. w. J. #.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones 
serrate, upper ones entire. Coronopus. 


(1) Monotropa, L. (2) hypopithys, L. (3) caroliniensis, Mx. (4) aris- 
tatus, N, Stachys, Ph. 


ICTODES, IMPATIENS. 255 


4—1. Icroprs. (7) 2. 7. 


fetida, Mx. (skunk cabbage, fetid hellebore. O. p. Ap. 2{.) stemless leaves 
radical, heart-ovate, very large : spadix supporting the flowers in a sub-glo- 
bose head. Odor resembles that of the skunk. S, Camphorosma. 


4—4, Intex. 43. 95. 


canadensis, Mx. (1) (mountain holly. A. g-y. M. 5.) leaves deciduous, ovate, 
entire or a little serrate at the apex, glabrous: peduncles sub-solitary, long, 
1-flowered : fruit somewhat 4-sided. 3—5f. WN. 

opaca, A. (evergreen holly. E. g-w.M. 5.) leaves evergreen, ovate, acute, 
spinose glabrous, flat: flowers scattered at the base of the shoots of the pre- 
ceding year. A middle sized tree. S. 


Southern. 

laxiflora, Lk. (E. J. b.) leaves ovate, sinnate-toothed, spinose, shining, flat: 
peduncles super-axillary, in the young branches aggregate, lax-ramose. 

cassine, A. (E. J. 5.) leaves lance-ovate, sharply serrate, flat, glabrous on the 
mid-rib beneath: lateral peduncles corymb-branched, 8—12. f. 

dahoon, Wr. (E. w. M. 5.) leaves lance-oblong, nearly entire, reflexed at the 
margin, villose on the midrib beneath: peduncles lateral and terminal, co- 
rymb-panicled. 4—12 f. 

laurifolia, N. (E. Florida.) leaves large, elliptic, acutish, very entire, sem- 

» pervirent : pedicels elongated, sub-3-flowered. 

myrtifolia, Wr. (2) (E. W. J. 5.) leaves lance-linear, mucronate, rigid, very 
glabrous : fertile flowers solitary. 6—10 f. 

ligustrina, E (3) (E. J. 5.) leaves lance-linear, wedge-form at the base, gene- 
rally entire: fertile florets solitary. 6—10 f. 

vomitoria, A. (4) (O. M. 5) leaves oval, obtuse at'each end, crenate-serrate, 
glabrous: umbels lateral sub-sessile. 6—15 f. 

prinoides, A. (E. M. b.) leaves deciduous, lance-oval, acute at each end, ser- 
rate: peduncles one-flowered ; fertile ones solitary. 6—$8 f. Sagina. 


Ilex, Myernpa. 
Iilecebrum, ACHYRANTHES. 
12—13. Ixzticium. 12. 27. 


Southern. 
parviforum, Mx. (E.y. M. 5.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, obtuse, pe- 
rennial: petals and leaves of the calyx round, concave. 6—10f. 
floridanum, W. (W. p. J. 5.) leaves acuminate : petals numerous, oblong and 
linear. Teucrium. 


5—1. Impatiens. 24. 73. 


pallida, N. (5) (jewel-weed, touch-me-not. O. y. Ju. 3%.) peduncles solitary, 
2 & 4-flowered: nectary obtusely conic, dilated, shorter than the petals : 
spur recurved, very short: flowers sparingly punctate: leaves rhomb-ovate, 
mucronate-toothed. 2—4f. S. 

fulva, N. (6) (speckled jewels. O. y. & r. Ju. 3%.) peduncles solitary, 2-4 
flowered: nectary acutely conic, longer than the petals: spur resupinate, 


(1) Nemophanthus fascicularis, R. This species certainly differs much in 
habit from the opaca, and perhaps it ought to form a new genus. Prof. Dewey 
of Williams Col. proposes the following description for a new genus, but does 
not propose any name. Calyx o: petals 4, lanceolate, sub-acute, alternating 
with the stamens: stigmas sessile: pericarp 4-celled, 1-seeded. Stamens 3 
to 5: stigmas 3to5. Polygamous. MS. (2) angustifolia, Ph. rosmarinifolia, 
Lk. M. (3) angustifolia, M. var. ligustrifolia, Ph. (4) cassine, Wr. (5) au- 
rea, M. nolitangere, Ph. (6) maxulata, M. biflora, Ph. (7) Pothos, L. Sym- 
plocarpus, Sy. Dracontium, L. in another part of this work. 


256 IPAMTIENS, IPOMEA. 


emarginate, nearly as long as the galea: flowers with crowded spots! leaves 
rhomb-ovate, mucronate-toothed. i, : 


Exotic. 
balsamina, (balsam weed. r. & w. Au. 3%.) peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered : 
leaves lanceolate, upper ones alternate: nectary sh@rter than the flowers. 


* 


1—3 f 
Imperatoria, ANGELICA. 


16—10. InpIGoFERA. 32. 93. 


Exotic. 
tinctoria, (indigo. 5.) leaves pinnate, oblong, glabrous, in four pairs ; racemes 
shorter than the leaves : legume terete, somewhat arched.—From the East 
Iodies, 
Southern. 
caroliniana, Wr. (E. b. Au. 2{.) leaves pinnate; leafets oval and obovate : 
spikes longer than the leaves: legumes 2-seeded, reticulate-veined. 3—7 f. 


Glycyrrhiza. 
17—2. Inuna. 49. 55. ; 
Exotic. . 
helenium, (elecampane. y. Au. 2{.) leaves clasping, ovate, rugose, tomentose 
beneath: scales of the calyx ovate. Naturalized. 3—5f, Brachyris. 


Inula, CHRYSOPSIs. 
5—l. Ionipium. 29. 80. 


concolor, Fost. (1) (green violet. E. w-g. M, 2(.) straight, erect: leaves 
broad-lanceolate, entire: stipules subulate, entire : peduncles short: petals 
connivent, emarginate; spuro. 20i. S. Claytonia. 


5—1. Ipomea. 29. 43. 


lacunosa, Mx. (w. & p. J. %&.) glabrous: flowers cordate, acuminate, scrobic- 
ulate, angled at the base: peduncles short, about one-flowered : calyx hairy : 
corol tubular, short: capsules hairy. S.. 

nil, Mx. (2) (morning glory. E. b. Ju. #.) hirsute: leaves cordate, 3-lobed : 
peduncles short, 1—3-flowered: calyx very villose, long acuminate. S. 


Southern. 

qguamociit, W. (jasmine bindweed. E. r. w. Au. 3%.) leaves pinnatifid, linear: 
flowers sub-solitary; corol tubular. 

coccinea, Wr. (y-r. Ju. #%.) pubescent: leaves cordate acuminate, sub-angled : 
peduncles about 5-flowered: calyx awned: corol tubular: limb sub-entire. 

dissecta, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{. 5?) stem, peteoles, and peduncles very pilose : leaves 
glabrous, 7-lobed; divisions sinuate : peduncles 1-flowered: divisions of the 
calyx oval: corol bell-form. 

trichocarpa, Mx. (3) (E. p. Ju. %.) leaves entire, cordate, or 3-lobed, villose : 
calyx ciliate: capsules hirsute : peduncles about 2-flowered. 

bona nox, W. (E. w. Ju. 2%.) very glabrous: leaves cordate, entire or angled : 
peduncle 1 to3-flowered: calyx awned: corol undivided, tube long. 

tamnifolia, W. (E. b. Ju. 3%.) hirsute: leaves cordate, acuminate: flowers in 
aggregate heads, involucred : bracts linear : corol short-tubular ; limb spread- 
ing : capsule glabrous. “ 


(1) viola, Fost. Ph. &c. (2) Convolvulus, W. (3) carolina, Ph. W. & Mx. 


PN 


IPOMEA, IRIS. 257 


ciliosa, Mx. (W.) glabrous : leaves cordate, sub-ciliate at the margin : pedun- 
cles long, 1-flowered : calyx without bracts; divisions broad-oval, obtuse : 
corol tubular-bell-form. 

orbicularis, E. (E. p. Ju.) prostrate: leaves round, emarginate, veined, gla- 
brous: peduncles about 3-flowered ; tube of the corol short. 

carolina, Cates. (E. b.) leaves digitate ; leafets petioled : peduncles 1-flowered. 


Ophiorhiza. 
Ipomea, CONVOLVULUS. 
5—1. Ipomeria. 29. 43. 
[The species are described under Cantua, p. 147.] Collomia. 


Ipomopsis, [pPOMERIA. 


20—5. Iresine. 12. 30. 


Southern. 
celosioides, W. (E. S. #.) leaves punctate, scabrous ; lower ones oblong, acu- 
minate ; upper ones lance-ovate : panicle branching, crowded : stem furrow- 
ed. 3—4f. Smilax. 
oa 


. 3—1. Iris. 6. 18. 


versicolor, (1) (O. b. J. 2f.) leaves ensiform: stem acute on one side: capsules 
oblong, 3-sided with obtuse angles. War. sulcata, (2) inner petals longer 
than the stigmas: germ with sulcate angles and concave sides: capsule 
oblong, ventricose ; angles somewhat furrowed.~ Var. communis, (3) stem 
erect, flexuous : leaves narrow ensiform : inner petals a little shorter than the 
stigmas: angles of the germ not grooved when young, sides deep-concave : 
capsule cylindric-oblong. 2—3f, S. 

prismatica, Ph. (4) (boston iris. E. b. y. J. 2{.) flowers beardless : leaves hin- 
rie 5 "a many-flowered: germs triangular, twice grooved on the 
sides. 1—2 f. 

lacustris, N. (Great lakes. b. 2{.) veardless: leaves short ensiform,; scape muck 
shorter than the leaf, 1-flowered : petals sub-equal? attenuated on the tube - 
capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined: seed roundish, smooth : root tuberous. 


Exotic. 
plicata, (garden iris. p. w. M. 2{.) bearded : stem many-flowered, higher than 
the leaves: petals undulate-plicate, erect ones broadest. 18—24 i. 
pumila, (dwart-flower-de-luce. b. M. 2{.) bearded: scape 1-flowered: leaves 
ensiform, glabrous: tube of the corol exsert : petals oblong, obtuse. 6—10:. 
ochroleuca, (yellow iris. y. M.) beardless : leaves ensiform, depressed, striate : 
scape sub-terete: germ 6-cornered. 


; Southern. 
cristata, Mx. (E.b. & y. Ap. 2f.) bearded: beard-crested:: scape generally 1- 
flowered, as long as the leaves: germs 3-angled: petals about equal. 2—4i. 
tripetala, Wr. (5) (E. b. M. 2f.) beardless: stem terete, longer than the 
leaves: leaves ensiform: rudiments of the inner petals 3-toothed; middle 
tooth acuminate: capsule 3-angled. 2f. 
cuprea, Ph. (O. r-y. Ju. 2{.) beardless: stem terete, flexuous, equalling tke 
eaves : leaves broad-ensiform: stigmas linear, short: petals all reflexed, 
y emanate, obovate ; inner ones shortest: capsules large, 6-angled. 3f. 
verna, W. (A. b. M. 2{.) beardless, stemless, one-flowered: leaves very long, 


grass-like, glaucous: tube long : : a- 
eh, sessil go rh very long: petals nearly equal: capsules rour 


(1) virginica, Bw. Ist Ed. and probably of L. (2) versicolor W. virgini- 
» Ph. * aye % “Seki : par 
Hcutatay LM, VORmAOaey sas (4) gracilis, Bw. lst Ed. virginica, T. (5) tri- 
z2* 


258 URIS, IVA. 


aibirica, W. (W. b. Ju. 2{.) beardless: stem hollow, terete, higher than the 
leaves, somewhat 3-flowered : leaves linear : capsules short-3-angled, obtuse 
at each end. Dilatris. 


1Z—1. Isantuus. 42. 39.4 


ceruleus, Mx. ( mee gentian, false pennyroyal. O. b. Ju. 2%.) viscid-hairy : 
leaves lance-oval, acute at both ends, 3-nerved: peduncles 1 or 2-flowered 
Hedeoma. 


91—6. Isarra. 58. 1. 


mucida, cespitose, effuse: branchlets sub-depressed, forked, nearly soft. On 
decaying wood in summer and autumn, Monila. 


14—1. Isatis. 39. 63. 
, Exotic. : ath. 
tinctoria, (woad. J. ¢.) radical leaves crenate ; cauline ones sagitate, oblong. 


21—5. Ismrum. 57. 2 ~ 


corallinum, Ach. (coral lichen.) crust white, verrucose: receptacle only visi- 
ble to the microscope. On rocks. 
phymatodes, Ach: crust green. Rotten wood in moist places. Stereocaulon, 


4—1. Isnarpia. (2) 17. 88. 


palustris, W. (water purslane. O. g. J. 2{.) prostrate, creeping : leaves op- 

posite, lanceolate, tapering at the base: capsule oblong, sub-angled. 
Southern. ‘ 

alata, E. (E. Ju.) glabrous: leaves wedge-lanceolate, decurrent : stem wing- 
ed: capsule cubic, sessile. ‘ 

rercrocarpa, Mx. (3) (E. Au. %?) stem decumbent, slightly winged: leaves 
alternate, spatulate-obovate: flowers axillary, sessile. 1 f. 

sphaerocarpa, E. (E. Au. 2{.) stem erect, branching: leaves lance-linear : 
capsules small, sessile, globose, pubescent. 2 f. 

cylindrica, E. (E. Au. 2{.) stem erect, branching, slightly angled: leaves 
lanceolate: capsules cylindrical. 3 f. 

lanceolata, E. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem virgate: leaves narrow, lanceolate, glabrous, 


sub-decurrent: capsules cubic, sessile, winged. Elaeagnus. 


= 


9j1—J. Isortes.. 55. 5. 


lacustris, W. (quill-wort. E. 2{.) frond dilated and imbricate at the base, nar- 
row and subulate above, flat: root fibrous. From 2 to 12 inches high: co- 
Jour green: growing immersed, or at the margin of ponds. Resembles a 
zoophyte. Avolla, 


5—1. Irga. 18. 50. 


virginica, W. (itea. w. J. 5.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serru- 
jate, pubescenton the veins. 3—6f. WS. Impatiens, 


; “t 17-4, Iva. 49. 55. 


frutescens, (high-water shrub. L. g. Au. 5.) leaves lanceolate, punctate-sca- 
brous, deeply serrate: glomerules of florets globose, depressed. Somewhat 


shrubby. 3—4f. 8. 
(1) Trichostema brachiata, L, (2) Ludwigia, E. Ph. &c. (3) glandulosa, Ph ? 


IVA, JUGLANS. 959 


; ’ Southern. — 

imbricata, Wr. (L. Au. 5.) shrubby, glabrous ; leaves lance-linear, wedge- 
form, entire, glabrous : calyx imbricate. 

santhifolia, N. (W. Au. %%.) leaves opposite, petioled, heart-ovate, acuminate, 
doubly serrate, soft-villous, hoary beneath: spikes naked, panicled. 5— 


6 f. se 

axillaris, Ph. (W. y-g. M. 2{.) herbaceous, sub-pilose, leaves generally oppo- 

site, lance-linear, entire: flowers axillary, solitary, nodding: calyx nearly 
simple ; leafets ovate. 6—$8 i. 

ciliata, Ph. (W. Ju. %%.) herbaceous: leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate: spike 
somewhat crowded : bracts lanceolate, acuminate : bracts and petioles long- 
ciliate, 2. Calendula, 


Saag xras 6s 18: 


Exotic. 
chinensis, (blackberry lily. y. . J. 2{.) corol about 6-petalled : stem flexuose : 
: dJeaves ensiform. ;, 
ae a Southern. 
coelestina, Bart. (O. b. M. 2{.) leaves linear-subulate, many times shorter than 
the 1-flowered scape. Commelina. 
| é J. 


2—1. Jasminum. 44. 37. 
% 
2 Exotic. 
fruticans, (jasmine. y. 5.) leaves alternate, ternate, simple: leafets obovate, 
wedze-form, obtuse ; branches angled. 


Qficinale, (jasmine. w. b.) leaves pinnate, opposite: leafets acuminate. 
Syringa, 


19—15. JarropHa. 38. 96. 


Southern. 
stimulosa, Mx. (O. w. Ju. 2{.) hispid, with stimulating prickles: leaves pal- 
mate-lobed: lobes obtusish, sub-sinuate-toothed : cymes short-peduncled. 
6—18 i. Stillingia, — 


8—1. Jerrersonia. 27. 62. 


diphylia, B. (1) (twin-leaf. W. w. M. 2{.) stemless: peduncles naked, 1-flow- 
ered: leaves in pairs. Erica. 


19—12. Juatans. 50. 94. 


nigra, (black walnut. O. M. b.) leafets numerous, lanceovate, serrate, sub-cor- 
date, narrowed above : petioles and under-sides of the leaves sub-pubescent : 
fruit globose, with scabrous punctures: nut wrinkled. 
cinerea, (butternut. O. M. b.) leafets numerous, lanceolate, serrate, rounded at 
~» the base, soft-pubescent beneath: petioles villose: fruit oblong-ovate, viscid, 
long-peduncled: nut roughly sculptured. The bark is a cathartic, 


Exotic. 
regia, (madeira nut. M. 5.) leafets about 9, oval, glabrous, sub-serrate, sub- 
equal: fruit globose. Var. fraxinifolia, has 9 or 10 leafets, oblong, serate, 


260 _ JUNCUS. 


smooth; lateral lower one adnate on the common petiole. It is said that 
this variety is indigenous to North America. Carya. 


Juglans, Carya. 
6—1. Juncus. 5.13. ™ 
1. Scapes naked : flowers lateral. 


effusus, (E: 2{.) scape minutely striate, (soft:) panicle loose, very branching : 

vale ey of the bales lanceolate, ecaneaig rather po Cat than the 
obovate, obtuse capsule. 2—3f. WS. ; 

setaceus, Rostk. (E. 2{.) scape filiform, striate : umbel lateral, compound, few- 
flowered : peduncles many-flowered : leafets of the calyx subulate. 2f. S. 

acutus, (O. 2{.) scape naked, terete: panicle lateral : involucre Q-leaved, 
spinous : capsule roundish, mucronate, twice as long as the calyx. 2—3f. S. 


2. Leaves all radical : flowers terminal. 


squarrosus, (2{.) leaves setaceous, (rigid) grooved: panicle terminal, elongat- 
ed, compound : capsules elliptical. ». 

tenuis, W. (E. 2{.) stem erect, filiform, somewhat dichotomous at the summit, 
nearly terete: leaves setaceous, channelled: flowers solitary, approximate, 
sub-sessile: calyx longer than the obtuse capsule. If. S&S. 

nodosus, (Ju. 2{.) stem somewhat leafy: leaves nodose-articulate : heads 
about 2, globose; one of them lateral and peduncled ; the other sessile : 
leafets of the calyx mucronate, shorter than the acuminate capsule. 8—10 i. 


3. Stems leafy. 
(Leaves nearly plane, grooved above.) 


marginatus, Rostk. (1) (Au: 2{.) leaves flat, smooth : corymb terminal, simple, 
proliferous: heads 5—10-flowered : flowers triandrous : leafets of the calyx 
about as long as the obtuse capsule ; outer ones and bracts somewhat awned, 
Var. odoratus, stem tall, subterete, leafy : panicle very branching, prolifer- 
ous. 12—18i. S. 

trifidus, (A.) sheaths ciliate; those at the base of the stem leafless: bracts 
leafy, very long, grooved : heads about 3-flowered, terminal: stem 1-leaved. 
6 i 


i. 

bulbosus, (2) (E. Au. 2{.) stem simple, leafy, compressed: leaves linear-seta- 
ceous, channelled: panicle terminal, compound, sub-cymose, shorter than 
the involucre : leafets of the calyx incurved, obtuse or acute, generally short- 
er than the ovate, sub-globose capsule. 

bufonius, (E. Ju: 3%.) stem dichotomous above, panicled: leaves filiform-se- 
taceous, channelled : flowers sub-solitary, sessile, 1-sided : leaves of the ca- 
lyx very acuminate, much longer than the oval-ovate capsule. 3—6i. S. 


(Leaves rounded or sub-compressed, nodose-articulate.) 


acuminatus, Mx. (E. Au. 2{.) stem leafy, erect: leaves terete, nodose-articu- 
late: panicle terminal, compound: heads 3—-6-flowered, peduncled and: 
sessile ; leafets of the calyx lance-linear, somewhat awned, shorter than the 
acute capsule. 18 i. S. : 

polycephalus, Mx. (3) (E. Au. 2{.) stem leafy, erect : leaves compressed, no- 
dose-articulate : panicle decompound : heads globose, many-flowered : flow-. 
ers triandrous: leafets of the calyx somewhat awned, rather shorter than the 
triangular, acute capsule. 18—24i. S. 


(1) aristulatus, Mx. E. (2) dichotomys, E, (3) var. crassifolius, E, Ph, By. 


JUNCUS, JUNGERMANNIA. 261 


eubverticillatus, W? (1) (2{.) cauline leaves subulate, nodose-articulate : pa- 
nicle corymbed : heads about 5-flowered, fasciculate-whorled : leafets of the 
calyx striate, as long as the obtuse capsule, 18 i. 

militaris, Bw. (E.) leafone, jointed, cylindrical, longer than the stem: panicle 
terminal, proliferous: heads about 5-flowered: leafets of the calyx acute. 
2—3 f. ; 


Southern. 

conglomeratus, S. (Ju. 2{.) stem naked, straight: panicle lateral, conglobate : 
capsule retuse: flowers triandrous. 

repens, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) creeping: stem geniculate, branching: leaves linear, 
flat: fascicles lateral and terminal : flowers triandrous: leaves of the calyx 
subulate, carinate, very acute. 6—I10i. 

biforus, E. (E. J. 2.) stem terete: leaves linear, flat: panicle decompound, 
long : fascicles 2-flowered. 3 f. Luzula. 


21—3. JuncERMaNNIA. 57. 3. 
I. Caulescent. A. Having stipules. 
1. Stipules in three rows. 


a 
platyphylla, L. stem procumbent, bipinnate ; leaves 2-ranked, imbricate, round- 
ish, obtuse: stipules entire, in threes. On bark of living trees. 
platyphylloidea, Sz. stem procumbent, bi- or tri-pinnate : leaves imbricate, vault- 
ed, roundish-4-sided : stipules in threes, sub-equal, entire. Yellowish-green, 
tinged with brown. On rocks. 
distans, Sz. stem diffused, branching, simply pinnate ; wings lax : leaves not 
imbricate, sub-distant, alternate: stipules minute, round, entire, distant. 
3 i. In dense tufts, on roots of trees ; and on wet rocks. Dark green. 
porella, Dick. stem floating, irregularly branched and pinnate : leaves sub- 
imbricate, largish, oval, obtuse: stipules entire : broad leaves blackish-blue. 
In brooks. 
2. Stipules in a simple series. 


a, Leaves eared below. 


tamariscifolia, Schm. (2) stem creeping, pinnate : leaves two-ranked, obtuse, 
very entire ; ears vaulted: stipules minute, very entire, two-cleft: calyx 
3-cornered, 3-cleft, papillose. On trees and rocks : often dark brown-pur- 


le. 

aidatata, Weber. (3) stems entwined, creeping, sub-pinnate : leaves 2-rank- 
ed, obtuse, entire ; lobes of the ears alternately clavate, and alternately very 
small or none : stipules large, 2-cleft, serrate, especially that of the calyx : 
calyx 3-cornered, 3-cleft, smooth. On trees. A green variety, occurs in 
large tufts on rocks. Colour varies, often blackish. 

serpyllifolia, Dick. stems creeping, filiform, irregularly pinnate, shortish : 
leaves imbricate, eared ; lobes unequal ; upper ones largest, ventricose be- 
neath at the base ; lower ones minute: stipules round, acutely and deeply 
bifid. Green, Among mosses on wet rocks. . 


b, Leaves not eared. 
¥, Leaves entire. 
+. Stipules 2-cleft or 2-lobed. 


pallescens, Eh. stem ascending, somewhat branched : leaves roundish, very 
entire, obtuse : stipules obtuse, 2-cleft ; segments acute, evanescent. Wet 
or water. 

trichomanes, Dick, leaves imbricate, roundish, very entire : stipules roundish, 
with two obtuse lobes. In woods, on moist earth. 


(1) fluitans, Mx. verticillatus, Ph. (2) dilatata, of many authors. (3) tama- 
riscifolia, of many authors.,. 


262 JUNGERMANNIA. 


tt. Stipules entire. 


transversalis, Sw. stem creeping, sub-ramose: leaves imbricate, obliquely 
ovate, obtuse, complicate beneath at the base: stipules sub-orbicular-reni- 
form, inflexed at the margin, very entire. Yellow. On rocks, rarely on 
trees. 

clypeata, Sz. stem creeping, sub-pinnate, many interwoven: leaves imbricate, 
vaulted, (so that the semi-cylindric sprouts pass out,) 2-ranked, obliquely 
ovate, round, interwoven bencath at the base : stipules orbicular, affixed in 
a ae | like a shield. Whitish-yellow. Growing downwards on trees 
and rocks. 


**, Leaves divided. 
+. Leaves emarginate or two-toothed. 


bidentata, L. stem decumbent, ascending and sub-ramose at the apex: leaves 
with two acuminate teeth: stipules ovate, 4-cleft. Earth. 


++. Leaves with three or four small teeth. 


trilobata, Web. leaves obliquely ovate, retuse, unequally 3-toothed at the 
apex, and entire in the other parts: stipules 2—4-cleft ; shoots from the axils 
of the stipules. 

tridenticulata, stem procumbent-creeping, many aggregated : leaves flat, two- 
ranked, largish, 3-toothed at the apex, sub-oval: stipules broad, roundish, 
denticulate on all sides ; shoots from the axils. Yellow. A variety, grow- 
ing on trees, is dichotomous, dark brown, and smaller. In bogs. 

reptans, L. leaves remotish, sub-4-sided, nearly equally 3—4-cleft at the apex : 
stipules similar to the leaves, 4-cleft. Stem pinnate, 

sertularioides, Mx. creeping, capillary: leaves bristle-form, 2-parted; bristles 
jointed : teeth of the calyx bristle-bearing. 

laciniosa, Mx. creeping, very branching : leaves 2-cleft, with fringed divisions : 
calyxes lateral, oblong, a little glabrous: bristles short: stipules like the 
leaves. 

pulcherrima, L. (Labrador.) stem erect, bi-pinnate ; branches vaulted at the 
apex, incrassate: leaves 3-cleft: stipules 2-cleft, very long ciliate. Earth. 

ciliaris, L. stem sub-pinnate, decumbent: branches slender: stipules and 
leaves split, having ciliz rather long. Smaller and lighter coloured than 
the preceeding. Rotten logs. 

tomeniella, Eh. stem ascending, bipinnate, tomentose above: leaves and sti- 
pules 4-parted, haviag ciliae very long, becoming white. 

pancifiora, Dick. (Labrador.) stem branched, creeping: leaves and stipules 

' similar, erectly spreading, 3-parted, even to the base; divisions hooked. 


B. Without stipules. 
1. Leaves eared. 


complanata, L. stem branched, creeping : leaves roundish, very entire; ears 
sub-evate, flattish. On smooth bark: very rarely on rocks. 


2. Leaves not eared. 
a. Leaves not divided. 
*, Leaves very entire. 


viticulosa, L. stem naked (excepting the radicled) ascending: leaves distant, 
sub-verticillate, a little convex, roundish, beautifully green. Rotten . 

polyanthos, L, stem creeping, rooting on the back: leaves sub-imbricate, sub- 
verticillate, a little convex, roundish, pale: calyx shorter than the bristle, 
divided. Moist ground. Bi 

lanceolata, L. stem creeping, rooting on the back: leaves imbricate, semi-ver- — 
aaiiste, sub-convex, roundish-oyate. Reddish. On rocks and earth, in 
woods. 


JUNGERMANNIA. 268 


stolaris, Schm. stem creeping, rooting : leaves sub-imbricate, semi-verticil- 
late, convex, roundish, somewhat converging forwards. Old logs: hand- 
somely twisted : light-green and purplish, 

sphagni, Dick. stem creeping, with radicles on the back : leaves imbricate, sub- 
vertical, concave, roundish, converging forward. j 

orbicularis, Mx. small, with a creeping stem: leaves orbicular, entire, rising 
vertically in a double series. Reddish. On dry side-hills: and, perhaps, 
in woods among mosses. 


**, Leaves toothed. 


asplentoides, L. leaves sub-imbricate, semi-verticillate, oblique, ovate, round- 
ish, having small teeth. Among rocks, on the ground. 


b. Leaves divided. 
*, Leaves emarginate, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. 
+. Margin of the leaves very entire. 


emtarginata, Eh. stem erect; sub-ramose : leaves approximate, spread-diverg- 
ing, obcordate, obtusely emarginate, angles obtuse. Moist rocks. 

funckii, Web. stem ascending, sub-simple: leaves sub-imbricate, spreading, 
sub-horizontal, emarginate, angles obtusish. Deep red. Among lichens in 
dry woods. 

inflata, Huds. stem procumbent, sub-simple : leaves remotish, spread-diverg- 
ing, sub-horizontal, concave, acutely emarginate, angles acute. With the 
last. 

curvifolia, Dick. stem procumbent, branching : leaves sub-imbricate, erectish, 
2-cleft, divisions alternated, incurved. Rotten logs. 

michauxti, Web.? shoots erectish: leaves 2-cleft, approximate, sub-imbricate, 
spread-diverging, very entire, acutely emarginate, angles acute: fructifica- 
tion terminal : calyx tubular, plaited at the apex. 

bicornis, Mueller. stem creeping, sub-ramose : leaves remote, spreading, semis 
verticillate, concave, emarginate-2-toothed, teeth acuminate, very acute, con- 
verging. 

bicuspidata, L. stem flexuose, sub-ramose, creeping : leaves remote, spread-di- 
verging, semi-vertical, flattish, acutely emarginate-2-toothed ; teeth diverging. 

connivens, Dk. shoots creeping ; branches simply pinnate : leaves ovate, emar- 
ginate-2-cleft; teeth acute, converging. 

ehrhartiana, Web. stem short, decumbent, rooting on the back: leaves imbri- 
‘cate, somewhat spreading, concave, obtusely emarginate, angles acutish. 


tt- Margin of the leaves toothed, serrate, or crenate. 


undulata, L. stem erect, simple: leaves roundish obtuse, sub-denticulate, un- 
dulate, lobes obtuse : a little concave in front, convex behind. Bogs. Small- 
er than the next: leaves less ciliate. 

nemorosa, L. stem erect, sub-ramose : leaves with roundish lobes, tooth-ciliate, 
Whitish-green. Large. A variety almost white, more ciliate: fructifica- 
tion nearly sessile: Possibly a distinct species. 

resupinata, L. stem erectish, sub-branched : leaves resupinate ; lobes sub- 
ovate, scarcely acute, denticulate. Reddish. Dry earth; leaves obtuse. 

umbrosa, Schrader, lobes of the leaves sub-ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate. 
Reddish. Dry earth : leaves acute. 

albicans, L. stem erect, subdivided: lobes of the leaf oblong, acutish, fur- 
sae with a nerve, serrate at the apex. Whitish-yellow: in tufts on the 
earth. 

**, Leaves unequally 3-toothed; or 3—4—5-cleft at the apex. 


pusilla, L. small, creeping : leaves sub-4-sided, plaited, margin in front ob- 
tuse, ert very entire on the other parts. Light green. On loamy 
‘ground. — 

quinguedentata, L. stem erectish, rooting on the back : leaves plaited, 4-sided, 
guerciferm below : apex with 3 or 5 acute, very entire teeth. 


264 JUNGERMANNIAs JUSSIEVA. 


exsecta, Schm. stem creeping: leaves concave, un€qually 3-toothed; teeth 
acutish, very entire. On earth, in moist woods. ; ie 

incisa, Schr. stem rooting, sub-simple ; leaves unequally 3-cleft ; divisions 
channeled on the back, toothed. Moist rocks. 

decipiens, Hooker. stem erect, flexuose, sub-simple : lower leaves smaller, 

_ very entire ; upper ones sub-4-sided, with one or more spinose, scattered 


teeth. 
I. Stemless. 


sinuata, Sw. nearly stemless, frond sub-dichotomons, flat, nerved, margin un- 
divided or sinuate-pinnatifid, very entire, glabrous. A large species. Bogs. 

egiphylla, L. frond obovate, lobed, nearly nerveless ; lobes sinuate, margin un- 
dulate, fruit-bearing above. Banks of brooks, 
inguis, L. frond obovate, lobed, nerveless, glabrous, fleshy ; lobes sinuate ; 
fruit-bearing below. Wet and water. 

multifida, L. frond creeping, bi-pinnatifid, nerveless ; divisions narrow, broad- 
er at the apex. Wet. 
zlmata, H. frond short, somewhat ascending, digitate-palmate, nerveless. 
Dark green. Rotten wood, in wet places. 

bipinnata, Sw. frond procumbent, bi-pinnate, nerveless ; segments, towards 
the apex, attenuated. Shady rocks, among mosses. Smail. 

furcata, frond linear, decumbent, ramose, forked at the extremity, nerved, the 
margin at the bottom and on the back of the nerve pubescent, yellowish 
green. On rocks and stones. . 

pubescens, Schr. frond linear, branching, forked at the extremity, nerved, al! 
over pubescent. Yellow. On mountains. 

cilifera, Sz. frond linear, very narrow, branching; not forked at the extremity, 
but sub-bifid ; divisions attenuated, nearly nerveless; leafy at the margin: 
lobes spatulate, clavate and irregular, sometimes shoot like, with intermixed 
cilige. Elegant. Green or yellow. In dense tufts on rocks and earth. 

oblonga, Sz. frond simple, broad, not lobed, oblong, sub-acuminate ; margin 
undulate, or thick towards the nerves, plaited ; on other parts very entire ; 
the apex is sometimes produced into a long linear point. Frond one-eighth 
of an inch in diameter. In water. . 
Remark. Most of the Jurgermanniae are in fruit late in the spring; some 

however, in the winter. Fucus. 


20—15. JuxireRus. 51. 100. 


communis, W. (juniper. O. M. 5.) leaves in threes, spreading, mucronate, 
longer than the berry. Var. erecta, branches erect. Var. depressa, (1) 
branches prostrate or horizontal. 

virginiana, Wm. (red cedar. O. M. 5.) leaves in threes, aduate at their bases ; 
in their young state they are imbricate, older they become spreading. Hard- 
ly a middle-sized tree. 

sabina, W. (savin. M. b.) leaves opposite, obtuse, glandular in the middle, 
imbricate 4-ways; the young tender ones opposite, acute. Grows near 
Lake Superior, Pitcher. Var. procumbens, 6 inches high, in Rocky Moun- 
tains, Ph. 

Southern. 

excelsa, W. (M. 5.) leaves opposite, obtusish, glandular in the middle, imbri- 
cate 4-ways ; the young tender ones acute, in threes, spreading: stem arbo- 
reus. A middle sizetree. Perhaps a variety of the last. 

barbadensis, W. (E. b.) leaves all imbricate four-ways ; younger ones ovate ; 
older ones acute. Taxus. 


10—1. Jussirva. 17. 88. re 
, Southern. 
grandiflora, Mx. (E. y. Ju. 2{.) creeping : stem erect and ascending: leaves 


(1) repens, N. prostrata, M. 


JUSSIEUA, KOCHIA. 265 


lanceolate, entire, with the peduncles and calyx villous: flowers decan- 
drous. 2—3 f. 

erecta, W.(E.y-. Au. 2{.) erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate : flowers oc- 
tandrous, sessile. ; 

subacaulis, Ph. (W. y. J. 2{.) creeping, glabrous : leaves lance-linear, re- 

nd-toothed : flowers solitary, octandrous, peduucled : alternate filaments 

shortest : petals obovate. 

leptocarpa, N. (W. y. 3%.) erect: stem and calyx somewhat hirsute : leaves 
lanceolate, attenuate at each end: flowers sessile: capsule slender, cylin- 
dric. 

tenuifolia, N. (E. Florida.) leaves sessile, linear, glabrous: flowers sessile, 
octandrous. Prosopis. 

2—1. Justiera. 40. 36. 


pedunculosa, Vahl. (1) (water willow. W. Ju. 5.) spikes axillary : flowers 
crowded : peduncles elongated, alternate: leaves lanceolate. 


Exotic. 
adhatoda, (malabar nut. p. 5.) leaves lance-ovate : bracts ovate, nerved, per- 
manent: helmet of the corol concave. 


Southern. 
humilis, Vahl. (E. Ju. 2{.) spikes axillary and terminal, few-flowered : flowers 
distant : bracts linear: leaves lance-oblong. 
brachiata, Ph. (O. r. Ju. 2f.) peduncles axillary in whorled racemes : pedi- 
cels in pairs: bracts obevate, 3-flowered : leaves ovate, acute : petioles 
very long : stem six-angled, very branching. Utricularia. 


K, 
10—1. Kataia. 18. 50. 


latifolia, W. {laurel. E. w. & r. Ju. 5.) leaves long-petioledi, scattered, and in 
oe oval, smooth both sides : corymbs terminal, with viscid hairs. 3— 
20 f. : 

angustifolia, >(sheep laure]. O. J. 5.) leaves in threes, petioled, oblong, ob- 
tuse, sometimes rusty beneath : corymbs lateral: bracts linear: peduncles 
and calyx with glandular hairs. Var. ovata, taller: leaves broader, sub- 
ovate. 2—3f. S. 

glauca, A. (2) (swamp laurel. O. r. M. 5.) branchlets 2-edged : leaves oppo- 

- site, sub-sessile, oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, margin revolute: co- 
rymb terminal, bracted: peduncles and calyxes very glabrous. War. cs- 
marinifolia, leaves linear, green beneath. 18—24i. 


Southern. 


_euneata, Mx. (A. w. r. 5.) leaves scattered, sessile, wedge-form, oblong, pu- 


bescent beneath, slightly awned at the apex : corymbs lateral, few-flowered. 
hirsuta, Wr. (E.r. Ju. 5.) branches, leaves and calyx hirsute: leaves oppo- 

site and alternate, sub-sessile, lanceolate : peduncles axillary, solitary, one- 

flowered, longer than the leaves. 10—18 i. Rhododendron. 


o—2. Kocnra. 12. 24. 


Southern. 
dentata, W. (3) (W. J. #.) leaves lanceolate, sinuate-toothed : stem erect, 
very branching. 
dioica, N. (W: M. %.) low: branching axillary : leaves sessile, very entire, 
lance-ovate, acute, glaucous, somewhat succulent : staminate flowers ter- 
minal, conglomerate. Both species resemble Chenopodium, 6—12 i. 


Planera. 


(1) Dianthera americana, L. ensiformis, Wr. (2 lifolia, Wm. (3 
Salsola platyphylla, Mx. is, Wr. (2) polifolia, Wm. (3) 
23 


266 KOELERLA, KYLLINGIA. 


3—2. Korteria. 4. 10. 


pensylvanica, Sl. (0) (J. 2.) leaves flat and with the sheaths, soft-pubescent : 
‘panicle oblong, slender, rather loose: calyx 2-flowered : glumes nearly 
equal ; lower one oblong, obtuse, sub-inucronate : upper valve of the coro} 
scabrous. . ~ 

truncata, M. (1) (J. 2{.) leaves flat, smooth : panicle oblong, racemed : calyx 
2-flowered with a third abortive floret, unequal ; lower glume a little sca- 
brous, obtuse: corol glabrous. 2f, Var. major, T. (E.) panicle large, a 
little spreading : leaves broad-linear, very long. 3f. S. ‘ 


Southern. 
nitida, N. (W. #¢?) spike elongated, lobed ; lobes crowded, appressed, ap- 
proximate: spikelets oblong-ovate, smooth, awnless ; lower ones 2-flowere : 
upper ones 3, both with an additional setaceous rudiment : stipule hairy. 8 i. 
paniculata, N. (E.) panicle oblong, smooth : spikelets 2—3-flowered, shining : 
glumes awnless : valves of the calyx very unequal; largest one obtusely 
aaa Bs (2) (W. Ju. 2f.). spik hat I 3x4. 
cristata, S. . Ju. 2{.). spike somewhat lax: spikelets divergin 
flowered, somewhat awned i= wrinkled, sub-ciliate on the keel” > 


Uralepsis. 
4—1. KRAMERIA. 33. She 
Southern. 
lanceolata, T. & J. (W. y. 5.) hoary-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, 
villose : pedicels axillary, about twice as long as the leaves. Rivina. 


17—1. -Kricta. 49.53. 


virginica, Mx. (3) (dwarf dandelion. E. y. M. 3%.) small : leaves lyrate, glau- 
cous, smoothish, ciliate: scape 1-flowered, becoming elongated after flower- 
ing: calyx about 8-leaved. Var. dichotoma, caulescent, dichotomous. 4— 
$i. S. 

amplexicaulis, Mx. (4) (O. y. Ju. 2{.) glaucous: radical leaves spatulate, 
lanceolate and oval, toothed: scape somewhat leafy and branched. 12— 
14i. SN. 

Southern. 

caroliniana, Wr. (5) (E. Ap. y. 2{.) legves runcinate, nearly glabrous: scapes 
very long, with the base of the calyx glandular-hairy. 6—12i. 

dandelion, (6) (E. y. 2{.) glabrous: slightly glaucous: leaves lance-linear, 
entire, smooth : scape one-flowered. 8—18i. 

montana, Mx. (7) (A.) very glabrous, procumbent : leaves lanceolate, entire : 
scape 1-flowered. Tragopogon. 


17—1. Kunwyia. 49. 55. 


eupatorioides, W. (8) (false boneset. E. w. Au. 2{.) glabrous : leaves petioled, 
broad-lanceolate, serrate: corymbs terminal, few-flowered, compact. 2— 
of 8. 

critonia, W. (9) (y. Au. 2{.) pubescent : leaves narrow-lanceolate, about 2- 
toothed below, petioled, punctate beneath : upper ones linear, entire, ses- 
sile : panicle terminal, spreading. 3f. S. Eupatorium. 

glutinosa, E. (W.w.S.) pubescent, glutinous : leaves lanceolate, tapering 
towards the summit, notched and toothed, crowded: flowers corym-pani- 
icled. 2f. 

3—1: Kyzuiinera. 3. 9. 


monocephala, (false bog-rush. E. 2{.) culm filiform, 3-sided, with a leafy base: 
heads globose, sessile : involucres 3-leaved, very long. 


(1) Aira, M. triflora, E. (2) Aira, L. (3) Hyoseris, Mx. (4) Troxi- 
mon, Ph. Hyoseris, Mx. (5) Hyoseris, Wr. (6) Hyoseris tifolia, Ph. 
Tragopogon, L. (7) Hyoseris, Mx. (8) Eupatorium alternifolium, L. (9) 
Critonia kuhnia, Mx. (0) Aira, SL M. 


KYLLINGIA, LAMIUM. 267 


Southern. 
pumila, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) head globose, sessile, solitary : involucre short (long 
E :) culm setaceous : flowers diandrous. 3—6 i. 
maculata, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{.) calyx 1-leaved, imbricate: corol 2-valved ; valves 
unequal : heads about 3, ovate, sub-acute, sessile. 3—di, 


L. 


Lachnanthes, DILATRIs. 
17—1. Lactuca. 49, 53. 


elongata, M. (1) (wild lettuce. O. y. J. oi. or 2.) leaves smooth beneath, lower 
ones runcinate, entire, clasping ; lowest ones toothed, highest ones lanceo- 
late : flowers corymb-panicled. 3—6f. S. 

hirsuta, M. (y. Au. 2{.) lower part of the stem and leaves hairy : radical leaves 
lyrate ; segments truncate, sub-dentate ; upper ones partly runcinate-pin- 
natifid; flowers racemed. 

integrifolia, Bw. (O. y. Ju. .) leaves sagittate, entire, unarmed, clasping, 
pale pores midrib smooth ; lower ones a little eroded : flowers panicled. 
3—4f. S&S. 

sanguinea, Bw. (E.r. Au. of?) leaves clasping, glaucous beneath, runcinate, 
with the midrib filamentous : flowers panicled. 2—3f, ; 


Exotic. 
sativa, (lettuce. y. Ju. 3%.) leaves roundish ; cauline ones cordate : stem co- 
rymbed. Var. romana, has oblong, straight leaves, narrowed at the base. 
Var. crispa, has sinuate-crenate leaves, toothed, undulated, crisped ; radi- 
cal ones hairy on the keel. Var. daciniata, has the lower leaves pinnatifid, 


and the upper ones runcinate. 


Southern. 
graminifolia, Mx. (E. p. Ju.) stem erect, simple: leaves unarmed, generally 
undivided, simple at the base, long-linear : panicle leafless, loose ; branches 
few-flowered : flowers all peduncled. 3f. 
sagittifolia, E. (E. y? Au.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, acute, 
entire, glabrous, pale beneath, close-sessile, sagittate at the base: flowers 


panicled. Sonchus. 
21—4. Lamania. 57. 2. 
Jfiuviatilis, threads sub-simple, olive-colour ; papillae sub-ternate, internodes 
cylindric, the length 5 times the diameter. In rivers. Conferva. 


21—4, Laminaria. 57. 2. 


esculenta, frond ribbed : stipe pinnate, with petioled wedge-form leaves, run- 
ning through a sub-coriaceous ensiform frond. Colour olive, becoming 
sooty-yellow when dry. On the sea-shore. 
saccharina, frond not ribbed, coriaceous : stipe flattened into a nerveless, ensi- 
form, entire frond, ovate at the base. Colour olive. On the sea-shore. 
Delesseria. 


13—]. Lamium. 42. 39. 


amplexicaule, (hen-bit, dead nettle. O. p. M. 3%.) floral leaves sessile, clasp- 
ing, obtuse: radical leaves petioled. 6—10i, S. 


(1) longifolia, Mx. 


268 LAMIUM, LATHYRUS. 


purpureum, (p. %.) leaves cordate, obtuse, toothed, petioled, crowded at the 
top: stem nakedish downwards.. a. 


Exotic. 
garganicum, (dead nettle. 2{.) leaves cordate, concayg : throat of the corol in- 
flated, tube short. 


Southern. 
fispidulum, Mx. (W.w.) stem hispid: leaves long-petioled, broad-cordate, 
pubescent: axils 1-flowered. Galeopsis. 
13—2. Lantana. 40. 35. 
Southern. 


camara, (E. y. Au. b.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, crenate and serrate, sca- 
brous:; stem rough, not prickly: flowers in umbellate heads, leafless. 2— 
4f. Orthocarpus. 


21—2. Lasta. 56. 4. 


trichomitrion, branch compressed : leaves oval, acuminate, striate Jongitudi- 
nally ; peduncle of the length of the calyx: capsule ovate: calyptre pro- 
fusely hairy. In mountains. 

marginata, in very branching fascicles: branchlets erect, tapering, filiform : 

- leaves oval, acuminate, revolute both sides so as to appear as if margined : 
nerves prominent : capsule oblong ; lid subulate. Leucodon. 


16—10. Latuyrvs. 32. 93. 


palustris, (O. w-p. Ju. 2{.) stem winged : stipules lance-semi-sagittate : leaf- 
ets six, lance-linear, acute : peduncles about 3-flowered. 

myrtifolius, W. (1) (O. r. Ju. 2{.) stem naked, winged, 4-cornered: stipules 
semi-sagittate, lance-ovate, acuminate: leafets 4, lance-oblong, acute, mu- 
cronate, net-veined : peduncles longer than the leaves, about 4 or 5-flowered. 

penosus, W. (W. p. Ju. 2{.) stem naked, 4-cornered: stipules semi-sagittate, 
ovate, acuminate : leafets numerous, somewhat alternate, ovate, obtuse, mu- 
cronate, veiny : peduncles shorter than the leaves, 5—10-flowered. 

maritimus, Bw. (2) (E. p. Ju. 2[.) stem compressed, 4-angled : stipules sagit- 
tate: leafets numerous, sub-alternate, obovate: peduncles shorter than the 
leaves, about 7-flowered. 


Exotic. ‘ 

odoratus, (sweet pea. J. #%.) peduncles 2-flowered : tendril with 2 ovate ob- 
long leafets : legumes hirsute. 

latifolius, (everlasting pea. Au. 2{.) peduncles many-flowered : tendri!l with 2 
lance-ovate leaves ; membranaceous between joints. 

clymenum, (various pea. 3%.) peduncles 2-flowered : tendril with many lanceo- 
late leafets : stipules toothed. 

articulatus, (jointed pea. Ju. #.) peduncles about 1-flowered: tendril with 
many alternate lanceolate leafets : legume jointed. 

sativus, (chick vetch. 3%.) peduncles 1-flowered: tendrils with 2 and 4 leafets ; 
legumes ovate, compressed, with two narrow wings on the back. 


Southern. 
pusillus, E. (E. P- M.) peduncles long, 1-flowered : stipules falcate : tendril 
2-leaved, simple: leaves lance-linear: stem winged. 
decaphyllus, Ph. (3) (W. p. 2{.) stem 4-angled: stipules linear, semi-sagit- 
tate: leaves in 5-pairs; leafets oval-oblong, mucronate : peduncles 3—4- 
flowered. Vicia. 


(1) stipulaceus, Le Conte. (2) Pisum maritimum, Ph. (3) polymorphus, 
N. Vicia stipulacea, Ph. ? 


LAURUS, LECANORA, 269 


9—], Laurus. 12. 27. 


carolinensis, Mx. (E. y. J. 5.) leaves lance-oval, coriaceous, glaucous be- 
neath: peduncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle: outer 
segments of the corol half as long as the inner ones. Var. glabra, leaves 

labrous beneath. Var. pubescens, leaves pubescent beneath. Var. obtusa, 

eaves obovate, obtuse. Leaves perennial. 10—30f. S. 

benzoin, (spice bush, fever bush. O. g. y. Ap. b.) leaves wedge-obovate, whit- 
ish sub-pubescent beneath: flowers in clustered umbels: buds and pedicels 
glabrous. 4—10f. S. . 

sassafras, (sassafras tree. O. y. M. b.) leaves entire and lobed on the same 
plant: flowers mostly dioecious. 10—2o f. 

Exotic. 

camphoratus, (camphor tree. .) leaves about 3-nerved, lance-ovate : panicle 

spreading. From Japan. 


< Southern, 

catesbyana, Mx. (E. w.!M. 5.) lance-ovate leaves and branches glabrous : pan- 

- icles short peduncled: divisions of the corol oblong, obtuse, nearly equal, 
caducous. Leaves perennial. 6—9 f. 

aestivalis, (E.) leaves veined, oblong, acuminate, rugose beneath: branches 
super-axillary. i 

melissaefolia, Wr. (1) (E. y. Ap. 5.) leaves heart-lanceolate, veined, pubes- 
cent beneath: flowers in clustered umbels: buds and pedicels villous. 2— 
3 f. ‘ 

geniculata, Wr. (E. y. Ap. .) branches divaricate-flexuose: leaves small, 
oval, smooth: umbels terminal, few-flowered. 10—15 f. 

albida, N. (white sassafras. E. 5.) buds and younger branches smooth and 
glaucous: leaves entire or lobed, every where smooth and thin, obsoletely 
veined beneath: petiolelonger. Is this a distinct species ? 


Eriogonum, 
13—1. Lavanputa. 42. 39. 
Exotic. 
spika, W. (lavender. Au. 2{.) leaves sessile, lance-linear, with revolute mar- 
gins: spike interruptedly naked. Ballota. 


15—13. Lavatrera. 37. 74. 


Exoiic. 
thuringiaea, (gay mallows. 2{.) lower leaves angled ; upper ones 3-lobed, with 
the middle lobe longest: peduncles solitary. 


arborea, (tree mallows. S. o.) leaves 7-angled: peduncles crowded. 
Gossypium... 


2l—5. Lecanora. 57. 2, 
i. Crust adnate, uniform.. 
a. Receptacles with a black and naked disk. 


atra, Ach. crust very white: receptacle crowded, angular ; margin flexuous. 
Var. calliginosa, crust dark. On trunks and rotten wood. 

commutata, Ach. crust thin, with greenish-white dust: receptacle concave. 
Fences and rotten wood, | 

periclea, var. extgua, Ach. crust dirty white and blackish: receptacle small 
and crowded. Fences and rotten wood. 


“Q) diospyrus, Ph, 
23% 


270 LECANORA:e 


sophodes, Ach. crust verrucose, sub-determined, ashy greenish: receptacle 
crowded, black, brownish when moistened; margin tumid, very entire. 
Fences and rotten wood. 


b. Receptacles with a brown coloured disk. 


subfusca, Ack. crust smooth, cartilaginous, granulated : receptacle dark ; mar- 
gin thick. Bark. 

ventosa, Ach. crust tesselated, with tumid warts, yellowish or grey : receptacle 
reddish-brown, convex. Barks and rocks.. 

varia, Ach. crust light yellow : receptacle generally dirty green, yellowish and 
brown. Old posts and fences. 


c. Receptacles with a black or coloured disk, always pruinose. 


villarsii, Ach. ? crust tartareous, gyrose, granulated, whitish : receptacle black, 
sessile; disk concave. On rocks, 

glaucoma, Ach. crust greyish: receptacle black, immersed; disk at length 
convex; margin obliterated. On rocks. 

angulosa, Ach. crust smooth and sub-rimose : receptacle crowded and angu- 
Jar. On smooth bark. . 

cesio-rubella, Ach. crust membranaceous and while: receptacle large, light- 
red. On trunks. 

albelle, Ach. crust cartilaginous, smooth, milk-white: receptacle light flesh- 
coloured. On bark. 


d. Receptacles with disks of various colours. 


perella, Ach. crust thin, warty, white: receptacle light flesh-coloured. On 
trunks. 

tartarea, Ach. crust white, tartareous, with clustered, corol-like granules: re- 
ceptacle light flesh-coloured. This is the cudbear of the English, and used 
in dying purple on woollen. Common on rocks. 

salicina, Ach. crust granulated, dirty yellowish, hard!y distinguishable : re- 
ceptacle orange. On trunks. 

fulva, Sz. crust papillated, verrucose, of a pale sulphur yellow: receptacle 
with an orange disk, when young immersed in the verruce of the crust, at 
lenzth enlarging with a thin inflected margin. Common on rough bark. 


%. Crust adnate, radiating, and lobed at the circumference. 


elegans, Ach. crust orange, radiating: lobes linear and convex. On rocks. 

gaiactina, Ach. crust sub-imbricated, dirty white : receptacle crowded, angu- 
lar; disk livid flesh-coloured, sub-pruinose. Rotten trunks and rocks. 

juglandina, Sz. crust flat, orbicular, sub-lucid, olivaceous, towards the circum- 
ference light glaucous-green, minutely laciniated through its whole surface ; 
central segments scaly imbricated; marginal ones flat and broader towards 
the apex: receptacle central, small; disk fuscous, concave; margin very 
thick. Common on smooth bark. 


3. Crust foliaceous, scaly, imbricated. 


gmithii, Ach. crust scaly; lobes thick, roundish, waved, yellow-orange, deep- 
ening in colour towards the apex : receptacle orange, like Parmela rutilans 
Common on trunks. 

irregularis, Sz. crust scaly: lobes ascending, very minutely fringed, whitish- 
grey, greenish when moistened : receptacle grey pruinose, dark brown when 
moistened ; margin thick and entire. Common on trunks, 

candelaria, Ach. crust scaly, bright yellow; margin of lobes granular: recep- 
tacle bright yellow. On smooth bark, 


LECANORA, LECIDEA. £71 


6runnea, Ach. crust imbricated, ashy liver-colour: receptacle reddish-brown; 
margin crenulated. On trunks. Paswiclins 


3—3. LecHEa. 22. 82. 


major, (1) (pin-weed. O. g-p. Ju. 2{.) erect, hirsute: leaves lance-oblong, mu- 
cronate: panicle leafy ; branches bearing flowers at their tops: flowers in 
fascicled racemes, one-way, short-pedicelled. 1—2f. S. 

minor, (O. g-p. Ju. 2{.) smoothish: leaves lance-linear, acute: panicle leafy : 
branches elongated, bearing flowers on all parts: stem ascending. 8 i. 

racemulosa, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{.) pubescence close-pressed : leaves linear, acute, 
ciliate: panicle slender, very branching, nakedish: flowers small, alternate, 
pedicelled: stemerect. S. 

thymifolia, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{.) white down close-pressed on all sides: leaves li- 
near, acute: panicle eget: iy leafy: branches short: flowers in lateral 
and terminal fascicles: pedicels very short: stemerect. SS. 

tenuifolia, Mx. (W. J. 2{.) somewhat pilose: leaves very narrow: panicle di- 
varicate: pedicels elongated, divaricate : stem erect. (Flowers solitary, ra- 
cemed: stems decumbent and assurgent. Elliott.) S. Proserpinaca. 


21—5. LecipEa. 97. 2. 
1. Receptacles black and naked constantly. 


atrata, crust thin, in little cracks, punctate, very black : receptacles in the crust, 
wart-form, one-coloured: disk urceolate. Dry rocks. 

lapictda, crust tartarous, cracked, becoming white-cinereous: receptacles de- 
pressed between the elevations of the crust, flat, at length convex, sub-con- 
fluent, dark ; corneous within, and becoming dark-cinereous: margin thin, 
On stones. : 

parasema, crust thin, sub-membranaceous, white, becoming cinereous, with 
dark edges, at length effuse, sub-granulated: receptacles flattish, sessile, 
margined, dark ; becoming dark within. On bark of trees and on wood, 

emeroleuca, crust sub-cartilaginous, becoming cinereous: receptacles close- 
pressed, flattish, somewhat margined, dark, white within. On bark of trees 
and decaying wood. 

subuletorum, crust effuse, granulated, in some parts lobe-branched, white-cine- 
reous: receptacles crowded, sessile, plano-convex, hemispheric, sub-con- 
fluent, somewhat margined, dark; somewhat dusty within, one-coloured, 
Var. géochroa, is fuscous-cinereous : receptacles sub-globose, often crowd- 
ed into glomerate masses, and shining. On the earth and decayed moss. 

alba, crust sub-determinate, membranaceous, somewhat cracked, white, with 
conglomerated-cinereous or greenish-milky dust at length scattered over it: 
receptacles minute, close-pressed, flat, dark, On trunks of trees. 

asserculorum, crust effuse, thin, unequal, dark-sooty: receptacles sessile, a lit- 
tle plano-concave, dark ; one-coloured within. On timber and dead wood. 

urceolata, crust cartilaginous. membranaceous, determinate, rugose-cracked, 
glabrous, very white: receptacles sessile, urceolate, white-hoary ; corneous 
and livid within under the disk: margin inflexed, sub-coarcate. On bark of 
trees. 

atro-alba, Ach. areole of the crust black and white. Common on rocks. 

fumosa, Ach. crust dull smoky-colour: receptacle sunk into the crust, greyish 
within. Common on rocks. 


pantostieta, Ach. receptacle minute, immersed in the crust upon the areolz. 
Common on rocks. 


confluens, Ach. crust dirty white: receptacle irregular and aggregated. Com- 
mon on rocks. 


ee 


(1) villosa, E. 


272 LECIDEA. 


premnea, Ach. receptacle with a whitish stratum under the disk. On trees 
and fences. 
dolosa, Ach. crust pulverulent, rusty grey: receptacle convex. On trunks 
and fences. 
—* Ach.? crust green: receptacle small, black, On old stone fences, 
are. 


2, Receptacles black and naked, becoming reddish or sooty-yellow when damp. 


immersa, crusts effuse, thin, contiguous, becoming white: receptacles plano- 
convex, immersed: margins dark; disks somewhat hoary, when moistend 
dark red, at length somewhat convex, becoming white within. On stones, 
particularly on lime-stones. 


3. Receptacles dark-glaucous, grey, becoming hoary. 


alboccerulescens, crusts tartarous, contiguous, uniform, at length cracked, whit- 
ish: receptacles sessile and elevated, flat, dark, becoming bluish-hoary ; 

margin free, flexuose, naked, black. On rocks and stones. 

cortitela. crust sub-tartarous, granular-areolate, unequal, very white : recep- 
tacles minute, sub-immersed, grey-hoary ; at length sub-globose, immargi- 
nate, naked, dark, becoming cinereous within. On the bark and trunks of 
trees. 


4, Receptacles dark-fuscous, or — fuscous, blended with some other 
colour.. 


spadicea, crust cartilaginous, unequal, sub-granulated, becoming white-cinere- 
ous: receptacles thick, flat, fuscous, liver-brown, at length becoming dark : 
margin very thin, and a little wrinkled, at length a little convex, with the 
margin evanescent: colour uniform within. On bark of trees, 
varians, crust sub-membranaceous, cracked, afterwards granulated, becomin 
' ereen-cinereous, with dark limits: receptacles. small, crowded, yellowish, 
uscous and dark, impressed in the middle, sub-immarginate. On the bark 
of ash trees, &c. 
russela, crust sub-cartilaginous, rugose, areolate-rimose, becoming pale-green, 
with dark limits: receptacles sessile, glabrous, a little tumid, red-fuscous ; 
the disk higher than the pale, thin, entire margin. On bark of trees. 
pineti, crust very thin, dirty pale cinereous: receptacles sessile, minute, ag- 
gregated, urceolate, yellowish flesh-colour, entire. In pine woods on roots, 
&c. 
sanguineoatra, crust thin, membranaceous, effuse, light green-cinereous, at 
length sprinkled over with granulated dust: receptacles hemispheric, sub- 
immarginate, somewhat glabrous, dark purple and at length black, 
versicolor, Sz. crust greenish, and bounded by a broad waving black line: re- 
ceptacle small, greenish and other dark colours, clustered and stellate to the 
naked eye. Common on smooth bark. 
luteola, Ach. crust thin, greyish, with globular pale granules: receptacle dirty 
yellow. On trunks and rocks, 
carneola, Ach. crust thin, grey: receptacle sessile, thick, fleshy brown. On. - 
trunks. ; 


5. Receptacles red or light flesh-coloured. 
icmadophila, crust leprous-like, unequal, sub-granulated, whitish-green1 re- 


ceptacles sub-sessile, flat, flesh-coloured, at length flexuose; the diska little 
wrinkled ; the margin thin or none. On the earth, on trunks and decaying 
wood, 

cupularis, crust sub-tartarous, whitish-green ; receptacles superficial, urceolate, 
white; disk light brick-colour, scattered pulverulent spots on the outside, 


This is a variety of marmorea of Acharius. On lime and slate rocks. 


LECIDEAs LEERSIA. 2738 


coccinea, Sz. crust cinereous, and bordered witha black line, receptacle shin- 
ing, convex, beautiful scarlet, whitish within. Common on trunks, 


6. Receptacles pale, becoming yellow, wax-coloured and orange. 


lutea-alba, crust thin, smooth, white ; receptacles crowded, at length convex, 
hemispheric margined, yellowish-red, white within. War. holocarpa, has a 
dirty cinereous yellow crust and minute flattish yellowish orange sub-oblit- 
erated receptacles. On the bark of trees rarley on rocks. 

ehrhartiana, Ach. crust cartilaginous, greenish-yellow, rough, granulated : 
receptacle pale-yellowish. Common on rocks. Fri: 

aurantiaca, Ach. crust smooth, whitish; receptacle orange, convex ; margin 
lighter. Common on trunks and rotten wood. 


7. Crust deformed or foltaceous. 


globifera, crust imbricate, fuscous ; lobes round, entire and sub-lobed, flexu- 
ose, sub-rugose, white beneath : receptacles at length sub-immarginate, snb- 
globose, obscurely reddish-yellow. On rocks. 

decipiens, crust sub-imbricate ; lobes somewhat separated, sub-peltate, round- 
ish, flesh-coloured and becoming fuscous, white beneath: receptaeles mar- 
ginal, convex and sub-glcbose, sub-immarginate, black. On the earth in 
mountains, particularly lime-stone mountains. 

sorediata, crust orbicular, rugose-plicate, imbricate, cinereous ; margins of the 
lobes elevated and bearing the fruit-dots, dark beneath with spongy fibres: 
receptacles scattered, close-pressed, flat, dark. 

demissa, Ach. crust warty, sub-imbricated, lobed at the margin; receptacle 
reddish, depressed. On earth and rocks. Calicium, 


19—12. Lecontia. 2. 7, 


virginicum, (1) (poison arum. O. g. J. 2{.) stemless: leaves hastate, heart- 
form, acute ; lobes obtuse: spathe elongated, incurved: spadix for a long 
distance from the summit bearing staminate flowers. 12—18 i. 
Caladium. 


10—1.. Lepum. 18. 50. 


palustre, (marsh-tea. E. w. M. 5.) leaves linear, margins revolute, iron-rust 
down beneath: stamens 10, longer than the corol. 

latifolium, A. (2) (labrador-tea. O. w. r. J. 5.) leaves linear-oblong, folded 
in at the margin, iron-rust down beneath: stamens mostly 5, equalling the 
corol. About swamps. Leiophyllum, 


Ledum, LE1IOPHYLLUM. 
3—2. Leersia. 4. 10. 


virginica, W. (white grass. E. Ju. 2{.) panicle simple; lower branches dif- 
z flowers appressed, monandrous, sparingly ciliate on the keel. 3—4 


oryzoides, (3) (cut grass. E, Au. 2{.) panicle diffuse, sheathed at the base: 


flowers triandrous, spreading: keel of the glumes conspicuously ciliate. 
SS fw » Sp 8 gs Pp y 


Southern. 
lenticularis, Mx. (catch-fly grass. O. Ju. 2.) panicle erect: flowers large, 
roundish, diandrous, imbricate: kee! and nerves ciliate. 2—4 f. 
Paspalum. 


(1) Arum, L.-Calla,Mx. (2) palustre, Mx, (3) Phalaris, L. 


» 


| 
274 LEIOPHYLLUM, LEPRARIA. 


10-1. LriopHytium. 18. 50, 


buxifolium, P. (1) (sand myrtle. E. w. b.) leaves small, lance-oval, entire, 
Slabrous, lucid, revolute at the margin: corymbs terminal. 6—18i. S. 
~ Clethra. 


19—2. Lemna. 54. 6. 


trisulca, (duck meat. O. 3%.) leaves thin, lance-oval, caudate at one end, ser- 
rate at the other: roots solitary. Water. 

minor, (green duck meat. O. J. 3%.) leaves nearly ovate, compressed: roots 
solitary. Var. cyclostasa, leaves elliptic, flat on both sides, cohering in a 
circular arc: roots solitary. Water. 

gibba, (W. 3.) leaves obovate, nearly flat above, hemispherical beneath : roots 
solitary. Water. 

polyrrhiza, (water flaxseed. O. Ju. 3%.) leaves round obovate, compressed; 
roots numerous, fascicled. Water. S. ypha. 


Leontice, CAULOPHYLLUM, 
17—1. Lerontopon. 49, 53. 


taraxacum, (dandelion. O. y. Ap. 2f.) outer calyx reflexed : scape 1-flowered : 
leaves runcinate, with toothed divisions. Introduced. 

palustre, S. (2{.) outer calyx scales short, erect, ovate ; leaves sinuate-toothed, 
somewhat glabrous. S. Prenanthes. 


13—1. Lronurvus. 42, 39. 


Exotic. 
cardiaca, (motherwort. w-r. Ju. 2{.) leaves 3-lobed, toothed, bases wedge- 
form: calyxprickly, less than the corol. Naturalized. 2—4f, 
marrubiastrum, W. (r. Au.) leaves lance-ovate, toothed: calyx somewhat 
prickly, as long as the corol. Naturalized. 2—4f. Verbena. 


21—6. Lrotia. 58. 1. 


bulliardi, stipe elongated, snow-white, undulated : pileus ovate, obtuse, orange- 
coloured. 
lubrica, yellowish-green, sub-tremulous: pileus convex: stipe cylindric. 
Helvella. 


14—1. Lepiprum. 39. 63. 


virginicum, (wild peppergrass, O. w. J,o.) radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline 
ones lance-linear, somewhat gash-serrate ; flowers 4-petalled, mostly with 
but two stamens: silicles lens-form. 12—18i. S. 


Exotic. 
sativum, (peppergrass. w. Ju. 2%.) leaves oblong, many-cleft. Camelina. 


21—5. LEpRaRiIA. 57. 2. 


chlorina, (leprous lichen,) crust thick, cushion-like, greenish-yellow ; made 
up of little pulverulent masses aggregated into sub-villose globules. On 
lime rocks, &c. 

flava, crust effuse, equal, thin, sub-rimose, very yellow; made up of nakedish, 
sub-globose granulations. On bark of trees and walls. . 

farinosa, crust very thin, membranaceous, becoming white ; suffused with white 
conglobated dust, On the bark of old trees. Sphaeria. 


(1) Amyrsine buxifolia, Ph, Ledum thymifolium, Lk. 


LEPTANDRA, LESPEDEZA. 275 


2—1,. Lepranpra. 40. 40. 


virginica, (1) (Culver’s physic. O. w. Au. 2/.) spikes terminal, long: leayes 
whorled: stem-erect. Var. purpurea, Ph. flowers purple. 3—8f. 8, 
Gratiola. 


Leptanthus, ScHOLLERA. 
17—3. Leptropopa. 49. 54. 


Southern. 
fimbriata, W. (2) (E. y. Ap. 2[.) stem viscid-pubescent, striate: leaves alter- 
nate, lance-linear, half-clasping, glabrous, punctate; cauline ones gash- 
toothed: chaff of the egret torn. 2 f. 
decurrens, Macbride. (3) (E. y. Ap. 2{.) stem very glabrous: leaves lance 
linear, toothed, glabrous, decurrent: chaff of the egret torn. 12—18 j, 


Balduina. 
38—2. Lepturus. 4. 10. 


paniculatus, N. (W. J. 3%.) rachis incurved, compound, acutely triangular ; 
branches and summit floriferous: spikes subulate, compressed, one-sided : 
calyx 2-valved, acuminate, l-flowered. 10i. Rotboellia. 


5—3. LEPUROPETALON. E. (4) 21. 43. 


Southern. 
spathulatum, M. (E. w. Ap. 3%.) glabrous: stem erect and procumbent, 
somewhat succulent, sub-angled: leaves alternate, sessile, lance-spathulate, 
obtuse, entire. 1-21. Parnassia. 


21—2. Lesxia. 56. 4. 


compressa, decumbent: branches two-ranked, facing two ways, compressed : 
leaves lanceolate, flattish, somewhat extended: capsule oblong, straight ; 
lid conic. On trunks of trees. 

aeuminata, creeping: branches short, sum-simple: leaves lance-acuminate, 
extended, fascicled : capsule erect; lid oblique, conic. On trunks of trees, 

imbricata, creeping: branches shortish, simple, erect, bearing flowers : leaves 
extended, ovate, acutish, imbricate : capsule oblong erect; lid conic. 

gracilescens, creeping: branches somewhat simple : leaves acute, lanceolate, 
extended, imbricate-spreading: capsule straight; lid conic. On the earth. 

rupincola, creeping: branches somewhat simple, rising : leaves cordate-acu- 
minate, imbricate, spreading: capsule cylindric,erect. Onrocks. _ 

asciculosa, creeping : branches often crowded together in fascicles, short, sim- 
ple: leaves cordate, extended, imbricate : calyx extended, long-acuminate : 
capsule nodding. In damp places. 

varia, creeping: branchlets simple, erectish, varying in length: leaves con- 
cave, spreading, lance-acuminate: calyx and leaves oblong, extended, fas- 
cicled: capsule nodding. 

sguarrosa, creeping: the foliation somewhat 2-ranked, depressed, lax-imbri- 
cate, with squarrose hooks behind : leaves lanceolate, slenderly acuminate : 
calyx rather long, linear-subulate: capsule nodding in an arch. Damp 
places. Pterigophyllum. ** 


16—10. LxsPpEDEza. (5) 32. 92. 
capitaia, Mx. (6) (O. w-p. J. 2.) leaves ternate, lance-oblong, obtuse, silky 


(1) Callistachia, Raf. Veronica. L. (2) puberula, Macbride. Galardia, 
Mx. (3) Helenium, N. (4) Pyxidanthera, M. (5) Hedysarum, W. (6) 
frutescens, W. 


276 LESPEDEZA, LIATRIS. 


beneath : stipules subulate: racemes axillary, ovate, shorter than the leaves : 
legumes hairy, shorter than the calyx. 3—6. f. S. . relay 
angustifolia, Ph. (E. w-p. S. 2{.) leaves oblong, oval and lanceolate, hoary- 
pubescent beneath: racemes capitate, longer than the leaves: corol longer 
thanthecalyx. 3—5f. S. * 
stuvei, N. (E. p. 8.) erect, simple, soft-downy: leafets oval: spikes pedun- 
cled, scarcely longer than the leaves: legume naked, pubescent. 2—3 


. NS. 

polystachia, Mx. (1) (E. w-r. Ju. 2{.) erect, branching, very villose: leafets 
round-oval: spikes axillary, long peduncled: corol and legume about equel 
to the calyx. 2—4f. S. " 

sessiliflora, Mx. (2) (bush clover. O. p. Ju. 2[.) erect: leaves oblong: fasci- 
cles of flowers sessile, numerous : legume nearly naked, acute: calyx minute. 
Var. fe a stem simple, erect or erectish: leaves pubescent beneath. 
1—3f. SS. 

violacea, W. (3) (O. p. Ju. 2{.) leafets oval, obtuse : racemes umbelled, as long 
as the ee: flowers in pairs: legume rhombic, reticulate, glabrous. 1 
—2f. S. 

procumbens, Mx. (4) (E. p. & y. Ju. 2{.) procumbent, slender, pubescent : 
leafets oval: peduncles very long: flowers in setaceous spikes: legumes 
naked : calyx minute. S. 

divergens, M. (5) (E. p. Ju. 2{.) diffuse, branched: leafets oblong, obtuse, 
close-pressed, hairy beneath: racemes longer than the petioles: flowers in 
pairs: legumes ovate, reticulate, smooth. Probably a variety of the vio- 
lacea. 1—2f. S. ’ 

repens, (p. Au. 2{.) leaves round-oval, emarginate: racemes axillary : legume 
repand toothed: stem creeping. Aeschynomene. 


13—1. “Lrucas.- 42. 39. 


Southern. 
martinicensis, Br. (E.) leaves entire: whorls many-flowered, capitate. Prob- 
ably introduced. Hyptis. 


21—2. Leucopon. 56. 4. 


sciuroides, stem elongated, sub-simple, curved when dry: leaves closely im- 
bricated, lanceolate, striate: peduncle lateral, shortish, wholly sheathed 


within the long calyx or pericheth. Neckera. 
12—1. Lewisia. 13. 83, 
Southern. 


rediviva, Ph. (W.w. Ju. 2{.) leaves radical, linear, somewhat fleshy, obtus- 
ish: scape 1—2-flowered: pedivel geniculate at the base: capsule oblong. 
Glaucium. 


174. eeaTRis. A954: 


squarrosa, W. (6) (r. Au. 2{.) stem simple, hairy : leaves long-linear, nery- 
ed; margins a little scabrous: raceme leafy, few-flowered: svales of the 
calyx leafy above, lanceolate, rigid, spreading. 2—3f. S. 

scariosa, (7) (O. b. Au. 2{.) stem simple, sub-pubescent ; leaves Janceolate, 
tapering to both ends, glabrous, with scabrous margins : calyxes squarrose 
below, racemed, alternate, distant : scales spatulate, with membranous 
coloured margins. WS. 


(1) hirtum, W. (2) Hedysarum reticulatum, M. Medecago virginica, L. 
(3) divergens, Ph. (4) prostrata, Ph. (5) Hedysarum, M. (6) Serratula, La 
(7) serratula, L. 


LIATRIS. 277 


spicata, W. (1) (gay feather, button snakeroot. O. r. Au, 2{.) stem simple, 
tall : leaves linear, glabrous, ciliate at the base, nerved, and punctate : spike 
very long : flowers sessile: scales of the calyx linear-oblong, obtuse, close- 
pressed. 2—4f. WS. 

pilosa, W. (E. p. 8. 2[.) stem simple, pubescent: leaves linear, pilose, cili- 
ate ; heads racemose, lax : scales of the calyx oblong, obtuse : pedicels 
bracted. Var. dubia, E. stem striate sub-pilose: leaves long-linear; lower 

ones lance-linear, punctate, acute, pilose and ciliate near the base, nearly 

glabrous towards the summit: racemes long, leafy. Perhapsa distinct spe- 
cies. Elliott. 2—3f. SWS. 

cylindracea, Mx. (W. p. Au. 2.) slender, hirsute: leaves grass-like :. spike 

_.few-flowered : calyx sub-sessile, cylindric, few-flowered ; scales round at 
the summit, abruptly mucronate. 1—2f. S, 


Southern. 
1. Flowers in spikes or racemes : roots bulbous, 


pycnostachya, Mx. (O. 8. 2{.) stem simple, hirsute : leaves straight, narrow- 
linear, pubescent: spike long : flowers clustered, sessile : calyx appressed, 
squarrose at the summit. 2—4 f. 

graminifolia, Wr. (E. p. S. 2f.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves very long- 
linear, giabrous, nerved, margin sub-scabrous; midrib hairy above: flowers 
distant sub-sessile : scales of the calyx oblong, obtuse, mucronate, ciliate, 
appressed ; inner onescoloured. 2—4f, ; 

heterophylla, W. (E.S. 2{.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, gla- 
brous, smooth; upper ones lance-linear, much smaller: heads spiked, short- 
peduncled, sub-squarrose : scales of the calyx lanceolate, acute, naked. 

aspera, Mx. (O. S. 2{.) stem somewhat branching, scabrous-pubescent: leaves 
lance-linear, very rough: heads short, spiked, distinctly alternate, solitary, 
sessile : scales of the calyx roundish, obtuse, connivent. 

gracilis, Ph. (E. p. S. 2{.) stem slender, hairy, (glabrous, Ph.) leaves linear 
glabrous, ciliate at the base: heads in racemes, about 7-flowered: scales of 
the calyx obovate, ciliate, appressed. A variety of thepilosa,N. 2—3f. 

tenutfolia, N. (E. p. 8.) stem slender, glabrous : lower leaves crowded, linear, 
alittle hairy at the base ; upper ones setaceous: raceme very long: pedi- 
cels leafy ; scales of the calyx, oblong, mucronate. 2—4f. 

resinosa, N. (E. p.) glabrous: leaves linear, crowded : heads spiked, oblong, 
BP fe ae scales of the calyx obtuse, appressed, resinous, at length 
hoary. 2f. ; 

seca EK. (E. p. S, 2{.) stem reclining, pubescent : leaves linear, glabrous, 
sparingly ciliate at the base: racemes one-sided: scales of the calyx lanceo- 
late, acute, appressed. 2—3f,. 

sphaeroidea, Mx. (E. p. S. 2{.) leaves smooth ; lower ones broad, lanceolate ; 
upper ones narrow : flowers racemed, large, solitary, alternate: calyx sub- 
globose ; scales oval, erect. 2—4 f. 

elegans, Wr. (2) (O. p-r. Oc. 2.) stem simple, villous: leaves !ance-linear, 
sub-scabrous beneath : raceme cylindrical; flowers crowded : inner scales 
of the calyx ligulate, coloured. 3—5 f. 


2. Flowers in panicles or corymbs : roots not bulbous. 


paucifiora, Ph. (E. 2{.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves linear: panicle virgate> 
leafy ; branches short, few-flowered : calyx sessile, secund, 3—5-flowered - 
scales erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. J 
paniculata, Wr. (E, p,S. 2{.) stem simple, hairy-viscid: leaves lanceolate, 
(1) macrostachya, Mx. Anonymos graminifolius, Wr. Serratula spicata, 
L. (2) Staehelina, W. 
| 7A. 


278 LIATRIS, LILIUM. 


nerved, sub-glabrous : panicle contracted: calyx about 5-flowered; scales 
lanceolate. 1—2f. , 

odoratissima, Wr. (E. p. S. 2{.) very glabrous: stem simple; leaves ovate 
and lanceolate, nerved, toothed, sub-glaucous: panicle corymbed ; calyx 
7—8-flowered ; scales obovate, obtuse. 3—4f. @ 

tomentosa, Mx. (1) (E. p. S. 2{.) stem simple and with the wedge-lanceolate 
leaves hirsute : corymb few-flowered, depressed-divaricate : branches few- 
flowered : calyx tomentose ; scales ovate, acute. 2f. 

bellidifolia, Mx. (E. p. 2{.) low, sub-glabrous: leaves wedge-oblanceolate : 
corymb unequal : flowers all somewhat long-pedicelled : scales of the calyx 
oblong-oval, obtuse. 8—12i. . 

walteri, E. (E. p. 8S. 2{.) stem simple, hairy near the summit: leaves lanceo- 
late, acute, glabrous, punctate, attenuate at the base: calyx many-flowered ; 
scales acute, tomentose. 2 f. 

oppositifolia, N. (E. Florida. 2{?) pubescent: leaves lanceolate, nearly oppo- 
site, nerved : stem branching ; branches corymb-panicled : calyxes cylindric- 
ovate, smallish, about 15—20-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse ; inner ones 
coloured: egret a little scabrous. 

fruticosa, N. (E. Florida. p. 5.) glabrous: stem frutise ; branches corymbed : 
leaves wedge-obovate, punctate: calyxes sub-5-flowered; divisions acumi- 
nate. Vernonia. 


5—2. Licusticum. 45. 60. 


scoticum, (E. w. Ju. 2{.) cauline leaves biternate ; upper ones trifoliate ; lateral 
leafets trapezoid, terminal one rhomboid : umbels stiffly erect : involucres 
linear, many-leaved. 18 i. 

“actaeifolium, Mx. (2) (E. Ju. 2{.) leaves biternate ; leafets oval, equally 
toothed : partial involucre setaceous: fruit oblong-oval, with 10 somewhat 
winged ribs. 3f 

Exotic. 
levisticum, {lovage, smellage. w. 2{.) leaves long, numerous; leafets above 
gashed. Strong-scented. Apium. 


Tigusticum, THaApsia. 
2—). Ligustrum. 44. 37. 


vulzare, (prim. E. w. J. 5.) leaves lanceolate, acutish: panicle compact. 
Perhaps introduced. : Chionanthus. 


6—1]. Linrum. 10. 14. 


philadelphicum, (red lily. O. r. y. J. 2{.) leaves whorled, lance-linear: corol 
erect, bell-foria, spreading: petals lanceolate, having claws. 1—3f. S. 

canadense, (nodding lily. O. y. r. Ju. 2{.) leaves remotely whorled, lanceoiate-; 
peduncles terminal, elongated, mostly in threes; corol nodding : petals 
spreading. 2—3f. S. 

superbum, (superb lily. E. y. p. Ju. 2.) leaves lance-linear, 3-nerved, gla- 
brous ; lower ones whorled; upper ones scattered: flowers in a pyramid- 
raceme, recurved; petals revolute. 3—6f. WS. 

eatesbaei, Wr. (3) (southern lily. y. r. J. 2.) leaves scattered, lance-linear : 
stem 1-flowered: corol erect: petals with long claws; margin undulate, ~ 
apex reflexed. 1—2f. S. 

pennsylvanicum, Ker. (A. r. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves scattered, lance-linear ; the up- 
permost ones whorled, about equal to the flowers: stem about 1-flowered, 
somewhat 5-sided: peduncles woolly: corol erect, woolly outside. 


eee ee 


i” corymboea, N. (2) Thaspium, N. (3) spectabile, Sy, carolinianum 


LILIUM, LINNAEA, 279 


Exottc. 
candidum, (white lily. w. J. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, scattered, tapering to the 
_ base: corol bell-form, glabrous within. 
bulbiferum, (orange lily. y. J. 2{.) leaves scattered, 3-nerved: corol campanw- 
late, erect, scabrous within, 
Southern. 
pudicum, Ph. (W. y. M. 2.) leaves scattered, lance-linear: stem 1-flowered » 
corol bell-form, nodding; petals erect,;sessile, spatulate-obovate, obtuse, flat 
within, 
umbellatum, Ph. (1) (W. r. Ju. 2f.) leaves scattered, linear, short, acute; up- 
per ones whorled : flowers 1—5, terminal, erect; petals unguiculate, lance- 
olate, spreading. 
earolinianum, Mx. (E. y. r. Au. 2{.) leaves’ whorled and scattered, wedge- 
lanceolate: flowers few, (1—3,) terminal : peduncles thick: corol revolute. 
This may be a variety of the superbum, E. 2 f. Erythronium. 


3—1. Limnetis. (2) 3. 9. 


nosuroides, W. (3) (many-spiked salt-grass. O. Au. 2/.) spikes numerous, 
(10—40,) peduncled, panicled, spreading: leaves broad,jflat, at length con- 
volute: calyx with a short awn on one of the glumes: style 2-cleft at the 
summit. 4—9f. 8S. 

juncea, Mx. (4) (rush salt grass. L. Ju. 2f.) leaves 2-ranked, convolute, spread- 
ing: spikes few, (1—3,) peduncled: peduncles smooth: corol obtusish : 
styles 2. 181. 

glabra, M. (O. Au. 2{.) leaves concave, erect: spikes alternate, sessile, 
erect, appressed: coro! smoothish on the keel: style deep-cleft. 3—5f, 
BS. Ory zopsis. 

13—2. Limosextia. 40. 40. 


subulata, Ives. (mud wort. E. b-w. Au. 2f.) leaves linear, very narrow, scarce~ 
ly dilated at the apex: scape 1-flowered, as long as the leaves. 1. 
Scrophularia. 


2—j. Linpernia. 40. 40. 


attenuata, M. (false hedge hyssop. E. b. Au. 3%.) leaves lanceolate and obo- 
vate, narrowed at the base: peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. WS. 

dilatata, M. (6) (E. b. Au. 3%.) leaves dilatea at the base, clasping, remotely 
toothed : peduncles longer than the leaves. WN. 

monticola, M. (E. 2{.) stem slender, dichotomous: radical leaves spatulate ; 
cauline ones linear, small and remote: peduncles very long, at length de- 
flected. 4—€6i. S. 
Southern. 

grandiflora, N. (E. 2{.) leaves ‘roundish, entire, nerveless, balf-clasping: pe- 
duncles very long, axillary and terminal: stem creeping. 

refracta, E. (E. b. J. 2{.) stem slender, erect, branching, glabrous: radical 
leaves spatulate-oval; upper ones subulate : flowers solitary, axillary and 
terminal: peduncles refracted after flowering. 8—12 i. Pinguicuk. 


4—l. Linnaga. 48. 58. 


borealis, W. (twin-flower. O. w-r. J. 2{.) stem prostrate: branches erect, 
each bearing 2 flowers : leaves roundish, crenate. Woods. ‘ 
Proserpinaca. 


(1) andinum, N. (2) Spartina, Sr. (3) polystachya & cynosuroides, Ph. 
(4) Trachynotia,Mx. Spartina, W. (6) Pyxidaria, Ph. Gratiola inequahs, 


Wr. 


: 
: 


280 LINUM, LITHOSPERMUM. 


 5—5. Linum. 14. 82. 
virginianum, (wild flax. O. y. Ju. #%&.) leafets of the calyx acute: panicle ter- 
“minal: flowers remotely alternate : leaves lance-linear, scattered; radical 

ones ovate. 1—2f. SS. . 


Exotic. ; 
usitatissimum, (fax. b. Ju. #%.) leafets of the ealyx ovate, acute, 3-nerved : 
petals crenate: leaves lanceolate, alternate: stem sub-solitary. 


Southern. 
perenne, var. lewisit, Ph. (W. b. Ju. 2.) divisions of the calyx ovate, acurni- 
nate: petals wedge-form, rounded at the apex: leaves scattered, lance-li- 
near, mucronate: stems tall, numerous. 
rigidum, (W. y.) divisions of the calyx ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, ciliate : 
petals oblong, narrow: leaves stiffly erect, linear, short. 64.” 


Sibbaldia. 
19—13. LiqumamBar. 51. 99. ne 
styracifua, (sweet gun. E. M. b.) leaves palmate, with acuminate lobes, ser- 
rate, villose at the meeting of the veins beneath. WS. Juglans. 


12—13. LyrropENDRON. 52. 75. 


telipifera, (white wood, tulip tree. O. y. r. J. 5.) leaves truncate at the end, 
with 2 side lobes. A beautiful flowering tree. 930—150f. S.  Porcelia. 


5—1. Lisranruus. 47. 46. 


Southern. 
glaucifolius, Jn? (W. y.) stem herbaceous, terete : leaves oblong-ovate, ses, 
sile, glaucous, acute, 3-nerved: flowers terminal, corymbed: peduncles 
elongated. T.& J. Phiox. 


I8—1. Listera. 7. 21. 


convallaroides, (1) (lily orchis. E. g-p. M. 2{.) stem with two round cordate, 
acute, opposite leaves: spike few-flowered: lip oblong, obtusely 2-lobed : 
germ sub-globose : root fibrous. 4—6i. S. 

cordata, Mx. (2) (E. g-p. M. 2{.) stem with two opposite, roundish-cordate 
leaves: raceme Idose: colum without any appendage behind: lip elongat- 
ed, 2-toothed at the base, deeply bifid; segments sub-divaricate and acute. 
4—8 i. 

. Southern. 

pubescens, Ph. (3) (E. g-w. J. 2f.) leaves radical, ovate, acute : scape leafless, 
pubescent, lax-flowered: flowers pedicelled; lip 2-lobed, scarcely longer 
than the connivent petals: capsules clavate: root palmate. 
' Cranichis. 


5—1. LitrHospermum. 41. 42. 


arvense, (steen-crout, stone-seed, wheat-thief. O. w. M. 3%.) stem erect, branch- 

--ed: leaves lance-linear, rather acute, (lower ones obtuse,) veinless, hairy : 
calyx nearly as long as the coro! ; segments spreading: seeds rugose. 8— 
i. BV. 

officinale, (E. y. M. 2[.) stem erect, much branched: leaves lanceolate, acute, 
nerved, scabrous above, hairy beneath: calyx as long as the tube of the co- 
rol: seedssmooth, 2 f. ae 


> 


(1) Epipactis, Sz. (2) Ophrys, Mx. (3) Epipactis, Ph. 


LITHOSPERMUM, LOBELIA. (281 


maritimum, (1) (L. b. Ju. 2.) very smooth: stem procumbent, branched: 
leaves oval-spatulate, fleshy: corol scarcely twice the length of the calyx, 

denticulatum, Rs. (2) (E. p. J. 2{.) stemerect: leaves nerved, sub-gla- 
brous, acute ; margin scabrous, with minute teeth; radical ones ovate; cau- 
line ones oblong: divisions of the calyx denticulate on the margin. 6—~ 
121. 

es Southern, 

latifolium, Mx. (O. y. Ju. 2{.) seed turgid, ovate, shining, with hollowed 
punctures : fruit-beariug calyx spreading, exceeding the corol: leaves ovate- 
oblong, nerved,. 

angustifolium, Mx. (W. w. Ju, 3.) seed turgidly ovate, shining, with hollow 
punctures on every part: flowers generally lateral: leaves linear, with close- 
pressed pubescence: stem procumbent. , 

apulum, W. (QO. y. Ju. 3%.) seed muricate : spikes terminal, one-sided >. bracts 
Janceolate: leaves lance-linear, acute. Onosmodium, 


Lithospermum, BatscHia. 
ge 5—1l. Loperia._29.-52, 


dortmanna, (3) (E. b. Ju. 2{.) radical leaves linear, recurved, fistulous, with 
two cavities, entire: scape simple, racemose, somewhat naked : flowers re- 
mote, peduncled. S. ; 

eardinalis, (cardinal flower. O. r. Ju. 2{.) erect, simple, pubescent: leaves 
lance-ovate, acuminate, denticulate : racemes somewhat one-sided, many+ 
flowered ; stamens longer than corols. Damp. 1—2f. SS. 

siphilitica, (O. b. Ju. 2{.) erect, simple, hirsute, with short hairs; leaves lance- 
ovate, sub-serrate : raceme leafy : calyx hirsute, with reflexed sinuses, 12 
—24i. 8. 

inflata, (wild tobacco. O. b. Ju. #%.) erect, branching, very hirsute: leaves 
ovate, serrate: racemes leafy: capsulesinflated. 12—18i.- S. 

kalmii, (O. b. Ju. 3%.) slender, erect, sub-simple: radical leaves spatulate ; 
cauline ones linear, delicately toothed: flowers racemed, alternate, remote, 
pedicelled. Var. gracilis, hasa minutely scabrous stem: peduncles short 
+ may ind flowers; segments of the calyx longer than the capsule. 6—~— 
24i. SN. 

claytoniana, Mx. (4) (O. b. Ju. 2.) erect, simple, sub-pubescent: leaves ob- 
long, obtusish ; radical ones entire; cauline ones denticulate above: rae 
ceme wand-like: bracts subulate. 18—24i, SS. 

puberula, Mx. (E. b. Ju. 2{.) erect, very simple, pubescent: leaves oblong- 
oval, repand-serrulate: flowers spiked, alternate, sub-sessile: germs hispid : 
calyx ciliate. 2f 8S, 


Southern. 

aphylla, N. (E. Florida. 2{.) very small: stem filiform, sub-simple, scaly: pe- 
duncles remote, elongated. 4—6 i. 

amoena, Mx. (E. b, Ju. 2{.) erect, very glabrous, (pubescent, E.) leaves broad- 
lanceolate, serrate: spike many-flowered, one-sided : divisions of the calyx 
entire: inferior divisions of the corol oval, acute. 2—3f. 

glandulosa, Wr. (E. b. S. 2{.) stem erect: leaves lar e-linear, somewhat 
Pi 6 denticulate ; segments of the calyx denticulate : flowers in racemes, 

fulgens, Donn. (W. r. Ju. 2{.) erect, simple, sub-pubescent : leaves very long- 
lanceolate, attenuated, sub-entire: raceme many-flowered : stamens and pis-' 
tils as long as the corol, 2—4 f, 


1) Pulmonaria, L. parviflora, Ph. (2) Pulmonaria, Rs. sibirica, Pb. 
{3) paludosa, N. (4) spicata, Lk. goodenicides, W. pallida, M, 
| 2A 


382 LOBELIA, LONICERA. 


michauxti, N. (1) (E. p. Ju. %.) glabrous, branching above: leaves petioled, 
ovate, crenate-dentate; lowest ones roundish: racemes lax; peduncles 
-. elongated. Diervilla. 


3—2. Loxtivm. 4.10. »& 


perenne, (E. M. 2(.) florets much longer than the calyx, unarmed, linear-ob- 
Jong, compressed. Introduced. 18 i. 

temulentum, (E. Ju. %.) florets shorter than the calyx, as long as the bristle 
at their extremity: culm scabrous above. 2 f. Eleusine. 


5—1. LonIcEeRa. (2) 48. 58. 


Atrsuta, Ea. (rough woodbine. E. y. J. 5.) corol ringent, hairy : filaments 
bearded: leaves hirsute, abruptly acuminate; lower ones obovate; upper 
ones connate, (ovate, oval, and obovate.) Flowers in whorled spikes, large : 
leaves ciliate, all very hairy. Stem twining around trees to the height of 
20 to 30 feet. This species is remarkably different from all other species of the 
genus; being very rough and hairy. Found first two miles west of Wiliams 
College, Mass. where I saw hundreds in flower, climbing the trees and 
shrubs of an elevated ridge or hill, in the summer of 1817. It has since 
been found in Middlebury, Vermont, Worcester, Mass. Troy and Fairfield, 
N. Y.* See Boston Flora, p. 88. 2d Ed. 

fava, Sims. (3) (E. y. J. 5.) spikes with whorled heads: corol sub-ringent- 
like, with divisions oblong, obtuse: leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, with car- 
tilaginous margins; upper ones conate-perfoliate. S. 

parviflora, Lk. (4) (O. y. J. 5.) spikes with whorled heads: corol ringent, 
sibbous at the base: filaments bearded : leaves deciduous, glaucous beneath, 
connate; floral ones perfoliate. S. 

grata, A. (E.r.y. J. 5.) spike with whorls very near each other: corol rin- 
gent-like, with a long tube : Jeaves perennial, obovate, sub-mucronate, net- 
veined and paler beneath; upper ones connate-perfoliate, S. 

sempervirens, A. (E. r. y. M. 5.) spikes with distant, nakedish whorls: corols 
sub-equal ; tube ventricose above: leaves ovate and obovate, glaucous be- 
neath; upper ones connate-perfoliate. Leaves perennial. S. 


Exotic. 
eaprifolium, (honeysuckle. 5.) corols ringent-like, terminal: sessile leaxes 
connate-perfoliate at the top. 
periclymenum, (woodbine. J. 5.) flowers in ovate, imbricate, terminal heads: 
jeavesall distinct. Var. guercifolia, leaves sinuate. 


Southern. 
ciltosum, Ph. (W. y. J. 5.) spikes with whorled, approximate heads, sub-ses- 
sile: corol sub-equal: tube hirsute, ventricose in the middle: leaves some- 
what clasping, sessile and petioled, ovate, glaucous beneath; margin dis- 
tinctly ciliate ; upper ones connate-perfoliate. Xylosteum. 


(1) cliffortiana, Mx. not L. (2) Caprifolium, J. (3) fraseri, Ph. (4) di- 
oica & media, L. Caprifolium bracteosum, Mx: 

* I published this species in the Manual in the year 1818, and repeated it in 
the succeeding editions. Afterwards Goldie came to this state, and also trav- 
elled in Canada, where he found it, and examined it with my Manual. In 
1822 he published it as a new discovery, under the name pubescens, in the 
Edinburgh Phil. Journal. I do not claim the discovery, for since I publish- 


oe I jearned that Le Conte had examined it. But the truth should be 
told, 


LUDWIGIA, LUPINUS. 283 


Lonicera, DigRVILLA. XYLOSTEUM. 
Lotus, TRIGONELLA. 
4—1, LupwiaGta. 17. 88. 


alternifolia, (1) (seed box. O. y. Ju. 2{.) erect, branching, sub-glabrous : 
leaves alternate, lanceolate, hoary beneath: peduncles axillary, 1-flower- 
ed : capsules 4-sided: divisions of the calyx large, coloured, persistent. 1 


pilosa, Wr. (2) (E. y. Ju. 2{.) erect, branching, hirsute : leaves alternate, ob- 
long, sessile, hirsute both sides: peduncles 1-flowered, axillary : capsules 
globose-quadrangular, winged, 2-bracted at the base. 8. 

unifiora, R. (E.) stem straight, simple: leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, 
glabrous: flower terminal: petals longer than the calyx. Probably ai- 
ternifolia. Torrey. 


Southern, 
mollis, Mx. (E. Au. 2f-) villous: stem erect, much branched : leaves lanceo- 
late :, flowers generally clustered : capsule globose, 2-leaved. 
capitata, Mx. (3) (E. y. Au. 2/.) stem erect, virgate : leaves lance-linear, 
glabrous: flowers generally in terminal heads: bracts longer than the ca- 


yx. 

pedunculosa, Mx. (E. y. J. 2{.) stem procumbent, radicant: leaves opposite, 
lanceolate : peduncles 1-flowered, longer than the leaves. 3—6 i. 

linearis, Wr. (4) (E. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, branching, angled near the sum- 
mit: leaves alternate, linear, glabrous, sub-serrulate: flowers axillary, soli- 
tary, sessile. 2 f. 

decurrerns, Wr. (E. y. Au. 3%.) erect, very branching, glabrous: leaves alter- 
nate, lance-oval, decurrent : flowers octandrous. 5 

natans, E. (E. y. Ju.) swimming and creeping: leaves opposite, lance-spatu- 
late : flowers axillary, sessile : petals as long as the calyx, ? 

snardia, 


Ludwigia, IsNaRDEA. 
14—1. Luwarra. 39. 63. 


Exotic. 
annua, (honesty. p. Go.) leaves obtusely toothed: silicles oval, obtuse at both 
ends. Naturalized. 
rediviva, (satin flower. b-p. 2{.) leaves with mucronate teeth : silicles tapering 
to bothends. Flowers odorous, Isatis. 


16—10. LupinasTEeR. $32. 93. 


Southern. 
maerocephalus, Ph. (W. y.& p. M. 2/.) leafets nine, oblanceolate : petioles 
very long : stipules wedge-form, gash-3-toothed: teeth of the calyx filiform, 
plumose. Melilotus. 
17—10. Lupinus. 32. 93. 


perennis, (wild lupine. O. b. M. 2{.) stem and leaves smoothish: leaves digi- 
tate, with about 8 ta 10 leafets, which are oblanceolate, obtusish: calyxes 
alternate, not appendaged: banner emarginate, keel entire. 12—18i. 


Exotic. 


albus, (white lupine. w. Au. #%.) calyxes not appendaged, alternate: banner 
entire, keel 3-toothed. %#-) calyxes not appendaged, rnate: banner 


2 


(1) macrocarpa, Mx. ramosissima, Wr. (2) hirsuta, Ph. (3) suffruticosa, 
Wr. (4) angustifolia, Mx. : (2) ’ (3) ruticoga 


™ 


284 LUPINUS, LYCHNIS. 


hirsutus, (garden lupine. b. %.) calyxes appendaged, alternate: banner 2- 
parted; keel 3-toothed. 

pilosus, (rose lupine. r. w. 3%.) calyxes appendaged, whorled : banner 2-part- 
ed; keel entire. a. 

luteus, (yellow lupine. y. 3%.) calyxes appendaged, whorled: banner 2-part- 
ed; kee] 3-toothed. 


Southern. 

villosus, (hairy lupine. E. w. r. p. J. 2{.) very villose ; leaves simple, oblong : 
calyxes not appendaged, alternate in a long spike : banner 2-cleft; kee] en- 
tire, long. 

diffusus, N. (E. Ap. 2{,) villose, silky : stems numerous, diffuse, decumbent : 
leaves simple, oblong, obovate : petioles and stipules short, naked. 

nootkatensis, Donn. (W. Ju. 2f.) stem and leaves hirsute: leaves digitate ; 
leafets (7—8) lanceolate, obtuse : calyxes whorled, not appendaged : banner 
emarginate: keel entire. 

sericeus, Ph. (W.r. p. Ju. 2{.) stem and leaves silky-tomentose : leaves digi- 
tate; leafets (7—8) lanceolate, acute, silky both sides: calyxes somewhat 
whorled, not appendaged: banner gashed : keel entire. * 

argenteus, Ph. (W. y-w. Ju. 2{.) leaves digitate ; leafets (5—7) lance-linear, 
acute, glabrous above, silvery-silky beneath : calyxes alternate, not append- 
aged: banner obtuse: keel entire. 

pusilus, Ph. (W. b. J. 3%. or co.) small and very hirsute : leaves digitate ; 
leafets (5—7) wedge-oblong, glabrous above: calyxes alternate, not ap- 
pendaged: banner 2-parted : keel entire : legume about 2-seeded, 4— 
6i. T 

decumbens, T. & J. (W. p.) suffruticose, sub-cdecumbent : flowers pedicelled, 
somewhat whorled, bracted: calyx silky-hirsute: banner and keel entire - 
Jeafets lance-oblong, acute and obtuse, silky beneath. Crotolaria. 


6—1. Luzvura. (1) 5. 13. i 


pilosa, (O. M. 2{.) leaves hairy: panicle sub-cymose: peduncles 1-flowered, 
reflexed: leafets of the calyx acuminate, rather shorter than the obtuse cap- 
sule. 61. 

campestris, (O. M. 2{.) leaves hairy: spikes sessile and peduncled: leafets 
of the calyx acuminate, longer than the obtuse capsule. If. S. 

melanocarpa, Mx. (W. Ju.) culm leafy: leaves sub-lanceolate, smooth: pan- 
icles capillary, loose: flowers distinctly pedicelled : capsules black. 

spicata, W. (E. Au.) leaves narrow, hairy at the throat: spike nodding, com- 
pound: leafets of the calyx acuminate-awned, about as long as the roundish 
capsule. 38 i. Oryza, 


10—5. Lycunis. 22. 82. 


apetala, (A. 2{.) calyx inflated: corol shorter than the calyx: stein about 1- 


flowered. j 
alpina, W. (E. r. 2{.) glabrous: flowers in dense umbelled heads: petals 2- 


cleft: styles 4. Labrador. 

ad Exotic. 
chalcedonica, (scarlet lichnis. r. J. 2{.) flowers fascicled, level-top, or convex. 
viscaria, (clammy lichnis, 2{.) stem geniculate, viscous: petals entire : cap- 

sule 5-celled, 
flos-cuculi, (ragged robin. 2{.) petals torn: capsule 1-celled, roundish. 

* Phytolacea. 

ee co 


(1) Juncus, L, & Mx, 
, 4 


4 LYCIUM, LYCOPODIUM. 285 


4—l. Lyctum. 28. 41. 


Exotic. 
barbarum, (matrimony vine, J. r. y. .) stem angled : branches erect: leaves 
lanceolate, tapering to both ends: calyx mostly 3-cleft. 


Southern. 
carolinianum, Wr. (L. p. Ju. .) unarmed: leaves clustered, narrow-wedge- 
form, fleshy : flowers 4-cleft, tetrandrous. 3—65 f, Centunculus. 


91—6. Lycocata. 58. 1. 


punctata, eespitose, round, punctate, sub-cinereous. 
minidta, gregarious, globose, at first scarlet; at length dark-yellow, with rose- 
coloured dust. Frequent on trunks in summer and autumn after a storm, 
Fuligo 
i pve 


21—6. Lycorerpon. 58. 1. 
a» 


éovista, (common pufi-ball. O.) at first white and obconic, becoming black 
and spherical : outer coat downy, which pealing off leaves the leathery in- 
ner coat: seeds black, lighter than air, and appearing like smoke, In mead- 
ows. 

giganteum, almost stipeless, globose, large ; from white becoming pale : scales 
scattered, sub-obsolete. In grassy situatiots in autumn. 

pratense, white, soft: fruit hemispheric, smoothish ; having small warts: stipe 
very short. In meadows, and on grassy hills, in the summer. 

excipuliforme, large, white, various : fruit subeglobose, with scattered spinose 
warts : stem sub-terete, long, plicate. Scattered on the earth in autumn, 
in pine woods, &c. 

umbrinum, turbinate, somewhat bossed: at first cinereous, at length dark 

_ brown; rough with slender warts. Gregarious in pine woods in autumn. 

pyriforme, dirty brownish-white; an inch and an haif bigh: base tapering : 
top pointed: scales thin: roots fibrous, long. On putrid trunks. 

é Scleroderma. 


21—]. Lycoropium. 50. 5. 


1. Spikes peduncled. 


clavatum, (club-moss. O, g. Ju.) stem creeping: branches ascending: leaves 
scattered, incurve-bristle-bearing, serrate: spikes in pairs or single, pe- 
duncled, cylindric : scales ovate, acuminate, erose-dentate. Woods, 

complanatum, (ground-pine. E. g-y. Ju. 2[.) creeping, erectish: branches al- 
ternate, dichotomous: leaves bifareous, connate, spreading at the tips : 
spikes in pairs, peduncled. Woods. WS. 

carolinianum, W. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem creeping: leaves somewhat 2-ranked, 
spreading, lanceolate: peduncles erect, solitary, elongated, l-spiked: bracts 
sub-lanceolate. SS. 

sabinaefolium, W. (1) (W. Ju. 2[.) stem erect: branches alternate, dichoto- 
mous: leaves lanceolate, acute, pointing 4 ways, appressed, convex: pe~ 
duncles solitary, l-spiked: spikes terete : scales sub-cordate, acumina 

: * 


2. Spikes sessile: leaves surrounding the stem. 


dendroideum, Mx. (tree-weed. E. g. Ju. 2.) erect: branches erec aves 
in six equal rows: spikes solitary, numerous. Woods. SS. 

obscurum, (E. Ju. 2{.) erect: branches spreading: leaves in six unequal 
rows; spikes one or few, solitary, 


(1) Alpinum, Mx. 


286 LYCOPODIUM, LYCOPUS. ; 

annotinum, W. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem creeping: branches twice 2-parted, ascend- 
ing : leaves pointing 5 ways, lance-linear, mucronate, spreading and serru- 
late near the tips: spike solitary, terminal. 

tnundatum, W. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem creeping, sub-ramose ; branches simple, sol- 
itary, erect, 1-spiked at the top: spike leafy : leavés linear, scattered, acute, 
entire, curved above. 

alopecuroides, W. (E Ju. 2.) stem creeping, sub-ramose: branches simple, 
long ascending, 1-spiked at the top: leaves linear-subulate, ciliate-toothed 
at the base, spreading: spike leafy. WS. 

selaginoides, W. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem creeping: branches simple, ascending : 
leaves scattered, lanceolate, spreading, ciliate-toothed : spikes solitary, ter- 
minal, leafy. WS. . 

rupestre, (festoon pine. E. Ju. 2{.) stem creeping, branching: branches sub- 
divided, ascending: leaves scattered, lance-linear, ciliate, with hairs at the 
apex: spikes solitary, terminal. Rocks and gravelly banks. 


3. Spikes sessile: leaves 2-ranked, 


albidulum, W. (Au. 2{.) leaves ovate, acute, denticulate, alternate, close- 
pressed : spikes terminal, long, 4-sided. 

apodum, W. (Ju. 2[.) leaves round-ovate, acute, flat, denticulate ; with super- 
ficial alternating points: stem branching, rooting near the base: spike 


‘terminal, sub-solitary. 
4. Capsules axillary. 


lucidulum, Mx. (1) (moon-fruit pine. O. M. y. 2{.) stems assurgent, with a few 
longish branches: leaves spreading, shining, lance-linear, serrate, about in 
8 rows. 

eclago, (A.) leaves scattered, entire, lanceolate, awnless, in 8 equal rows: 
stems dichotomous, erect, fastigiate. 


Southern. 
tristachyum, Ph. (A. Ju. 2{.) stems erect: branches alternate, dichotomous, 
sub-compressed: leaves lanceolate, acute, appressed, pointing 4 ways: pe- 
duncles solitary, elongated, 3-spiked: spikes terete; scales roundish, acu- 
minate. Equisetum. 


5—1. Lycopsis. 41. 42. 


arvensis, (E. b. Ju. 3%.) hispid: leaves lanceolate, repand-toothed: racemes 

in pairs : flowers sessile. Probably duced. SW. 
virginica, (E. w. J. 3.) small, hispid: lower leaves spatulate; upper ones 
linear-oblong, entire: racemes solitary: flowers peduncled. S. 
” Batschia. 


, 


2—1. LycOpus. 42. 39. 


europeus, (2) (water horehound. w. Ju. 2{.) lower leaves gashed; upper ones 
ra ge serrate ; calyx acuminate-spined. Flowers small, whorled. Damp. 
1—3 f. S. 
virginicus, (bugle weed. O. w. J. 2{.) leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, at the 
ase narrowed and entire: calyx very short, spineless. Var. guercifolius, 
$ sinuate-pinnatifid. Damp.» 2f. S. 
x. (3) (w. J. 2.) leaves lanceolate, sub-serrate, glabrous: suck- 


e umbent. A low plant, with flowers mostly solitary. 
obtusifolius, Vab]. (Hudson’s Bay. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, remotely and ob- 
tasely serrate. Monarda. 


_ (1) reflexum, Sh. @) angustifolius and sinuatus, E. exaltatus, Ph. vulga- 
yis, P, americanus, M. (3) pumilus, Vahl. 


4 LYGODIUM, LYTHRUM. 287 


22—1. Lycopium. 55. 5. 


palmatum, Sz. (1) (climbing fern. E. g-y. Au. 2{.) stem climbing : leaves pal- 
mate, 5-lobed ; divisions lanceolate, obtuse : spikelets terminal, compound. 
panicled. 3—4f. SW. Equisetum. 


Lyonia, ANDROMEDA, CYNANCHOUM, 
o—1l. Lysrmacuia. 20. 34, 


stricta, A. (2) (loose strife. O. y. Ju. 2.) raceme terminal, very long, lax : 
leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile : petals lanceolate, spreading. 1—2f. S. 
thyrsiflora, (3) (O. y. J. 2.) stem simple, smooth : leaves sessile, lanceolate, 
opposite, acute, paler beneath : racemes latetal, long peduncled. 12—18i. 
guadrifolia, (4) (O. y. J. 2{.) pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, oval, acuminate, 
punctate, whorled, or in nearly opposite pairs, with axillary, 1-flowered pe- 
duncles : divisions of the corol oval, entire. Leaves vary from opposite, to 
seven ina Whorl, 12—18 i. S. Fi 
ciliata, (O. y. J. 2{.) sub-pubescent: leaves opposite, long-petioled, sub-cor- 
" date-oval; petioles ciliate : pedicels somewhat in pairs: flowers nodding. 


hybrida, Mx. (5) (E. y. J. 2.) glabrous : leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, 
acute at both ends; petioles ciliate : flowers nodding : coro! shorter than the 
calyx ; divisions crenulate. " 

revoluta, N. (O. y. J. 2{.) smooth: stem 4-sided, simple: leaves linear, sessile, 
tapering to both ends; margin revolute : peduncles solitary : divisions of 

* the calyx lanceolate, very acute: segments of the corol round-oval, abruptly 
acuminate. 6—18i. 

quadrifiora, Sims. (6) (W. 2{.) branching: stem srnooth : leaves sessile, op- 
posite, very long linear: peduncles in fours, sub-terminal, l-flowered,. 2— 
af ee 


Southern. 

herbemonii, E. (E. 2{.) flowers in terminal racemes ; lower ones whorled ; 
upper ones scattered : leaves in fours, lance-ovate, sessile, 3-nerved. 2 f. 

lanceolata, Ph. (E. 2{.) very glabrous, erect, simple: leaves in fours, sub- 
petioled, lanceolate, prominently acuminate : peduncles in fours, many- 
flowered: upper flowers racemed: divisions of the corol ovate, acute. 

. heterophylla, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem erect, glabrous, branching: lower leaves 

_ roundish; upper ones linear, sessile? flowers axillary, nodding: peduncles 
shorter than the leaves. 12— 

angustifolia, Mx. (E. y. 2{.) very glabrous, branching : leaves opposite and 
whorled, long-linear, punctate : racemes terminal, short : divisions of the 
corol oblong. Primula. 


1l—l. Lygurum. 17. 91, 


salicarta, var. pubescens, Ph. (milk willow-herb. E. ». Ju. 2f.) pubescent: 
leaves opposite and in threes, sessile, lanceolate, cordate at the base ; flowers 
terminal, whorled-spiked: capsules oblong: stamens 12. 2 f. 

verticillatum, (7) (swamp willow-herb, grass poley. O. p. Au. 2{.) pubescent : 
leaves opposite, or in threes, lanceolate, petioled : flowers axillary, somewhat 
in whorls: fruit globose: stamens 10, Wet. 2f S. 


hyssopifolium, N. (St. Clair, Detroit. w. p. 2{.) leaves alternate and opposite, 
lance-linear and sub-oval: flowers solitary, axillary. Hexandrous. 6—10 i. 


(1) Hydroglossum, W. Ophioglossum, L. Cteisium paniculatum, Mx. 
(2) bulbifera,C. racemosa, Lk. (3) capitata, Ph. (4) heterophylla, N. an- 
gustifolia, W. (5) hirsuta, Mx. punctata, Wr. (6) longifolia, Ph. (7) 
Anonymos aquatica, Wr. Decodon aquaticum, Gmel. verticillatuna, E, 


288 LYTHRUM, MAGNOLIA. : j 


~ Southern. 

nineaie, W. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves opposite, lanceolate, glabrous : stem pani- 
cled: flowers axillary, in threes, pedicelled : stamens 12. a’ 

alatum, Ph. (O. p. Ju. 2{.) very glabrous: stem winged: leaves opposite and 

alternate, closely sessile, sub-cordate, ovate- oblong : flowers hexandrous, 
axillary, solitary, sessile. 2—3 f. ; 

lineare, W. (E. w. Ju. 2[.) glabrous, virgate-panicled : leaves linear, somewhat 
opposite : flowers axillary, solitary, hexandrous. 3—4f. Cuphea. 


M. 


; 
13—1. Macsrmea. 42. 39. 


Southern. 
pulehra, E. (E. p. & w. Au. 2[.) stem erect, simple : leaves opposite, lanceo- 
late, acute, serrulate, punctate, ciliate, glabrous beneath, somewhat hairy 
above; upper ones sessile ; lower ones attenuated at the base as if peti- 


oled. 12—18i. Calamintha., - 


20—4. Macrura. 53. 98. 


Southern. 
auranticca, N. (W. 5.) leaves petioled, oval, acuminate, very entire, sub- 
raucronate, smooth and shining above ; petiole and nerves minutely hirsute- 
pubescent beneath: truit axillary, sub-sessile, surface yverrucose. 20—30 f. 
Broussonetia. 


18—1. Macrorys, R. 26. 61. 


racemosa, (1) (bug-bane, black snake-root, cohosh. O. w. Ju. 2f.) leaves de- 
compound ; leafets oblong-ovate, gash-toothed : racemes in wand-like 
spikes: capsules ovate. Woods. 3—9f. SW. 

foetida, W. (W. Ju. 2f.) leaves decompound ; leafets ovate, gash-toothed ; 
teeth acute: raceme panicled, nodding: styles 5: capsule ovate, uncinate. 


Souihern.* 
podocarpa, Dc. (2) (A.S. 2[.) germs 4—9, pedicelled, glabrous: racemes 
anicled : leaves decompound ; leafets of the calyx ovate, conca¥e, 2 f. 

cordifolia, Ph. (2) (A. Ju. 2(.) germs 2—3, (2—5, Ph.) giabrous, sessile: ra- 
cemes panicled: leaves biternate; leafets 5—7-lobed, serrate, cordate at 
the base. : it 

palmata, Mx. (2) (A. Ju. 2{.) germs numerous, (12—15:) panicle dichoto- 
mous, sub-corymbed : capsules very short, forming globular heads : leaves 
simple, palmate. 2—S f. Sarracenia. 

12—i3. MaGnoitsa. 52. 75. 

glauca, (beaver tree, swamp laurel. E. w. J. b.) leaves oval, glaucous beneath : 
petals obovate, tapering to the base. Var. latifolia, has obtusish, decidu- 
ousleaves. Var. longifolia, has perennial leaves acute at both ends. S. 

acuminata, Mx. (cucumber tree. W. b-y. J. b.) leaves oval, acuminate, pubes- 
cent beneath: petals obovate, obtusish. 70f. WS, 

tripetala, W. (3) (umbreila tree. w. J. b.) leaves large, wedge-obovate, acute ; 
in the young state all over silky: petals 9, oval, acute ; outer ones reflexed. 
25—35 i. S. - 
. Southern, 

grandifiora, W. (big laurel, magnolia. O. w. M. 5.) leaves evergreen, oval 


(1) Cimicifuga serpentaria, Ph. Actea,L, (2) Actea,De, Ci icifuga, 


EF. (3) umbrella, Lk. 
* Belong to Cimicifuga, see Addenda. 


MAGNOLIA, MALVA. 289 


thick, leathery : petals broad-obovate, abruptly narrowedinto a claw. Var. 
elliptica, leaves oblong-oval, ferruginous beneath : flowers somewhat con- 
tracted. Var. obovata, leaves oblong-obovate: flowers expanded. Var. 
lanceolata, leaves oblong-lanceolate, curved at the apex, both sides coloured 
alike : flowers somewhat centracted. 60—80 f. 

macrophylla, Mx. (O. w. J. 5.) branches fragile : leaves very large, oblong, 
sub-cuneate-obovate, sinuate and auricled at the hase, glaucous beneath : 
petals 6, ovate, obtuse. 30—35 f. :3 

cordata, Mx. (A. y. M. b.) leaves broad-oval or lance-ovate, sub-cordate, 
sub-tomentose beneath: petals lance-oblong, acute. 20—4Q f. 

auriculata, W. (A. y-w. M. 5.) leaves large, lance-obovate, acute, glaucous 
beneath, cordate and auricled at the base ; lobes approximate: petals ovate, 
acute, sub-unguiculate. 30—40 f. 

pyrumidata, Bartram. (E. Ap. 5.) leaves rhomb-oboval, abruptly acute, both 
sides coloured alike, sub-cordate and auricled at the base: lobes divaricate : 
petals Janceolate, gradually acute. Liriodendron. 


Mahonia, BERBERIS. 


18—1. Mataxis. 7. 21. 


liliifolia, (1) (twayblade..O. w. y. p. J. 2f.) leaves 2, lance-ovate or oval : 
scape 3-cornered : inner petals filiform, reflexed, 2-coloured : lip concave, 
obovate, mucronate. 4—8i. WS. . 

longifolia, B. (2) (E.y-g. J. 2{. bulb roundish: scape 2-leaved: leaves broad- 
lanceolate, longer than the scape: spike oblong : lip cordate, concave, chan- 
nelled, shorter than the petals, 3—7i. Microstylis. 


Malaxis, Microsty tis. 


15—12.~ Manors. 37. 74. 


Southern. 
malacoides, (E. y. #.) leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, crenate, glabrous above : 
peduncles solitary, axillary. 12—18i. Stuartia. 


Malus, Pyrus: 
15—13. Matva. 37. 74. 


americana, M. (rough mallows. y: J. #.) leaves ovate, acute, toothed, sca- 
brous: flowers axillary, solitary, terminal, head-spiked. 

rotundifolia, (low mallows. O, r. w. J. 2{.) leaves heart-orbicular, obsoletely 
5-lobed: peduncles bearing the fruit declined: stem prostrate. Probably 
introduced, 

Exotic. 

sylvestris, (mallows. r-b. J. of. and 2{.) stem erect : leaves about 7-lobed, 
acutish : peduncles and petioles hairy. 

crispa, (curled mallows. Au. 3.) stem erect : leaves angular, crisped : flow- 
ers axillary, glomerate. 

moschata, (musk mallows. 2{.) stem erect : radical leaves reniform, gashed ; 


cauline ones 5-parted, pinnate, many-cleft : leafets of the outer calyx linear. 
Naturalized. 


virgata, (whip-stalk mallows. r. 2{. and b.) leaves deeply 3-lobed, toothed, 
wedge-torm at the base: peduncles in pairs, longer than the petiole, 


“ 


(1) Ophrys, L. (2) correana, B. 
25 


\ 


290 MALVA, MARISCUS. 


Southern. 
abutiloides, (E. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves with 5 angular lobes, tomentose; peduncles 
2-cleft, about 4-flowered, axillary : capsules many-seeded. 
earoliniana, W. (E. r. Au. 3.) leaves 5-lobed or palmate, gash-toothed : pe- 
duncles longer than the petioles : petals entire : fruit villose: stem pros- 


trate. 

triloba, (1) (E. }.) leaves oblong, very obtusely 3-lobed, toothed, tomentose : 
peduncles axillary, longer than the petiole. 

coccinea, N. (2) (W. r. Au. 2{.) all over hoary-tomentose, and strewed with 
stellate hairs: leaves 3—5-cleft; divisions gashed, acute: racemes termi- 
nal: stem diffuse. 

triangulata, (3) (E. p. Ju.) hirsute, sub-decumbent : lower leaves triangular- 
cordate ; upper ones 3—5-lobed, irregularly toothed: flowersracemed. 12 


—I18i. Hibiscus. 


3—2. Manisurus. 4. 10. 


Southern. 
granularis, (E. S. 3%. ?) calyx of the globose fertile floret verrucose, tesse- 


lated : stemerect, branching : sheaths hirsute. 2—3f. Lepturus. 
3—1. MAPaAnla, 3. 9. 
Southern. 
sylvatica, (W. Ju. 2{.) culm at the base covered with imbricate, lanceolate 
leaves or scales. Fimbristy lis. 


21—3. MarcHantia. 957. 3. 


polymorpha, L. (brook liverwort. O. g-y. Ju. 2{.) pistillate receptacles radiat- 
ed ; staminate ones peduncled, peltate: fronds crowded together, lobed, 
nerved, and covered with small decussate veins. Pistillate peduncles very 
Jong : nerves of the frond generally brown. On earth and stones in wet or 
damp places. 

hirsuta, Sw. (Nov.) pistillate receptacles hemispherical, sub-entire, margin 
hirsute ; staminate ones sessile, roundish, plano-convex : fronds very broad, 
brittle, simple or dichotomous at the apex; margin undulate. Dark green: 
fronds generally dichotomus, and lobed ; lobes rounded, undulate, and 
often crenate : 2—3 inches long, and 1 wide : pistillate peduncle short. 

hemisphaerica, L. pistillate receptacles sub-hemispherical, nearly entire, sub- 
4-sided ; divisions of the proper calyx obtuse : fronds smaller, crenate ; be- 
neath dark red ; above beautifully green. On avin § ground. 

conica, L. pistillate receptacles conic-ovate, somewhat angular ; staminate 
ones sessile : fronds long, creeping, verrucose, sinuate. On moist banks, 
walls, stones, &c. 

erinita, Mx. (Summer.) small: margin of the frond coloured, erose-crenate : 
lobes roundish: pistillate receptacles sub-globose, 5-lobed ; with long fila- 
ments proceeding from between them: margin, and lower surface of the 
frond purple. On flat rocks. 

tenella, small: frond fork-dichotomous, narrow : pistillate receptacles sub- 
conic, with a many-cleft membrane below ; divisions ligulate-linear; pe- 
duncles longish, delicate. Receptacles 3-cleft ; divisions rounded. Frond 
green ; beneath purple. Jungermannia, 


3—1. Maniscus. (4) 3. 9. 
retrofractus, (E. Ju. 2{.) umbel simple ; rays long: spikes obovate, imbricate 


(1) retusa, W. (2) Cristaria, Ph. (3) M. C. Leavenworth. retusa, W.? 
(4) cirpus, L, 


MARISCUS, MECONOPsIs. 291 


backwards : spikelets subulate, at length bent backwards : involucre 3- 
leaved, 18i. S. 

echinatus, (1) (E. Ju. 2{.) umbel simple ; rays short: spikes globose : flow- 
ers spreading. Var. tenellus, T. (L.) culm acutely triangular, slender : in- 
volucre 3—d-leaved ; 3 of the leaves many times longer than the umbel. 6 
—18 i. 


Southern. 
eylindricus, E. (E. Ju.) stem obtusely 8-angled, glabrous : umbels simple ; 
heads cylindric : spikes lanceolate, sub-compressed, few-flowered (2—5.) 
expanding, 2—3f. : : Dulichium. 


Mariscus, CypErus. 
18—1. Marrvusium. 42. 39. 


vulgare, (horehound. O. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves round-ovate, toothed, rugose-vein- 
ed: calyx toothed, setaceous, uncinate. Itroduced. S. Glechoma. 


17—1, MarsHatiia. (2) 49. 55. 


Southern. 

fanceolata, Mx. (E. p. M. 2[.) stem simple, naked near the summit, leafy be- 
low: radical leaves obovate ; cauline ones long-lanceolate : scales of the 
calyx oval : chaff spatulate. 18—24i. 

latifolia, Mx. (A. 2{.) stem simple: leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, 3-nerv « 
ed ; lowest ones sheathing : scales of the calyx acute: chaff of the recepta- 
cles narrow-linear. 

angustifolia, Mx. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) stem branching: lower leaves narrow-lan- 
ceolate ; upper ones linear : scales of the calyx rigid, subulate : chaff linear. 
Var. cyananthera, E. stem simple, very pubescent near the top: leaves 
lance-linear, 3-nerved : scales of the calyx lanceolate, a af 

antolina. 


13—2. Marrynia. 40. 45. 


proboscidea, W. (3) (unicorn plant. w. p. y. Ju, #.) stem branching: 
leaves alternate, cordate, entire, villose. Fruit somewhat gourd-like, with 
one long horn. _1—2f. S. Sesanum. 


17—2. _Marricarra. 49 55, 


Exotic. 
ehegerele, W. (wild chamomile. 3%.) leaves bipinnate: scales of the calyx 
obtusish. 


12—1. Meconopsis. 27. 62. 


diphylla, Mx. (4) (W. M. 2{.) stem with two twin leaves near the summit: 
leaves sessile, lobe-pinnatifid; peduncle solitary, 1-flowered: capsule ob- 
long-ovate. S, 


Southern. 
petiolatum, N. (5) (W. y. J. 2{.) stem 4-sided : leaves very broad, long peti- 
oled, pinnatifid-lobed ; lobes 5—7, angularly and incisely toothed. 12— 
18 i. Argemone. 


(1) ovularis, Vahl. Kyllingia ovularis, Mx. (2) Persoonia, Mx. Trat- 
tenickia, P. (3) annua, L, alternifolia, Lk. (4) Chelidonium, Mx. Hy- 
.tophorum, N. (5) Stylophorum, N, 


292 MEDICAGO, MELANANTHERA. 


16—10 MeEpicaco. 32. 93. 


lupuliaa, (uop medick. O. y. J. #.) spikes oval: legumes reniform, 1-seeded - 
stipules entire : leaves obovate: stem procumbent. S. 
Exotic. 

intertexta, (y. Au.) peduncles somewhat 2-flowered : legumes spiral, oval : 
prickles pubescent, setaceous, 2-ranked, appressed : stipules ciliate-toothed : 
leafets obovate, dentate. Naturalized, 

sativa, (lucerne medick. Ju. 2[.) peduncles racemed : legume smooth, coch- 
leate : stipules entire: leaves oblong, toothed. Naturalized. 

tribuloides, (hedge-hog. 3%.) peduncles 2-flowered : legume cochleate, cylin- 
dric, flat both sides, aculeate, conic 2-ways, reflexed : stipules toothed : 
leaves toothed, obovate. 

scutellata, (snail-shell, bee-hive. E. Ju. #%.) peduncles about 2-flowered: le- 
gumes unarmed, cochleate in an orbicular form, with a convex base and a 
flat top: stipules toothed : leaves oblong, toothed. Colutea. 


Mediola, Grromia. 
21—2. Meresra. 56. 4. 


ulzginosa, stem simple, short: leaves oblong-linear, obtuse : capsule pear- 
form; lid convex. In marshes. Diphysicum. 


' 14-2. Merampyrum. 40. 35, 


americanum, Mx. (1) (cow-wheat. O. y. Ju. 3%.) slender: lower leaves fin- 
ear, entire; floral ones lanceolate, toothed behind : flowers axillary, dis- 
tinct. Var. latifolium, has very broad leaves. Woods. S. 

brachiatum, Sz. & Say.(W.) stem terete, sub-scabrous, naked below, with long, 
naked, ascending, opposite or whorled branches: leaves entire, rugose and 
scabrous on both sides, attenuated into the petiole. 6—8i. | Euphrasia. 


6—3. Mernantruium. 10. 13. 


virginicum, W. (2) (black flower. E. w. becoming black. J. 2{.) panicle pyra- 
mid-form : petals oval, sub-hastate, flat, with 2 spots: flowers mostly per- 
fect. 2—3f. WS. 2a 

hybridum, Wr. (3) (bunch flower. w. J. 2[.) panicles racemed above, pistil- 
late : petals roundish, having claws, undulate-plaited, hardly spotted, hir- 
sute outside. 2f. S. : 

glaucum, N. (O. g-w. Ju.) root bulbous ; leaves glaucous, margined : raceme 
mostly simple, few-flowered: petals roundish, unguiculate, with two pecu- 
liar spots : seed subuiate, alated. 


Southern. : 
monoicum, Wr. (A. Ju. 2{.) panicle with the lower flowers staminate; upper 
ones pistillate and racemed : petals oblong, flat, with short claws: styles 
half as long as the germ. Zigadenus, 


17—1. MELANANTHERA. 49. 55. 


Southern. 
hastata, Mx. (4) (E. w. S. 2{.) leaves hastate, 3-lobed ; chaff of the receptacle 
lanceolate, acuminate. War. /obata, leaves deeply 3-lobed. Var. pandu- 
rata, leaves slightly 3-lobed, panduriform. 4—6 f. Marshallia. 


(1) lineare, Lk. (2) Helonias virginica, Bot. Mag. (3) latifolum, Lk. 
racemosum, Mx. (4) Bidens nivea, W. Athanasia, Wr. ~ 


MELIA, MENISPERMUM. 298 


10—1. MELIA. 54. 71, 


Southern. 
azedaraeh, (bead tree. E. b.) leaves doubly-pinnate : leafets smooth, ovate, 
toothed. 30—40 f. Tribulus. 


3—2. Metica. 4. 10. 


speciosa, M. (7) (melic grass. J. 2{.) smooth: panicle loose, erect, few-flow- 
ered: branches simple: florets obtuse. 3—4f. WS. 


Southern. 
diffusa, Ph. (E. J. 2{.) panicle diffuse, very branching: flowers acute, beard- 
less ; stem erect, pubescent. Atheropogon. 


16—10. Meuitotus. (1) 32. 93. 


vulgaris, (2) (yellow melilot-clover. y. J. 3%.) stem erect: leafets oblanceo- 
late, mucronately serrulate: banner and wings egual* : racemes axillary 
sub-panicled ; the longest raceme 3 to 5 times as long as the longest leafet 
at its base: legumes oval. 2 to 4 f. Unquestionably indiginous from 
Glenn’s Falls on the Hudson river, to the Highlands. S. 

alba, (3) (white melilot-clover. w. J. 3%.) stem erect: leafets variable (oval, 
ovate, obovate, and oblanceolate) mucronately serrulate: banner donger* 
than the wings: racemes axillary, panicled; the longest raceme 6 to 10 
times as long as the longest leafet at its base: legumes oval. 3 to 6 f. Flow- 
ers and legumes smaller than the preceding species and the stem more ro~ 
bust. Probably introduced; but now very common and growing. wild, 
Both species sweet scented. WS. Trifolium. 


Melilotus, PSORALEA. 
13—1. Mretissa. 42. 39, 


Exotic. 
officinalis, (balm. w. b. Ju. 2{.) flowers whorled half way around, sub-sessile ;. 
bracts oblong, pedicelled: leaves ovate, acute, serrate. Naturalized, 
’  Ocymum. 


19—16. MertotTuria. 34. 97, 


pendula, (creeping cucumber. y. J. 3%.) leaves sub-reniform, lobe-angled ; 
terminal lobe equalling the rest: berry cylindric, ovate. 
Momordica. 


20—13. MeEnisPERMUM. 11. 77. 


canadense, (moonseed. O. w-y. Ju. 5b.) stem climbing: leaves sub-cordate, 
round-angled, peltate, with the petiole near the base: racemes compound : 
petals 8. Var. lobatum, Ph. (4) leaves lobed. S. 


Pe ge Southern. 

smilacium, W. (5) (E. y. Ju. 5.) leaves peltate, sub-glabrous, cordate, round- 
re Pye angled, glaucous beneath: racemes generally simple: pe- 
als 4, 


(1) Trifolium, L. (2) officinalis? (3) var. alba? I adopt the genuine names 
of old authors ; because the descriptions of modern authors are either very de- 
ficient, or they did not have our plants before them. Whereas the figures and 
descriptions of the older authors show, that they were acquainted with both 
of our species, which they called by those names. See Parkinson, p. 718. Lon- 
don Ed. A. D. 1640. (4) M. virginicum, W. (5) Cissampelos, W. (7) gla-- 


bra, Mx. 
* Suggested hy H, H, E, one 


— 


ot 
294) MENTHA; MERULIUS. © 


lyont, Ph: (W. Ju. 2{.) leaves cordate, palmate-lobed, very long petioled : ra- 
cemes simple: petals 6: stamens 12. Datisca. 


13—1 Menrua. 42. 39. @ 


tenuis, Mx. (1) (O. w. J. 2{.) glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, serrulate, petiol- 
ed: spike slender, terminal, with small interrupted whorls: stamens not ex- 
sert. 1—2f. S&S. American spear-mint. 

canadensis, W. (w-p. Au. 2{.) flowers whorled: leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
petioled, pilose: stamens equalling the corol. 12i. 

borealis, Mx. (northern mint. O. w. Ju. 2{.) ascending, pubescent : leaves pe- 
tioled, lance-oval, acute at both ends: flowers whorled: stamens exsert. 
Damp. 9—18i. S. 


Exotic. 

piperita, (peppermint. p. Au. 2{.) spikes obtuse, interrupted below: leaves 
subovate, somewhat glabrous, petioled: stem glabrous at the base. Natu- 
ralized: 1—2f. 

arvensis, (field mint. p. Ju.) hairy, branching: leaves ovate : flowers whorled 
calyx bell-form. Naturalized. 1 f. 

viridis, (spear-mint. p. Au.) leaves lanceolate, sessile: spikes elongated, in- 
terrupted: stamens long. 1—2f. Isanthus. 


1i—1. Menrzewta. 17. 88. 


Southern. 
aurea, N. (W. y.) stem dichotomous: leaves lance-ovate, deeply angular-cre- 
nate : flowers sessile; petals oval, acuminate, entire : capsule about 3-seed- 
ed. Very rough and tenacious. 12i. 
olizosperma, N. (W.) decumbent: flowers large. Decumaria. 


5—l. Menyantues. 47. 46. 3 


trifoliata, (buck-bean. O: r. J. 2.) leaves ternate: corols densely bearded 
above. In stagnant waters. WN. Villarsia. 


Menyanthes, ViLLaRstia. 
8—l. Menzigsia. 18. 50. 


coerulea, W. (2) (mountain heath. A. r. Ju. 5.) leaves scattered, crowded, 
linear, obtuse, cartilaginous-toothed : peduncles terminal, aggregate, 1-flow- 
ered: flowers bell-form: calyx acute. Decandrous. Very small. 
globularis, Sy. (A. J. 5.) leaves lanceolate, glaucous beneath, except the 
nerves, pubescent : calyx 4-cleft: flowers globose, octandrous. 2—4f. S. 
empetriformis, S. (W. r. Ju. 5.) leaves linear, serrulate, concave beneath : 
duncles terminal, aggregate: flowers bell-form: calyx obtuse. Decan- 


ous, 
Southern. 
FSerruginea, W. (W. J. 5.) leaves lance-obovate, glabrous beneath except the 
nerves: calyx somewhat 4-cleft: flowers urceolate, octandrous. cer. 


2i—6. Merisme. 58. 1. 
feetida, fuscous-purple: branches palmate, approximate; white and shining 
at the apex. On the earth in woods. t ‘ Clavaria. 
21—6. Mervuuivs. 58. 1. 
1. Pileus entire: stipe central. 
cantharellus, in groups, all reddish-yellow : pileus fleshy, glabrous depressed. 


(1) viridis, Wr. (2) Andromeda taxifolis, Pallas. Erica, W. Phyllo- 
doce taxifolia, Sy. 


* 
MERULIUS, MIKANIA- 29% 


cornueopoites, cespitose, becoming black: pileus membranaceous, scaly : 
veins obsolete. In woods in autumn, 


2. Effuse, stemless. 


serpens, coriaceous, elongated, glabrous, white becoming red in the middle : 
olds or veins sub-obsolete, and resembling wrinkles. Dedalea. 


1i—5. MersempryantHemum. 13, 87. 
Exotic. 
erystallinum, (ice plant, w. Au. #%.) branching: leaves alternate, ovate, pa- 
. pillose : flowers sessile : calyx broad-ovate, acute, retuse. Fothergilla. 


21—6. MeEsENTERICA. 58, 1. 


lutea, orange or gold colour. 
11—5. Mespiztus. 36. 93. 


Exotic. 
germanica, (medlar. b.) leaves lance-ovate, downy beneath: flowers sessile, 
solitary. Mesembryanthemum, 


2—1. MicRANTHEMUM. 20. 34. 


Southern. 

- orbieulatum, Mx. (E. w. Au. 2{.) stem prostrate, terete : leaves orbicular, ab» 
ruptly narrowed at the base: flowers peduncled. Wet ditches. 
emarginatum, E. (E. w. Au. 2{.) leaves oval and obovate, emarginate : flow- 
ers sessile. Wet. Lycopus. 


10—4. Micropetratum. 22. 82. 


lanceolatum, Mx. (1) (blind starwort. A. Ju. 2f.) glabrous: leaves lanceo- 
late, narrow at both ends: flowers panicled: petals ovate, very short or 
wanting. Damp. 6—8i. 

loner M. (2) (long-leaf starwort. O. w. J. 2{.) stem decumbent, or sub- 

ecumbent, leaves lance-linear, opposite, entire, smovoth: panicle terminal : 
calyx 3-nerved, about equalling the petals. 12—18i. WS. 
Southern. 

lanuginosum, Mx. (A. Ju. 2{.) dense-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, tapering 
into the petiole: peduncles sub-solitary, elongated, at last reflected: flow-. 
ers without petals. Spergula. 


18—1. \Microsryuis. 7. 21. 
ophioglossoides, W. (3) (adder mouth. E. g-w. J. 2{.) leaf solitary, ovate, 


clasping: scape 5-angled: lip cleft at the tip. 6—9i. S. 
Corallorhiza. 


3S—l. Mircra. (4) 4. 10. 


Southern. 
macrosperma, Mx. (cane. O. Ap. 2{.) stem terete, glabrous, hollow, rigid : 
leaves distichous, lanceolate, flat, sub-acuminate, pubescent beneath. 3— 
15f. Var. gigantea, much taller. 30—40 f. Eriocoma. 


17-1. Mixawra, 49, 55. 
scandens, (5) (climbing thorough-wort. E, w. Au. 2{.) stem glabrous climb-. 


(1) Stellaria, T. Spergulastrum, Mx. (2) gramineum, Ph. Stellaria, M. 
(3) Malaxis, W. unifolia, M, (4) Arundinaria, Mx. (5) Eupatorium, b: 


*s 
396 MIKANIA,; MITELLA.. 


ing: leaves cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate ; lobes divaricate, unequal::. 
flowers corymbed. Damp or wet. S. 
pubescens, M. (w-p. Au. 2{.) pubescent: stem climbing: leaves cordate, re- 
pand-toothed, angled at the base; acuminate: cal¥x 4-flowered. S. 
Chrysocoma. 


3—2. Minium. 4. 10. 


effusum, (millet. E. 2{.) panicle diffuse, compound: branches horizontal : 
glumes ovate, very obtuse: corol awnless, smooth and shining: leaves 
broad-linear. 5—8 f. 

amphiearpon, Ph. (1) (millet grass. E. Au. 2{.) leaves lance-linear, hairy, cil- 
jate: panicle simple, contracted, bearing perfect flowers: fertile flowers in 
solitary, elongated, radical scapes, at length subterraneous. 18—24 i. 

pungens, T. (E. M. 2{.) culm erect: leaves lanceolate, very short, pungent, 
at length involute: panicle contracted ; branches generally in pairs, 2-flow- 
ered ; flowers awnless, ovate: corol hairy. 12—18 i. 


Exotic. 
nigricans, (African millet.) flowers panicled, crowded: valves of the calyx 
shining, becoming black: leaves ensiform, very long. Piptatherum, 


Milium, PipTATHERUM. 
Mimosa, Acacta. ScHRANKIA. 
13—2. Mismutvus. 40. 40, 


ringens, (monkey-flower. O. b. Ju. 2{.) erect, glabrous: leaves sessile, lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, serrate: peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the 
flower: teeth of the calyx acuminate. 1—2 f. SN. 

alatus, (O. b. Ju. 2{.).erect, glabrous: leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, ser- 
rate: peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the flower: stem winged at 
the 4corners: teeth of the calyx round-mucronate. 1—3f. S.. 

luteus, W. (W.y. Jw 2{.) erect glabrous, stoloniferous: leaves roundish- 
ovate, nerved, toothed; lower ones obtuse, petioled; upper ones acute, 
closely sessile: raceme terminal: peduncles axillary, opposite, elongated : 
calyx unequal ; teeth acutish. yas re 

Southern. 

lewisii, Ph. (W. p. Au. 2{.) erect, small, pubescent : leaves sessile, lance-ob- 

long, acute, nerved, mucronate-denticulate : flowers few, terminal, very 


long peduncled: teeth of the calyx acuminate. 6—8 i. Chelone. 
S—l. Mrrasinis. 54, 32. 
Exotic. 


dichotoma, (mexican four o’clock. 2(.) flowers sessile, axillary, erect, solitary. 
jalapa, (four o'clock. r. y. Ju. 2{.) flowers heaped, peduncled : leaves gla- 


brous. 
longiflora, (w. Au. 2{.) flowers crowded, very long, a little nodding: leaves. 
sub-villose. Itea. 


4—1. Muircuecra. 48. 57. 


repens, (patridge berry, checker berry. O. w. J. 2{.) stem creeping: leaves 
siadl  & pelled, opposite. Woods. S. "Linens 


10—2. Mirecxra. J3. 84. ; 


diphylla, W. (currant leaf. O. w. Ap. 2[.) leaves cordate, sub-lobate, dentate : 
scape 2-leaved: leaves opposite. Woods, 1-2 f. 


~ (1) ciliatum, M. 


zs 


MITELLA, MONARDA. 297 


cordifolia, Lk. (O. w- M. 2{.) leaves round-reniform, doubly-crenate, with 
scattered hairs above: scape erect or prostrate, naked or I-leavyed. Var, 
reniformis, (1) leaves reniform, scape naked. Var. prostrata, (2) stems 
prostrate, leafy. 6—8i. S. 

grandiflora, Ph. (W. w. 2{.) very hirsute: leaves round-cordate, obtusely 
lobed, toothed : scape with one or more leaves: flowers pedicelled : calyx 
bell-form. Dianthus. 


21—2. Mnium. 56. 4. 


hornum, leaves lance-ovate, serrate: peduncles curved : capsule ovate, pen- 
dulous: lid obtuse. 

palustre, stem erect, elongated, branching : leaves lanceolate, keeled. acute; 
upper ones bent over to one side: capsule oblong, sub-erect: lid conic, 
acute. In damp woods and fens. Timmia, 


3—3. MottueGo. 22. 82. 


verticillata, (carpet weed. O. w. Ju. 3%.) stem sub-divided, prostrate : leaves 
in whorls, wedge-form, acute; peduncles l-flowered. S. Lechea. 


$3—1. Morvucetra. 42.39. 


Exotic. 
levis, (molucca balm, shell-flower. w. g. Ju. 2.) calyx campanulate, 5-tooth- 
ed: teeth equal, awnless: leaves petioled, round-ovate, toothed. Calyx 
much longer and larger than the corol. Ajuga. 


19—15. Momorpica. 34. 97. 


echinata, (O. w. Au. 3%.) pomaceous: berry 4-seeded, roundish, setose-echi- 
nate : leaves cordate, 5-lobe-angled, acuminate, entire. Calyx 6-cleft: cozol 
6-parted. 


Exotic. 
balsamina, (balsam apple. S. 3%.) pomaceous: b2rry angled, tubercled: leaves 
glabrous, spreading, palmate. Sicyos. 


2—1. Mownarpa. 42. 39. 


didyma, (3) (mountain mint. O. r. J. 2.) leaves ovate, acuminate, sub-cor- 
date, somewhat hairy: flowers in simple or proliferous heads: outer bracts 
large, coloured, lanceolate. Var. angustifolia, (4) leaves lance-ovate, acu- 
minate, pubescent: stem pubescent. 18—24i. S. 

oblongata, A. (5) (b. r. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: head simple: outer bracts ovate: 
calyx short, bearded in the throat: teeth spreading: stem obtuse-angled, 
pubescent above: leaves lance-oblong, rounded at the base. 2—3f. S. 

clinopodia, (6) (y. p. Ju. 2{.) glabrous: heads small, simple, terminal : outer 
bracts broad-ovate, acute, entire, smoothish: calyx ciliate, short : corol pu- 
bescent, slender: leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, a little hairy : 
stem obtuse-angled, glabrous. S. 

fistulosa, (E. p. Ju. 2{.) hirsute, with scattered hairs: heads simple, proliferous, 
leafy: outer bracts oblong, acute, glabrous: calyx long, bearded: corol 
hirsute, of middling length: leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate : petioles long, 
ciliate : stem Cnet obtuse-angled. 2f. S. 

punctata, (7) {E. y. J. 2.) smoothish: flower middling size, whor'ed : bracts 


(1) nuda, W. (2) prostrata,Mx. (3) purpurea, Lk. coccinea, Mx. (4) 
kalmiana, Ph. (5) longifolia, Lk. allophylla, Mx. mollis, W. (6) glabra, 
Lk. (7) lutea, Mx. 


298 MONARDA, MONOTROPA. 


lanceolate, coloured, longer than the whorls: leaves lance-oblong, remotely 
serrate: stem obtuse-angled, with whitish down. 2—3f. S. 

hirsuta, Ph. (1) (O. b. p. Au. 2{.) very hairy: flowers small, whorled : bracts 
attenuated into awns: upper teeth of the calyx very short, the rest bristle- 
form: leaves ovate, acuminate, long-petiole » serrate. 5 A 

beckii, Ea. (W. 2{.) stem rough, with stiff white hairs: leaves petioled, ovate- 
oblong and lanceolate, serrate, acutish, somewhat hairy: bracts ovate, gla- 
brous, veiny, a little shorter than the 2-lipped calyx: upper teeth of the ca- 
lyx subulate. Flowers small, in whorls. First discovered by Prof. L. C. 
Beck near St. Louis. Described by Torrey in the Annals of the N. Y. Ly- 


ceum. 

ciliata, (p. Au. 2{.) hirsute; flowers small, whorled: bracts ovate, glabrous, 
veiny, ciliate, equalling the calyx: leaves ovate-oblong, tapering, sub-ses- 
sile, serrate, pubescent : stem acute-angled, hirsute. S. ° 

rugosa, A. (A. w. Ju, 2{.) smoothish: heads simple, middling size : outer 
bracts ovate, undulate: calyx smoothish: leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acute, 
rugose : nerves beneath and petioles pilose: stem acute-angled, smoothish. 


. 


Southern, 

gracilis, Ph. (A. y-w.) very glabrous: heads lateral and terminal, small: 
outer bracts linear, ciliate: calyx pubescent-ciliate : corol short: leaves 
lance-linear, acuminate, serrate: stem obtusely angled, glabrous. 

purpurea, Ph. (A. r. Ju. 2{.) somewhat glabrous: heads large, leafy: outer 
bracts large, coloured, broad-ovate, acuminate, serrate: calyx coloured; 
throat bearded: corol long, nearly glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate, acute, 
coarsely serrate; nerves all over pilose: stem acutely angled, glabrous. 

bradburiana, Bk. (W. p. Ju. 2{.) heads large, terminal: outer bracts broad- 
lanceolate, ciliate, coloured: calyx pilose, densely bearded at the throat, 
with 5 subulate, very long, divaricate teeth: leaves opposite, sessile, or with 
very short ciliate petioles; hairy on both sides, lance-oblong, dentate, round- 
ed at the base. Stem simple. 3 f. 

scabra, Bk. (W. p. Au. 2{.) heads large, simple, terminal, somewhat in threes : 
bracts lance-ovate: teeth of the calyx short, acute, nearly straight: leaves 
lance-ovate, sub-cordate, serrate, opposite, scabrous, punctate, somewhat 
hairy: petioles short hairy. Stem branching. 3 f. Salvia, 


21i—6. MoniLa. 58. 


aurea, stiped : threads constituting a little head: cespitose, golden-yellow. 
fruetigena, stemless, cespitose, roundish, white-cinereous: threads mould- 
like, indeterminately effuse, having ovate articulations. Dematium. 


3-2. Monocrera. 4. 10. 


Southern. i 
aromatica, Wr. (2) (E. J. 2£.) (Described under Chloris monostachya.) 
Manisuris. 


10—1. MoxotTropa., 18. 51. 


uniflora, (bird’s nest, indian pipe. O. w. J. 2{.) stem 1-flowered : flower nod- 
ding at first, at length erect: scales of the stem approximate. Whole plant 
ivory-white at first. 4—8i. SS. 


Southern. os” : 
morisoniana, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) scape elongated, straight, 1-flowered : scales dis- 
tant: flowers erect: stamens 10—12. Hy popithys. 


| a aad 
(1) ciliata, Mx. not L. (2) Aegilops, Wr. Chloris monostachya, Mx. 
> 


MONOTROPSIS, MYGINDA. 299 


10—1. Monorropsis. (1) 18. 51. 


Southern. 
odorata, St. (E. r-w. Mar.) flowers bell-form, in aggregate heads; 3—4 i, 
Hydrangea. 


19—4, Morus. 53. 98. 
rubra, W. (red mulberry. O, M. 5.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate or 3-lob- 


ed, equally serrate, scabrous, soft hairs beneath: pistillate spikes cylindric. 
15—30f. SS. 

Exotic. 

alba, (white mulberry. M. b.) leaves heart-form, with oblique bases, ovate or 
lobed, unequally serrate, smoothish. From China and Persia, Naturalized. 
15—20 f. 

nigra, (black mulberry. Ju. 5.) leaves cordate, ovate or sub-5-lobed, unequal- 
ly toothed, scabrous. From Persia. Buxus. 


21—6. Mucor. 58, I. 
1, Stipe racemed.: 


aspergillus, (mould.) stipe filiform, dichotomous : little heads terminal, sub- 
conjugate, oblong when mature. On putrid fungiin autumn. Grey. 


2. Stipe simple. 


muceda, receptacle or fruit inflated, dark-grey: mouth round, dehiscent about 
the stipe. On putrid cabbage, in autumn and winter. 
caninus, crowded together, byssus-like or flax-like, white: fruit minute, be- 


coming yellowish. Stipe long and Jax, In mild winters and after storms, 
on manure, &c. 


3. Without a stipe. 


herbartorum, yellow, permanent: fruit globose, sitting among down. On dry 
plants in moist places. Onygena. 


3—2. MunHLENBERGIA. 4. HO. 


diffusa, Sr. (2) (drop-seed grass. O. J. 2{.) culm diffuse : (dernme beat) leaves 
lance-linear, panicle branched, appressed : awnsas long as the corol. 18 i. 
Ss. Trichodium. 


Muhlenbergia, BRACHYELYTRUM. 
14+]. Myacrum. 39. 63. 
Southern. 
argenteum, Ph, (W. y. Ap. 2{.) Described under Alyssum ludovicianum. 
Myagrum, ALyssuM. CAMELINA. 


4—4, Mycinpa. 43. 95. 


myrtifolia, Jn. (3) (W. w. Au. b.) leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, 
— at the margin, glabrous, perennial : peduncles axillary, very short, 
sub-solitary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted at the base. S. Pulmonaria. 
— : 
(1) Elliott proposed Scuwernrrzia as a substitute for MonoTRopPsis, and 
Nuttall has adopted it. (2) Dilepyuum, Mx. (3) [ex myrsinites, Ph; 


300. MYLOCARIUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM: 


10—1. Myxtocarium. 23. 71. 


Southern. 
ligustrinum, W. (buckwheat tree. E. w. M. 5.) faves perennial, alternate, 
sessile, wedge-lanceolate, very entire, glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath: ra- 
cemes simple, terminal. 6—1L65 f. Melia. 


5—1. Myosotis. 41. 42. 


patustris, Roth. (1) (scorpion weed. (O. b. M. 2{.) seeds smooth : calyx leaves 
sub-oval, about as long as the tube of the corol : stem sub-ramose : leaves 
lance-oval: racemes bractless. 12—18 i. 

arvensis, (2) (forget-me-not. E. w-b. J. 3%.) seeds smooth: calyx leaves oval, 
acuminate, very hirsute, longer than the tube of the corol: stem very branch- 
‘ing: racemes conjugate: leaves lance-oblong, hirsute. 4—8i, WS. 


Southern. 
nana, W. (W. b. & y. 2{.) leaves oblong, villose: racemes few-flowered : 
seeds smocthish; margin serrulate. 
suffruticosa, T. & J. (W. b.?) stem suffruticose, very branching, hirsute : 
leaves lauce-linear, hispid-pilose: spikes terminal, many: flowers pedicell- 
ed: calyx closed: seeds smooth depressed-ovate. $ i. Lycopus. 


5—13. Myosuros. 26, 61. 


Generie description is here given, it having been omitted at page 34. It 
should follow Zanthorhiza.] Calyx 5-leaved, eaducous, elongated at the base : 
nectaries (petals,) 5, lingui-form, petal-like: seeds numerous in a long cordate 
receptacle. 


Southern. 
minimus, (E. Ap. 3%.) leaves linear, entire: scape 1-flowered: stamens 5—8. 
Petals anther-form. 2—4i. Tradescantia. 


20—4. Myrica. 50. 99. 


gale, W. (sweet gale. O. M. 5.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate at 
the apex: staminate aments imbricate ; scales acuminate, ciliate: fruit in 
ascaly head. 3—4f. 

cerifera, (bayberry. E. g-p. M. b.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, acute, with dis- 
tant serratures at the apex : staminate aments lax; scales acute : fruit small, 

- globose, covered with a whitish wax, in a mealy state. Var. pumila, Mx. 
leaves lance-linear. 5—18f. S. 

caroliniensis, W. (E. Ap. b.) leaves wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed : stami- 
nate aments lax ; scales acute: berry globose, large. 3—4f. S. 

pensylvanica, Lk. (E. M. b.) leaves oblong, acutish at each end, very entire 
or sparingly subserrate at the apex, revolute at the margin : staminate aments 
lax; scales acute: berry globose, large. 3 f. Viscum. 


20—13. MyriopHytium. 15. 88. 


verticillatum, (water milfoil. O. Ju. 2{.) leaves pinnate, capillary ; upper onez 
pectinate-pinnatifid : flowers in axillary whorls ; lower ones pistillate ; up- 
per ones staminate or perfect, octandrous. In stagnant waters. WS. 

spicatum, (E. Ju. 2{.) leaves all pinate, capillaceous : spikes interrupted, nak- 
ed, whorled: flowers staminate, polyandruus. a 

heterophyllum, Mx. (Ju. 2{.) lower leaves capillary, pinnate; upper on Se 
acutely serrate: flowers hexandrous. 

capillaceum, (Ju. 2{.) leaves al] capillary-pinnate : flowers axillary, opposite, 


a 


(1) scorpioides, W. lJaxa, Lek. (2) verna, N. ’ ; 


» 


** 


rs (1) procumbens, Bw. 


MYRIOPHYLLUM, NARDUS. 301 


and alternate, tetrandrous, mostly perfect: fruit 4-angled, formed of four 
cylindrical seeds. 

ambiguum, N. (1) (E.) stem floating, dichotomous : leaves petioled, obsoletely 
pinnate ; lowest ones capillary, middle ones pectinate, upper ones nearly en- 
tire. War. limosum, stem rooting, erect: leaves rigid, mostly 3-cleft: seg- 
ments setaceous, acute. ; 

tenellum, Bw. (E. Ju. 2{.) erect, nearly leafless: bracts entire, obtuse: pe- 
tals linear, conduplicate and revolute. 4—12i. 


Southern. : 
scabratum, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) leaves pinnatifid : flowers whorled, axillary; up- 
per ones staminate, tetrandrous; lower ones pistillate; fruit 8-angled. 123, 


Sagittaria. 
Myrrhis, URASPERMUM. 
li—l. Myrrus. 19. 39. 
Exotic. 
communis, (myrtle. w. Ju. 5.) flowers solitary: involucre 2-leaved: leaves 
ovate. Amygdalus. 
N. 


21—6. Nemaspora. 58. 1, 


chrysosperma, receptacle manifest, spherical, sub-conic, truncate ; hairs gold- 
yellow. Underthe bark of poplar. 
crocea, receptacle obsolete or none, naked; hairs crowded, unequal, some- 
what woody, saffron-yellow. Chiefly on beech wood in winter. 
Tubercularia. 


19—1. Nagas. 15. 6. 


[Generie description is here given, it having been omitted at page 67, after 
Chara and before the words ORDER II. &c.] Staminate flowers—calyx cy- 
lindric, 2-cleft: stamen filamentous, long: anther 4-valved; valves spreading. 
Pistillate fowers—calyx o: style 1, with 2 stigmas: nut 4-seeded. 


canadensis, Mx. (water nymph. E.) small, filiform, smooth: leaves narrow- 
Jinear. Podostemum. 


Napaea, Siva, 
6—l. Narcissus. 9. 17. 


Exotic. 
pseudo-narcissus, (dafiodil. M. 2{.) spathe 1-flowered: nectary bell-form, 
erect, crisped, equalling the ovate petals. 
tazetta, (polyanthos. M. 2{.) spathe many-fiowered : nectary bell-form, plicate, 
Hiei thrice as short as the petals: petals alternately broader: leaves 
at. 


Jonguilla, (jonquil. M. 2{.) spathe many-flowered: nectary bell-form, short: 
leaves subulate. 

poeticus, (poet’s narcissus. 2.) spathe 1-flowered: nectary wheel-form, very 
short, searious, (red,) crenulate : leaves intlexed at the margin. 


Pancratium. 
3—1l. Narpvus. 4. 10. 
, _ Southern. 
stricta, (raat grass. W. 2[.) spike setaceous, straight: flowers one-sided. 
at Miegia. 


— 


26 


302 NARTHECIUM, NEMOPHILA. 


6—1. Nartuecrum. 10. 16. 


americanum, Ker. (1) (false asphodel. E. y. Ju. 2{.) racemes sometimes inter- 
ruptedly spiked, lax: one cauline bract clasping the pedicel, another chafi- 
bristle-form below: filaments with short wool. Ornithogallum, 


WVasturtium, Erysimom. 
21—2. Neckera. 56. 4, 


1. Leaves 2-ranked. 


pennaia, foliage 2-ranked, compressed: leaves lance-oval, acuminate, nerve- 
Jess; disk undulated : capsule emersed in the calyx (pericheth) lid sub-con- 
ic and somewhat cuspidate. On trunks of trees. 

macropodia, decumbent, sub-ramose : leaves flattish, lanceolate, facing 2 ways: 
capsule cylindric, straight, terminating in a long bristle. nee 


2. Leaves imbricate every way: 


cladorhizans, creeping: branchlets spreading and somewhat 2-ranked: sum- 
mit rooting in some: leaves somewhat depressed-imbricate, oval, acute, 
nerveless: capsule cylindric; lid somewhat conic, oblong, obtuse—columel- 
ja exsert. On trees. 

seductrix, creeping, somewhat ascending; branchlets erect, in some places 
fascicled: leaves closely imbricate in a cylinder, oval, acuminate, nerveless : 
capsule cylindric; lid from the base conic, shortish, cuspidate, 

vidieulosa, stem ascending, simple or with few branches: leayes lax, from the 
side of the base ligulate-obtuse : capsule oblong ; lid conic, long-cuspidate, 
small. On trunks of trees. Cry phaea. 


6—2. NEeEcrTRIs. ‘15. 22: 


Southern. 
aguatica, (E. g-y. M, 2[.) submersed leaves opposite, many-parted, capillary : 
floating ones alternate, elliptic, peltate, entire: raceme terminal. 
Melanthium. 


Nectris, FLOERKEA. 
12—13. Netumpium. 26. 61. 


luteum, W. (2) (sacred bean. y. Ju. 2f.) leaves peltate, orbicular, entire : 
coro! polypetalous: anthers linear above. Lake Ontario, &c. S. 


Southern. 
pentapetalum, W. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves peltate, orbicular, entire: calyx 5- 
leaved: petals 5, 
rentforme, W. (E. 2{.) leaves reniforme: coral polypetalous. These two 
southern species rest on the authority of Walter. No botanist has recently 
seen them. Elliott. Sempervirens. 


5—1. Nemopnuiza. 41. 42, 


[Generic description is here given, it having been omitted after Hydrophyl- 
lum; p. 26.] Calyx 10-cleft; outer divisions reflexed: corol sub-campanu- 
late, 2-lobea; lobes emarginate, with stamen-bearing, margined, nectaries at 
the base: stamens short; filaments naked: capsules fleshy, 1-celled, 2-valved: 


seeds 4. é : 
Southern. ie 
phacelioides, N. (W. b. M.. of.) succulent: stem 3-sided: leaves alternate, 


(1) Phalangium ossifragum, M. (2) Nymphea nelumbo, L. Cyamus fla- 
ticomus, Sy. luteus, E. * 


NEOTTIA, NOLINA. 803 


pinnatifid ; peduncles very long, 1-flowered, opposite the leaves and terminal, 

somewhat racemed ; racemes incurved: fruit deflexed. Resembles Hydro- 

phyllum. Ellisia, 
18—1. Neotria. 7. 21. 


tortilis, W. (1) (summer ladies’ tresses. O. w. J. 2{.) radical leaves linear : 
scape sheathed: flowers spirally secund: lip somewhat 3-lobed; middlé 
lobe larger, crenulate. 12i. S. 

gracilis, Bw. (O. w. Ju.) leaves radical, ovate: scape sheathed : flowers in a 
spiral row: lip obovate, curled. Var. secunda, spike unilateral, hardly spi- 
ral: flowers more slender. 8—12 i. 

cernua, (2) (nodding iadies’ tresses. O. w. Au. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, 3-nerv- 
ed: stem sheathed : spike oblong, dense-flowered ; flowers recurve-nodding : 
lip oblong, entire, acute. Var. major, stem tall, somewhat leafy : flowers 
very large. Var. latifolia, stem short: leaves lance-oblong, sub-radical, 
flat 8—18i. S. Listera. 


Neottia, GOODYERA. 


13—1. Nereta. 42. 39. 


cataria (catmint, catnep. O. b-w. 2[.) hoary-pubescent: flowers in whorled 
spikes; leaves petioled, cordate ; tooth serrate. Introduced ? 


21—5. Nepuroma. 57. 2. 


resupinata, frond brownish, pubescent, granulated :; fertile lobes short: lami- 
nz of the receptacle reddish-yellow. Var. papyracea, frond _greenish. 
Earth among moss. Evernia. 


Nicandra, ATROPA. 
o—1. Nicotiana. 28. 41. 


Exotic. 
tabacum, (virginian tobacco. w-r. Ju, 3%.) leaves lance-ovate, sessile, decur- 
rent; flowers acute. Naturalized.. 
« rustica, (common tobacco, Au. #.) leaves petioled, ovate, entire: flowers ob- 
*  tuse. Naturalized. 
‘panieulata, (small-flowered tobacco. Au. 3%.) leaves petioled, cordate, entire : 
flowers panicled, obtuse, clavate. 


Southern. 
quadrivalvis, Ph. (W. b-w. Ju. 3%.) leaves oblong-ovate, petioled : flowers scat- 
tered, solitary, near the summit of the branches: corol funnel-form ; divis- 


ions oblong, acutish: capsule sub-globose, 4-valved. Hyosciamus. 
12—4. NicEeria. 26, 61. 
Exotic. 


damascena, (fennel-flower. M. #%.) flower surrounded with a leafy involucre. 
sativa, (nutmeg flower.) pistiis 5: capsules muricate, roundish leaves sub-p- 
lose, pinnatifid. 9—151.. Paeonia. 


6—3. Noxina. 10. 13. 


, 2 Southern. 
georgiana, Mx. (E. w: M. 2{.) leaves long-linear, coriaceous, dry: scape with 
small subulate scales near the base: panicle spreading, racemose. 2—3 f. 
“ Wendlandia, 


(1) Ophrys aestivalis, Mx. Satyrium spirale, Sw. Limodorum precox, 
Wr. (2) Ophrys, L; Limodorum autumnale, Wr. 


304 NOSTOC, NYSSA.- 


21—4. Nostoc, 57. 2. 


commune, on the earth: frond plated-lobed, ventricose, gelatinous.—On the 
earth after a storm, an inch or two in extent, olive-green. 

pruniforme, frond solitary, spherical, smootb, olive, gelafinous, coriaceous, sur- 
face smooth: threads interwoven-crisped. In lakes. 

botryoides, fronds minute, globular, aggregated into a green crust. In moist 
shady places, and on decaying wood. Spiloma. 


121. Nupwar. (1) 13. 62. 


advena, (2) (O. y. Ju. 2[.) leaves cordate ; lobes divaricate : calyx 5—6-leay- 
ed: stigma crenate : capsule furrowed. Leaves always floating in deep wa- 
ter and erect in shallow. Petioles semi-cylindrical. Bw. S. 

kalmiana, A. (3) (O. Ju. 2{.) leaves cordate, lobes near each other: calyx 5- 
leaved : stigma gashed, with 3 to 12 radiated Jines.—F lowers small. Water. 


Southern. 
sagittaefolia, Wr. (4) (E. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves long cordate-sagittate, obtuse : 
calyx 6-leaved: petals o: anthers sub-sessile: stigma entire. Water. 
Nymphaea. 


15—12. Nurravwia. (5) 37. 74. 


Southern. 
digitata, N. (W. r. M. 2{.) glaucous: lower leaves obsoletely digitate, sub- 
peltate ; divisions linear ; segments glabrous; upper leaves 3-parted and 
simple: peduncles somewhat racemed, very long. 3—4f. Styrax. 


121. Nympwara-. 13. 62. 


odorata, A. (pond-lily. O. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves round-cordate, entire, sud-emar- 
ginate: lobes spreading asunder, acuminate, obtuse: petals equalling the 
4-leaved calyx. Var. rosea, petioles, peduncles and leaves purplish beneath ; 
lobes divaricate, acute. NV. Chelidonium. 


290—5. Nyssa. 12. 24. 


multiflora, Wr. (6) (pepperidge, tupelo. O. y-g. M. 5.) leaves oblong, entire, 
acute at both ends; the petioles, midribs.and margins villose: pistillate 
peduncles sub-3-flowered :. nut short-obovate, obtuse, striate. S. 

aquatica, (7) (sour gum. E. M. 5.) leaves ovate-oblong, entire, acute, at both 
ends, glabrous: pistillate peduncles 2-flowered : drupe short, obovate: nut 
obtusely striate. S. 


Southern. . 

capitata, Wr. (8) (E. M. 6.) leaves short-petioled, lance-oblong and oval, 
nearly entire, pubescent and somewhat hoary beneath: staminate flowers 
capitate : pistillate ones solitary. 

tomentosa, Mx. (E. M. b.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, acuminate, remotely 
serrate, tomentose beneath: pistillate flowers solitary : drupe oblong. 

uniflora, Wr. (9) (E Ap. 2{.) leaves long petioled, oblong, acuminate, re- 
motely serrate, glabrous on both sides: pistillate peduncles one-flowered : 
drupe oblong. Hamiltonia. 


(1) Nymphea, L. (2) lutea, W. (3) minima, M. (4) Nymphaea, Wr. lon- 
gifolia, Mx. (5) of W. Dick, Callirhoe, N. (6) villosa, and sylvatica, Mx. 
{7) bifora, Wr. intergrifolia, A. (8) candicang, Mx. (9) denticulata, A. an- 
gulisans, Mx. ) 


OBOLARIA, @NOTHERA. 805 
Oo. 


13—2. Oxorarta. 40. 35. 


virginica, (penny-wort. E, r. Ap. 2{,) stem simple: leaves oblong, truncate, 
“fas, aMole beneath : flowers eittaey. solitary, sessile.. 3—4i. S. 


Castilleja, 
14—1. Ocymum. 42. 39. 
Exotic. re 
basilicum, (basil. #%.) leaves ovate, glabrous: calyx ciliate. 6—121. _ 
Macbridea. 


5—2. (Enantur. 45. 60. 


longifolia, Pb. (1) (water dropwort. E. w. Au. 2{.) leaves pinnate ; leafets 
lance-linear, often falcate, mostly entire: umbels nearly naked. 3—5f. 

rigidus, (2) (E. w. S. 2{.) stem terete, striate : leaves pinnate, smooth; leaf- 
ets lance-oblong, entire, or with remote teeth. 2—4f. 


; Southern. ; 
Jiliformis, Wr. (3) (E. w. Au. 3%?) leaves simple, terete, jointed, acute : seeds 
winged. 
phellandrium, Lk. (4) (W. Ju. 2{.) ramifications of the leaves divaricate. Ia 
water. Carum. 


Gnoplia, RHAMNUS. 
8—l. (yoTHERa. 17. 88, 


1, Capsules elongated, sessile. 


éiennis, (scabish, tree-primrose, O. y. J. o.) stem villose, scabrous: leaves 
lance-ovate, flat, toothed: flowers sub-spiked, sessile: stamens shorter than 
thecorol. 3—5f. S. 

muricata, (E. y. Ju. ¢.) stem purple, muricate: leaves lanceolate, flat : sta- 
mens of the length of the corol. 1—2f. S&S. 

parviflora, (E. y. Ju. o.) stem smooth, sub-villose : leaves lance-ovate, flat : 
stamens longer than the corol. WS, 

grandiflora, A. (E. y. Ju. of.) stem glabrous, branching : leaves lance-ovate, 
glahron? ; on declined. Flowers very large. A variety of GZ, biennis ? 

. 2—3f. SS. 

sinuata, W. (y. J. 3%.) stem diffused, soft-pubescent: leaves oval-oblonz, 

‘ tooth-sinuate : flowers axillary, villose: capsules prismatic. Var. minima, 

, (5) stem low, simple, 1-flowered: leaves entire. S. 


: 2. Capsules ventricose, angular, mostly pedicellate. 


fructicosa, W. (sundrops. E. y. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: stem branched from 
the base : leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, acute : capsules pedicelled, 
oblong-clavate, angled: raceme naked below. Var. ambigua, is somewhat 
hairy: stem simple: leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, acute, sub-denticu- 
late: petals obcordate ; width exceeding the length: capsule sub-sessile, 
smooth, oblong, 4-winged: raceme naked below. 12—I18i. S. 

incana, N. (E. y.) stem slender, erect: leaves flat, hoary and tomentose, very 
entire, oval-ovate, acute : raceme few-flowered, naked : capsules sub-sessite, 
oblong, 4-sided. Probably a variety of the last. 6—$8 i. 


(i) Pastinaca, T. Sium, Ph. CE. ambigua, N. (2) Sium, L. Sison mar- 
ginatum, Mx. (3) carolinensis, Ph. teretifolium,M. (4) Phellawdsfum 
aquaticum, Ph. (5) @, minima, Ph, 

26* 


306 (ZNOTHERA, OLEA. 


hybrida, Mx. (E. y. Au.) stem erect, villous ; leaves pubescent on both sides, 
lanceolate, remotely toothed, undulate: capsules somewhat spiked, short- 
petioled, ovate-4-angled. 1—3f. S. 

pumila, (E. y. Ju. 2{.) glabrous: stem ascending : leaves lanceolate, very en- 
tire, obtuse : capsule subsessile, elliptic-obovate, apgular. 8—I2i. S. 

chrysantha, Mx. (dwarf scabish. y. J. 2{.) stem slender, pubescent: leaves 
lanceolate, obtusish, flat, entire: tube of the calyx but half as long as the 
divisions: capsule clavate, acute-angled, mostly sessile. A variety of the 

-_ last? 101i. S. 

pusilla, Mx. (A. y. Ju. 2{.) sub-pubescent : stem small, sub-simple: leaves 
lance-oblong, obtusish, entire: flowers axillary at the top : capsules clavate, 
turbinate, about.equally 8-sided. 4—6i. S. 

Southern. 

glauca, Mx. (O. y. Ju. 2{.) very glabrous: leaves broad-oval, repand-denti- 
culate, smooth, glaucous: capsule ovate-4-angled, pedicelled. 

linearts, Mx. (E. y. Ju. 2(.) wholly pubescent, slender : leaves linear, entire : 
capsules long-peduncled, roundish, 4-angled, villose. 

cazspitosa, Ph. (W.w. & r, Ju. 2f.) stemless: leaves lanceolate, gash-tooth- 
oak capsules oblong, sessile: tube of the calyx very long: petals 2-lobed, 

istant. : 
pinnatifida, N. (1) (W.w. J. o.) minutely pubescent: stem decumbent :. ra- 
dical leaves nearly entire ; cauline ones pinnatifid; segments linear, acute : 
capsules prismatic, grooved. 6—24 i. 

Sraseri, Pb. (E. Ju. 2{.) nearly glabrous : stem simple below, branching above : 
leaves ovate, petioled, glandular-denticulate : racemes leafy : capsules pe- 
dicelled, obovate, 4-angled. 

macrocarpa, Ph. (2) (W. y. Au. o”.) nearly glabrous: stem branching: leaves 
lanceolate, petioled, distantly glandular-denticulate, white-silky on the mar- 
gin and nerves: petals obcordate, with a point : capsules elliptic, 4-wing- 
ed, very short-pedicelled. 

triloba, N. (W. y. M. 3%. & 2.) stemless: leaves interruptedly pinnatifid, 

_ toothed, glabrous: petals 3-lobed at the apex: capsules a-wingett large, 

speciosa, N. (W.w. J. 2{.) finely pubescent: leaves lance-oblong, toothed, 
sub-pinnatifid: raceme naked, at first nodding: capsules obovate, angled - 
ater suffruticose. 

linifolia, N. (W. y. J. of.) leaves entire; radical ones lanceolate ; cauline 
ones linear, crowded: raceme naked, terminal: capsule obovate, angled, pu- 
bescent: petals obcordate, longer than the stamens: stigma 4-lobed. 

serrulata, N. (W. y. J.) leaves linear, somewhat spinose-serrate, acute: flow- 
ers axillary: leafets of the calyx keeled: stigma 4-lobed : capsules cylin- 
dric, erect; stem suffruticose. 

humifusa, N. (i. w.) stem prostrate, branching, villous: leaves lance-linear, 
sub-dentate or entire, silky-villose: flowers axillary: calyx villose; tube a 
little longer than the germ: capsule prismatic. 

Dias WN. (W. w. Ju. 2{.) stem simple, erect, white, glabrous, branching 
above: leaves lance-linear, rarely sub-serrulate, sub-yillose beneath: flow- 
ers axillary ; petals entire; capsules prismatic, 3 f. 

riparia, N. (E. y. of.) smoothish : stem erect, virgate-branched : leaves lance- 
linear, acute, distantly sub-denticulate, flat: capsules spiked, pedicelled, ob- 
ovate, 8-grooved: valves with dorsalridges. 2f.  . Gaura, 


Oldenlandia, Hepyortis. 
2—l. Ores. 44. 37. 
Southern. 
americana, W. (american olive, devil’s wood. L. w. M. 5.) leaves lanceolate, 


elliptic, entire: racemes compressed : bracts all persistent, connate, small, 
Elytraria. 


enn 


(1) ulbicdttis,Ph. (2) alata, N. 


ONOCLEA, OPHIOGLOSSUM. S07 


2i—1. OnociEa. 55. 5. 


sensibilis, (sensitive fern. O. J. 2{.) barren frond pinnate ; fertile one doubly- 
innate: stem glabrous, The leafets slowly approach each other, on squeez- 
ing the stem in the hand. 
obiusiloba, Sh. barren frond pinnate ; fertile one doubly-pinnate : stem scaly, 
Struthiopteris. 


Onoclea, STRUTHIOPTERIS. 
17—1. Onoporpon, 49. 54. 


Exotic. 
acanthium, (cotton thistle. p. Ju. of.) scales of the calyx spreading every way, 
acuminate : leaves ovate-oblong, toothed-spinose, woolly. Naturalized. 
Cricus. 


5—1. Onosmopium. 41. 42. 


hispidum, Mx. (1) (false gromwell. O. y-w. J. 2{.) very hispid: leaves lance= 
oval, acute, pappillose-punctate ; divisions of the corol subulate. 1—2 f. 


molle, Mx. (2) (w. Ju. 2{.) whitish-villose: leaves oblong-oval, somewhat 
3-nerved ; divisions of the corol sub-oval. S. Echium. 


51—6. Onycena. 58, 1. 


equina, gregarious, pale-white and reddish : fruit orbicular, glabrous, rugose, 
bran-like: stipe short, somewhat fibrous. On hoofs of horses and horns of 
cattle, which are thrown into wet places. Aecidium, 


22—5. OpxscrapHa. 57. 2. 


macularis, (lettered lichen.) crust determinate, unequal, dark-fuscous: recep. 
tacles minute, crowded, round-oval, at length rugose, irregular: disk rimose- 
like. On the bark of beech and oak. 

abnormis, crust thin, softish, white: receptacles immersed, very thin, short 
and long, flexuose, confluent, rugose-crisped: scarcely any distinct margin 
and disk. On the hard bark of trees. 

rimalis, crust effuse, becoming cinereous : receptacles sessile, oblong, straight- 
ish, simple, tumid: disk channelled, concave ; margins elevated, sub-intlex- 
ed, parallel. On bark of trees. 

herpetica, var. dtsparata, Ach. receptacles short, broad: crust of a reddish 
olive hue. On smooth bark. 

vulgata, Ach. receptacles turgid, cylindric. On trunks. 

notha, Ach. disk of the receptacle without the cleft. Var. gregaria, recepta- 
cles crowded: disk flexuous. and plicate. Var. cosia, receptacle with a 
greyish pruinose disk. On trunks. 

vulvella, Ach. receptacles elliptic, gaping in the middle. 


2i—1. OpniogLossum. 55. 5. 


vulgatum, (addertongue fern. E. M. 2{.) frond ovate, simple, obtuse, closely 
reticulate: spikes about aninchlong, cauline. 8i. Near Troy. 
bulbosum, W. (3) (E. M. 2{.) root bulbous: frond heart-ovate, obtuse: spike 
cauline. 6i, S. : 
: Southern. 
pusillum, N. (E.) spike cauline : frond cordate, acute. 1 i, 
Botrychium. 
(1) Lithospermum virginianum,L. Parshia hispida, Si. (2) Lithosper- 
- mum carolinianum, Lk, (3) crotalopharoides, Wr. 


508 OPHIORHIZA, ORIGANUM. 


5—1. Opxiorniza. 47. 46. 


Southern. 
mitreola, W. (1) (E. w. Ju. %.) leaves ovate, sessile, with the margins scari- 
ous. 12—18i. > 
lanceolata, E. (2) (E. w. & p. Au. 3%.) leaves long-lanceolate, finely serrulate, 
tapering at the base. 181. Bumelia. 


15—5. OpnotHeca. 14. 73. 


Southern. 
foridana, N. (O. w. Ju. 2{?) stem erect, sparingly branched above, pubes- 
cent, with tumid joints: leaves sessile, lance-linear, scabrous above, lanugin- 
ous beneath. 3—4f. Pelargonium. 


18—1. Orcuis. (3) 7. 21. 
1. Roots oval or palmate. 


spectabilis, W. (4) (O. r. M. 2{.) lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse : pe- 
tals straight; lateral ones longest: spur clavate, shorter than the germ : 
bracts longer than the flowers: stem leafless. 3—6 1. 

flava, (E. y. Ju. 2{.) lip 3-cleft, entire ; middle division larger, (ovate, entire, 

_ crenulate, N:) spur filiform, of the length of the germ: spike compact: bracts 
longer than the flower. 1—2f. S. 

obsoleta, W. (5) (E. J. 2{.) lip lance-oblong, undivided: bracts short: germ 
pedicelled: scape naked : spur obtuse, sub-inflated, as loag as the germ : pe- 
tals erect. 

tridentata, W. (6) (E. w. J. 2{.) lip lanceolate, 3-toothed at the apex: petals 
obtuse: spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. 6—12 i. 


2. Roots fascicled, 


virescens, W. (E. g. Ju. 2{.) lip lanceolate, crenate: petals connivent: bracts 
longer than the flowers: spur sub-inflated, obtuse. 12—181i. 

hyperborea, W. (E. g-y- Ju. 2{.) lip lanceolate, as large as the spreading pe- 
tals: spur subulate, shorter than the germ: spike ovate: bractsas long as 
the flowers. 

obtusata, Ph. (E. 2{.) lip linear, very entire, longer than the spur: spur aa 
long as the germ: leaf solitary, radical, sub-wedge-form, obtuse. 

rotundifolia, Ph. (E. 2{.) lip 3-cleft; middle division 2-cleft: spur shorter 
than the germ: leaves roundish-oval. 

Southern. 

nivea, N. (E. w.) lip linear, oblong, entire: petals spreading : spur filiform, 
longer than the germ: lower leaves linear, very long; upper ones subu- 
late. 

viridis, (A. g-w Ju.) lip linear, 3-toothed at the apex : petals connivent : spur 
obtuse, sub-inflated: bracts much longer than the flowers. 3. 

bidentata, E. (E.) lip oval-oblong, 2-toothed atthe base: petals ovate, spread- 
img : spur shorter than the thickened germ: leaves narrow-lanceolate : stem 
nearly naked. 12—18 i. Habenaria. 


Orchis, HaBENARIA. TiPULARIA. 


13—1. Oricanum. 42. 39. 


eulgare, (wild marjoram. O. r. Ju. 2{.) spikes round-panicled, heaped: bracta 
ovate, longer than the calyx. 1—2f. S. 
(1) ovatifolia,M. (2) mitreola, M. (3) Some of the species here described 
may belong to the genus HaBENARIA, '(4) humilis, Mx. (5) Satyrium, P. 
(6) clavellata, Mx. 


" 


ORIGANUM, ORTHOCARPUS. $09 


Exotic. 
majorana, (sweet marjoram, 5.) spikes roundish, ternate, compact, peduncled ; 
leaves petioled, oval, obtuse, smoothish. 6—12 i. Dracocephalum. 


6—1. OrnitHocatum. 10. 16. 


Exotic. 
umbellatum, (star-of-bethlehem. M. 2{.) flowers corymbed, peduncles longer 
than the bracts : filaments subaiate. Naturalized. 6—8 i. 
Southern. 
bracteatum, T.& J. (W. p. 2{.) scape bracted, one-flowered, terete: petals 
lance-oblong, obtusish: filaments linear: leaves filiform, channelled. 4i. 
Lilium. 
Ornithogalum, PHALANGIUM. 
2—1. Ornus. 44. 37. 


americana, Ph. (E. M. 5.) leafets broad-ovate, serrate; terminal one obcor- 
date.° Jasminum, 


13—2. OropancHe. 40. 35. 


uniflora (1) (squaw-root, cancer-root. O. p-w. J. 2{.) scapes in pairs, naked, 
1-flowered: corol recurved. About 3 inches high, of a yellowish white coi- 
our. WS. 

americana, (O: p-y. Ju. 2{.) stem simple, covered with imbricate lance-oval 
scales : spike terminal, glabrous: corol recurved; stamens exsert. Hardly 
a span high: brownish yellow. S. 


Southern. 
tudoviciana, N. (W.p.) pulverulent-pubescent : stem low, simple : flowers 
and ovate acute scales sub-imbricate : calyx 2-bracted : corol recurved : 
stamens inclosed, smooth. 3—4i, 
fasiculata, N. (W. p. Ju.) stem short, simple: peduncles numerous, naked, 
nearly terminal, about the length of the stem: scales few, ovate, concave, 
pubescent. 4—5 i. Epiphegus. 


Orobanche, EpirHEcUs. 
16—10. Orozus. 32. 93. 


2 Southern. ; 
_ dispar, N. (W. w-y. J. 2(.) leaves unequally pinnate; leafets linear, obtuse : 
stipules ovate, acute : racemes sessile, filiform, (2—3 together.) zs 
aca. 


Orobus, PSORALEA. 
6—1. Onrontium. 2. 7. 


aquaticum, (golden club. E. y. M. 2{.) leaves lance-ovate : spike cylindric, on 
ascape. 12—20i. S. Acorus. 


13-2. —— 40. 35. 
S rn. 


luteus, N. (W.y. Ju.) stem simple, terete, hirsute-pilose: leaves alternate, 
sessile, lance-linear, acute, entire ; upper ones gradually larger : calyx, 
bracts and leaves viscid-pubescent. 12—14i. Orobanche. 


(1) biflora, N. 


$10 ORTHOPOGON, OXALIS. 


3—2, OrtrHopocon. 4. 10. 


Southern. 
hirtellum, (1) (E. Au. 2{.) spike compound ; spikelets appressed, alternate : 
valves of the calyx all awned, outer awn very long. Procumbent. 
Phragmites, 


21—2. OrtTHoTRicHum. 56. 4, 


cupulatum, peristome simple; teeth with pits: capsule immersed, sub-sulcate : 
calyptre globe-bellform, glabrous : stem ramose: leaves lance-ovate. 

strangulatum, peristome simple ; teeth 16, entire : capsule immersed, sulcate, 
contracted in the middle: leaves lanceolate, sub-entire, obtusish : stems 
cespitose, erect, sub-ramose ; calyptre campanulate, with 8 furrows. 

perhaps inner peristome 8-toothed : germ exsert at the extremities, 
plaited. 

striatum, teeth of the inner peristome 16, lanceolate, erose ; germ immersed, 

‘ smooth : leaves lanceolate. Ulota. 


’ 6—2. Oryza. 4. 10. 


‘ Exotic. 
sativa, (rice. 3%.) culm jointed: leaves clasping : panicle terminal. 
Oxyria. 


3—2. Oryzopsis. 4. 10. 


asperifolia, Mx. (mountain rice.O. M. 2{.) culm nakedish : leaves rigid, 
erect, pungent at the point: flowers ina racemose panicle, 18 i. 
Mapania. 


21—1. Osmunpa. 55. 5. 


cinnamomea, Mx. (flowering fern. O. y. J. 2{.) barren frond doubly pinnatifid ; 
i pages oval, entire: fertile fronds with opposite racemes, woolly. 3—~ 
interrupta, Mx. (O. g-y. J. 2{.) barren leafets on the frond, with the fertile 
ones above and below and sometimes among them. Damp. 
regalis, Mx. (2) (O. r-y. J. 2{.) frond bipinnate, terminating in several ra- 
cemes, very branching, and without hairs. Wet. ; 
claytoniana? W. (E. 2{.) fronds pinnate and pinnatifid, having small dense 
masses of fulvous down at the origin of the leafets ; bearing fruit on the 
compressed and diminished summit. 20—30i. Found in Cambridge, N. 
Y. by Dr. M. Stevenson, Probably a new species. pA 4 
chizea. 


19—12. Ostrya. 50. 99. 


virginica, A. (3) (iron-wood, hop hornbeam. O. g. M. 5b.) leaves ovate-ob- 
long, sub-cordate, acuminate, ener serrate : strobiles oblong-ovate, 7 
pendulous ; (erect, Ph.) buds acute. S. 


10—5. Oxatis. 14. 73, 


acetosella, {wood-sorrel. O. w. r. M. 2{.) stemless : scape 1-flowered, longer 
than the leaves: leaves ternate, broad obcordate, with rounded lobes; styles 
as long as the inner stamens : root dentate. 

violacea, (violet wood-sorrel. E. p. J. 2{.) stemless : scape ombellieaaay pe- 
dicels sub-pubescent: flowers nodding : leaves ternate, obcorda 


ate, ‘a ; 


Platanus. | 
q 


(1) Panicum, L. (2) spectabilis, W. (3) Carpinus, Lk. 


OXALIS, OXYTROPIs. SK 


brous: divisions of the calyx callous at the apex : styles shorter than the 
outer stamens. Damp. S. : 

stricta, (yellow wood-sorrel. O. y. J. 3%.) hirsute : stem erect, branching : pe- 
duncles umbelliferous : leaves ternate, obcordate : petals obovate : styles of 
the length of the inner stamens. 6—12i. 

corniculata, (O. y. M. #%.) pubescent: stem branching, diffused, or procum- 
bent: umbels as long as the petioles : leaves ternate, obcordate : petals 
wedge-form, erose at the apex : styles of the length of the inner stamens. S. 


Southern. 
lyoni, Ph. (E. y. J. 2{.) silky-pilose : stem branching, decumbent : pedun- 
“cles 2-flowered, longer than the petioles : leaves ternate, obcordate-2-lobed ; 

lobes round, divaricate: petals wedge-form : capsules tomentose, twice as 
long as the lanceolate calyx. A variety of O. stricta? Elliott. 

dillenti, W. (E. y. #%.) hirsute: stem leafy, erect, rough: umbels longer than 
the leaves: leaves ternate, obcordate: petals emarginate. A variety of 
stricta? Nuttall. 

recurva, E. (E. M. 2f.?) pilose : stem erect : umbels longer than the leaves : 
petals obtuse : stamens longer than the calyx : styles very short, recurved : 
stigmas simple. 4—8i. 

furcata, E. (1) (E. Ap. 2f.) very pilose : stem erect, branching: petals sub- 
emarginate: styles as long as the inner stamens: stigmasforked. 3—6i. 

Penthorum. 


Oxybaphus, ALLIONIA. 
8—1. Oxycoceus. 18—5l. 


macrocarpus, P. (2) (cranberry. O. r. J. 5.) creeping: stem ascending : leaves 
oblong, flatish, obtuse, becoming white beneath : pedicels elongated : divis- 
ions ofthe corol Jance-linear. Wet. 

vulgaris, Ph. (3) (lowcranberry. r. J. 5.) creeping : leaves oval, entire ; 
margin revolute, sub-acute, becoming white beneath: peduncles elongated : 
divisions of the coral oval. Wet. Probably a variety of the first. 


Southern. 
erythrocarpus, Mx. (4) (A. J. 5.) erect: leaves oval, acuminate, serrulate ; 
ciliate : pedicels axillary : corol long, at length revolute. 
Fuchsia. 


3—2. OxypeEnra. 4, -10. 


Southern. 
attenuata, N. (5) (O. Au. 3%.) panicle simple: spikes very long, numerous, 
attenuated, somewhat sub-divided near the base : spikelets about 3-flower- 
ed: leaves flat, subulate at the point, and with the sheaths scattered with 
glandulous hairs, 2—3 f. Chloris. 


6—2. Oxyria. 12. 28. 


reniformis, Br. (6) (A. J.2[.) outer leaves of the calyx oblong, half the length 
of the inner obovate valves: radical leaves reniform, long-petioled : sta- 
mens 2: styles2. 2—3i. S. Nectris. 


« 16—10. Oxy 32. 93. 
~ . Southern. 
lambestui, Ph. (W. p. Ju. 2.) stemless, silky-pilose : leafets numerous, lance- 


1) dillenii, Ph.? (2) Vaccinium macrocarpon, A. Var. oblongifolius, 
. (3) palustris, 2d ed. P. Vaccinium oxycoccus, Mx. (4) erectus, Ph, 
accinium, Mx. (5) Eleusine mucronata, Mx,? (6) Rumex digynus, L. 


pT} 


$12 OXYTROPIS, PANICUM. 


oblong, acute at each end: scape about equal to the leaves: spikes oblong- 
capitate : bracts lance-linear, about equal to the calyx. Dolichos, 


Oxytropis, ASTRAGALUS 
P. 


19—4. Pacnysanpra. 38. 96. ! 


Southern. 
procumbens, Mx. (A. g-w. J. 2{.) stem procumbent : leaves short, oval, cre- 
nate-toothed above : calyx minute-ciliate: capsule finely pubescent. 
Diotis. 


12—3. Pzxonta. 36. 61. 


Exotic. 
officinalis, (peony. r. J. 2{.) leaves decompound ; leafets lobed, lobes broad- 
lanceelate : capsules downy. Calligonum. 


5—2, Panax.'. 46, 59. 


trifolia, (dwarf ground-nut. O. w. 2{.) leaves in threes, ternate or quinate ; 
leafets serrate, lance-oblong, sub-sessile ; root tuberous, roundish. Styles 
generally three. Root round-tuberous, and very deep in the earth in pro- 
portion to the size of the plant. 6—9 i. 
guinquefolia, (ginseng. O. w. M.2f{.) root fusiform: leaves ternate, quinate : 
leafets oval, acuminate, petioled, serrate. Larger than the last. 1—2f, S. 
Atriplex. 


6—1. Pancratiom. 9. 17. 


Southern. 

mexicanum, W. (E. w. M. 2{.) spathe about 2-flowered: leaves lance-oblong : 
6 teeth of the nectary, staminiferous ; 6 intermediate, simple. 18—24 i. 

maritimum, W. (1) (E.w. Ju. 2{.) spathe many-flowered : leaves lance-linear : 
nectary with 12 teeth, not staminiferous. 12—18 i. 

rotatum, Ker. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) spathe many-flowered : leaves lance-linear: nec- 
tary salver-form, tubular below, with 6 stamen-bearing teeth ; intermediate 
ones gash-toothed : stamens twice as long as the nectary. Brodiaea. 


3—2. Panicum. 4. 10. 


crus-galli, (barn grass. O. Au. 3%.) racemss alternate and in pairs, compound ; 

_ rachis 5-angled: glumes terminating in hispid bristles * sheath glabrous, 
2—4f. SS. 

hispidum, M. (2) (L. S. 3%.) panicle compound, nodding: racemes alternate : 
glumes terminating in hispid bristles: sheaths hispid. 3—4. WS. ig 

clandestinum, (3) (Au. 2{.) culm with short axillary branches: leaves broad-il 
lanceolate, cordate at the base : sheaths hispid enclosing the short panicles : 
abortive floret neutral, 2-valved ; upper valve obtuse. 2—3f. 

pedunculatum, T. (E. Ju. 2{.) culm dichotomous : leaves broad-lanceolate, 
sub-pilose above, attenuate: sheaths hispid and papillose : panicle Jong- 
peduncled, compound, smooth Mipikelets ovate, smooth : abortive floret 2- 
valved ; upper valve half ihe length of the lowerone. 3—4f. - ” 

latifolium, (E. Ju. 2{.) culm generally simple, bearded at the joints: leaves 
lance-oblong, smooth, or with the sheaths somewhat pubescent: panicle 


(1) carolinianum, L. (2) walteri, Ph. crusgalli, V. hispidum, E. (3) : 
latifolium. Var. clandestinum, Ph, ie : a! af 
| 


i 


PANICUM. 315 


terminal, a little exsert, simple, pubescent: spikelets oblong-ovate : abor- 
live floret antheriferous, 2-valved: upper valve sub-herbaccous, nearly as 
long asthe lower, acute. 1f. SS, : 

ecoparium, Lk. (E. 2{.) softly villose : leaves lanceolate: panicle erect, corm- 
pound, setaceous, much branched : spikelets turgid, ovate, pubescent. 2 £..S, 

nervosum, M. (E. Ju. 2{.) culm simple: nodes smooth ; leaves broad-lanceo- 
late, smooth, sub-ciliate on the margin: panicle much branched, smooth, 
many-flowered : spikelets oblong : abortive floret antheriferous, with the 
upper valve sub-herbaceous, shorter than the lower one. 3—4f, S. : 

macrocarpon, T. (E. 2{.) culm erect, simple: leaves lance-linear, erect, a lit- 
tle hairy beneath: joints naked: sheaths hispid: panicle rather compound, 
smooth: spikelets ovate-globose: abortive floretneutral. 3 f. 

pubescens, Lk. (E. J. 2{.) erect, much branched, leafy, soft-pubescent : leaves 
lanceolate, ciliate : panicle small, few-flowered, free: spikelets sub-globose- 
obovate, pubescent. 18i. S. “in , 

involutum, T. (E. 2{.) culm cespitose, simple, or a little branched at the base: 
leaves erect, somewhat rigid, very narrow, at length involute: panicle sim- 
ple, few-flowered: florets acuminate: upper valve of the neutral! floret very 
small. If, 

depauperatum, M. (E. J. 2{.) culm cespitose, hairy at the joints: leaves lance- 
inear, smooth or hairy: sheaths pubescent: panicle few-flowered ; branches | 
in pairs; one of them 2-flowered, the other 1-flowered. 1f. 

dichotomum, (E. Au. 2{.) culm much branched, dichotomous above ; branch- 
es fascicled: leaves numerous, smooth, lanceolate: panicle simple, capil- 
lary, lax : abortive floret neutral; upper valve minute, 2-cleft. Var. cur- 
vatum, culm very tall, rather rigid; branches few, somewhat-curved. Var. 
fasciculatum, culm low, erect, or decumbent: branches and leaves dense- 
fascicled: panicles very small, concealed among the leaves. Var. gracile, 
culm tal], slender: leaves membranaceous. 8—I6i. S. 

nitidum, Lk. (E. Ju. 2{.) culm slender, simple, erect, smooth : sheath beard- 
ed at the throat : leaves few, remote, broad-linear : panicle capillary, rather 
crowded, compound, smooth: spikelets minute, obtuse, ovate, sub-pubes- 
cent: lower glume very small. Var. ciliatum, culm hairy, leaves lance- 
linear, (lower ones broader) sparingly hirsute, ciliate on the margin: pan 
icle with the branches and flowers pubescent. Var. ramulosum, culm more 
branched: panicle contracted; branches smooth. Var. gracile, culm very 
slender, smooth : leaves very narrow, smooth: sheaths smocth: panicle 
sub-simple, few-flowered, smooth : upper vaive of the abortive floret mi- 
nute, entire? Var. pilosum, culm simple, very hairy: lower leaves ap- 
proximate and broad-lanceolate ; upper ones linear, rather rigid, sub-pi- 
lose above, ciliate at the base: sheaths villese, minutely papillose: panicle 
sub-contracted ; branches virgate, with the flowers pubescent. Var. gia- 
brum, (1) smooth all over except the base of the leaves, nearly simple : 
lower leaves short, approximate, sub-cartilaginous ; panicle branched, al- 
most verticillate ; spikelets large ; upper valve of the abortive floret entire. 
Var. barbatum, (2) culm simple, smooth ; nddes hairy : leaves lance-linear : 
sheaths smooth, except on the margin: panicle sub-simple, smooth: flow- 
ers minute, pubescent. 1—2f.! 

agrostoides, M. (3) (O. Au. 2[.) culm compressed, smooth, erect: leaves 
very long: panicles lateral and terminal, pyramidal, spreading ; branches 
racemiferous ; spikelets appressed : abortive floret neutral, valves nearly 
equal. 2—3 f. eine 

virgatum, (E, Au. 2{.) all over very smooth :. panicle diffuse, very large > 
flowers acuminate: valves of the abortive floret nearly equal. 3—4f. S- 

anceps, Mx. (4) (E. Au. 2{.) culm compressed : sheaths ancipitous, pilose : 
panicle with nearly simple branches : spikelets sub-racemose, much acumi- 
nate : abortive floret neutral; upper valve 2-cleft. 3f. S. 


oe 


(1) nitidum, Sz. (2) discolor, M. (3) clongatum, Ph. (4). rostratum, M. 
27 


214 PANICUM. 


rectum, R. &&. (I) (E. Ju.) panicle solitary, shorter than the terminal leaf: 
branches simple, flexuous : spikelets alternate, peduncled, obovate, turgid : 
glumes striate, acute: leaves linear, straight, tapering toa sharp point stri- 
ate and scabrous above, hairy beneath: sheaths with very long hairs. ; 
verrucosum, M. (2) (E. Au. 2{.) culm slender, decumbent and geniculate 
branched below, smooth: leaves smooth : panicle very spreading few- 
flowered: flowers verrucose : abortive floret l-valved. 18i. S, . 
prlifersem, Lk. ei (E. 8. ie) test assurgent, ce at the base, very 
smooth ; panicles terminal, and axillary, smooth : spikel : a 
tive doret 1-valved. Q2—Af. WS. cf | ee eee 
capillare, (O. S. 3%.) culm nearly simple: sheaths very hairy : panicle large 
par ni rig: : ily long-peduncled, acuminate, smoot ; 
abortive floret I-valved. Var. sylvaticum, culm branched at 
slender: leaves linear. 1—2 f. S. , RY 
longifolium, T. (E.S.2{.) very smooth: culm compressed, erect, simple 
slender : leaves very long, narrow : panicle simple, elongated, racemose : 
spikelets acuminate: abortive floret neuter, 2-valved. 2f. : 
nodiforum, Lk. (E. Ju.) panicles very smail, lateral and terminal: glumes 
_ovate, pubescent : leaves narrow, short, bearded at the throat. 
ciliatum, E. (E.J.2{.) stem decumbent: panicle few-flowered, expanding : 
et short, lanceolate, and with the sheaths glabrous and finely ciliate. 8 
—15 i. i 
paucifiorum, E. (E. J. 2.) panicle expanding, few-flowered : flowers yery 
lerge : ans narrow-lanceolate, ciliate at the base: sheaths hairy. 19— 
18 i. ‘ 


Southern. 

fusco-rubens, Lk. (E. Au.) racemes linear, virgate : glumes clavate, coloured : 
hairy under the divisions of the panicle. 

striatum, Lk. (E) panicle oblong : glumes large, glabrous, green, handsomely 
striate. 

diffusum, Sw. (E. Ju.) panicle simple, capillary, expanding : florets remote, 
acute: stem simple: leaves long-linear, with the throat and sheaths villous. 

gibbum, E. (E. Ju. 3%. ?) racemes many-flowered, appressed, resembling a 
columnar spike : valves of the calyx strongly nerved, the exterior gibbous at 
the base : flowers caducous. 

molle, Mx. (E. Au. 2{.) spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, one-sided : 
spikelets approximate, pedicelled, secund, awnless. 4—6f. 

gymnocarpon, E. (E. Au. 2{.) spikes panicled : spikelets in 2 rows, few-flow- 
ered : valves of the calyx sub-equal, expanding, much longer than the corol. 
2—4 f. 

hians, E. (E. Au. 3%. ?) stem glabrous, slender, decumbent: panicle race- 
mose : valves of the neutral floret long, concave, gaping. 10—15 i. 

amarum, E. (E. Oc. 3%. ?) very glabrous : leaves thick, glaucous: panicle ap- 
pressed : glumes acuminate. 2—3f. 

scabriusculum, E. (E.) stem erect, large, and with the under surface of the 
leaves scabrous: panicle large, pyramidal, expanding : flowers ovate, acute, 
glabrous. 2—3f. 

multifiorum, E. (E. J. 2{.) stem erect, simple, glabrous : leaves broad-lanceo- 
late, hairy at the base : panicle very branching, spreading ; flowers small, 
pubescent. 24—30 i. 

ovale, E. (E.) pubescent: panicle diffused : flowers oblong, oval, hairy : leaves 
lance-ovate, sub-cordate. 1—2f. 7 

lanuginosum, E. (E. 2{.) pubescent : panicle diffused, somewhat capillary : 
mem oval, small: leaves narrow lanceolate : sheaths villous at the throat. 

wiscidum, E. (E. J. 2.) very downy, hoary, glutinous: stem beneath each 
joint marked with a smooth ring. 2—4 f. wr 


(1) strictum, Ph, (2) debile,E, (3) dichotomiflorum, Mx. geniculatum, M. 


PANICUM, PARMELTA. 815 


villosum, E. (E. M. 2{.) villous: stem erect somewhat branched : panicle few- 
flowered : flowers obovate : leaves erect, flat, rigid. 1—2f. 

sphaerocarpon, E. (E. Ap. 2f.) leaves lance-linear, very acute, base and 
sheath ciliate: panicle spreading : flowers small, roundish, pubescent. 12 


—18 i. 

ensifolium, Bald. (E. M. 2{.) small, glabrous : leaves lance-ovate, very acute, 
spreading : panicle small, few-flowered : flowers sub-ovate, pubescent. 12 
—18i. 

bartulatum, Mx. (E. J. 2{.) panicle compound, spreading : leaves lance- 
ovate, sub-acuminate, sub-divaricate : joints of the stem bearded. 
melicarium, Mx. (E.) stem weak: leaves narrow : panicle contracted : glumes 

__ membranaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal: rudiments of a floret on a short 
footstalk. nee 

angustifolium, E. (E. M.?) panicle few-flowered, spreading : leaves scattered, 
lance-linear, glabrous beneath, sparingly ciliate. 1—3f. 

divergens, E. (E. Au. 2{.) stem assurgent, fragile : panicle diffuse : flowers 
small, solitary, very long-peduncled. 1f. | 

laxiflorum, Lk. (#.) panicle spreading, lax, pilose : glumes scattered, obtuse, 
pubescent. 4 

microcarpon, M. (E.) panicle capillary, very branching, expanding : flowers 
oval, minute, glabrous : Jeaves.lance-linear, very glabrous. 

Hierochtioa. 


Panicum, PENNISETUM. 
12—]. Papaver. 27. 62. 


nudicaule, W. (E. y. of.) capsule hispid : scape 1-flowered, naked, hispid :~ 
leaves sub-pinnate ; leafets lanceolate ; lower ones somewhat gashed. 
Labrador. 


Exotic. 
rheas, (wild poppy. r. J. 3%.) capsules glabrous, sub-globose : stem many- 
ee pilose, with the hairs spreading : leaves gash-pinnatifid. Natur- 
- alized. 
somniferum, (opium poppy. J. 3.) calyx and capsule glabrous: leaves clasp- 
ing, gashed, glaucous. Chelidonium. 


19—4, Parretaria. 53. 98. 


pennsylvanica, (pellitory. O. J. 3%.) leaves lance-oblong, veiny, with opake 
punctures : involucre 3-leaved, longer than the flower. 12—15i. 


Southern. : 
froridana, N. (E.J.) leaves ovate, roundish, obtuse, opake, dotted : flowers 
clustered as loug as the involucre: stem assurgent. 12—18i. Morus. 


21—5. Parmetia. 57. 2. 
1. Divisions of the fronds all equal at the apex. 


caperata, (shield lichen.) frond orbicular, pale-yellow becoming! green, ru- 
gose, atlength granulated, dark and hispid beneath : lobes plicate, sinuate- 
laciniate, roundish, somewhat entire : receptacles scattered, sub-fuscous : 
margin incurved, entire, at length pulverulent. Var. cy/isphora, smoothish, 
naked : lobes gash-crenate : receptacles of the central lobes’ margined, ele- 
vated, small. On old timber, &c. : 

galbina, frond orbicular, smooth becoming cinereous ; the outer margin lead- 
en-blue, with dark punctures, beneath, hispid with spongy fibres : 
lobes imbricate, flat, sinuate-laciniate, crenate ; central receptacles concave , 
dark-purple, shining: margin entire. On old wood. 


$16 PARMELIA. 


crinita, Ach. frond grayish-green, bearing branching coralline papill der- 
neath smooth, black : margin liliated> On can and stone ware 
borrert, Ach. frond grey with whitish soredia: receptacles with a crenate 
~gub-lobed margin. On bark and mosses. : ; 
perlata, Ach. frond greyish-green, villose beneath. Ona trunks and stones. 
plumbea, Ach. frond dark lead, and blackish when old. Earth on mosses. 
aleurites, Ach. frond generally covered with granular dust, much torn at the 
margin : receptacle light, margin crenulated. On bark. 
rutilans, Ach. frond deep yellow, whitish underneath; receptacles orange. 
On bark. 7 
venusta, Ach. frond deeply gashed; segments narrow : margin of the recep- 
tacle leafy. Bark and among mosses. 
cycloselis, Ach. frond stellate, segments short, broad, sub-connate : recepta- 
cle blackish. On trunks. 
placorodia, frond orbicular, smooth, pale-livid, sprinkled with black elevated 
specks, glabrous, rugose, milky beneath, with dark-cinereous impressions : 
divisions plicate, concrete, round-crisped, crenate at the apex : receptacles 
scattered, elevated, light-fuscous, somewhat concealed by the inflexed, ru- 
gose, crenate margin. On decaying woods. 
crinita, frond orbicular, from white becoming pale-glaucous, scabrous, with 
acattered grains and corol-like branchlets, dark glabrous, a little rugose be- 
neath, rarely fibrous : divisions rather long, sinuate-lobed at the margin, and 
erose-crenate ciliate, obtuse at the apex. 
rudecta, frond orbicular, pale-cinereous, becoming green, thickly beset with 
corol-like apophyses of an uniform colour, dirty white, wrinkled and fibrous 
beneath : divisions concrete, undulate-plicate, roundish at the margin, torn- 
crenate : receptacles scattered, small, obscurely fuscous : margin thin, at 
length rugose-crenate. On old wood. 
scortea, frond orbicular, sub-coriaceous, white, glabrous, very thin, dark-punc- 
tate, dark-fibrous, hispid beneath: lobes longish, sinuate-crenate, gashed - 
receptacles red-fuscous, sub-entire at the margins. On rocks and trunks of 
treea. 
perforata, frond orbicular, becoming glaucous-green, naked, dark-fibrous be- 
neath: lobes round, gashed, flat, sub-plicate, crenate, ciliate at the margin : 
receptacles reddish-yellow, at length perforated: margin entire. On trunks 
’ of trees, very common. 
herbacea, frond orbicular, membranaceous-herbaceous, naked, pale-fuscous, 
tomentose beneath: lobes gash-sinuate, round-laciniate, repand, sub-cre- 
nate : receptacles reddish-yellow : margin inflexed, rugose-crenate. On 
trunks of trees and rocks among moss. 
tiliacea, frond orbicular, membranaceous, becoming glaucous-cinereous, some- 
what hoary, dark-fuscous beneath, with black fibres: lobes sinuate-lacini- 
ate, the extreme ones round, crenate: receptacles sub-fuscous : margin sub- 
entire. On the bark of trees. 
sub-marginalis, frond membranaceous, smoothish, becoming cinereous, very 
dark beneath, becoming fuscous at the periphery : receptacles somewhat 
margined, concave, fuscous, wrinkled outside : margin simple. On trunks 
of trees. 
olivacea, frond orbicular, dark-olive, wrinkled, having elevated specks, pale 
becoming fuscous, scabrous and somewhat fibrous beneath : lobes radiated, 
close- pressed, flat, dilated, round-crenate : receptacles flattish, somewhat 
uniform-coloured : margin crenulate. On trunks of trees, split rails, &c. 
parietina, frond orbicular, very yellow, pale, somewhat fibrous beneath : lobes 
radiating, close-pressed, flat, dilated, round-crenate and crisped at the apex : 
receptacles uniform-coloured : margin entire. On walls, old fences, rocks, 
trunks of trees, &c. y : 
setosa, frond stellate, becoming white-glaucous, becoming ragged beneath, 
with dark-hispid, ramose, interwoven fibres: divisions many-cleft, linear, 


PARMELIA. S17 


separated, flat : margins here and there bearing fruit-dots : cilie very dense 
and long. 

saxatilis, trond orbicular, becoming cinereous, a little scabrous, lacunose-re- 
ticulate, black and fibrous beneath: divisions imbricate, sinuate-lobed, flat, 
sub-retuse and dilated, round : receptacles liver-brown : margin crenate, 
On rocks and trunks of trees. 

aguila, frond orbicular, fuscous, chesnut-brown, paler beneath, and dark- 
fibrous : divisions many-parted, sub-linear, convex ; the periphery dilated, 
flattish, crenate : receptacles dark-fuscous : margin crenulate. On rocks 
and mountains. 

michauxi, frond somewhat olive-colour, a little shining: divisions convex, 
sinuate-lobed, dilated at the apex: receptacles chesnut-fuscous. On rocks. 

congruens, frond stellate, becoming pale-white and fuscous-cinereous beneath, 
the fibres and impressions uniform-coloured : divisions many-cleft, lax, flexu- 
ose ; margins recurved, flattish and crenate at the apex: receptacles elevat- 
ed, concave, liver-like: margin entire. On trunks of trees. 

centrifuga, frond orbicular, with greenish-white zones receding from the cen- 
tre; white beneath, with fuscous-cinereous fibres: divisions concrete, con- 
vex-rugose, parted dichotomously, obtusish: receptacles with reddish-fus- 
cous peripheries : margins sub-entire. On mountains and rocks. 

conspersa, frond orbicular, pale-livid, smooth, dark-punctate, becoming fus- 
cous and fibrous beneath: divisions sinuate-lobed, round crenate, flattish : 
oh ga central, chesnut-brown : margin sub-entire. On stones and 
rocks. 

diversicolor, frond sub-orbicular, golden-yellow, concrete, with the rugose, 
narrow, torn-ramose divisions white with age, becoming white-cinereous 
beneath, and the impressions uniform-coloured : receptacles crowded, con- 
cave, dark-red : margin thick, at length white. 

speciosa, frond stellate, glabrous, white becoming sub-cinereous, white softish 
beneath, with obscure marginal fibres: divisions imbricate, flat, gash-ra- 
mose, crenate, the ascending crenatures pulverulent: receptacles central, 
sub-fuscous : margin inflexed, tumid, at length rugose-crenate. On rocks 
and trunks of trees. 

hypoleuca, frond stellate, white, glabrous, naked, very white, soft, sub-tomen- 
tose beneath, with hispid, dark, marginal fibres : divisions linear, many-cleft, 
flat: receptacles scattered, sub-fuscous, at length black: margin inflexed, 
atlengthcrenulate. On trunks of trees, on and among mosses. 

iophyrea, frond stellate, white, dark, smooth, naked, excavated-punctate be- 
neath ; divisions linear, flat, flexuose, sinuate, many-cleft : receptacles rec- 
dish : margin sub-crenate. 

granulifera, frond orbicular, white, hoary and granular, sprinkled over with 
snow-white heaps of globules, glabrous, one-coloured beneath, fibres and 
impressions dark : divisions flat, many-cleft, tooth-crenate ; margins naked : 
receptacles dark-fuscous : margin inflexed, granulated. Among mosses on 
trunks of trees. 

conoplea, frond orbicular, becoming glaucous-green, here and there covered 
with granulated dust becoming blue, dark, with spongy fibres beneath : di- 
visions with flattish, round-lobed, crenate, naked outer edges; margins ele- 
vated, pulverulent : receptacles reddish-yellow. On mosses and trunks of 
trees. . ; 

obsessa, frond orbicular, white, beset with a corol-like excrescence, apex fus- 
cous, dark, fibrous beneath : divisions with a separate solitary periphery, 
erose-many-cleft, flat: receptacles central, flat, dark-fuscous : margin granu- 
late-toothed. On the bark of : 

pulverulenta, frond stellate, light ary ; dark, tomentose-hispid beneath : 
divisions linear, many-cleft, sep d in the periphery, flat, close-pressed, 
undulated, retuse at the apex : receptacles grey : margin entire and flexu- 
ese, On the bark of trunks of trees. 


27* 


$18 PARMELIA, PASPALUM. 


aipolia, frond stellate, becoming white-cinereous, grey and naked, white be- 
neath, with dark-fuscous fibres: divisions all sub-connate, flattish, many- 
cleft and lobed : receptacles dark-grey-hoary. On the bark of trees. 

stellaris, frond stellate, at length rugose-plicate, becoming green-cinereous, 
white, fibrous-cinereous beneath: divisions sub-linear, somewhat convex, 
gashed, many-cleft: receptacles becoming dark-glaucous : margin entire, 
at length flexuose and crenate, On the bark of trees. 

esta, frond stellate, becoming white-cinereous and grey, bearing fruit-dots, 
cinereous beneath, with dark fibres: divisions linear, gashed, many-cleft, 
somewhat coavex, the extremities flat; receptacles sub-concave, black : 
margin sub-inflexed. On rocks, woods, on mosses and bark of trees. 

ulothriz, frond stellate, cinereous-glaucous, sub-livid, dark-fibrous beneath : 
divisions separated, linear, dichotomous, many-cleft, flat, sub-ciliate : recep- 
tacles dark-fuscous: margin entire, ciliate-fibrous beneath. On bark and 
trunks of trees. 


2. Divisions of the frond sub-inflated at the apex. 


physodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming white-glaucous: divisions imbricate, 
sinuate multifid, somewhat convex, glabrous, inflated and ascending at the 
apex: receptacles red, with entire margins. On split wood, rails, rocks 
and trunks of trees. 

cristulata, frond orbicular, becoming green-glaucous: divisions very smooth, 
flat; periphery round, incumbent, gash-crenate; all spongy and dark be- 
neath, sub-inflated at the apex: receptacles red: margin entire. On the 
roots of trees. 

solpodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming pale-green: divisions many-cleft, 
smooth, naked, flattish, sub-inflated at the apex, dark-ragged beneath = re- 
ceptacles sub-fuscous: margin sub-rugose. On bark of trees. 

exsteromorpha, frond sub-stellate, becoming whitish-green: divisions elongated, 
sub-divided, effuse, lax, sub-rugose, inflated, dark, rugose-plicate beneath : 
receptacles liver-brown: margin entire. On trunks of pines, &c. 

Borrera. 


5—4. Parwnassia. 14. 64. 


americana, M. (1) (flowering plantain. w. y. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves radical (often 
a leaf on the scape) heart-orbicular, 5 to 9-nerved: nectaries five, each di- 
vided into 3 filaments terminated by little spherical heads. Damp or wet. 
6—18i. S. 
palustris, W. (w-y. Ju. 2{.) radical leaves cordate: nectaries many bristled. 
Southern. 


asarifolia, Vent. (A. Au. 2{.) radical leaves reniform: petals clawed: necta- 
ries 3-clett. Aralia. 


Paronychyia, QuERIA. 
17—4. PartHentum. 49. 55, 


Southern. 
integrifolium, (A. w. S. 2{.) Jeaves oblong, unequally toothed, rough; upper 
ones clasping. 1—2f. Chrysogonum. 


3—2. Paspatum. 4. 10. 


siliatifolium, Mx. (2) (E. S. 2{.) culm decumbent: leaves hairy, ciliate : 
sheaths hairy : spikes 1—2, rather lax, indistinctly 3-rowed. 181. S. 

setaceum, Mx. (3) (E. 2{.) culmerect: leaves and sheaths villous: spike sub- 
solitary: flowersin2-rows. 1—2f. S. 


(1) caroliniana, Mx. (2) ciliatum, Ph. dasypbyllum, E. (3) pubescens, M. 


PASPALUM, PECTIS. $19 


laeve, Mx. (E. S. 2{.) erect, very smooth: leaves short: spikes numerous, 
(3—6,) alternate: flowers 2-rowed, smooth, 2f. S. _ 

stoloniferum, Bose. (E. Au.) spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat whorled, 
spreading: flowers serrulate-ciliate, transversely rugose: leaves short, sub- 
cordate; culm procumbent at the base. 2 f. 


ae Southern, 

debile, Mx. (E.) stem weak: leaves and stem hairy : spike generally one, 
slender: flowers alternate, one-rowed. 

Aloridanum, Mx. (E. Au.) stem erect: lower leaves very villose ; upper ones 
scabrous pilose: sheaths very long: spikes few: flowers in 2-rows, gla- 
brous, large. 3—4if. 

plicatulum, Mx. (E.) glabrous: stem erect: leaves long, narrow: spikes nu- 
merous, alternate, erect : flowers in 3 rows ; the flat valve transversely plait- 
ed near the margins. ; . 

praecox, Wr. (E. Ju.) stem erect: leaves lance-linear, glabrous: spikes nu- 
merous, alternate: rachis narrow, hairy at the base: flowers in 3 rows, 

purpurascens, E. (E. Au.) stem erectish: leaves long, purplish, hairy at the 
throat: spikes numerous, villose at the base: flowers in 4 rows. 

distichum, Wr. (E. Ju. 2{.) stem creeping: leaves short, sub-glaucous, shin< 
ing: spikes 2, one sessile: glumes lanceolate. 

vaginatum, E, (E. Ju.) very glabrous: stem creeping, branching: leaves lin-< 
ear; spikes generally 2, terminal, sheathed by a terminal leaf, 12—18 i. 

Milium. 
15—5. PassiFLora. 34. 97, 


tutea, (yellow passion-flower. y. S. 2{.) leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, gla- 
brousi petioles glandless: peduncles axillary, in pairs: petals much nar« 
rower than the calyx. 

incarnata, W. (E. w. & p. Ju. 2{.) leaves 3-lobed, serrate; lobes oblong, 
acute: petioles with two glands: involucre 3-leaved; leaves lanceolate, 
glandular-dentate : threads of the crown longer than the corol. 

Exotic. 

ecerulea, (blue p&ssion-flower. b. Ju. 5.) leaves palmate, 5-parted, entire: pe- 
tioles glandular : involucre 3-leaved, entire: threads of the crown shorter than 
the corol. 

alata, (winged passion-flower. Oct. b.) leaves oblong-ovate, sub-cordate, en- 
tire, veiny: petioles with 4 glands: stipules lance-falcate, sub-serrate: in- 
volucre 3-leaved: stem 4-cornered, membranaceous, 


Southern. 
peltata, W. (b.) leaves peltate, deeply 3-lobed, glabrous; lobes lance-linear, 
divaricate: petioles with 2 glands: peduncles solitary, axillary: petals o. 
toaret, N. (E. 2{.) lower leaves 3-lobed, acute ; upper ones undivided, ovate ; 
petioles with 2 glands: peduncles somewhat in pairs. 4—6i. Erodium. 


5—2. Pastinaca. 45. 60, 


Exotic. 
sativa, (parsnip. y. Au. <j.) leaves simply pinnate : leafets glabrous. Var. 
arvensis, leatets sub-pubescent, This variety is often found in situations 
which almost prove it to be indigenous. _ Thapsia. 


Pastinaca, CENANTHE. 


17—2. Proms. 49. 55. 


Southern. 
angustifolius, T. & J. (A. y. 2.) stem branching at the base, diffuse: leaves 
narrow-linear, mucronate, denticulate at the base ; teeth terminating in hairs: 
flowers terminal, solitary, short peduncled: calyx 8-leayed : chaff short, 
S-toothed. 12 i, Pyrethrum. 


320 PEDICULARIS, PELARGONIUM. 


13—2. Prepicuraris. 40. 35. 


canadensis, (louse-wort. O. y-p. M. 2{.) stem simple: leaves pinnatifid, gash- 
toothed: heads leafy at the base, hirsute: corol with a setaceous, 2-toothed 
upper lip: calyx obliquely truncate. 6—12i. g 

gladiata, Mx. (high heal-all. O. y-p. J. 2(.) stem simple: leaves lanceolate, 
pinnatifid, toothed : spikes leafy, with alternate florets: capsules lengthened 
into an exsert, sword-mucronate-forn. 1—2f. WS, 

pallida, P. (1) (E.y. Ju. 2{ ) stem branching, tall : leaves sub-opposite, lance- 
olate, crenate, toothed: spikes leafless, glabrous: upper lip of the coro! 
obtuse: calyx 2-cleft, roundish. 2—3f. WS. 

resupinata, W. (p. Ju. 2{.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, toothed, 
crenate: calyx bifid-truncate : upper lip of the corol acute. 

hirsuta, (r. 2{.) stem simple: leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, obtusely 
toothed: calyx hirsute, 5-cleft: upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 

euphrasioides, W. (E. y. 2{.) stem branching, pubescent: leaves pinnatifid, 
toothed: calyx tubular, 2-parted, truncate: upper lip of the corol 2-toothed. 
Labrador. 6—8i. “ 

_recutita, W. (W. p. Ju. 2{.) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions 
lanceolate, pinnatifid toothed: spike compact, leafy: calyx glabrous, 5- 
toothed: upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 

elata, W. (W. p. Ju. 2{.) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid ; divisions 
lance-linear, crenate: spike lax, somewhat leafy : calyx glabrous, 5-toothed : 
upper lip of the corol obtuse, truncate. 2 f. 

lapponica, W. (E. y. Ju. 2.) stem simple : leaves pinnatifid; divisions ser- 
a calyx 2-cleft, oblong: upper lipof the corol uncinate, truncate. Lab- 
rador. wd 

groenlandica, W. (W. p. Ju. 2{.) stem simple: leaves deeply pinnatifid ; di- 
visions lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : calyx glabrous, 5-toothed : corol clos- 
ed; upper lip uncinate-subulate. 

vertieillata, Ph. (W. p. 2{.) stem simple: cauline leaves deeply pinnatifid, in 
fours; divisions linear, acutely toothed: spike capitate, involucred: calyx 
villose, 5-cleft: upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 2i. 3 

frammea, W. (E. y. & r. 2{.) stem simple: leaves pinnate ; leafets imbricate, 

' ovate, obtuse, doubly toothed: calyx 5-toothed: upper lip of the corol ob- 
tuse. Labrador. 3 i. Mimulus. 


15—7. Prvtarconium. 14. 73. 
Exotic. 


1. Nearly stemiess: root tuberous. 


triste, (mourning geranium.) umbel simple: leaves rough-haired, pinnate : 
leafets bipinnatifid ; divisions oblong, acute. Flowers dark-green. 

caueifolium, (carrot geranium. 2{.) scape very simple: leaves thrice pinnate, 
hirsute: leafets lance-linear. 


2. Leaves simple, not angled. 


odoratissimum, (sweet-scented geranium. 5.) peduncles sub-5-flowered: leaves 
round-cordate, very soft. 


3. Leaves simple, more or less angled or lobed. 


zonale, (horse-shoe geranium. 5.) umbels many flowered: leaves heart-orbic- 
ular, obsoletely lobed, toothed, with a coloured zone or band around near 
the margin. 

inguinans, (scarlet geranium. 5.) umbels many-flowered: leaves round-reni- 
form, hardly divided, crenate, viscid-downy. 

eee 
(1) serotina, M. lanceolata, Mx. 


PELARGONIUM, PENNISETUM. $21 


ecertfolium, (lemon or maple-leaf geranium. 5.) umbels about 5-flowered : 
leaves 5-lobe-palmate, serrate ; below wedge-form, undivided. 

capttatum, (rose-scented geranium. }.) flowers capitate : leaves cordate, lobed, 
waved, soft: stem diffuse. 

sipithi oi (oak-leaf geranium. 5.) umbels sub-many-flowered : leaves 
cordate, pinnatifid, crenate : sinuses rounded: filaments ascending at the 
apex. 

graveolens, (sweet-rose geranium. 5.) umbels many-flowered, sub-capitate : 
leaves palmate-7-lobed; divisions oblong, obtuse ; margins revolute. 


Remark. These are all the species which I have seen in Troy, Albany, 
Northampton, or any other town in the interior: but I have seen 2U or 30 oth- 
er species in New-York. To include all these would be giving too much room 
to one genus of exotics, which is not among the common cultivated exotics 
promised in the title-page. Pistia. 


9}—5. Prevtipea. 57. 2. 


scutata, (target lichen.) frond becoming cinereous; whiter and nearly vein- 
less beneath: lobes round, gash-sinuate, crenate-crisped ; fertile lobes very 
short: receptacles round, ascending, flattish, fuscous, sub-entire. On trunks 
of trees. 

horizontalis, frond becoming fuscous-glaucous-green, glabrous; very white 
and reticulate, with black veins beneath: fertile lobes very short: recepta- 
cles terminal, flat, horizontal, transversely oblong, liver-brown, entire. Ou 
rocks among mosses in mountain woods. 

venosa, frond cinereous-green ; veins beneath ramose, shooting out at a dis- 
tance, fuscous-cinereous: lobes rut gash, sub-entire : receptacles mar- 
gined, flat, round, tumid, obscurely fuscous, sub-crenulate. On the earth at 
‘the margins of ditches, &c. 

apthosa, froud becoming livid-green, smooth; knobs wart-like, close-pressed : 
receptacle with black veins: fertile lobes rather long, narrow in the middle, 
reflexed at the margin: receptacles terminal, full, ascending, red; margin 
like the frond, inflexed, sub-!anceolate, On the earth, and in woods. 

canina, frond becoming cinereous-green, sub-tomentose; reticulate beneath, 
with cinereous-fuscous veins: fertile lobes longish, reflexed at the margin: 
receptacles terminal, erectish, revolute, reddish-yellow: margin like the 
frond, thin, sub-crenulate. On the earth in mountain woods, and on mosses. 

olydactyla, frond becoming glaucous-green, naked, glabrous: reticulate, with 
fietan veins beneath : fertile ]obes very thick, elongated, and the terminal 
receptacles obscurely fuscous: margins cucullate-revolute. On the earthir 
woods and bush-fields. Nephroma. 


3—2. Prnnisetum. (1) 4. 10. 


viride, (E. Ju. 3%.) spike cylindrical : involucre of 4—10 fasiculate bristles, 
scabrous upwards : spikelets in pairs: perfect floret smooth: sheaths pu- 
bescent. Imtroduced. 18—24 i. 

glaueum, (fox-tail panic, O. J. 3%.) spike cylindrical : involucre of many fas- 
cicled bristles, scabrous upwards : perfect floret transversely rugose. Var. 
purpurascens, sheaths hairy : glumes and bristles of the involucre hairy. 
introduced. 2f. S. 

verticillati, (2) (E. Ju. #%.) spike somewhat whorled : bristles of the involu- 
cre 2, scabrous backwards: spikelets solitary : corol of the perfect floret 
smoothish. Introduced. 18 i. ” 

italicum, (3) (E, Ju. %.) spike compound, interrupted at the base, nodding : 
spikelets conglomerate : involucres much longer than the flowers: rachis 
tomentose. Introduced. 4f. S. | 


(1) Panicum, L, Setaria, Pb. (2) Panicum alopecuroideum, Wr. (3) Se: 
taria, Pb. 


$22 PENNISETUM, PENTSTEMON. 


a W. (3) (bengal grass. E. Ju. 3%.) spike compound compact : 
Fiiiccicts plomcrate: rachis hirsute: bristles short. Introduced. 2—4f. 
Southern. 
pungens, N. (4) (E. 2{.?) spike terete, strict : inyolifiere many-parted, 1-flow- 
ered ; segments terete, subulate, rigid, scabrous, a little longer than the 
florets. | 
laevigatum, M. (5) (E. Ju. 2{.?) very smooth : stem compressed: spike co- 
lumnar: spikelets 1-flowered: involucels 10-awned. 1—2f. 
corrugatum, E. (6) (E.) spike terete, compound, bristly: spikelets many- 
flowered, (7—10) : corol transversely rugose. 2—3 f. Digitaria. 


10—5. PrnrHorvum. 13. 83. 


sedoides, (virginian orpine. O. g-y. Ju. 2{.) stem branching, angled : leaves 
Janceolate, sub-sessile, unequally and densely serrate; spikes secund, termi- 
nal, panicled, alternate and cymed : seeds pitted. 12—18i. = 4 
edum. 


13—2. Pentstemon. 40. 45. 


pubescens, W. (7) (beard-tongue. O. w-p. J. 2{.) stem hairy: leaves serru- 
late, lance-oblong, sessile : flowers panicled : the barren filament bearded 
from the apex to below the middle. Var. latifolia, has broad smooth leaves. 
Var. angustifolia, has narrow, hairy, obscurely denticulate leaves. 1—2£. 8. 

laevigata, W. (8) w-p. Ju. 2{.) stem glabrous : leaves smooth, oblong-ovate, 
clasping at the base, slenderly oe hs ones entire: flowers panicled : 
barren filament beardedabove. 2f. SN. 

frutescens, Lb. (W. p. D.) stem fruticose : branches angled, pubescent above : 
leaves lanceolate, obsoletely denticulate, sessile, nearly glabrous: raceme 
terminal, sub-corymbed: sterile filament bearded. 12—18i. 


Southern. 

cristatum, N. (9) (W. p.2{.) stem low, pubescent: leaves oblong, acute, ob- 
soletely denticulate, sub-hirsute : pedicels axillary and terminal, 1—3-fiow- 
ered, very short: sterile filament exsert, revolute at the apex, bearded : di- 
visions of the calyx lance-linear, acuminate, hirsute. 6—8 i. 

coeruleum, N. (I) (W.b. 2{.) smooth: radical leaves linear, entire ; cauline 
ones lance-linear, entire, all sessile : sterile filament short, bearded above : 
divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute, glabrous. 

erianthera, N. (2) (W. p. J. 2.) stem and leaves glabrous : leaves sessile, 
lance-ovate, entire, sub-undulate at the margin: peduncles many flowered, 
secund : divisions of the calyx round-oval, acuminate : sterile filament slighi- 
ly bearded under the retuse point : anthers pubescent. 

grandifiorum, N. (0) (W.) very glabrous : leaves half-clasping, ovate-oblong, 
entire; upper ones roundish : flowers solitary and axillary: steyile fils- 
ment partly pubescent at the summit : divisions of the calyx oblong, acute. 

gracile, N. (W. p. J.) stem smooth, slender : leaves smooth, linear, acute, 
half-clasping, sharp-serrulate : sterile filament bearded longitudinally: di- 
visions of the calyx linear-oblong. 

albidum, N. (W. w.) low : leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrulate, smooth, sessile - 
flowers sub-fascicled, axillary and terminal: sterile filament slenderly and 
interruptedly bearded : divisions of the calyx lance-linear, pubescent. 6—8i. 

dissectum, E. (E. p.) leaves opposite, sessile, compoundly divided ; segments 
linear, and generally obtuse : flowers panicled. 2f. p-3 

nuttallii, Bk. (W.) very glabrous : leaves coriaceous, lance-ovate, denticu- 


A 
(3) Panicum, W. (4) Panicum cenchroides, E. (5) Panicum, M. (6) 
Panicum, E. (7) Chelone penstemon, Mant. (8) Chelone, Miller. (9) eri- 
anthera, Ph. (1) angustifolia, Ph. (2) glabra, Ph. (0) Bradburii, Ph. 


PENTSTEMON, PEZIZA. $23 


late, half-clasping : flowers panicled ; leafets of the calyx ovate, acuminate: 
sterile filament bearded at the apex: anthers glabrous. 2—3f. 

alpina, T.& J. (W. b.) very glabrous: corol somewhat bell-form ; limb near- 
ly equal, 5-lobed : leaves lance-oblong, crenulate-denticulate on the mar- 

in: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute : anthers hirsute : sterile fila- 

ment shorter than the two longest stamens, bearded below the retuse apex. 
6i. 

ambiguum, T. & J. (W. p.) stem fruticose, very branching : leaves linear, shin- 
ing, concave, mucronate, scabrous on the margin : panicle simple : divisions 
of the calyx ovate, acuminate : sterile filament glabrous. 8—10i. 

. Martynia. 


Peplis, Crypts. 
5—2. Periptoca. 30. 47. 


greca, (milk vine. W. p. M. }.) flowers hirsute within, terminal: stigma 
with 10 crenatures Podostigma. 


Peritoma, CLEOME. 
16—5. Prratostemon. (1) 32. 93. 


candidum, W. (2) (W.w. Ju. 2{.) spike cylindric, peduncled : bracts longer 
than the flower: calyx glabrous: leaves lanceolate, in3 pairs, 8S. 

violaceum, W.(W. r-p. Au. 2{.) spike cylindric, peduncled : bracts about 
equal to the calyx ; little bracts spatulate, caducous: calyx silky: leaves li- 
near, in 2 pairs. 

villosum, N. (W. r. Au. 2.) villous: stem decumbent: spike large, cylindric, 
sub-sessile : bracts shorter than the woolly, 5-toothed calyx: leafets linear-ob- 
long, about 7-pairs. 


Southern. 

carneum, Mx. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts subulate, as 
long as the glabrous calyx: leafets lanceolate. 2—3 f. 

corymbosum, Mx. (3) (E. w. 8S. 2{.) peduncles in panicled coryinbs: calyx 
plumose : leafets linear, unawned. 2 f. 

macrostachyum, T. & J. (W.w. 2{.) spike cylindric, compact, very long : 
bracts lanceolate, and with the calyx silky-villose : leafets about in 3 pairs, 
lance-oblong, glabrous. 2f. 

voseum, N. (E. r.) glabrous: leafets linear : bracts subulate, very short, per- 
sistent: calyx striate, glabrous. Pisum. 


Petalostemon, DALEA. 
5—2. Prucepanum. 405. 60. 


Southern. 
ternatum, N. (E, 2{.) leaves ternate, long-petioled ; leafets entire, long-lin- 
ear, acute, alternated below : involucre nearly wanting: involucel very 
short, 5—6-leaved : fruit oblong-oval. 3f. Hy drocotyle. 


91—6.  Preziza. 58. 1. 


1. Tremelloidee. Substance more or less tremulous. 


inguinans, in groups, large, dark stained, at length convex, ob-conic ; rugose 
and brownish outside. Often grows in long series in autumn, along hewn 
or cut timber. 


(1) Dalea, W. (2) Dalea, Jn. (3) kuhnistera, W. Kuhnistera caroli- 
nensis, Lk. 


- 


$24 - PEZIZA. 


,sarcoides, cespitose, fleshy-tremulous, somewhat firm in texture, flesh-red, 
somewhat veiny outside. In autumn, on cut decaying trunks, &c. 
cinerea, in groups, small, cinereous or pale, sub-tremulous: margin whiter, 
sub-erect. On decaying trunks and branches, if spring and autumn. 


2. Helvelloider. Larger, fleshy-membranaceous, fragile : externally sub-far- 
inaceous. 


aurantia, stemless, cespitose, halved-flexuose, golden-yellow, white externally, 
coccinea, Bull. In autumn, on roots and decaying trunks, &c. 

umbrina, large, cespitose, contorted, brown. On sandy grass-ground, &c. 

éadia, almost stemless, entire ; margin sub-involute, obscurely fuscous ; exter- 
nally somewhat olive-coloured. Aninch anda half broad. In autumn, on 
the earth, on trunks, &c. in woods. 

depressa, sub-orbicular, sessile, depressed, reddish-yellow. Var. applanata, 
cinnamon-colour, expanded ; flat and rugose above, paler beneath. In fields 
on the margin of rivers, &c. 


acetabulum, wine-glass-form, stiped ; pileus angled outside: veins branching : 


colour earth-brown fuscous. Stipe thick, lacunose, as in some species of 
Helvella. In shades. 


3. Mostly small. Whole pileus strigose-hirsute, pilose, tomentose, or pubescent. 

hemispherica, in groups, pretty large, hemispheric; white glaucous within, 
brown outside. Half an inch broad. In autumn on the earth, rarely on 
trunks. 

scutellata, largish, spread-flattened, reddish-yellow outside : hispid, with dark 
diverging bristles. On wood in damp places. 

coccinea, stiped, largish, turbinate or funnel-form: scarlet within, white with- 
out and somewhat downy ; margin mostly crenate. In the spring on the 

. earth and dead Jimbs. 

anomala, stiped, crusty-crowded, turbinate ; dry, crisped, ferruginous or fawn- 
colour; mouth converging, paler. In spring and autumn on dry fallen 
branches. 


4. Mostly small. Wholly glabrous (or at least not manifestly tomentose } 
fleshy or wax-like. 


(Pileus stiped.) 


bolaris, largish, sub-solitary : pileus orbicular-funnel-form ; outside often ru- 
gose-veiny and a little fibrous: stipe thick, becoming dark at the base, short~ 
ish. In autumn on dry stipes, &c. 

cyathoidea, in groups, small, white or pale: pileus wine-glass-form, unarmed, 
rather thin: stipe long, a little thicker downwards. On the dry stems of 

~ large herbs—stipes about the fourth of an inch long. 

lutescens, small, somewhatin groups, becoming yellow: pileus orbicular : 
stipe thin, cylindric. On the decaying wood of firs, &c. 

pallescens, crowded, glabrous, white, at length becoming pale: pileus some- 
what funnel-form : stipe ratherthick. On trunks of beech, &c. 


(Pileus sessile.) 


leucoloma, narrow, depressed, spread, minute: margin white, finely torn. 
On walls and moss in the spring. 


5. More or less coriaceous, dry, glabrous, or pulverulent ; mostly sessile. 


leucomela, bursting : sessile: pileus concave, dark outside and white within. 
Sometimes on hazle branches. 

patellaria, in groups, dark, spread flattened, sub-coriaceous, distinctly mar- 
gined. On dry branches of basswood, and sometimes on trunks of oak. 

pinastri, scattered, sub-stiped, dark-shining ; margin acute, On the bark of 
pines and firs, &c. Aegerita. 


. PHACA, PHALLUS, , 825 


16—10. Praca. 32. 93. é 


Southern. 
villosa, Mx. (1) (O. y. Ju. 2.) nearly stemless, very villose : leafets oval, gla- 
brous above : peduncles as long as the leaves: legumes hoary, very villose, 
assurgent, oblong. 5 
triphyllus, Ph. (2) (W.) Described under Astragalus triphyllus. 
Phaseolus. 


o—l. PuHaceria. 28. 42. 


bipinnatifida, Mx. (phacelia. W. b. M.) erect: leaves pinnatifid ; divisions 
gash-lobed : racemes mostly bifid, oblong, many-flowered : divisions of 
the corolentire. 1f. WS. 

fimbriata, Mx. (W. b. M. 3%.) ascending, hairy: leaves sessile, pinnatifid: di- 
visions lanceolate, acute, entire, hispid-pilose above, glabrous beneath : ra- 
cemes solitary ; pedicels elongated: divisions of the corol ciliate-fringed. 
ae A 

parviflora, P. (3) (E. b. M. 3%.) diffused, pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, pin- 
natifid ; divisions oblong-obtusish, entire: racemes solitary : pedicels short : 
divisions of the coro] round, entire. 6—$8 i, 


Southern. 
integrifolia, T. & J. (W.) erect, |pubescent : leaves petioled, ovate, crenate- 
serrate: racemes numerous, dense-flowered. 
heterophylla, Ph. (W. b. Ju. of.) erect, hispid: leaves petioled, pinnatifid : 
divisions lanceolate, entire, nerved, terminal one elongated; foral leaves 
simple, lanceolate, petioled : racemes 2-cleft, dense-flowered : divisions of 
the corol entire. Spigelia. 


Phaethusa, SIEGESBECKIA. 
6—1. Puataneium. 10. 16. 


esculentum, N. (4) (W. b. M. 2{.} root bulbous: scape longer than the linear 
carinate leayes: spike racemed : stigma minutely 3-cleft. 12—18i. 8S. 
Southern. 
croceum, Mx. (5) (E. y. 2{.) root bulbous : scape much shorter than the grasa 
like leaves : spike pyramidal : bracts short: seed sub-globose, smooth. 
Nartheciun. 
3—2. PuHararis. 4. 10. 


americana, E. (6) (ribbon grass, wild canary grass. E, Ju. 2f.) panicle oblone, 
spiked : glumes of the calyx boat-shaped, serrulate : corol unequal: rudi- 


ments hairy. Var. picta, leaves variously striped. This variety is the rib- 
bon grass of the gardens. 2—5f. S 


eanariensis, (canary grass. E. Ju. 2%.) panicle sub-spiked, ovate : calyx boat- 
form, entire at the apex : rudiments smooth. Introduced. 18 i. 


Bracbyelytrum. 
Phalaris, AULAXANTHUs. 
21—6. Puatius. 58. 1 


tmpudtcus, (morel.) stipe sieve-like, sub-oblique : pileus ccllulac, pervtons at 


= top. Very nauseous. On the ground in autumn in fields and shady 
places. 


"_ (1) Astragalus, Mx. (2) caespitosa, N. Astragalus, Ph, (2} Polemonium 


dubium, W. (4) quamash, Ph. (5) Ornithozalum? E. “ 
Mx. Calamagrostis colorata, N, 7) Mapieee pie (6) srundinaces, 
4 28 


326 3 PHALLUS, PHILADELPHUS. | 


praeputiosus, stipe sieve-like, sub-incurved ; involucre indusium-like. Nause- 
ous. Amanita. 


21—2. Puascum. 56. 4.™ 


patens, caulescent, erect: capsule about sessile : leaves lance-ovate, serrate 
at top, spreading. 

muticum, stemless: capsule sessile : leaves ovate, without points, concave, 
converging. 

cervicollum, sub-caulescent: the leaves of the pericheth strait : peduncle in- 
curved : capsule ovate. On dry gravelly earth. 

subvlatum, caulescent, erect: leaves lance-linear, spreading ; the summits, 
from the broadish base, subulate, rigid : capsule sub-sessile. 

eoherens, sub-caulescent, simple : leaves ovate, acute : nerves solid, serrulate, 
erect: capsules with short bristles. Gymnostomum. 


16—10. Puasroxvus. 32. 93. 


perennis, Wr. (1) (wild kidney-bean. E. p. Ju. 2{.) twining, wholly pubes- 
cent: leaves ternate, ovate, 3-nerved: racemes in pairs, longer than the 
leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts obsolete : legumes peduncled. The 


macrostachyus of Elliott, (Jour. Acad. Phil. v. 1, p. 384.) is merely a ro- 
bust variety of this plant. Torrey. S. 


Exotic. 

lunatus, W. (carolina bean, lima bean. g-w. Ju. #.) twining : legumes scymi- 
tar-form, sub-lunate, smooth : seeds compressed. 

vulgaris, (common-pale-bean. p. w. Ju. 3%.) stem twining : racemes solitary, 
shorter than the leaves : peduncles in pairs: bracts smaller than the calyx, 
spreading : legumes pendulous. From the East Indies, 

nanus, (bush bean, six weeks bean. 3%.) stem erect, smooth: bracts larger 
than the calyx: legumes pendulous, compressed, rugose. Seeds variously 
coloured. 

multiflorus, (scarlet runner. r. w. Ju. 3.) stem twining: racemes solitary, of 
the length of the leaves: peduncles in pairs: bracts close-pressed, smaller 
than the calyx : legumes pendulous. Strophostyles. 


Phaseolus, STROPHOSTYLES. 
Phellandrium, CENANTHE. 


11—1. Purtapextrnus. 19. 89. 


Exotic. 
coronarius, (mock orange, false syringa. w. J. 5.) styles distinct: leaves 
ovate, suh-dentate. 


Southern. 

tnodorus, W. (scentless syringa. E. w. J. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate, entire ; 
divisions of the calyx acute: style undivided, longer than the stamens : stig- 
mas 4, oblong. Flowers large. Cultivated. 

grandiflorus, W. (2) (scentless syringa. E. w. J. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
denticulate : axils of the veins with fascicles of hairs beneath: divisions of 
the calyx acuminate: style undivided, longer than the stamens: stigmas 4, 
linear. Cultivated. , 

lewisii, Ph. (W. Ju. 5.) leaves ovate, acute, sub-entire, ciliate on the margin: 
divisions of the calyx acute: style 3-cleft, as long as the stamens : ir 3. 

hirsutus, N. (W. w. b.) leaves oblong-ovate, acuie, sharply angular-denticu- 
late, hirsute above, whitish-villous beneath: style and stigma undivided : 
peduncles 2-bracted near the summit. Chrysobalanus. 


(1) paniculatus, Mx. (2) inedorus, Mx. 


* PHILOXERUS, PHLOX. 827 


15—5. Puioxerus. 14. 73. 


Southern. 
wermicularis, (1) (E. J. 2{.) Described under Achyranthes vermicularis, 
/ Achyranthes, 


3—2. Pareum. 4. 10. 


pratense, (timothy, grass. O. J. 2{. and ¢”.) spike cylindric, calyx mucronate- 
as; ; keel ciliate : awn shorter than the calyx: culmerect. Introduced. 
2—3f. WS. 

alpinum, L. (A.) spike ovate or cylindric-ovate, hirsute or villose. Spike often 
blackish or dark purple. Ceresia. 


5—1. Purox. 20. 44, 


paniculata, (smooth-stem lichnidia. r. w. Ju. 2{.) glabrous, erect: leaves 
lanceolate, narrowing gradually, flat; margins rough : corymbs panicled: 
divisions of the corol rounded: calyxawned. Cultivated. 2—3f. JS. 

pyramidalis, S. (2) (A. p. J.2f.) erect, glabrous : stem scabrous : leaves 
heart-ovate, acute: panicle fastigiate, pyramidal : divisions of the corol 
wedge-truncate : teeth of the calyx sub-erect, lanceolate, acute. 2—3f. &. 

maculata, (spotted lichnidia. E. r. w. Ju. 2{.) erect: stem spotted, scabrous: 
leaves lance-oblong, glabrous; margins rough : panicle oblong: flowers 
crowded : divisions of the corol rounded : teeth of the calyx acute, recurv- 
ed. Var. suaveolens, (3) stem not spotted: corol white. 2f. WS. 

aristata, Mx. (4) (E. r. w. J. 2{.) weak, erect, viscid-pubescent : leaves lance- 
linear: panicle lax, fastigiate : pedicels somewhat in pairs: divisions of the 

~ corol somewhat obovate: tube curved, pubescent: teeth of the calyx long, 
subulate. Var. virens, corol reddish-purple. Var. canescens, corol whit- 
ish rose-colour. 18i. S. 

pilosa, (5) (creeping lichnidia. E. p. w. J. 2{.) small, decumbent, pubescent : 
leaves lance-linear, short, roughish : corymbs sub-fastigiate : divisions of 
the corol round-obtuse ; tube straightish, glabrous : teeth of the calyx sub 
late-acuminate. 12—18 i. 

divaricata, (O. p-b. M. 2{.) pubescent, (low, decumbent, Ph.) leaves lance- 
oval, upper ones alternate: branches divaricate, lax, few-flowered: divis- 
ions of the coro! sub-obcordate : teeth of the calyx linear-subulate. 1—2 f. 
S. 

reptans, Mx. (6) (E. b-p. J. 2f.) stoloniferous-creeping, pubescent : radical 
leaves obovate-spatulate, cauline ones lance-oyal : corymb spreading, few- 
flowered : divisions of the corol obovate: teeth of the calyx linear, reflexed. 
8—18i. 8. 

subulata, (mountain pink. O. r. M. 2{.) caespitose, white pubescent: leaves 
jinear, pungent, ciliate ; corymbs few-flowered: pedicels 3-cleft: divisions 
of the corol wedge-form, emarginate : teeth of the calyx subulate, scarcely 
shorter than the tube of the corol. Cultivated. 3—6i. S. 

setucea, (W.r. J. 2{.) caespitose, pubescent: leaves fascicled, subulate, pua- 
gent, ciliate: pedicels few, terminal, sub-umbelled : divisions of the corol 


wedge-form, emerginate ; teeth of the calyx subulate, much shorter than the 
tube of the corol. SS. 


Southern. 
undulata, W. (7) (A. b. Au. 2{.) erect, glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, sub- 


undulate, scabrous on the margin : corymbs panicled : divisions of the corol 
sub-retuse : calyx awned. 2f. 


eee 


(1) Hleecbrum, L. (2) carolina, W. latifolia, Mx. (3) suavolens. Ph. 


(4) pilosa, C. (5) amoena,C. (6) stolonifera, C, and Ph. (7) paniculata, 
x. 


$28 PHILOX, PHYSALIS. 


4 


carolina, W. (1) (E.p. Au. 2{.) erect : stem pubescent : leaves lance-ovate, 
smooth: corymb sub-fastigiate ; branchlets about 3-flowered: divisions of 
the corol round : teeth of the calyx glabrous, lanceolate, erect. 

glaberrima, (E.p. Ju. 2{.) caespitose: stem erect: lgaves lance-linear, gla- 
brous : corymbs small, terminal, sub-fastigiate : divisions of the coro] round- 
ish ; teeth of the calyx lance-linear, acute. 

speciosa, Ph. (W. w. & p. J. 5.) erect, glabrous, frutescent, very branching : 
leaves linear ; upper ones alternate, dilated at the base: racemes panicle- 
corymbed : divisions of the corol wedge-oblong, emarginate ; teeth of the 
calyx subulate, equalling the tube. 

ovata, W. (r-p. J. 2{.) erect, glabrous : radical leaves ovate, acute, somewhat 
fleshy ; cauline ones lanceolate : corymbs sub-fastigiate : divisions of the 
coro! undulate, retuse: teeth of the calyx linear, acute. 

acuminata, Ph. (A. p. Au. 2{.) lower leaves spatulate-ovate, acuminate, slight- 
ly scabrous; upper ones lanceolate: corymbs terminal. 3—6 f. 

nitida, Ph. (2) (E. p. J. 2{.) erect, glabrous: stem scabrous : leaves ovate- 
oblong, sub-coriaceous: corymbs fastigiate: divisions of the coro] obovate, 
sub-retuse : teeth of the calyx lanceolate, mucronate. 18—24 i. 

cordata, E. (E. Au.) leaves oblong-cordate, suh-acuminate, margin scabrous : 
corymbs panicled : teeth of the calyx long-awned. 1—2f. 

bifida, Bk. (W. p. Ap.) stem erect, branching, minute-pubescent: leaves lance- 
ovate and lance-linear, somewhat clasping, opposite and alternate, margin 
revolute, midrib ciliate :. teeth of the calyx linear, acute, pilose : divisions of 
the corol wedge-form, deeply cleft. 4—6 i. Polemonium. 


38—2. Puracmites. 4. 10. 


communis, Trin. (3) (E. Au. 2{.) calyx about 5-flowered: florets longer than 
the calyx. 6—12f. Glyceria, 


13—1. Puryma. 40. 39. 


Remark. Inanote at p. 50, I suggested that the supposed capsule of some 
authors was the calyx closed upon the seed. Dr. Darlington has since correct- 
edme. Ona review of the subject, I feel authorized to say (as of the genus 
Verbena, p. 49,) that the supposed capsule is an extra tegument, or ari. It 
does not appear to me to present the analogies of a capsule. 


leptostachia, (lopseed. O. p-w. 2{.) leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled : 
spikes terminal, slender : flowers opposite. As the fruit approaches matu- 
rity, it lops down against the rachis. Dry woods. 2—3f. 


; Thymus. 
3—l. PuHyxiuactis. 48. 56. 
Southern. 
obovata, N. (W. Oc.) stemless : root fusiform : leaves radiating, linear-spatu- 
late, obtuse, hirsute-pillose. Tripterella, 


19—5. PuHyYLiantuus. 38. 96. 


obovatus, (4) (S. 3%.) leaves alternate, oval, obtuse, glabrous, somewhat disti- 
chous : flowers few, (2—4,) axillary, pedicelled, nodding: stem erect ; 
branches distichous. 12i. S. Melothria. 


5—1. Puysauis. 28. 41. 


wiscosa, (yellow henbane. O. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves in pairs, heart-oval, repand, 


(1) triflora, Mx.? (2) carolina, Wr. (3) Arundo phragmites, W. (4) 
carolinensis, Wr. 


PHYSALIS, PINCKNEYA. $29 


obtuse, sub-tomentose: stem panicled above: fruit bearing calyx pubes 
cent. 1—3f. S. . ‘ 
ebscura, Mx. (1) (E. y. p. Ju.) leaves sub-cordate, orbicular, acuminate, an- 
equally dentate : stem herbaceous, divaricate, much branched ; branches 
angled : inflated calyx large. Var. glabra, (2) summit and petioles scarcely 
pubescent. Var. pubescens, viscid-pubescent. 
pennsylvanica, (E. y. J. 2{.) leaves ovate, sub-repand, obtuse, nakedish : stern 
branching : peduncles solitary, a little longer than the petioles. 1f. S. 
philadelphica, Lk. (E. y. p. Ju. 3.) leaves ovate, repand-toothed, glabrous : 
stem yery branching, peduncles solitary, much shorter than the petioles. 
Probably a variety of the obscura. S. : 
lanceolata, Mx. (y. J. 2{.) leaves in pairs, lance-oval, sub-entire, oy 
narrowing into the petiole, pubescent ; stem dichotomous : calyx villose. 8. 


Exotic. 
alkekengi, (common winter cherry. 2{.) leaves in pairs, entire, acute : stem 
sub-ramose below. Calyx of the fruit red or reddish. 


Southern. , 

pubescens, W. (O. y. Ju. %.) leaves villose, viscous, sub-cordate: stem very 
branching : flowers solitary, pendulous: fruit-bearing calyx round-globose, 
angled. 

i W. (E. y. Ju. 2.) tomentose: leaves ovate, very entire: flowers 
crowded, short-pedicelled: corol bell-form. 

lobata, T. & J. (W. g.) leaves oblong, somewhat fleshy, lyrate-lobed, narrowed 
into the petiole at the base, glabrous, revolute at the margin: stem herbace- 
ous, branching : peduncles solitary. Solanum. 


21—S6; PHYSARUM. 58, 1. 


einereum, sessile, globe-ovate, cinereous ; reticulate within with white threads. 
On trunks in autumn. 

nutans, stiped, white-cinereous ; fruit lenticular, glabrous, a little wrinkled, 
nodding. On trunks, leaves and mosses, in autumn, or in the summer after 
long storms. 

aurantium, stiped: fruit roundish, becoming yellow : stipe striate, thickening 
downwards, On trunks. 

Ffarinaceum, stiped : bark of the fruit very thin, mealy-villose, cinereous. On 
branches of pines, on moss, &c. Trichia. 


10—10. Puyroracca. S54. 29. 


aecandra, (poke-weed. O. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves ovate, acute at both ends: flowers 
racemed : berries flattened at the ends. 3—6f.3 NS. Cactus. 


21—2. Pirorricuum. 56, 4. 


bipinnatum, stem 2-pinnate : branches 2-ranked, pinnate : leaves imbricate, 
ovate, 2-nerved: peduncles arcuate, short: capsules sub-cylindric, with a 
conic-subulate lid: calyptre sub-pilose. Climaciuin. 


5 


o—Il. Pinckneya. 47. 57. 


Southern. 
grubens, Mx. (E. p. J. 5.) leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, thinly pilose and 
shining above, tomentose below, sub-acuminate | calyx superior, persistent, 
coloured, 15—20f, . Chiococca. 


(1) pruingga, E, (2) angulata, Wr. 
23* 


330, PINGMICULA, PINUS. 


s 


Q2—1. Pinewicura. 24. 40. na 


elatior, Mx. (W. M. 2{.) nectary subulate, obtuse, shorter than the corol : tube, 
ventricose above : scape villose beneath, 4—12 i. ™ : 


Southern. 
lutea, Wr. (E. y. Ap. 2.) border of the coro] 5-cleft: divisions 2-lobed ; lobes 
2-toothed : spur subulate, a little shorter than the tube. 6—8 i. 
pumila, Mx. (E.b. Ap. 2{.) border of the corol 5-cleft : divisions emarginate : 
lobes entire: spur subulate, obtusish, as Jong as the tube. 3—5i. 
acutifolia, Mx. (W. Ju. 2.) very glabrous: leaves erect, oval, very acute. 
‘ Hemianthus. 


19—16. Pinus. 51. 100. 
1. Leaves solitary, with separate bases. ABIES. 


balsamea, W. (1) (fir tree, balsam tree. O. M. 5.) leaves flat, emarginate or 
entire, glaucous beneath, sub-erect above, recurve-spreading : cones cylin- 
dric, erect : bracts abbreviated, ebovate, long-mucronate, sub-serrulate. S. 

frasert, Ph. (double spruce. A. J. 5.) leaves solitary, flat, emarginate, glau- 
cous beneath, somewhat one-sided, thick above, erect: cones ovate-oblong, 
erect: bracts elongated, reflexed, wedge-oblong, emarginate, short-mucro- 
nate, gash-toothed. S. 

taxifolia, Lb. (W. b.) leaves solitary, flat, sub-distichous: cones oblong : 
anthers didymous. WS. 

canadensis, (2) (hemlock tree. O. M. 5.) leaves flat, denticulate, 2-ranked : 
strobiles ovate, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves. The bark is 
used in tanning leather. S. 

nigra, Lb. (3) (black spruce. A. M. 5.) leaves 4-sided, scattered on all sides 
of the branchlets, erect, straight: strobiles ovate: scales oval, with undu- 
late margins, erose-toothed at the apex, S. 

vubra, Lb. (4) (red spruce, spruce fir. E, M. 5.) leaves solitary, subulate : 
strobiles oblong, obtuse: scales rounded, sub-2-lobed: margin entire. 

alba, Lb. (5) (white spruce. O. M. b.) leaves 4-sided, incurved : strobiles sub- 
cylindric, lax; scales obovate, entire. 


2. Leaves many, sheathed at the base. Pinus. 
( Leaves in pairs.) 


resinosa, Lb. (6) (yellow pine, norway pine, red pine. O. M. 5.) leaves and 
sheaths elongated: strobiles ovate-conic, rounded at the base, sub-solitary, 
about half as long as the leaves: scales dilated in the middle, unarmed, 
Bark of a reddish colour, and much smoother than the rigida and strobus. 
Often grows very tall and straight. S: 

tnops, Lb. (7) (jersey pine. E. M. b.) leaves short: strobiles oblong-conic, 
recurved, of the length of the leaves: prickles of the scales subulate, 
straight. WS. 

banksiana, Lb. (8) (scrub pine, grey pine. O. M. 5.) leaves short, rigid, di- 
varicate, oblique: strobiles recurved, twisted: scales without prickles. 


( Leaves in threes.) 


variabilis, Lb. (9) (three-leaved yellow pine. E. M, b.) part of the leaves in 
pairs, the others in threes, slender, channelled : strobiles ovate-conic, sub- 
solitary: yirickles of the scales incurved: S. or 


(1) Abies balsamifera, Mx. (2) americana, Du Roi. Abies canadensis, Mx. ~ 
(3) mariana, Du Roi. Abies denticulata, Mx. (4) Abies pectinata, Lk. (5) 
jaxa, Eh. canadensis, Du Roi. Abies alba, Mx. (6) rubra, Mx. (7) virginiana, 
Du Roi. (8) rupestris, Mx. hudsonia, Lk. sylvestris, A. (9) mitis, Mx. 


PINUS, PIPTATHERUM. $31 


rigida, (pitch pine. O. M. 5.) leaves with abbreviated sheaths: staminate 
aments erect-incumbent: strobiles’ ovate, scattered or aggregated: spines 
of the scale reflexed. Though very common, it grows the most plentifully 
on barren sandy plains. SN. ‘ 

serotina, Mx. (pond pine. E. M. b.) leaves elongated: prickles of the scales 
straight and very slender. Probably a variety of the last. _S. 


(Leaves in fives.) 


strobus, (white pine. O. M. 5.) leaves slender: sheaths short: strobiles pen- 
dant, cylindric, longer than the leaves: scales somewhat lax. This is call- 
ed Weymouth pine by the English. Perhaps nine-tenths of the boards used 
in America are of this species. W. 


3S. Leaves many, ina fascicle. Larix. 


pendula, A. (black larth, tamarack, hack-matack. O. M. 5.) leaves decidu- 
ous: strobiles oblong: margins of the scales inflexed: bracts guitar-form, 
with a slender point. 

microcarpa, Lb. (1) (red larch. O. M, 5.) leaves deciduous: strobiles round- 
ish, few-flowered : scales reflexed: bracts oval, obtuse, acuminate. These 
two last species were considered as varieties of the same; but Mr. Lambert 
proved their specific difference by raising them from the seed. 


Exotic. 
lariz, (common larch. b.) leaves deciduous: strobiles ovate-oblong: margins 
of the scales reflexed, torn: bracts guitar-form. 


Southern. 

DURLENS , Lb. (table mountain pine. A. 5.) leaves in pairs, short, acute: stro- 
biles ovate-conic: prickles of the scales elongated, subulate, incurved ; low- 
er ones reflexed. 

taeda, Lb. (loblolly pine, old field pine. E. M. 5.) leaves in threes, elongated : 
sheaths elongated: strobiles oblong-conic, deflexed, shorter than the leaves - 
spines inflexed. War. heterophylla E. (smooth bark loblolly pine) leaves in 
two’s and threes: bark smooth. 

palustris, Lb. (long leaved, yellow pitch or broom pine. E. M. 5.) leaves in 
threes, very long: stipules pinnatifid, ramentaceous, persistent: strobiles 
sub-cylindric, muricate. 

flexilis, T. & J. (W.) leaves in fives, short and rather rigid : sheaths short and 
lacerate : strobile erect: scales large unarmed. Branches very flexible. 

‘ Thuja, 
2—3. Piper. 2. 98. 


{Generic description is here given, it having been omitted at page 15. It 
should follow Erianthus.] Spadix ament-like: calyx o: corolo: style very 
short » stigmas 3, manifest, or a mere puncture or spot, 1—2 only persistent: 
berry l-seeded. Stamens 2, 4,5 and6. (Pepper.) 

Southern. 

leptostachyon, N. (florida pepper. E. #%.) herbaceous small: leaves obovate, 

obtuse, sub-3-nerved, pubescent: spikes axillary, filiform, erect, much 
longer than the leaves. 6—12i. Ligustrum. 


3—2. PiptarHErum. 4. 10. 
racemosum, S. (2) (clustered millet-grass. A. Au. 2/.) panicle simple: flow- 


ers racemose, lance-ovate : corol black, hairy: awn twice as long as the 
valves. Stipa. 


(1) pendula, W. larcina, Du Roi. Larix americana, Mx. who considered 
the pendula and microcarpa as the same species, (2) nigrum, T. Milium, S. 
Oryzopsis melanocarpa, M, 


$382 PISTIA, PLANTAGO. 


5—8. Pistia. 14. 73. 


Southern. 
spathulata, Mx. (E. w. Ju.) leaves abruptly narrowed into the petiole, dilated, 
round and obtuse towards the summit. Geranium, 


16—10. Pisum. 32. 93. 


- Exotic. 
sativum, (pea. p. w. J. 3%.) petioles terete: stipules round and crenate at the 
base: peduncles many-flowered. Var, uwmbellatum, (bouquet pea,) has the 
stipules 4-cleft, acute. Var. guadratum, (quadrate pea,) fruit ash-colour, 
4-sided. Var. humile, (dwarf pea,) stem erect, not climbing ; leafets round- 
ish. Lathyrus. 


5—2. Pranera. 53, 99. 


Southern. 
aguatica, Wr. (1) (E. M. b.) leaves ovate, acute, serrate, equal at the base, 
“slightly scabrous, short petioled. 25—30 f. Sanicula. 


4—]. Puantaco. 54.-31. 


major, (plantain. O. w. J. 2f.) leaves ovate, sub-dentate, sub-glabrons: scape 
terete : spike oblong, imbricate. 6—24i. S. 

lanceolata, (rib-wort. E. J. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, villose: spike short, cylin- 
dric: bracts ovate, acuminate: scape angled, with close-pressed hairs, 1—? 
fe 

virginica, (dwarf plantain. E. r-y. J. 3%.) whitish pubescence on all parts : 
leaves lance-ovate, sub-denticulate: flowers remotish: scape angled. The 
corol adheres to the germ so closely, that at first view it appears to be supe- 
rior. 3—8i. S. : 

cordata, Lk. (2) (O. w. J. 2f.) leaves heart-ovate, broad, sub-dentate, glabrous : 
spike very long: flowers sub-imbricate, lower ones scattered: bracts ovate, 
obtuse. 12—18i. S. 

media, (w. J. 2{.) leaves lance-ovate, pubescent: spike cylindric: scape te- 
rete. Inone variety the leaves are hirsute, and the spikes branching. 

maritima, (3) (L. Au. 2f.) leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near the base : 
scape terete: spike cylindrical: bracts rather acute. 6—10i. S&S, 

pusilla, N. (4) (Au. 3%.) minutely pubescent: leaves linear-subulate, flat, en- 
tire, acute: scape terete, longer than the leaves: spike cylindrical, loose ; 
lower flowers distant: bracts ovate, acute, as long as the calyx. 

eucullata, Lk. (5) (E. Ju. 2{.) leaves ovate, concave-cowled, 9-nerved, pubes- 
cent beneath: spike cylindric, imbricate; scape tall, terete. 


Southern. 

caroliniana, Wr. (E. Ju. .) allover glabrous: leaves lanceolate, very entire, 
long: flowers remote: stem terete. Elliott unites this species with the 
next. 

interrupta, Lk. (E. Ju. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, (lance-ovate, Ph.) entire, some- 
what pilose: spike slender, long, interrupted: flowers glabrous. Some- 
times nearly glabrous. FJliott. 

glabra, N. (W.) leaves ovate, denticulate, smooth: scape slender, sub-com- 
pressed, nearly equal to the leaves : flowers scattered: bracts ovate, acumin- 
ate. 


——- 


(1} ulmifolia, Mx. (2) kentuckienses, Mx. (3) pauciflora, Ph. (4) bybrida, 
‘mearifolia, M.? aristata, Mx. elongata, Ph. (5) maxima, Ja, 


~ 


* PLANTAGO, POA. $33 


eriopoda, T. & J. (W. 2{.) stemless: etioles covered with very lone wool at 

the base : Rif broad re = areata at each end, lone-petioled, gla- 
brous, entire, 5-nerved: scape terete, very glabrous: spike cylindric, ex- 
ceeding the leaves: flowers remote: stamens and styles very long: bracts 
broad-ovate; obtusish : capsules 2-seeded. 9—12 i. 

gnaphaloides, N. (1) (W. Ju. 3%.) silky-villose: leaves lance-linear, very en- 
tire, nakedish above: scape terete, scarcely longer than the leaves: spike cy- 
lindric, imbricate : bracts linear, withlong, villose ciliae. | Sanguisorba. 


20-13. Piaranvs, 50. 99. 


occidentalis, (button wood, american plane-tree, false sycamore. O. J. 5.) 
leaves quinquangular, obsoletely lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath: stem 
and branches becoming white, Grows to a greater size than any other tree 
in America. Liquidambar, 


9—2, PLEEA. ap Ee 


“Southern. 
tenuifolia, Mx. (E. y-r. 2{.) very glabrous: leaves very narrow-ensiform : 
sheaths of the spike l-flowered. 1—2f. , Rheum. 


3—2. PLevurapuis. 4, 10. 


Southern. 
jamesti, T. (W. Ju. 2{.) culm terete, smooth, slender: spike terminal, erect: 
spikelets sessile, inan ovate congeries at each joint of the rachis: involucre 
white-wooly, one third the length of the flowers. Discovered on the river 
Canadian, by Dr. Edwin James. 1f. Holosteum, 


3—2. Poa. 4, 10. 
Remarks. The word poa is pure Greek, and signifies pasture or fodder, 
Linneas applied the name to this genus, because it includes the most com- 
mon pasture grass, and meadow grass. The poa pratensis, aided by the 
agrostis vulgaris, constitutes most of those beautiful carpets which cover our 
fields, lawns, and road-sides. 


annua, (Ap. #%.) panicle sub-secund, divaricate: spikelets ovate-oblong, 5- 
flowered : florets tree : culm oblique, compressed: root fibrous. 6—8i. S, 

fasciculata, T. (L. Au. 2{.) panicle spreading ; branches straight, fascicled, 
crowded : spikelets oblong, 3-flowered : florets free : calyx minute, unequal : 
culm oblique, terete: root fascicled. 1—2f. 

dentata, T. (E. 2{.) panicle loose, somewhat spreading ; branches capillary, 
Virgate : spikelets lanceolate, 5-flowered : florets free: calyx unequal: low- 
er glume obtuse, 3-nerved: lower valve of the corol 5-nerved, 5-toothed at 
the apex when old. 3f. 

aquatica, Var. americana, T. (2) (E. Au. 2{.) panicle erect, half-whorled, 
diffuse ; branches flexuous, smooth: spikelets linear, 6—8-flowered : florets 
ovate, obtuse, free : leaves broad-linear with the sheaths smooth. 4—5 f. 

maritima, Huds. (E. J. 2{.) panicle branched, somewhat crowded: spikelets 
about 5-flowered, terete: florets rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-nerved: root 
creeping. 1 f. 

brevifolia, M. (3) (A. Ap. 2{.) panicle loose; branches in pairs, horizontal : 
calyx 9 i asia ds corol pubescent: leaves very short: stipule acumi- 
nate. 2 f. 


(1) lagopus, Ph. (2) aquatica, Ph. (3) alpina, Ph. 


534 POA. * 


pungens, T. (1) (E. Ap. 2{.) culm compressed : leaves very short, cuspidate : 
panicle sub-simple, spreading: spikelets ovate, 3—4-flowered: florets web- 
bed, obtusish, obscurely 5-nerved. 18i, S. 

pratensis, (O. J. 2[.) panicle diffuse: upper leav@s much shorter than the 
smooth sheaths: florets acute, 5-nerved, webbed at the base: stipule short 
truncate: rootcreeping. 2—3f. WS. ' 

trivialis, (2) (Ju. 2{.) panicle equal, diffuse : spikelets eblong-ovate, about 3- 
flowered: florets webbed at the base, 5-nerved: culm and sheath roughish : 


stipule oblong : a ping. 2-3f. «© 
compressa, (Llue grass. E. Ju. 2{.) panicle contracted, somewhat one-sided : 
spikelets oblong, 3—6-flowered : florets webbed : glumes sub-equal: culm 


oblique, compressed: root creeping. Var. sylvestris, T. Panicle loose, spread- 
ing : spikelets 2—3-flowered : culm slender, nearly erect. 12—18i. S. 

serotina, Eh. (3) (J. 2{.) panicle elongated, diffuse, at length somewhat one- 
sided: spikelets lance-ovate, 2—3-flowered: florets a little webbed at the 
base, yellow at the tip, obscurely 5-nerved: root creeping. 2—3 f. ~ 

nemoralis, (E. 2{.) panicle attenuated, weak; branches flexuose: spikelets 
ovate, about 3-flowered: florets loose, s!izhtly webbed, acute, obsoletely 
nerved: stipule almost wanting. 2 f. . 

mervata, (4) {E. J. 2{.) panicletequal], diffuse ; branches weak and at length 
pendulous: spikelets 5-flowered: florets free, conspicuously 7-nerved, ob- 
tuse. 3—4f, 

elongata, T. (E. 2{.) panicle elongated, racemose ; branches solitary, appress- 

f ed: spikelets ovate, obtuse, tumid, 3-flowered: florets free: stipule almost 
wanting. 3f. 

obtusa, M.{E. Au. 2{.) panicle ovate, contracted: spikelets ovate, tumid, 5— 
7-flowered : florets free : glumes scarious: corol ovate, smooth, obtuse; low- 
er valve indistinctly 7-nerved: leaves as long as the culm, and with the 
sheaths, smooth. 2—3 f. 

canadensis, Mx. (5) (meadow rattlesnake grass. O. Ju. 2{.) panicle large, ef- 
fuse ; branches half-whorled, flexuous, at length pendulous: spikelets ovate, 
tumid, 6—8-flowered: florets free: lower valve acutish, 7-nerved : upper 
valve very obtuse: stamens2. 3—4 f, 

eapillaris, (E. Au. 3%.) panicle very large, loose, spreading, capillary: spike- 
lets 3-flowered, ovate, acute: florets free: culm branched at the base : leaves 
hairy. 12i. 

hirsuta, Mx, (E. Ju. 2{.) culm erect, compressed, simple: sheaths hairy: pan- 
icle very large, capillary : branches spreading, at length reflected, bearded 
in the axils: spikelets oblong, about 5-flowered: corol ciliate on the margin. 
Var. spectabilis, (6) spikelets linear, 10—15-flowered. 18i, S. 

pectinacea, Mx. (7) (E. Ju. #%.) culm caespitose, oblique: leaves hairy at the 
base: panicle capillary, expanding, pyramidal, hairy in the axils: spikelets 
linear, 5—9-flowered : florets free, acute: upper valve of the corol persis- 
tent. 8—12i. S. : : 

reptans, Mx. (O. Au. 3%. ?) dioecious: culm branched, creeping: panicle fas- 
cicled: spikelets lance-linear, 12—20 flowered: florets acuminate. Var. 
caespitosa, T. culm very short, caespitose : spikelets much crowded, oblong. 
si. S. 

fragrostis, (8) (E. Ju. #%.) panicle equal, spreading : lower branches hairy in 
the axils : spikelets Jauce-linear, 9—15-flowered : florets obtuse : root fibrous, 
12—18i. WS. 


Southern. r ee 
tenuis, E, (E. Au. 2{.?) panicle branching, spreading, capillary: s 3. 
flowered, glabrous, long-peduncled : leaves linear, very long. 12-18 i. 


(1) autumnalis, E. flexuosa, M. (2) stolonifera, M. (3) palustris, M. cro- 
cata, Mx. (4) Briza canadensis, N. (5) Briza, Mx. (6) nae M. spectabi- — 
his, Ph. (7) tenella, Ph. pilosa, M. (8) obtusa, N. Briza, M. 


od PO‘, POCONIA. 335 


parviflora, Ph. (E. J. 2{.) panicle diffuse, capillary: spikelets small, about 3- 
flowered : flowers obtusish, striate, caducous: leaves distichous, flat, Prob- 
ably a variety of the nervata, T. 12—18 i. 

ronferta, E. (E.) panicles terminal and axillary, erect, compressed, with clus- 
tered flowers : spikelets 8-flowered, glabrous. je 

angustifolia, E. (KE. M. 2{.) leaves linear, involute: panicle somewhat crowd- 
ed : spikes lanceolate, acute, four-flowered : flowers villose at the base. 1—2 f. 

nitida, K. (E. Ju. 3%. ?) stemerect, very glabrous: panicle large, diffuse, ca- 
Bey: sub-verticillate: peduncles long: spikelets lanceolate, 8-flowered, 
1 


. a 
rigida, E. (E. M. 2[.) panicle lanceolate, a little branched, one-sided ; branches 
alternate, one-sided. 2—4 i. 
atroides, N. (W.) panicle attenuated, erect; branches capillary, loose, half- 
whorled : leaves with very long sheaths, short and acute: spikelets oblong, 
obtuse, sub-sessile, 4—6-flowered : calyx unequal, shorter than the corel, 
4—5 f, Sorghum. 


Poa, Giycerta. Winpsoria. | 
Podalyria, Baptista. 
12—1. PoporpHyLitum. 27. 61. 


peltatum, (wild mandrake, may-apple. O. w. M. 2{.) stem terminated with2 
peltate palmate leaves: flower single, inserted in the fork, formed by the pe- 
tioles of the leaves. Sometimes the plant is 3-leaved, and sometimes the flow- 
er is inserted on the side of one of the petioles 1—2f. S. 


Actaea, 
19—2. Popostemum. 54. 6. 


eeratophyllum, (thread-foot. E. Ju. 2{.) stemrfiliform, floating : leaves pinnate : 
flowers axillary. Attached to rocks and large stones in shallow waters. 
Lemna, 


18—5. Poposticma. 30. 47; 


Southern. 
pubescens, E. (1) (E. y-g. M. 2[.) stem erect: leaves linear: umbels terminal 
and sxillary: petals erect, longer than the calyx: corpusele pedicelled. 12 
—18i. 
viridis, Wr. (2) (E. g.& p. M. 2{.) Described under Asclepias viridis, p. 118. 
Enslenia- 
18—1. Poconta. (3) 7. 21. 


ophioglossoides, (snake mouth arethusa, O. r. Ju. 2{.) root fibrous: scape with 
2 distant leaves, 1 or 2-flowered : leaves lance-oval: lip fringed. 8—12i. S. 

verticillata, (O. y-r. J. 2{.) leaves 5, in whorls, lance-oblong ; stem generally 
1-flowered : 3 outer petals long-linear, inner ones lanceolate: lip 3-lobed: 
middle division undulated. Var. medeoloides, (4) inner petals short obtuse t 
leaves more acuminate. 6—12i. S. 


Southern. 
divaricata, (E. p. J. 2{.) root fibrous : scape 1-flowered, with two distant, 
lance-oblong leaves : outer petals long-linear, expanding : lip sub-3-lobed, 
crenulate. 18—24i. Triphora. 


(1) Asclepias pedicellata, Wr. Stylandra pumila, N. (2) Asclepias, Wr. 
Anantherix,N. (3) Arethusa,i, (4) Arethusa, Ph. ©) i 


® 


836 POLEMONIUM, POLYGALA. 


Polanisia, CLEOME. 
5—1l. PoLemonium. 29, Fi 
reptans, (greek valerian. b. M. 2{.) leaves pinnate, (leafets 5—13:) flowers 


terminal, nodding: Diapensia. 
6—1. PoryanrHes. 10. 17. 
- Exotic. — 
tuberosa, (tuberose. 2. flowers alternate, in pairs: rootlets tuberous : scape 
scaly : leaves linear, long. Sweet scented. Hyacintbus. 


3—3. PoLYycARPON. 22, 82. 


, Southern. 
tetraphyllum, (E. w. J: #.?) stem branching, glabrous, striate, knotted : leaves 
opposite and in fours, obovate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, narrowed at tha 
base. 3—6i. Cephalanthus. 


Polycarpon, STIPULICIDA. 
3—1. PoLycnemum. 12. 29. 


Southern. 
americanum, N. (W. 2{.) caespitose: leaves connate, crowded, subulate, 3- 
angled, rather pungent: flowers terminal, triandrous ? Kyllingia. 


16—6:. Ponyeara. 33. 35. 


tnearnata, W. (milkwort. E. r. J. 3%.) stem somewhat simple, erect: leaves 
scattered, subulate: spikes oval-oblong : corol with a slender, elongated 
tube : flowers crested. S. 

polygama, Wr. (1) (ground flower. O. r. J. 2{.) stem sub-simple, (often sever- 
al from the same root,) erectish: leaves oblanceolate or linear, mucronate : 
terminal racemes with perfect flowers ; radical ones apetalous, prostrate, 
(running under ground when in loose sandy soil :) bracts small, subulate, ca- 
ducous: calycine wings roundish, longer than the capsule. 6—12i. 

paucifolia, W. (flowering wintergreen. O. r. M. 2{.) small, large-flowered : 
stem simple, erect, naked below : leaves ovate, acute, glabrous, near the top 
of the stem : flowers crested, terminal, about in threes. 3—4i. S&S, 

uniflora, Mx. (W. 2{.) small: stem simple, erect, nakedish below: leaves 
few, broad-ovate, narrowing into the petiole: flowers not crested, solitary, 
scattered, pedicelled, nodding. A variety of the last? N. 

senega, W. (seneca snake-root, mountain flax. O. r.or w. J.2{.) stem erect, 
simple, leafy: leaves alternate, lanceolate: spike terminal, filiform : flow- 
ers alternate, notcrested. Var. albida, leaves lanceolate or oval: spike some- 
what crowded: flowers white, sub-sessile. 8—14i. JS. 

lutea, W. (yellow milkwort. E, y. Ju. #. oro.) stem simple or branching: | 
radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, the others lanceolate: spike head- 
cyiindric, crowded, peduncled. Var. elatior, Ph. stem sub-virgate, taller. 
4—16i. S. 

viridescens, W. (g-w. Au. #%.) stem erect, very simple: leaves lance-linear, 
obtusish : flower heads terminal, sub-globose. 

sanguinea, (E.r. Ju. #.) stem erect, corymb-branched at the top ; leaves al- 
ternate, linear : flowers not crested, in a head-form spike : peduncles squar- 
rose : calycine wings obovate about aslongas the capsule. Damp. 8—161. S. 

purpurea, N. (E. Ju. r. %) stem fastigiate-branched ; leaves alternate, ob- 
long-linear : flowers beardless : spikes cylindric, obtuse, imbricated on a 
squarrose rachis : calycine wings cordate-ovate, twice as long as the capsule 


(1) rubella, W. vulgaris, W. ? 


a. 


POLYGALA, POLYGONUM. 357 


verticillata, (dwarf snake-root. O. w. J. 2%.) stem erect, branching : leaves 
whorled and scattered: spike filiform, peduncled : flowers distinctly alter- 
nate, approximate, crested : calycine wings shorier than the fruit. 6—¢ j, 


ambigua, N. (E. p. #.) first leaves whorled, the others alternate: stem with 
wand-like branches : spikes acute, long peduncled: flowers crested : caly- 
cine wings round and veined, equal and close pressed to the fruit: bracts 
caducous. -% 

fastigiata, N. (3%.) stem slender, fastigiate-branched : leaves alternate, lin- 
ear, acute: spike sub-capitate, peduncled : flowers somewhat crested : 
ealycine wings spreading, ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule. 

eruciata, {E. r. g. Ju. 3%.) stem erect, ramose, wing-angled : leaves in fours, 
lance-linear : flowers in spiked sessile heads. 8—12i. S. 

brevifolia, N. (E.r. Ju. 3%.) stem erect, fastigiate-branched, angular-winged ; 
leaves oblong-linear, short, resinous-punctate, in fours, whorled : spikes sub- 
capitate, peduncled : flowers somewhat crested : calycine wings cordate- 
ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule. S. 

ramosa, E. (1) (E. g-y. Ju. 2f.) stem erect, branching from the base: lower 
leaves spatulate-obovate; cauline ones linear, equal : tlowers sub-capitate- 
corymbed. S8—12i. S. 

corymbosa, Mx. (2) (g-y. Ju. 2{) stem erect, terete, nearly naked: lower 
leaves long ‘auce-linear ; cauline ones subulate, minute near the summit : 
raceme: vorymbed : rachis squarrose. 2—4f. SS. 


Southern. 

setacea, Mx. (E. Ju. 3%.) stem simple, setaceous, nearly leafless, sparingly 
branched near the summit: leaves small, setaceous, scattered: flowers mi- 
nute in a compact spike. ; 

pubescens, M. (3) (E. r. y. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: stem erect, branching: leaves 
lance-oblong, acute, sub-sessile : racemes loose, terminal : flowers pedua- 
cled, at last pendulous. 

tiridescens, W. (4) (E. y-g. Ju.) stem simple : leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse : 
heads cylindric, squarrose : calycine wings distinctly acuminate. 1—4i. 

balduina, N. (E. y-w. Ju.) stem erect, branching near the summit: lower 
Jeaves spatulate-obtuse ; cauline ones lanceolate: heads squarrose, corymb- 
ed: calycine wings setaceous-acuminate. 2—3f. 

alba, N. (W.w. 2[.) stem simple: leaves alternate, linear, revolute at the 
margin : spike racemed, long-peduncled : corol bearded : bracts cadu- 
cous: calycine wings roundish. 6i. Fumaria. 


Polygonatum, CONVALLARIA. 
8—3. PoLyeonum. 12. 28. 


1. Flowers axillary. 


aviculare, (knot-grass. O. w. M. 2{.) stamens 8, styles 3: leaves lanceolate, 
scabrous at the margin : stipules short, lacerate : stem procumbent : flow- 
ers sub-sessile, axillary, minute. 6—12i. SS. 

erectum, (5) (O.w. J. 2{.) stem erect, branched: leaves oval, acutish : sta- 
mens mostly five. 1—3f. S. - 

maritimum, W. (6) (L. w-r. Au. 5. ?) stamens 8: styles3: leaves lanceolate, 
thick and glaucous, revolute on the margin : stipules lacerate: stem diffuse, 
rostrate, suffruticose. 1—2 f. ; 

enue, Mx. (7) (slender knot-grass. O, w. Ju. #%.) leaves long-linear, straight, 

_ (1) corymbosa, N. (2) attenuata, N. cymosa, Wr. (3) senega, var. 

rosea, Mx. (4) lutea, vie nana, Mx. (5) siealare, var. teilinn, Ph (6) 

.° Ph. glaucum,N. (7) Sr hes M. barbatum, Wr. 


388 POLYGONUM. 


acuminate: stipules tubular, apex villose : stem slender, erect, branched, 
acute-angled ; flowers alternate, sub-solitary. 9—18i. WS. 


. 
2. Flowers in slender spikes. 


lapathifolium, (1) (E.1-w. Au. 3%.) stamens 6: styles 2: stipules awnless : 
duncles scabrous : seeds concave on all sides: spikes rather crowded : 

eycs lance-ovate, short-petioled, pubescent above. 2—4 f. ; 

punctatum, E. (2) (water pepper, biting knotweed. O. w. Au, #%.) stamens 8: 
styles 3: leaves lanceolate, glabrous : stipules lax, glabrous, ciliate at the 
apex, spotted : spike filiform, weak, somewhat nodding: bracts remotely 
alternate. 1—2f. S. 

mite, P. (3) (tasteless knotweed. E. J. 3%.) stamens 8: styles 3: leaves narrow, 
lanceolate, sub-hirsute : stipules hirsute, long-ciliate : spikes linear: bracts 
ciliate, sub-imbricate. 12—13i, S. 

virginianum, (E. w. Ju. 2{.) stamens 5: styles 2, unequal: leaves broad-oval : 
spikes wand-like: flowers remote. 2—4f. S. 


3. Flowers in thick crowded spikes. 


viviparum, (A. r. Au. 2[.) stem simple: leaves lance-linear, glabrous ; margin 
revolute : spike single, linear: bracts ovate, acuminate. 6i. S. 

barbatum, W. (E. r-w. Ju.) stamens 6: styles 3; spikes wand-like, truncate, 
bristle-ciliate : leaves oblong, acute, smoothish. 18—24 i. 

persicaria, (ladies’ thumb, heart-spot knotweed. O. r. Ju. 3%.) stamens 6: styles 
2: spikes ovate-oblong, erect : peduncles smooth: leaves lanceolate : sti- 
pules smoothish, ciliate. 1—2 f. 

pennsylvanicum, (knee knotweed. O. Ju. 3%.) stamens 8: styles 2 or 1: spikes 
oblong: peduncles hispid : leaves lanceolate: stipules glabrous, not ciliate: 
stem with swelling knee-joints. 2—4 f. 

amphibium, L. (4) (mud knotweed. O, r. Au. 2{.) stamens 5: styles 2, half- 
united : upper leaves sub-sessile and tapering to the base ; middle ones short- 
petioled and abrupt at the base, lance-oblong and ovate-oblong, gradually 

tapering to a long-acuminate apex, rough at the edge: spike cylindrical : 

stem thick, erect, sub-decuinbent at the base. Flowers large, redjina 
thick spike 2 to3 inches long. In mud and moist ground. 

eoccineum, W. (5) (creeping knotweed. r. Au. 2.) stamens5: styles 2, half- 
anited: leaves long-petioled, oblong, abrupt and sub-cordate at the base, 
acute at the apex, glabrous and lucid: spike cylindrical: stem thick and 
strong, decumbent and rooting. Flowers red, in spikes not so long or thick 
as the last. Stem creeps along the muddy banks of an island in the Hud- 
son, above Troy, from 6 to 12 feet. 

fuitans, Ea. (6) (swimming knotweed. r. Au. 2{.) stamens 5: styles 2, half- 
united : leaves long-petioled, oblong-oval, tapering to the base, obtuse and 
acute at the apex, glabrous and lucid: stem filiform, wiry, floating, some- 
times rooting : spike cylindric. Flowers red, in spikes less than half as 
long as the last, and not a fourth as large as the preceding. Stem 10to15 
feet long, often dark-brown and sending off : cotlets in clear water. Grows 
in Whiting’s Pond, Columbia county, and in Botany Pond, three miles east 
of Albany. I have watched this and the two preceding species several 
years, and am satisfied, that they are distinct. Finding this to be a new 
one, not var. natans of Mx. I give it anew name. 


4, Flowers in spiked-panicled racemes. 
erticulatum, (joint-weed. E. r. w. Ju. #.) stamens 8 : styles 3: racemed spikes 


incarnatum, E. (2) hydropiper, Mx. hydropiperoides, Ph. (3) hy- 
aiaiiporoiden, Mx. 14) Var. terrestre, T. (5) amphibium, Var. natans, Mx 
(6) amphibium, Var. natans, 3d. ed. Manual, and Var. aquaticum, T. 


A 


POLYGONUM, POLYPODIUM. 339 


in a panicle, filiform: peduncles filiform, solitary, proceeding from above 
the imbricate truncate bracts: leaves linear: stipules sheathing, truncate. 


915i. SN. 
5. Flowers sub-racemed ; leaves cordate-sagittate or hastate. 


sagittatum, (prickly knotweed. O, w. J. 3%.) stamens 8: styles 3or 1: flowers 
in heads : leaves sagittate : stem with prickles reversed, or curved towards 
its base, climbing. WS. 

arifolium, (halbert knotweed. O, r-w. Ju. .) stamens 6: styles2or1: flow- 
ers distinct: spikes few-flowered: leaves hastate: stem with prickles re- 
versed, sub-erect. 2—4f. &. : 

convolvulus, (bind knotweed. O. w. r. Ju. 3%.) stamens 8 : styles3: leaves ob- 
long, heart-hastate : stem twining, angled, roughish : divisions of the calyx 
obtusely keeled. S. 

scandens, (climbing buck-wheat. O. w.r. Au. 2.) stamens 8 : styles 3: leaves 
broad-cordate : stipules truncate, naked: stem twining, glabrous : calyx 
bearing the fruit 3-winged. S. “t 

cilinode, Mx. (E. Ju. 3%.) stamens 8 : styles3: leaves cordate: stipules sub- 
acute, surrounded at the base with an outer ciliate series: stem angled, 
prostrate or climbing, roughish : divisions of the calyx obtusely keeled. 

Exotic. 

fagopyrum, (buck-wheat. r-w. Ju. 3%.) stamens 8 : styles 3: racemes pani- 
cled: leaves heart-sagittate : stem erectish, unarmed : angles of the seeds 
equal, 1—2f. 

bie ale. (prince’s feather. r. Au. 3%.) stamens 7 : styles 2: leaves ovate: 
stem erect, tall: stipules rough-haired, somewhat salver-form. Naturalized. 
3—6 f. 

Southern. 

hirsutum, Wr. (E. w. Ju. 3%.) stamens 8 : styles 3-cleft : spikes filiform: stem 
and stipules very hirsute: leaves lanceolate, hirsute punctate. 2 f, 

bistortoides, Ph. (W. w-r. J. 2[.) stem simple, l-spiked: leaves oval, flat, pe- 
tioled: bracts 1-owered, 2—3-valved. 

polyganum, Vent. (1) (E. w. Au. 2{.?) stamens 8: styles3: spikes panicled; 
flowers solitary : divisions of the calyx obovate: leaves spatulate : stipules 
entire, obliquely truncate. A variety of the articulatum? Ph. 6—8 i. 

Jinbriatum, E, (E. w. Au. 2[.?) spikes panicled : flowers solitary, fimbriate : 
stipules truncate, fringed: leaves linear, acute ateachend. 2f. 

setaceum, Bald. (E. w. Ju.) stamens 8: styles 3-cleft: peduncles long, 2-spik- 
ed: spikes interrupted, hirsute: leaves broad-lanceolate, acuminate, hix- 
sute: stipules hirsute, ciliate : stem erect, glabrous. 1—2f. 

gracile, N. (E. g-w. #.) dioecious, glaucous: racemes slender, filiform : fow- 
ers deflected, longer than the peduncles : peduncle articulated to the calyx - 
leaves spatulate-linear, obtuse: fruit longer than the calyx. 1—4 f, 

Brunichia. 


17—4, Potymnta. 49. 55. 


canadensis, (white lesf-cup. O. w. or y. J. 2/,) viscid-villose: leaves denticu- 
lates pele ; lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones 3-lobed or entire. 2— 
3f. 8S. . 

uvedalia, (2) (yellow leaf-cup. A. y. Ju. 2(.) leaves opposite, 3-lobed, acute, 
decurrent into the petiole: lobes sinuate-angled ; rays elongated. 3—5 f. 
8. Iva. 


21—1. Potypopium. 55. 5. 
vulgare, (polypod. O. Ju. 2f.) frond deeply pinnatifid : divisions lance-linear, 


. parvifolia, Mx, (2) maculata, Cavanilles, 


$40 POLYPODIUM, POLYTRICHUM. 


obtuse, crenulate, approximate, upper ones gradually smaller: fruit dots 
solitary : root chafly. Var. virgintanum, has a naked root. 8—12i. S. 

hexagonopterum, W. (E. Ju. 2{.) frond doubly-pinnatifid, smoothish ; two 
lower divisions deflexed ; subdivisions lanceol@te, obtuse, ciliate, those of 
the under leafets gash crenate, and of the upper ones entire ; the lowest 
ones adnate-decurrent: fruit-dots minute, solitary. The whole frond to- 
gether presents a triangular form. 121. 8. 

connectile, Mx. (E. Ju. 2{.) frond doubly-pinnatifid, ciliate; divisions oppo- 
site, contiguous, adnate: subdivisions somewhat oval: stipe chaffy : fruit- 
dots minute. 121. 

dryopteris, (1) (W. Ju. 2{.) frond ternate, doubly pinnate, straight, sub- 
rigid ; divisions obtusish, sub-entire: fruit-dots marginal, confluent. 8—12 i. 


Southern. 
virginianum, W. (E, Ju. 2{.) fronds deeply pinnatifid; divisions lanceolate, 
obtuse, very entire, approximate ; upper ones gradually sinaller: fruit dots 
solitary : root solitary. 
incanum, W. (2) (O. Ju. 2{.) fronds deeply pinnatifid; divisions alternate, 
_ linear, very entire, obtuse ; upper ones gradually smaller, scaly beneath: 
stipe scaly, fruit-bearing at the apex: fruit dots solitary. 
Acrostichum, 


3—2. Poxypocon. 4. 10. 
racemosus, Mx. (3) (E. Au. 2{.) panicle dense, conglomerate, interrupted : 


bristles of the calyx scabrous: corol unarmed, hairy at the base; culm 
branched. Trichochloa. 


4—1. Porypremum. 40. 40. 
Southern. 


procumbens, (O. w. Ju. #%.) stem furrowed, with the margins of the furrows 
sharp-serrulate, dichotomous above: leaves opposite, linear, sessile, finely 


serrulate, sub-decurrent. 6—12i. . Allionia. 
17—1. Potypreris. 49. 565. 
‘ Southern. 
intezrifolia, N. (E. 2{.) stem erect, sub-scabrous, branching above: leaves 
alternate, entire, lance-linear, scabrous. 3—4f. Melananthera. 


: 2i—2. Potyrricuum. 956. 4, 
1. Capsules with apophysis. 


juniperinum, (hair-cap moss. O. M. 2{.) stem generally simple : leaves lance- 
‘dinear, entire, flattish, somewhat spreading: the apophysis depressed. In 
dry woods, &c. 
piliferum, stem simple: leaves lanceolate, entire, bearing hairs at the apex : 
apophysis depressed. In dry sunny places. 
perigonale, simple, largish: leaves serrate ; those of the pericheth differing, 
elongated, membranaceous, ending in a capillary furm: capsule 4-sided ; 
lid orbicular, with a short apex in the centre. Apophysis under the cap- 
sule. ‘ 
2. Capsules without apophysis. 
capillare, stem short, simple : leaves few, laxish, linear, aculeate-serrate: pe- 
duncles longish, capillary: capsule erect, sub-ovate ; lid convex, abruptly- 
mucronate, siender, longish. 
(1) cal W. Neprodium, Mx. (2) Mx. Acrostic 
(1) calcareum, W. Neprodium, Mx. (2) ceteraccinum, Mx. Acrostichum 
polypodoides, L. (3) ghatehalas W. Agrostis, Mx. fe: 


+ 


POLYTRICHUM, POPULUS. $41 


stemless: leaves conglobate at the root, very short, oblong- 
oval, apex obtuse and thickish: capsules sub-corneous, obovate, sub-oblong ; 
lid with a sbort apex. 
ocevinenals , stemless: leaves very few, lower ones close-pressed, dilated into 
an oblong form ; upper ones mucronate-subulate, obscurely denticulate : cap- 
sule erect, oblong-cylindric ; lid convex, long mucronate, inclined, 


Catbarinea. 
e 


10—1. Pomarta. 32. 93. 
Southern. 
glandulosa, Cavan. (W. y. b.) branching, glandular punctate : branches 
slender, sub-pubescent: leaves abruptly bipinnate ; leafets ovate, oblique at 
the base, entire, sessile, sub-pilose, smooth and pale-green above. 
Pyrola. 
6—1. Ponteperia. 6. 17. 


cordata, (pickere] weed. O. b. Ju. 2[.) leaves heart-oblong, obtuse: spike 
many-flowered, compact: divisions of the corol oblong. Var. angustifolia, 
Ph. (3) leaves elongated-triangular, truncate and sub-cordate at the base. 
1—2f. S. 
Southern. 


lancifolia, M. (E. b. J. 2.) leaves lance-oblong: flowers spiked. Probably 
a variety of the last. Elliott. Galanthus. 


20—8. Poprvutus. 50. 99. 


tremuloides, Mx. (2) (white poplar, American aspen. E. Ap. 5.) leaves heart- 
roundish, abruptly acuminate; tooth-serrulate, glabrous, a little pubescent 
at the margin, with two glands at the base on the upper side: petioles com- 
pressed, in the young state silky, 20—30 f. 
grandidentiata, Mx. (tree poplar. E. Ap.-b.) leaves round-ovate, acute, une- 
qually and _oarsely sinuate-toothed, glabrous; in the young siate villose : 
petioles compressed. Var. pendula, branches pendulous. 40—S50f. &. 
betulifolta, Ph. (3) (birch-leaf poplar. E. Ap. 6.) leaves rhomboidal, long- 
acuminate, dentate, glabrous: young branches pilose. 30—40f. 
angulata, (4) (balm-of-gilead, water poplar, cotton wood. O. Ap. 5.) leaves 
-ovate-deltoid, acuminate, obtusely hook-toothed, glabrous; younger ones 
broad-cordate: branches wing,angled. 80 f. : 
balsamifera, W. (balsam poplar. Ap. 5.) leaves ovate acuminate, with close- 
pressed serratures, white and net-veined beneath: buds resinous. 70—80 £ 
candicans, A. (5) (E. Ap. 6b.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and 
unequally serrate, whitish beneath, sub-3-nerved, net-veined ; petioles hiv- 
sute: buds resinous: branches terete. 40—30f. 
levigata, W. (6) (cotton tree. Ap. 5.) leaves round ovate, deltoid, acuminate, 
sub-cordate, unequally serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base; petioles 
compressed: younger branches angled. 70—80f. S. 
heterophylla, Mx, (various-leaved poplar. E. M. ).) leaves round-ovate, cor- 
date, with a small sinus, sub auricled, obtuse, hook-toothed ; younger ones 
downy. 70—80f. S. 


Exotic. 
dilatata, W. (lombardy poplar, italian poplar. Ap. b.) leaves glabrous both 
sides, acuminate, serrate, deltoid, the breadth equal to or exceeding the 
length : branches erect, close to the stem. It is said no pistillate plant of 
this species has been brought to America. Consequently no seeds are ob- 
‘tained from it, and it has not been re-produced here from seed. 40—380 f. 


(1) Species of Ph. mucronata, Rs. (2) trepida, W. (3) hudsonica, Mx. 


Younger. nigra, Mx, elder. (4) heterophylla, Du Roi.. (5) latifoli, Ma. (6) 
age 


342 POPULUS, POTAMOGETON. 


graeca, W. (athenian poplar. Ap. he leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, obso- 
letely serrate: petioles compressed. 20—40 f. - 


Southern. 

‘monilifera, W. (W. Ap. b.) leaves sub-cordate-deltoid, glabrous, glandular 
at the base, with cartillaginous, sub-pilose, hooked serratures ; nerves spread- 
ing: petioles compressed above; older branches terete. 60—70 f. 

Diospyros. 
12—13. Porcetta. (1) 52. 76. 


triloba, W. (custard apple. W. p. Ap. 6.) leaves smoothish, oblong-wedge- 
obovate: outer petals orbicular: fruit large, fleshy. 30—40f. &. 


Southern. 

parviflora, Mx. (E. g-p. M. 5.) leaves wedge-obovate, mucronate, under sur- 
face and branches rufous pubescent: outer petals scarcely twice as long as 
the calyx. 2 f. 

pygmaea, Mx. (E. Ap. b.) leaves long-linear, wedge-form, obtuse, coriaceous, 
with the branches glabrous: outer petals obovate-oblong, much larger than 
the calyx, 6—I18 i. 

graadifiora, Mx. (E. y-w. Ap. b.} leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse, under sur- 
face and branches rufous-pubéscent: outer petals obovate, much larger than 
the calyx. 18—24i. Hepatica. 


21—5. Poria. 57. 2. 


pertusa, crust smooth, equal, becoming white-cinereous; warts of the recep- 
tacles sub-globose: mouths many, depressed, black. On the bark of trunks 
of trees. Very common. 

lejoplaca, crust smooth, milk-white i warts of the receptacles convex; mouth 
sub-solitary, becoming fuscous, opening into irregular chinks. On bark of 
trunks of trees. 

fallax, crust sub-effuse, glabrous, plicate-rugose, olive-cinereous: warts of the 
receptacle crowded, irregular, depressed above, sub-margined with a sub- 
gibbose, flexuous tumid periphery; mouths solitary and numerous, sub- 
confluent, deformed, black. On bark of trees, 

papillata, crust smooth, broken-rimose, becoming white: warts of the recep- 
tacle convex: mouth elevated, solitary, papilla-like, pore reddish-yellow, 
pertuse. On bark of trees. 

globularis, crust thin, granulated, becoming white-cinereous; granulations 
crowded, white, sub-globose and branching: warts of the receptacles thin- 
ly scattered, globose, glabrous; mouth solitary, impressed, punctate, black, 

leucostoma, Ach. receptacle with white orifices: crust dark. Resembles a 
Variolaria. Halsey. Pyrenula. 


12—1. PorruLacca. 54. 86. 
oleracea, (purslane. O. y. J. ¥.) leaves wedge-form : flowers sessile. S. 


Southern. 
pilosa, (W. ¥.) leaves subulate, alternate: axils pilose, flowers sessile, ter- 
nainal. Talinum. 


4—4,. Poramocrton. 15. 13. 


natans, (pond-weed. O. g. J. 2{.) leaves long-petioled, floating, lance-oval; 
at first some of them are sub-cordate. On water. S. 

fuitans, (E. g. Ju. 2{.) lower leaves long, linear; upper ones lanceolate, 
nerved, coriaceous; all petioled. In water. S. 

heterophyllum, Sr. (2) (E.g. Ju. 2{.) upper leaves petioled, oval, tapering to 
both ends: lower ones crowded, sessile, linear. S. 

diversifolium, B. (3) (O. g. Ju. 2{.) floating leaves opposite, lanceolate, 5 
(1) Orchidocarpum, Mx. Anona, W. Asimina, Ad. (2) hybridum, Mx. 

(3) setaceum, Ph. 


a. / « 


POTAMOGETON, POTENTILLA.- 343 


nerved, short-petioled ; submersed ones sessile, alternate, filiform ; spikes 
dense, axillary, alternate, shorter than the leaves. Water. : 

perfoliatum, (O. g, Ju. 2{.) leaves heart-ovate, clasping, all immersed: spikes 
terminal, above water: flowers alternate. In water. 

lucens, Mx. (O. g. J. 2[.) leaves very large, lanceolate, sub-sessile, middle 
rib thick: spikes long, cylindric, ‘The substance of the leaf is composed of 
translucent sellules; so that to the naked eye it appears to bea thin pellu- 
cid membrane. Spike from 1 to 2 inches long, with a peduncle thrice as 
long. The stipule above each leaf is about an inch in length; its substance 
resembling the leaf. Water. S, 

crispum, (O. r-g. J. 2{.) leaves alternate, or opposite, lance-oval, undulate, 
serrate: spikes few-flowered. 

pectinatum, S. (1) (E. g. J. 2.) leaves long-bristle-form, approximate, two- 
ranked, sheathed at the base: spikes terminal, interrupted, whorled : fruit 
ovate, turgid. All immersed in water but the spike. 

gramineum, Mx. (2) (grass pond-weed. O. g. Ju. 2{.) leaves lance-linear, al- 
ternate, sessile: stipules broad: stem terete, sub-dicotomous. In July, 
some of these plants begin to raise their spikes of unopened flower-buds to 
the surface of the water. As soon as the stigmas are fertilized by the pol- 
len, the spikes are again withdrawn to ripen the fruit under water. Other 
individuals succeed them, and the process goes on for several weeks. S. 

compressum, (E. g. Ju. 3%. or 2[.) leaves linear, obtuse: stem compressed : 
spike short, 4 to 6-flowered. Water. Ruppia, 


11—i3. Potrentinya. 35. 92. 
1. Leaves ternate. 


tridentata, A. (mountain cinquefoil. A. w. Ju. 2{.) ascending, smoothish : sti- 

pules subulate : leaves wedge-oblong, 3-toothed at the end, a few close- 
ressed hairs: flowers in a terminal forked corymb: petals oblong-ovate, 

onger than the calyx. 5—10i. S. 

emarginata, Ph. (E. 2{.) assurgent, hirsute: stipules ovate, entire : leaves ter- 
nate; leafets sessile, approximate, gash-toothed, hirsute on both sides: pe- 
dicels few, terminal, elongated, 1-flowered: petals wedge-oblong, emargin- 
ate, twice the length of the calyx. Labrador. 

nivea, W. (E. y. Ju. 2{.) assurgent, woolly-tomentose : stipules ovate, entire : 
leafets sessile, approximate, gash-toothed, hirsute above, white tomentose 
below : peduncles few, terminal, 1-flowered : petals broad-obcordate, scarce- 
ly longer than the calyx. Labrador. 

villosa, Ph. (W. 2{.) assurgent, silky villose: stipules broad, membranaceous, 
entire: leafets sessile, approxinate, with shining close-pressed hairs above, 
hoary tomentose beneath: peduncles short, aggregate: petals obcordate, 
longer than the calyx. 

hirsuta, Mx. (W.w. Ju. 2{.) erect, simple, very hirsute : stipules lanceolate, 
entire; leaves obovate, gasli-laciniate: panicle few-flowered; pedicels 
short: petals smaller than the calyx. 

norwegica, (cinquefoil. O. y. J. 3%.) erect, branching, hairy: stipules oval, 
toothed : leafets lance-rhombic, gash-toothed: branches dichotomous: pedi- 
cels short, axillary, solitary: petals shorter than the calyx. 8—18i. S., 


2. Leaves digitate in fives, rarely in sevens. 


canadensis, (3) (common five-finger. O. y. M. 2{.) procumbent, sub-ramose, 
whitish-silky : stipules ovate, gashed: leaves wedge-obovate, gash-toothed : 
stem ascending and creeping, hirsute: peduncles solitary, elongated: divis- 
ions of the calyx lance-linear: petals orbicular, sub-entire, of the length of 
the calyx. This plant is so long in flower, and assumes so many forms and 
sizes, that students in botany often make several species of it. Persoon’s 
diagnosis of reptans can be found in this plant; but we have no such spe~ 
cies. 2—18i. SW. 


(1) marinum, Mx. (2) pauciflorum, Ph. (3) pumila, Lk. 


' 


~ 


$44 POTENTILLA, PRENANTHES. 


simplex, Mx. (O. y. M. 2{.) erect, simple, hirsute : stipules gashed : leaves 
oblong-oval, coarsely toothed, upper ones sessile : peduncles axillary, sol- 
itary, elongated, 1-flowered : divisions of the- calyx lance-linear : petals 
round-obcordate, longer than the calyx. . 
sarmentosa, M. (E. y. M. 2{.) stem sarmentose : leaves quinate ; leafets ob- 
ovate, obtuse, serrate, glabrous above, hirsute beneath: petals roundish, 
longer than the calyx. 
opaca, W. (E. y. Ju. 2{.) decumbent, filiform, hirsute : stipules linear-ob- 
long, entire : radical leaves in 7’s and 5’s, wedge-linear, dentate : pedun- 
cles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered : petals retuse, as long as the calyx. Lab- 


rador. 

dissecta, Ph. (E. 2[.) erect, branching, nearly glabrous: leaves quinate ; 
leafets pinnatifid: divisions entire, acute : flowers terminal, sub-corymbed. 
Hudson’s Bay. 

argentea, (silver five-finger. O. w-y. Ju. 2{.) stem prostrate and ascending, 
rarely sub-erect, branching, white-downy: stipules ovate-acute: leaves 
wedge-form, gash-toothed, silvery white down beneath : petals retuse, scarce- 
ly longer than the calyx. 4—10i. S. 

recta, P. (y. J. 2{.) stem erect: leaves in fives and sevens ; leafets lanceo- 
late, coarsely toothed : petals ob-cordate, larger than the calyx: corol large, 
pale. 

3. Leaves more or less pinnate. 


fruticosa, (1) (shrubby cinquefoil. E. y. J. 5.) fruticose, hirsute : stipules 
ovate, entire : leaves quinate-pinnate ; leafets linear-oblong, entire : petals 
longer than the calyx. 1—5 f. 
anserina, (tansey cinquefoil. O. y. J. 2{.) creeping: leaves interruptedly pin- 
nate, numerous, gash-serrate, silky, white-downy Leneath : peduncles sol- 
itary, l-flowered. Var. graenlandica, nearly glabrous,"very small : leaves 
much smaller, in few pairs ; leafets obovate, reddish-green, whitish beneath. 
pensylvanica, (y. Ju. 2{.) erect, very soft, and somewhat whilish-villose : 
leaves pinnate; leafets oblong, obtuse, sub-pinnatifid, woolly: panicle 
straight, many-flowered : divisions of the calyx semi-oval. It is doubtful 
whether this is an American species. Torrey. 
supina, (W. y. J. 2%.) procumbent, dichotomous: leaves pinnate ; leafets 
oblong, deeply toothed: peduncles lateral, solitary, 1-flowered, spreadiag. 
Ss. 


Southern. 
humifusa, N. (W. y. M.) leaves digitate, quinate ; leafets wedge-oblong, ob- 
_tuse, gash-toothed, white tomentose beneath: peduncles short, filiform, 
_procumbent. 4—5i. 
leneophylla, T. & J. (W.) erect: leaves pinnately divided ; lobes oblong, 
deeply and sharply serrate, whitish-silky on both sides : stipules lanceolate, 
acute, very entire or }-toothed: flowers lax-corymbed : divisions of the ca- 
lyx lanceolate, very entire, narrower than the bracts: receptacle pilose : 
_pericarps smooth. Idi. Comarum. 


Potentilla. Bootia. Comarum. 


19—13. Porerium. 54. 92, 


Exotic. 


sanguisorba, (burnet. J. 2{.) stem somewhat angled, unarmed: leaves pin- 
nate: leafets serrate : flowers in heads, Ya Ae st 
Pothos, Icropxs. 
‘17—1. Prenantues. 49. 53. . 


alba, (white lettuce. O. w. p. Au. 2{.) radical leaves angled, hastate, tooth- 
(1) floribunda, Ph. wh 


PRENANTHES, PRIMULA $45 


‘ed, somewhat lobed; cauline ones round-ovate, toothed, petioled ; upper- 
niost ones lanceolate : panicle lax ; the terminal fascicle nodding : calyx 8- 
cleft, 9 or 10-flowered. Var. nana, Bw. low: leaves 3-parted, hastate, 
ovate and lanceolate, sometimes all simple: racemes panicled or simple. 
1—3f. 8S. 

serpentaria, Ph. (E. p. Au. 2{.) leaves toothed, rough ; radical ones palmate, 
minute ; cauline ones long-petioled, sinuate pinnatifid, sub-3-lobed ; mid- 
die lobe 3-parted ; upper leaves lanceolate : racemes terminal, panicled, 
short, nodding : calyx 8-cleft, 12-flowered. Probably a variety of the al- 
ba. 2—4f. SW. 

altissima, (E. p-y Au. 2{.) stem branching: leaves petioled, 3-lobed, angled, 
denticulate ; margin scabrous ; racemes axillary : flowers nodding: calyx 
about 5-flowered. 4—-8f. S. 

cordata, W. (E. w-y. Au. 2{.) stem panicled above : leaves petioled, cordate, 
toothed, ciliate; floral ones sessile, oblong, entire: panicle lax, racemes 
flowered. 4—6f. SS. 

virgata, Mx. (1) (O. w-p. Au. 2{.) glabrous: stem very simple: leaves all 
lyrate-sinuate: branchlets somewhat 1-sided : flowers pendant: calyx gla- 
brous, 8-cleft, 10-flowered. 3—6f. S. 

crepidinea, Mx. (E. S.) leaves broad-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, un- 
equally tooth-angled : panicle fascicled, terminal, few-flowered, nodding ; 
calyx hirsute, 10—12-cleft, about 20-flowered. 4—6f. S. 

rubicunda, W. (S.2{.) leaves ciliate, radical ones hastate-angled, sub-entire ; 
lower cauline ones obovate, tapering at the base, sub-angled ; upper ones 
lanceolate, entire : racemes simple, flowers nodding. This was consider- 
ered a variety of the alba by Linneus, and is made synonymous with the vir- 
gata by Mr. Nuttall. 18. 

racemosa, Mx. (E.) stem simple : leaves all undivided, smooth ; radical ones 
lance-oval ; cauline ones half-clasping : racemes oblong, very hirsute ; fas- 
cicles nodding: calyx 8—9-parted, 9—12-flowered. 

deltoidea, E. (BE. p. 8.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves deltoid, acuminate, 
acutely-denticulate, sub-glaucous beneath : racemes axillary, few-flowered ; 
calyx 5-flowered. 2f. S. 


Southern. 
simplex, Ph. (E. p. Ju.) stem simple: upper leaves lance-linear, entire ; rad- 
ical ones lanceolate, sinuate : raceme terminal, simple: flowers nodding ; 
calyx 8-flowered. [Is this distinct from the virgata? Elliott. 2f. 
illinoensis, P. (W.) stem simple, and with the leaves, very rough: leaves alt 
undivided, lance-oval: raceme long ; fascicles sub-sessile, erect, hirsute. 
aphylla, N. (E. p.r.2{.) stem sub-simple ; branches virgate : radical leaves 
linear; cauline ones small, subulate, scattered: flowers solitary: calyx $- 
eleft, many-flowered. 2f. Is this distinct from the next? 

Juncea, Ph. (W. 2{.) stem virgate-branched, sulcate, glabrous : cauline leaves 
remote, subulate, very shori: branchlets 1-dowered: calyx 5-cleft, 5-flower- 
ed; leafets membranaceous on the margin. 

paucifiora, T. & J. (W.) stem branching, flexuous, panicled above : braacb- 
lets 1-flowered : flowers erect : leaves lance-linear, runcinate, glabrous : ca- 
lyx about 5-flowered. 

tenutfolia, T. & J. (W.) stem branching, glabrous: leaves linear, very entire : 
panicle lax, terminal : flowers erect: calyx about 5-flowered. This and the 
preceding species were collected near the Rocky Mountains by Dr. James. 
They will probably hereafter be referred to a new genus. 
Lactuca. 


5—l. Primuzta. 21. 34. 
farinosa, var. americana, (bird’s-eye primrose. W. r. 2{.) leaves obovate-spatu- 


(1) autumnalis, Wr. rubicunda, W. ? 


$46 PRIMULA, PRINOS. 


late, repandly crenate-dentate, mealy beneath : umbel erect, many-flowered ; 
peduncles spreading: limb of the corol flat, as long as the tube; divisions 
obtuse, obcordate. 6—10 i. 

mistasinica, Mx. (W.2f{) small, glabrous: leaves#oval-spatulate, sub-den- 
tate: scape elongated : umbel few-flowered : limb of the corol reflexed ; 
the divisions wedge-oblong, obtusely 2-cleft : capsule oblong, exsert. 


Exolic. 

acaulis, (primrose, 2{.) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute beneath: scape 1-flow- 
ered. 

veris, (cowslip primrose. r-y. 2{.) leaves rugose, toothed : limb of the corol 
concave ; neck of the tube oblong: calyx inflated. 

elatior, (oxlip primrose. w-y. 2{.) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute : limb of the 
corol flat; neck of the tube hemispheric : flowers naked within. 

auricula, (auricula primrose. 2[.) leaves serrate, fleshy, obovate ; scape many- 
flowered: calyx mealy. 


Southern. 
angustifolia, T. & J. (W. p.) leaves lance-oval, yery entire, glabrous: scape 
l1-flowered : divisions of the corol ovate, very entire. 1—2i. 
Dodecantheon. 


6—1. Prinos. 43. 95. 


verticillatus, L. (1) (winter berry, false alder. O. w. J. 5.) leaves deciduous, 
oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath: fascicles of staminate flowers 
axillary, umbelliferous ; the pistillate flowers are aggregated ; both 6-parted. 
Var. tenuifolius, leaves obovate, membranaceous, smooth beneath: pistillate 
flowers 4—5-cleft, sub-solitary. Sometimes this shrub is monecious, and 
sometimes perfect-flowered. Generally in wet places. Berries red, per- 
manent. 4—8f. S. 

glaber, (ink-berry. E. Ju. 5.) leaves evergreen, wedge-lanceolate, ccriaceous, 
glabrous, shining, equally sub-dentate above : pedicels axillary, sub-soli- 
tary, mostly 3-flowered. 3—4f. : 

levigatus, Ph. (Ju. b.) leaves deciduous, lanceolate, close-pressed, serrate, 
acuminate, glabrous both sides, shining at the upper side, hardly pubescent 
at the nerves beneath: pistillate flowers axillary, solitary, sub-sessile ; stami- 
nate flowers scattered ; all 6-cleft. 6—8f S. 

ambiguus, Mx. (E. w. Ju. .) leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate at both ends, 
mucronate-serrulate, sub-pubescent beneath: flowers 4 or 5-cleft; staminate 
ones crowded together at the lower branches; pistillate ones solitary. Wet 
ordamp. 3—df. S. 

- 
Southern. 

eetcgrifolia, E. (E. 5.) leaves deciduous, oval, entire, mucronate, petioled, 
glabrous on both sides : pistillate flowers solitary, long-peduncled. A small 
tree. 

lanceolatus, Ph. (E. J. P) leaves deciduous, lanceolate, finely and remotely 
serrulate, acute at each end, glabrous on both sides: pistillate flowers scat- 
tered, generally in pairs, peduncled, 6-cleft; staminate ones aggregate, tri- 
androus. Berries small, scarlet. 

coriaceous, Ph. (2) (E.M.».) leaves perennial, broad-oval, acute, serrate 
near the apex, lucid above, minute-punctate beneath : pistillate flowers soli- — 
tary, about 8-parted; staminate ones aggregate, octandrous. Var. latifolia, 
leaves lance-obovate, acuminate. Var. angustifolia, leaves lanceolate, 
acute. 5—6f. Floerkea. 


— 
(1) gronovii, Mx. (2) atomarius, N. 


fies 


PROSERPINACA PRUNUS. 847 


38—3. Prosrerpinaca, 15, 22. 


palustris, (mermaid weed. E. ¢. Ju, 3% ) leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate above 
water, pinnatifidbelow. Water. 
pectinata, Lk. (E. g. Ju. 3%.) leaves all pectinate-pinnatifid. Water. 8. 
- Polycarpon. 


10—1. Prosopis. 33. 93. 


Southern. 
glandulosa, T. & J. (W. 5.) spines thick, cylindric-conic : leaves conjugate- 
pinnate or pinnate in one pair; leafets distant, 6—7-pairs, linear, sub-fal- 
cate, obtuse, glabrous, sub-coriaceous : petiole between the leaves and leaf- 
ets glandular: legumes straight: spikes cylindric. Arbutus, 


14—1. Pronecra. 42. 39. 


vulgaris, var. pennsylvanica, (heal-all, self-heel. O. J. 2f.) leaves petioled, 
oblong-ovate, toothed at the base: lips of the calyx unequal ; upper one 
truncate, awned : stemascending. 6—12i. S., Scutellaria. 


12—1. Prunus. 36. 92. 
1. Flowers in racemes. 


virginiana, (1) (wild cherry, rum cherry, cabinet cherry. O. w. M. 5.) ra- 
cemes erect, elongated : leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, unequally serrate, 
glabrous both sides: petioles generally bearing 4 glands. In open fielda 
the limbs of this tree spread out into an elegant oval top; but in dense for- 
ests it grows toa very great height, with a few contracted branches. S. 
serotina, W. (2) (choke-berry. O. w. J. 5.) flowers in lax racemes : leaves 
oval, short-acuminate, opake, doubly and acutely serrate: midrib bearded‘ 
on each side towards the base: petiole with 2 glands. This and the ‘pre- 
ceding species have been sngound by many Botanists. T.. S. 
canadensis, (O. w. 5.) flowers i es: leaves glandless, broad-lanceolate, 
rugose, sharply serrate, pubescent both sides, tapering into the petiole. S&S. 
obovata, Bw. (E.w. M. 5.) racemes spreading: leaves obovate, acute, very 
sharp-serrate, glabrous. Fruit red, bitter and astringent. A large shrab, 


, 


2. Peduncles sub-umbellate or solitary. 


pennsylvanica, A. (3) (E. w. M. 5.) flowers sub-corymbed ; pedicels elongat- 
ed: ieaves oval-oblong, acuminate, erose-denticulate, smooth: petioles with 
2 glands: branches punctate. S. 

pygmea, W. (american sloe. O. w. M. 5.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few- 
flowé@red : leaves oval-ovate, acute, glabrous both sides, sharply serrate, 2 
glands at the base. 3—4f. S. 

americana, Marshal]. (4) (meadow plum. O. M. w. 5.) somewhat thorny? pe- 
dicels aggregated, 3—5: stipules setaceous, compound: leaves oblong-oval 
and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate: fruit sub-’ 
ovate, mostly solitary, reddish yellow, with a thick coriaceous skin. 12— 
15f. Dn. M. S. Plam about the size of the damson; very sweet when 
ripe, stiptic before. S. ; 

chicasa, Mx. (5) (summer plum, meadow plum? w. M. 5.) branches very 
glabrous, somewhat thorny: leaves oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, minu- 
tely serrate : buds aggregated, each about 2-flowered: pedicels very short; 
divisions of the glabrous calyx obtuse: fruit sub-globose. The plums are 
yellow and reddish? 

pubescens, Ph. (6) (E. M. 5.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few-flowered : pe- 
(1) rubra, A. Cerasus, Mx. (2) virginiana, Miller. (3) lanceolata, W. 

borealis, Ph, Cerasus borealis, Mx. (4) hiemalis? Mx. nigra? M. spi 

_ mosa? Wr. (5) insititia, Wr. (6) sphaerocarpon, Mx. - 


$48 PRUNUS, PSAMMA. 


eee and calyx pubescent: leaves short-oval, serrulate: drupe spherical. 


maritima, Mx. (L. w. M. b.) peduncles sub-solitary : leaves ovate-oblong, 
acuminate, doubly serrate. Pursh has copied in the P. acuminata of Mx. aa 
a synonym, which is—branchlets glabrous: leaves oblong-oval, long, acute- 
ly acuminate : calyx glabrous : drupe long-peduncled, ovate, acuminate. 

pumila, (E. w. M. b.) umbels sessile, aggregate, few-flowered: calyx acute: 
branches wand-terete: leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrate above, the under 
sides pale. 2—3f, S. 

depressa, Ph. (sand cherry. O. w. M. 5.) umbels sessile, aggregate, few-flow- 

* ered: calyxes obtuse: branches angled, depressed, prostrate : leaves wedge- 
lanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath: fruit ovate. Is 
this the pumila ? 

susquehanna, W. (E. w. M. b.) peduncles solitary: leaves obovate-oblong, 
glaucous beneath, serrate, entire at the base, 

mollis, T. (E. 5.) young branches, leaves and peduncles pubescent: umbels 
sessile, 2—3-flowered : leaves ovate, long-acuminate, doubly tooth-serrate : 
stipules setaceous, Genticulate : calyx nearly smooth ; divisions lance-linear, 
serrate. 

littoralis, Bw. (beach plum. L. w. M. 5.) umbels crowded, few-flowered : pe- 
duncles and calyx sub-pubescent: leaves oval, acute, serrate, with the veins 
pubescent beneath. The size and colour of the fruit is subject to consider 
able variation. Bw. 

ecrasifera, W. (w. M. 5.) peduncles solitary: leaves oval, glabrous: fruit 
pendant: branches almost thornless. 


Exotic. 

inosa, W. (english sloe. 5.) peduncles solitary : leaves lance-oyal, pubescent 
beneath: fruit straight: branches thorny. 

cerasus, (garden cherry. w. r. 5.) umbel sub-peduncled: leaves lanee-ovate, 
glabrous, conduplticate. 

padus, (bird cherry. w. M. 5.) flowers racemed, lax: leaves doubly serrate, 
sub-rugose, petioled, with 2 clands. 

avium, (sinall bird cherry. w. 5.) umbels sessile: leaves lance-ovate, pubes- 
cent beneath, conduplicate. 

domestica, (plum. w. M. b.) peduncles sub-solitary : leaves lance-ovate, con- 
volute: branches thornless. War. juliana, (damson plum) fruit oblong, 
blue. Var. claudiana, (sweet plum, horse plum) fruit round, at first green, 
a yellowish. Var. enucleata, (stoneless plum) the putamen obso- 
ete. 


Southern. - 

¢aroliniana, W. (1) (E. w. Ap. 5.) flowers racemed : leaves perennial, lance- 
oblong, mucronate, serrate and entire, glandless, smooth. Middle size 
tree. 

semperflorens, W. (W. M. b:) racemes leafy, pendulous: calyx serrate: leaves 

_ ovate, serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base. Small shrub. 

hirsutus, E. (E. Ap. b.) racemes straight: leaves oval, serrulate, glandless, 
under surface, calyx, peduncles and petioles hirsute. 3—4 f. 

umbellata, E. (E.w. Mar. 5.) umbels terminal, many-flowered: leaves lance- 
olate, sub-acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, with 2 glands at the base: calyx 
pubescent, Lythrum. 


3—2. Psamma. (2) 4. 10. 


arenaria, (L. Au. 2{.) panicle spiked calyx acute : corol thrice as long as 
the chaff: leaves involute. 2—3f. S. Crypsis. 


*. 


(1):lusitamea, Wr. (2) Arundo, L. 


7 


a 


( 


PSILOTUM, PSORALEA. 349 


21—1. Psirorom. 55. 5. 


Southern. 
tviguetrum, Sz. (1) E. J. 2{.) stem naked, dichotomous, with the branches 3- 
angled. — Lycopodium. 


16—10. Psoratra. $2. 93. 


esculenta, Ph. (bread root. W. b. J. 2{.) wholly villose: leaves quinate-digi- 
tate; leafets Janceolate, unequal, flat, very entire: spikes axillary, dense- 

_ flowered: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, a little shorter than the coro! : 
legume ensiform, beaked : root fusiform. The root affords a staple article 
of diet to the western Indians. 12—18i. WS. 

incana, N. (2) (W.b. Ju. 2.) wholly silky-tomentose: leaves quinate and 
ternate ; leafets lance-oblong: spikes terminal, interrupted: bracts ovate, 
acuminate: flowers nearly opposite, sessile. 121. S. 


Southern. 
canescens, Mx. (E. y. J._2{.) hoary: leaves ternate, short-petioled, broad- 
oo : spikes lax-flowered : flowers pedicelled: calyx pilose. 2— 
Sf. 
tenuiflora, Ph. (W..b. S. 2{.) pubescent, very branching : leaves ternate ; 
Jeafets oval, rugose-punctate on both sides: peduncles axillary, aboui 3- 
flowered, longer than the leaves. 2 f. 
lanceolata, Ph. (3) (W. w-b. Au. 2{.) sub-pubescent: stem erect, sparingly 
branched: leaves ternate; leafets oval and lance-oval, obtuse, sub-mucro- 
nate: peduncles longer than the leaves: spikes capitate, many-flowered 
bracts deciduous: teeth of the calyx small, obtuse. 1 f. ‘ 
lupinellus, Mx. (E. p. J. 2{.?) glabrous: leaves digitate, long-petioled ; leaf- 
ets rene 3 racemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves : legumes ra- 
ose. 2f. 
longifolia, Ph. (W. w.? 2f.) wholly silky-villose: leaves ternate; leafets 
long-linear: spikes axillary, peduncled, lax-fiowered, shorter than the leaves: 
teeth of the calyx and bracts subulate. 
euspidata, Ph. (W. 2.) villose: leaves digitate-quinate; leafets obovate, mu- 
cronate, very entire: spikes axillary, dense-flowered: divisions of the calyx 
and bracts ovate, cuspidate, distinctly punctate. 
onobrychis, N. (4) (W.) stem smooth: leaves ternate; leafets lance-ovate, 
sub-pubescent: racemes axillary, long-peduncled: flowers one-sided: ie- 
gume sub-ovate, muricate, smooth. 3—5f. 
virgata, N. (E. b. 2{.) stem virgate, sub-pubescent: leaves simple, distant, 
lance-linear: spikes axillary, shorter than the leaves. 2 f. 
melilotoides, Mx. (E. p. J. 2[.?) sub-pubescent: leaves ternate ; leafets Jance- 
oblong : spikes oblong : bracts broad-cordate, long-acuminate: legumes 
- round, nerved, very rugose. 1—2 f. 
eglandulosa, E. (5) (E. p. J. 2{.) pubescent, without glands : leaves*ternate, 
Jance-oblong: spikes oblong: bracts broad-lanceolate, long acuminate, anc 
with the calyx villose. 
multijuga, E, (E. p. J.) stem branching: leaves pinnate; leafets numerous, 
{9—10 pairs,) lance-oblong, obtuse, pubescent: spikes oblong: bracts small, 
membranaceous, glandless. 1—2 f. 
jamesii, T. (W.) leaves ternate ; leafets obovate, very obtuse, wedge-form at 
the base, very entire, both sides silky: petioles pubescent : spikes capitate : 
pace oblong, acuminate: calyx very hirsute: teeth subulate, nearly equal. 
i. : 


(1) floridanum, Mx. Hoffmanniaaphylla, W. Bernhardia dichotoma, Ph. 
Lycopodium nudum, L, (2) argophylla, Ph. (3) elliptica, Phy arenaria, N. 
{4) hedisarioides, M.? (5) Melilotus psoraloides, N. 

30 


350 PSORALEA, PTERIS, 


latifolia, T. &.J.(W. J. 2{.) leaves ternate ; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate, 
nearly glabrous, ciliate on the margin : terminal one long-petioled: pedun- 
cles axillary: spikes lax-flowered, att, pee bracts caducous : calyx gla- 
rous: teeth acutish. 2—3f. Thisand the preceding species probably be- 
ong tosome other genus. T. Dalea. 


5—1. Psycuotria. 30. 57. 


{Generic description is here given, it having been omitted at page 28. It 
should follow Chiococca, and stand above the words seeds in a berry.j Calyx 
5-toothed, crowned: corol funnel-form: berry? globose or oval: seeds two, 
sulcate, bony. 


Southern. 
lanceolata, N. (E. b.) stipules clasping, roundish, caducous: leaves lanceo- 
late, acuminate at each end, pubescent : peduncles trichotomous, few-flow- 
ered. Lonicera. 


4—1. Prertea. 43. 94, 


trifoliata, (E. g-w.J. 5.) leaves ternate: flowers panicled, dioecious. Var. 
pentaphylla, leaves quinate. Var. pubescens, leaves pubescent. 6—8f. S, 


Southern. 
monophylla, Lk. (E.) leaves simple, lance-ovate, sub-sessile : fruit 3-winged. 
Krameria. 
21—2. PTERIGOPHYLLUM. 56. 4. 


rigidum, stem erect, pinnate above : leaves somewhat 2-ranked, obovate, mu- 
cronate, serrate, 2-nerved. Hypnum. 


21—2. PTERIGYNANDRUM. 56. 4. 


itricatum, creeping and rooting, entangled : branches simple, short: leaves 
concave, acuminate, lanceolate, lengthened out; capsule oblong-ovate ; lid 
sub-oblique. Onthe trunks of trees. 

julaceum, stem erect, terete: leaves thick-imbricate, oval, acuminate, smooth : 
peduncles scarcely projecting out of the long pericheth : capsules short- 
ovate ; lid conic: calyptre glabrous. On trunks of trees. 

brachycladon, stem creeping : branches very short, crowded, erect, simple, 
terete, acutish: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, nerveless : capsules erect, 
sub-cylindric, with a long-conic, sub-oblique lid. 

hirtellum, byanchlets slender-filiform, simple, short: leaves imbricated ina 
cylinder, sub-cordate, a little hirsute, fringed: capsule oblong ; lid long- 
conic. On trees. 

sub-capillatum, creeping, rarely rising, simple, flower-bearing : leaves ovate- 
acuminate, with a halved prolongation, imbricate: capsule oblong ; lid beak- 
ed : calyptre sub-pilose. Lasia. 


21—l. Preris. 55. 5. 


agquilina, (common brake. O. Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate, 3-parted ; barren branch- 
es doubly pinnate, with leafets lance-linear, obtuse-pinnatifid, toothed ; fer- 
tile branches pinnate, with leafets pinnatifid ; divisions acutish, a!l ciliate. 

atropurpurea, (rock brake. O. Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate : lower leafets lanceolate, 
obtuse, ternate or pinnate; at the base obtusely truncate or sub-cordate. 
Var. venosa, leafets veined beneath: stipe angled. Var. punctata, leafets 
punctate beneath: stipe terete. In ripening, the marginal involucre un- 
rolls, and the capsules on opposite sides meet ; so that it exhibits the generic 
character of the Acrostichum. Stipe dark-purple. 3—10i, S&S. 


PTERIS, PULMONARIA. 351 


gracilis, Mx. (E. Ju. 2.) frond pinnate : leafets lanceolate, obtuse, alternate, 
sessile ; lower ones pinnatifid ; fertile ones entire ; barren ones crenate, 
round-obtuse. 4i. 

caudata, Jn. (Au. 2{.) frond 3-parted-pinnate : barren branches doubly pin. 
nate; leafets linear, elongated, obtuse, entire ; lower ones doubly pinnati- 
fid: fertile branches pinnate : leafets remotish below, at the base pinnatifid- 
toothed. S. 


Southern. 
pedata, W. (E. Ju. 2{.) frond deeply 5-lobed-palmate ; lobes pinnatifid ; di 
visions lance-linear, acute. 6 i. Adiantum, 


17—2. Prerocauton. 49. 55. 


Southern. 
pycnostachya, Mx. (1) (E. w. Au. 2{.) Described under Conyza pycnostachya, 
Erigeron, 


10—1. Prerospora. 18. 51. 


andromeda, N. (2) (Albany beech-drops. E. r-y. Ju. #%.) scape purple, very 
tall, bearing a many-flowered raceme : flowers lateral and terminal, nod- 
ding : peduncles filiform, longer than the flowers : lanceolate scales below, 
uone above. 1—2f. Monotropsis. 


2i—6. Puccinta. 58. 1. 


polygoni-avicularie, sub-linear, scattered, chesnut-brown: fruit globose. On 
the stems and leaves of knotgrass. 

graminis, (blight, black rust.) crowded, linear, becoming black : fruit sub- 
turbinate, narrowed in the middle. In the culms of wheat and various oth- 
er grasses, in summer and autumn. Trichoderma. 


5—1. Pormonarisa. 41. 42. 


virginica, (E. b. M. 2.) smooth: stem erect: calyx much shorter than the 
tube of the coro! : radical leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse ; cauline ones nar 
rower. S. 

paniculata, A. (E. b-w. J.) sub-hirsute, erect; leaves ovate-oblong, acum 
nate: flowers panicled: calyx short 5-parted. Hudson’s Bay. 


Exotic. 
icinalis, (lung-wort. b. M. 2f.) radical leaves heart-ovate, hirsute : flowers 
racemed. 
Southern. 
lanceolata, Ph. (3) (W. b. w. 2{.) glabrous, erect: radical leaves very long- 
oe lanceolate ; cauline ones linear-oblong : flowers sub-panicled: ca- 
yx short. 
alpina, T. & J. (W. b. 2{.) nearly glabrous: stem simple, assurgent: leaves 
spatulate-ovate ; lower ones acute ; upper ones acuminate, sub-pilose above, 
minutely ciliate on the margin: flowers in terminal fascicles, sub-sessile : 
parca reg! of the calyx oblong, obtusish, ciliate, about half the length of the 
corol. 6i. ; 


(1) Conyza, Mx. (2) Monotropa procera, 2d ed. This plant was discov- 
ered near Albany, in the summer of 1817, by Dr. Edwin James. He consider- 
ed it a Monotropa, and { published it as described by Dr. Torrey, in the sec- 
ond edition of this work, under the name M. procera. Certainly the Monotre- 
pa, Hypopithys and Pterospora, ought to be united in one genus, with some ex- 
tension of the generic description. (3) marginata, N. 


352 PULMONARIA; PYRENULA. 


ciliata, J. (W. b.) glabrous, erect ? leaves lance-ovate; attenuate at éach end, 
* ciliate on the margin: flowers fascicle-panicled, pedicelled: coroltubular- 
bellform : calyx short, 5-parted ; divisions ovate, obtuse. 1 f. 
* 


Lithospermam. 
. - Pulmonaria, Liraospermum. a 
> 1i—1. Puwnica. 36. 92. 
Exotic. 
granatum, (pomegranate. 5.) leaves lanceolate : stem woody, Torréya. 
- 


Purshia, Onosnopium. 


/ 
Ci 13—1. PycnantHemum. 42. 39. 
: 


* 1. Stamens exsert. : 4 

incanum, (1) (wild basil, mountain mint, O. w. r. Ju. 2ft) leaves oblong-orate, 
acute, sub-serrate, white downy: flowers in compound heads, lateral ones 
peduncled: bractssetaceous. 1—5f. WN. 

aristatum, Mx. (E. w. Au. 2{.) leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate, short-petioled, * 
somewhat hoary: head sessile, terminal: bractsawned. I1—3f. SW. 

linifolium, Pb. (2) (virginian thyme. E. w. Ju. 2{.) glabrous: leaves linear, 
3-nerved, entire, punctate, acute: heads terminal, sub-corymbed: bracts 
shortawned. 1—2f. S. 

virginicum, (3) (narrow-leaf virginian thyme. O. w. J. 2{.) pubescent : leaves 
sessile, lance-linear, entire, punctate: heads terminal, corymbed: bracts 
acuminate, 12—18i. S. 


2. Stamens inclosed. 


muticum, Mx. (4) (E. w. Ju. 2[.) leaves lance-ovate, sub-dentate, ribbed, sub- 
glabrous : heads terminal : bracts lanceolate, acutish. 18—24i. WS. 

verticillatum, Mx. (4) (A. w. J. 2{. leaves lance-ovate, entire or remotely sub- 
ye ha pubescent: whorls sessile, compact: bracts acuminate. 18— 
244i. S. 

Southern. 

montanum, Mx. (A. p. 2[.) leaves lance-oval, serrate, sub-sessile: heads ses- 
sile: bracts ciliate, acuminate: calyx erect withshortteeth. 1 f. 

monardellum, Mx. (A. w-r. Ju. 2[.) pubescent: leaves abruptly petioled, sub- 
cordate-oval, serrate: bracts large, coloured, ciliate: calyx bearded at the 
summit. 2—3 f. 

nudum, N. (A.) very glabrous: stem simple: leaves oblong-ovate, entire, ses- 
sile: heads pedicelled, few-flowered, naked: stamens exsert. 2 f. 

pilosum, N. (W.-J.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, tomentose beneath, obsoletely 
toothed : heads large, terminal: lance-ovate bracts and calyx, hoary-tomen- 
tose. 18—24i. Lavandula. 


21—5. Pyrenvuta. 57. 2. 


nitida, crust cartillage-membranaceous, smooth ; from pale becoming fuscons- 
cinereous : warts of the receptacles glabrous, closed ; closely surrounding 
the upper, naked, prominent wrinkled part of the frond, which is perforated 
with a depressed mouth. On bark of trunks of trees. 

enteroleuca, Sp. crust membranaceous, very white, sub-lucid, under the mi- 
eroscope cracked and rugged : receptacle above the crust though surround- 
ed by it at the base, cupuli-form, open at the top (like a Lecidea:) margin 
black with a grey bloom: nucleus hemispheric, whitish, with a black prui- 

—— 

1) gg? age L. (2) virginicum, P. Brachystemum virginicum, Mx. 
bintftinen, Thymus Wek saa L. Organum néx none W. (3) Bra- 
chystemum, Mx. Origanum clinopodioides, Wr. (4) Brachystemum, Mx. 


PYRENULA, PYRUS. 353 


nose disk. This has much the habit of a Lecidea and may be the L. urceo- 
ata of Acharius. Halsey. Common on trunks. 
nigrescens, Ach. crust tesselated, blackish : receptacle on the areolae, shining, 
black, hardly visible to the naked eye. On rocks. 
margacea, Ach. crust ashy, rugged, and warty: receptacle globose, (resem- 
bling @Porina with several orifices.) Common on rocks. Variolaria. 


10—1. Pyrota. 18, 51. 


rotundifolia, (shin-leaf, pear-leaf wintergreen. O. w. J. 2{.) style declined : 
leaves rounded or broad-oval obsoletely serrulate, sub-coriaceous, shining : 
petiole about as long as the lamina: scape many-flowered. “6—J2i. S. 

elliptiea, N. (O. w. J. 2.) style declined: leaves membranaceous, oblong-oval 
or ovate, plaited-serrate, abruptly acute: Jamina much longér than the pe- 
tiole ; s naked, or having a single scale: bracts subulate: calyx 5- 
toothed. 10 i. 

asarifolia, Mx. (1) (O. g-w. Ju. 2f.) style declined: leaves sub-reniform, 
generally emarginate, coriaceous, lamina shorter than the petiole: scape 
sometimes convolute. 6—$8 i. 
* tentata, S. (W.) style declined : leaves obovate or oval, veined, remotely and 
obtusely toothed : scape straight, obscurely angular, nearly naked. 6 i. 
pteta, S. (W.) style declined : leaves ovate, sub-serrate, rather fleshy, with 
large branching veins and whitish spots: flowers secund? 

aphylla, S. (W.) style declined : scape and stalk leafless, scaly : scales lanceo- 
late, membranaceous : scape angular. 

minor, (w-r. Ju. 2{.) style straight : leaves round-oval, serrulate : scape sub- 
naked : spike with flowers reversed. 

secunda, (one-sided shin-leaf. O. g-w. Ju. 2{.) style straight: leaves round- 
ovate, acate, serrate: spike with 1-sided flowers. 6—8i. 

uniflora, (E. J. 2.) style straight: leaves sub-orbicular, serrate : scape 1- 
flowered. Chimaphila. 


Pyroia, CHIMAPHILA, 
11—5. Pyrus. 36. 92. 


coronaria, (2) (crab apple.O. w-r. M. 5.) leaves broad oval, at the- base round- 
ed, sub-angled or sub-lobed, serrate, smooth : peduncles corymbed. Flow- 
ers sweet scented. S. 

angustifolia, A. (M. b.) leaves lance-oblong, at the base acute : slightly cre- 
nate-toothed, shining : peduncles corymbed. Fruit very small. 8. 


Exotic. ; 

communis, (pear. E. w-r. M. b.) leaves ovate, serrate, (rarely entire :) pedun- 
cles corymbed. Var. pyraster, (dwarf) fruit very small and acid. Var. falerna, 
(bergamot) fruit orbicular, apple-form. Var. pompeiana, (good christian.) 
Var. favonia, (musk-pear.) Var. liquescens, (butter-pear.) Var. refusans, 
(reomeee™.) Var. pyramidalis, (leg-pear.) These five last varieties are 
distinguished more by their flavor than by any external marks. 

malus, (apple. E. w-r. M. 5.) flowers in sessile umbels: leaves ovate-oblong, 
acuminate, serrate, glabrous: claws of the petals shorter than the calyx: 
styles glabrous. Var. sylvestris, (wild apple) leaves ovate serrate : fruit 
small, austere. Var. prasomila, (pippin.) Var. castanea, (chesnut-apple.) 
Var. apiosa, (ape-apple) fruit small, round, red, pleasant-tasted. Var. ca- 
villea, (cornered apple) leaves broad-ovate, downy beneath : fruit angled. 

cydonia, (quince. E. w. J. 5.) flowers solitary : fruit tomentose: leaves ovate, 
entire. Var. lusttanica, leaves very broad. 


Remark, The varieties into which the above species have been extended by 
ae 


{1) chlorantha, N. (2) Malus, Mx. 
30* 


354 PYRUS, QUERCUS. 


culture, are very numerous, I have given those only which are set down by 


Persoon as the most distinct. Spiraea. 
Pyrus, AROMIA. ~ 
Pyxidanthera, DiaPENsiA. * 
Q. 
19—2. Quercus. 50. 99. * 


1. Fruit sub-sessile : leaves mucronate, with a bristle-form awn, entire. 
Fructification biennial. 


phellos, (willow oak. E. M. b.) leaves lance-linear, tapering to both ends, en- 
tire, glabrous, mucronate: calyx saucer-form : acorn roundish, Var, hu- 
milis, low and straggling : leaves shorter. 30—60f, SS. 

tmbricaria, Mx. (shingle oak, laurel oak. P. M. 6.) leaves oblong, acute at 
both ends, mucronate, entire, shining, pubescent beneath: calyx saucer- s 
form, scales broad ovate: acorn sub-globose. 40—50f. S. 


2. Frutt sub-sessile : leaves mucronate, with a bristle-form awn, toothed or lob- 
ed. Fructification biennial. 


heterophylla, Mx. (burrier’s oak. M. 5.) leaves long-petioled, lance-ovate or 
oblong, entire or unequally coarse-toothed: calyx hemispheric, acorn sub- 
globose. Pursh says there is but one individual of this species known in the 
world, which is now growing on the Bartram plantation near Philadelphia. 

azrifolia, W. (W. 5.) leaves roundish-ovate, sub-cordate, glabrous on both 
sides, remotely spinose-toothed : calyx hemispheric, scales lax : acorn ovate- 
acute, 

triloba, W. (1) (downy black oak. E. M. b.) leaves wedge-oblong, acute at 
the base, sub-3-lobed at the apex: lobes equal in breadth, mucronate ; mid- 
dle lobe longest, downy beneath: calyx saucer-form: acorn compressed, 
globose. 20—40f. 3S. 

aguatica, W. (2) (water oak. E. M. 6.) leaves wedge-ovate, glabrous, very 
entire : apex obscurely 3-lobed, with the intermediate lobe longest: calyx 
hemispheric: acorn sub-globose. Leaves very variable. 30—40f. WS.’ 

nigra, (3) (barren oak, black jack. E. M. 5.) leaves coriaceous, wedge-form, 
sub-cordate at the base, spread and retuse-3-lobed at the apex : in the young 
state it is mucronate, glabrous above, mealy-rust beneath: calyx turbinate : 
scales obtuse, scarious: acorn short-ovate. Small. S. 

tinctoria, Bart. (4) (quercitron oak, black oak. O. M. 6.) leaves obovate-ob- 
Jong, a little sinuate, pubescent beneath: lobes oblong, obtuse, obtusely 
denticulate, setaceous-mucronate : calyx saucer-form: acorn depressed-glo- 
bose. 60—70f. S. Bade 

discolor, A. (5) false red oak. O. M. 5.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pu- 
bescent beneath, and on both sides when young: lobes oblong, toothed, se- 
taceous-mucronate : calyx turbinate: acorn ovate. 60—70f. S. 

coccinea, Wm. (scarlet oak, ink-ball oak. O. M. 5.) leaves long-petioled, ob- 
Jong, deeply sinuate, glabrous : lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceous- 
mucronate : calyx turbinate, marked with scales: acorn short-ovate. This, 
the last species, and the rwbra, are usually called red-oak by farmers ; and 
it requires some attention for the botanist to distinguish them. The leaves of 
this species become reddish, and even scarlet inautumn. Produces brown- 
ish-purple nut-galls. 70—80f. WS. ; 


(1) cuneata, Wm. (2) nigra, L. not W. uliginosa, Wm. (3) ferruginea, 
Mx. (4) tinctoria-angulosa, Mx. (5) tinctoria-sinuosa, Mx. 


QUERCUS. 355 


ambigua, Mx.'(gray oak. E. M. b.) leaves sinuate, glabrous, acute at the base : 
lobes sub-acute : calyx nearly saucer-form: acorn turgid, ovate. Interme- 
diate between the preceding and the following one, and probably only a hy- 
brid. Ph, 

rubra, (red oak. O. M. 6.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, glabrous, obtusely 
sinuate: lobes acutish, toothed, setaceous-mucronate: calyx saucer-form, 
smoothish : acorn sub-ovate, turgid. 70—80f. S. 

catesbaei, Mx. (barren scrub oak. M. 5.) leaves short-petioled, wedge-form at 
the base, oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, deeply sinuate ; lobes divaricate, 
acute, mucronate : calyx turbinate, large, scales obtuse ; marginal ones in- 
flexed: acorn ovate. 15—30 f. 4 

falcata, Mx. (1) (spanish oak. E. M. 5.) leaves long-petioled at the base, obtuse, 
downy beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate : lobes sub-falcate, setaceous-mucronate, 
terminal one elongated : calyx bowl-form: acorn globose. 70—80f. S. 

palustris, W. (pin oak. O. M. 5.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, deeply sinuate, 
glabrous ; axils of the veins villose beneath; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, se- 
taceous-mucronate : calyx saucer-form, smooth : acorn’sub-globose. Generally 
grows in wet places. ‘The small limbs along the body of the tree die as the 
tree advances, which gives it the appearance of having pins or trunnels driy- 
enintoit. 40—60f. S. 

ilicifolia, W. (2) (scrub oak. O. M. 5.) leaves long-petioled, wedge-obovate, 
4 or 5-lobed, margin entire, whitish downy beneath: lobes setaceous-mucro- 
nate: calyx sub-turbinate: acorn sub-globose. 3—9f. WS. . 


3. Fruit peduncled : leaves without awns, lobed. Fructification annual. 


obtusiloba, Mx. (3) (iron oak, post oak. E. M. b.) leaves oblong, sinuate, 
wedge-form at the base, pubescent beneath: lobes obtuse, upper one dilated, 
2-lobed, (often the lobes are so arranged in the young plants as to form a 
cross-form. or stellate leaf:) calyx hemispheric: acorn oval. 30—50f. S. 

macrocarpa, Mx. (over-cup oak. W. M. b.) leaves downy beneath, deeply 
lyrate-sinuate-lobed ; lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated: calyx bow]- 
form, upper scales setose : acorn turgid, ovate, large. A largetree. S. 

oliveformis, Mx. (mossy-cup oak. O. M. b.) leaves oblong, glabrous, glaucous 
beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid: calyx deeply bowl-form, 
fringed above : acorn oval-ovate. Largetree. S. 

alba, (white oak. O. M. 5.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent be- 
neath; lobes obtuse, entire, narrowed at their bases, particularly on full- 
grown trees: fruit peduncled : calyx somewhat bowl-form, tubercled flatten- 
ed at the base: acornovate. The most useful timber-tree in America. 70 
—80f SS. 


4, Fruit peduneled : leaves without awns, toothed, not lobed: Fructification 
annual. 


prinus, W. (4) swamp oak. E. M. 5.), leaves long-petioled, obovate, acute, 
pubescent beneath, coarsely toothed ; teeth about equal, spread, callous at 
the apes. calyx bowl-form, tapering at the base: acorn ovate, large, sweet 


tasted. Largetree. 70—80f. S. 
bei ty Mx. (5) (dwarf chesnut oak, chinquapin. O. M. 5.) leaves short- 
petioled, obovate, at the base acute, coarsely toothed, glaucous beneath : 


teeth nearly equal, spread, callous at the apex: calyx hemispherical: acorn 
ovate. Alowshrub, 3—4f. S. 

montana, W. (6) (rock oak, chesnut oak, mountain oak. A. M. 5.) leaves mod- 
erately petioled, broad-obovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above ; 
coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, oblique ; teeth sub-equal, very obtuse, 
short: fruit in pairs, short-peduncled: calyx hemispheric: scales rugose, 
tubercled: acorn ovate. 30—40f. S. 


{1) elongata, W. (2) banisteri, Mx. (3) stellata, W. (4) prinus-palustris 
Mx. (5) prinoides, W. (6) prinus monticola, Mx. ’ ( ) P Pp 


$56 QUERCUS, QUERIA. 


ecastanea, W. (1) (yellow oak. E. M. 5.) leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong, ob- 
tuse at the base, acuminate, downy beneath, coarsely toothed; teeth sub- 
equal, spread, acute, callous at the apex: calyx hemispheric: acorn globu- 
lar-ovate.—Large tree. The bark is used for dyinggyellow. 60—70f. S&S. 

dieolor, W. (2) (swamp white oak. E. M. b.) leaves short petioled, oblong- 
obovate, white-downy beneath, coarsely toothed, entirefat the base: teeth 
unequal, spread, acutish, callous at the apex: fruit in pairs, long-peduncled ; 
the peduncle terminating in a bristle: calyx hemispheric: acorn oblong- 
ovate. War. mollis, N: leaves toothed, sub-ferruginous and soft-pubescent 
beneath. 60—70f. SS. 


Southern. 

maritima, W. (L. Ap. 2{.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, lanceolate, entire, ela- 
brous, tapering at the base, acute at the apex, mucronate: calyx peduncled : 
acorn oval mucronate. 4—10f. 

pumila, Wr. (3) (L. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-oblong, sub-undulate, obtuse at the 
base, acute, mucronate at the apex, glabrous above, tomentose beneath : acorn 
sub-globose. 2 f. 

myrtifolia, W. (E. b.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, small, oblong-ovate, un- 
awned, acute at each end, glabrous, shining and reticulate above, revolute at 
the margin. 

virens, W. (4) (live oak. O. M. 5.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong-oval, 
entire, revolute at the margin, at the base obtuse, at the apex acute, awnless, 
stellate-pubescent beneath: fruit pedicelled : calyx turbinate : scales abbre- 
viated: acorn oblong. 40—60 f. 

cinerea, Mx. (E. Ap. b.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, lance-oblong, entire, 
sub-revolute at the margin, mucronate at the summit, stellate-tomentose be- 
neath: fruit sessile: acornsub-globose. 20 f. 

laurifolia, Mx. (E. Ap. b.) leaves nearly perennial, sessile, lance-oblong, sub- 
acute, tapering at the base, entire, glabrous on both sides: acorn sub-ovate. 
Var. obtusa, leaves obtuse atthe apex. 40—50 f. 

hemispherica, W. (E. M. 5.) leaves perennial, lance-oblong, undivided, 3-lob- 
ed and sinuate ; lobes mucronate: glabrous on both sides. Probably a vari- 
ety of the equatica. Ph. : 

nana, W. (E.M. b.) leaves wedge-form, glabrous, 3-lobed at the summit, sub- 
sinuate at the base ; lobes divaricate, mucronate; middle one largest; axils 
of the veins beneath pubescent: acorn ovate, sub-globose. : 

lyrata, Wr. (E. Ap. 5.) leaves oblong, sinuate, glabrous; lobes oblong, sub- 
acute; upper ones broad, angled: calyx as large as the globose nut: acorn 
nearly covered. 60—70 f. 

michauxii, N. (E. Ap. 5.) leaves petioled, obovate, obtuse at the base, unequal- 
ly toothed, sinuate, tomentose beneath: fruit generally in pairs: acorn very 
large, ovate. 50—60 f. 

undulata, T.& J. (W..) fraticose, very branching: leaves short-petioled, ob- 
long, obtusish, coriaceous, repand-toothed, undulate, equal at the base, pulve- 
rulent-tomentose beneath, shining above: fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile, de- 
pressed-hemispheric: calyx scales appressed. A small straggling 5 

orylus. 


3—3. QueERIA. 22. &2. 


canadensis, (5) (fork chickweed. O. w. Ju. 2{.) stem dichotomous, very branch- 
ing, spread: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, erect. About 6 or 8 inches high, 
very slender and branching. Flowers very small, stamens from 2to5. Var. 
capillacea, branches capillary: leaves obtusish: flowers mostly longer than 
the stipules. 


—_—_— 


(1) aay acuminata, Mx. (2) prinus tomentosa and discolor, Mx. (3) se- 
ticea, W. (4) sempervirens, Wr. (5) Anychia dichotoma, Mx. 


QUERIA, RANUNCULUS. 357 


Southern. 

dichotoma, W. (1) (O. S. 2f.) caespitose, procumbent, glabrous: leaves acerose, 
linear, acute, with 2 grooves on each side: cyme dichotomous: stipules 2. 
cleft; bracts shorter than the flowers: divisions of the calyx minute-mucro- 
nate. 

herniarioides, Mx. (2) (E. Ju. 2f.) prostrate, clustered, all over pubescent : 
leaves oblong-oval, ciliate, mucronate: divisions of the calyx subulate, 
spreading and setaceous at the point. 

argyrocoma, M. (2) (E. J. 2{.) caespitose, procumbent: stems pubescent: 
leaves linear, very acute, sub-pilose: the little heads fascicled, terminal, sil- 
very: calyx pilose, with the tips bearded and long-acuminate. 

sessiltifora, N. (3) (W. Ju.) caespitose, diffusely branched: leaves glabrous, 
very short, linear, reflected, acute: stipules subulate, irregularly lacerate, 
nearly equal to the leaves: flowers terminal, sessile: outer points of the ca- 
lyx capillary, attenuated. Glaux. 


R, 


21—6. Racopirum. 58. 1. 


supestre, compact, black, adnate to rocks. 

cellare, broad-expanded, very soft, black. Often in wine cellars, &c. 

xylostroma, (4) very broad, soft, ochre-yellow. This is the oak leather or punk. 
In the natural cleavages of decaying wood, often many inches broad and 
very tough. 

papyraceum, white, thin, paper-like. Called paper-punk as well as the hyd- 
num chrysorhizum, and may be the same plant. Grows between the cleay- 
ages of dry wood. “ Himantia. 


21—5. Ramartna. 57. 2. 


homalea, frond compressed, 2-edged, smooth, naked, ramose, becoming pale- 
white, sub-ramose, crosswise : branches dichotomous attenuated : receptacles 
scattered, aflixed at the centre, a little concave, somewhat margined, uni- 
form-coloured. 

polymorpha, frond flat-compressed or teretish, torn-branched, pale, longitudin- 
ally lacunose: fruit-dots scattered, sub-eliptic and terminal, head-form: re- 
ceptacles sub-marginal, a little concave; disk fleshy, somewhat hoary. On 
rocks and stones. 

Sraxinea, frond flat, linear-laciniate, white-cinereous, glabrous both sides, ru- 
gose-lacunose, sub-reticulate: extreme divisions lance-attenuated: recepta- 
cles marginal, flat, pale-flesh-coloured. On trunks and branches of trees, 
chiefly ash and oak. 

fastigiata, frond terete-sub-compressed, smooth, lacunose, ramose, white-giau- 
cous: branches thickening upwards, fastigiate: receptacles terminal, pel- 
tate-sub-sessile, white. On trunks of trees. 

farinacea, frond terete-compressed, glabrous, sub-lacunose, bearing fruit-dots, 
rigid, ramose, becoming white-cinereous ; branches linear-tapering : recep- 
tacles scattered, pedicelled, flat, somewhat margined, white. On trunks 
and branches of trees. Collema. 


12—13, Ranuncunus. 26, 61. 


1. Leaves simple. 


lingualis, W. (great spear-wort. y. Ju 2{.) hairs close-pressed : leaves lanceo- 
jate, sub-denticulate, acuminate, sub-sessile ; stem erect many-flowered. S. 


(1) Illecebrum, W. Paronychia, N. (2) Anychia, Mx. Paronychia, Ja. 
(3) Paronychia, N. (4) Xylostroma giganteum, Tode. 


358 RANUNCULUS. 


flammulus, (spear-wort. E. Ju. y. 2{.) glabrous stem declined: leaves narrow- 
lanceolate, acute, entire and denticulate, lower ones petioled; peduncles 
terminal, axillary, 1-flowered: calyx sub-reflexed, Flowers small. Damp. 
1—3f. S. _ 

pusillus, Ph. (1) (y. Ju. 2{.) glabrous: leaves petioled: lower ones ovate, 
toothed ; upper ones lance-linear, toothed at the apex, the very uppermost 
ones linear, bract-like: peduncles alternate, solitary, 1-flowered.. 6—12 i. 


S. 

filiformis, Mx. (O. w-y. J. 2{.) glabrous, small: stem filiform, creeping, geni- 
culate, with the joints 1-flowered : flowers axillary, peduncled : leaves Jinear- 
subulate, obtuse. Var. ovalis, Bw. leaves oval and lanceolate : petals 
5—8. 

cymbalarius, (E. w-y. J. 2{.) glabrous, very small, filiform, creeping, rooting 
at the joints; leaves heart-reniform, crenate-dentate: peduncles radical, 
solitary, mostly 2-flowered : petals spatulate : fruit oblong. Onondaga. 


2, Leaves divided. 


abortious, (2) (O. y. M. 2{.) glabrous: stem striate, naked below: radical 
leaves heart-reniform, obtusely crenate ; cauline ones petioled, ternate, an- 
gled ; upper ones sessile : branches about 3-flowered. Var. sessilis, (3) has 
sessile, cauline leaves, and glabrous shining seeds. 9—I5 i, 

sceleratus, (celery crowfoot. O. y. J. 2{.) glabrous: lower leaves palmate ; 
upper ones sessile, digitate: fruit oblong. Wet. 12—18i. 4 

auricomus, W. (y. M. 2{.) pubescent : radical leaves reniform, 3-parted, gash- 
crenate ; cauline ones sessile, digitate, linear: stem many-flowered : calyx 
coloured, spreading. 

pygmaeus, Ph. (E.y. J. 2{.) small, glabrous: radical leaves sub-cordate-ren- 
iform, gash-toothed; cauline ones sessile, digitate ; divisions linear, very 
entire : stem few-flowered : petals oblong, equal to the calyx. Labrador. 

pennsylvanicus, (E. y. Ju. 2{.) stem pilose, erect, branching: leaves ternate, 
3-cleit, gashed, hairy beneath: peduncles terete: calyx reflexed : petals 
about equalling the calyx ; styles of the fruit straight. 1-2f. 8 

jfascicularis,M. (O. y. M. 2{.) leaves sub-pubescent, radical ones long-pedun- 
cled, ternate or sub-pinnate ; leafets 3-lobed, the terminal one deeply 3-cleft : 
calyx spreading, hairy underneath: petals longer than the calyx: root fas- 
cicled. 6—10i. JW. 

éulbosus, (E. y. M. 2{.) very hirsute : leaves ternate, 3-cleft, gashed and tooth- 
ed: stem erect, many-flowered : peduncles sulcate : calyx reflexed: root 
bulbous: seeds oath 1—2f. 

hirsutus, C. (4)"(E. y. Ju. 2{.) hirsute : leaves ternate, gasli-lobed : stem erect, 
many-flowered $ peduncles sulcate : calyx reflexed, acuminate: fruit glo- 
bose : seeds tubercled: root fibrous. Damp. ’ 

repens, (O. y. M. 2{.) pubescent: leaves ternate, 3-cleft, gashed ; creeping 
shoots sent oft in the summer: peduncles furrowed : calyx spreaditg. Damp, 

prostratus, Lk. (E. y. M. 2{.) leaves ternate, 3-cleft, hairy, hairs close-press- 
ed; extreme upper leafets lanceolate : stem entirely prostrate, creeping, 
zigzag: petals obovate, sub-retuse : calyx caducous; seed compressed, 
margined ; beak hooked. Flowers large, resembling those of the repens. 
In Oneida county, between Rome and Oriskany, near the Erie canal, patch- 
es of ground, several yards in extent, are often covered with this species. 
The flowers are rarely elevated more than 8 or 10 inches above the ground, 
though the stem creeps more than a yard from the root. 

acris, (crowfoot, butter cup. O. y. M. 2{.) hairs close-pressed : leaves 3-parted, 
many-cleft; upperones linear : peduncles terete : calyx spreading. 1—2 f. 

lanuginosus, W. (y. J.2{.) hirsute: leaves 3-cleft, lobed, toothed, all over 
silky : peduncles elongated, terete, calyx spreading, S. 


(1) flamula, Wr. (2) nitidus, Pt. (3) nitidus of Ph. but he says it may be 
a variety of the abortivus. (4) philonitis, W. 


RANUNCULUS. $59 


marylandicus, Lk. (w- . M. 2.) pubescent : stem simple, sub-naked: radical 
leaves ternate ‘ jesfets 3-lobed ; lobes acute, ehanielY calyx reflexed. S. 
recurvatus, Lk. (y-w. J. 2{.) pubescent : leaves 3-lobed, wedge-form at the 
base, gashed at the apex, acute: stem many-flowered: calyx and coro] re- 
curved ; petalslinear. Flowerssmall. 1—2f. S. 
hispidus, Mx. (P. w-y. J. 2{.) very hirsute, erect, somewhat branching : leaves 
ternate ; leafets acutely lobed : stem few-flowered : calyx close-pressed. 
Be... S. 
aguattlis, W. (1) w. Ju. 2{.) submersed leayes capillary ; emersed ones pel- 
tate. 
fluviatilis, W. (2) (river crowfoot. O. w-y. M. 2{.) stem submersed : leaves all 
capillary, dichotomous. The whole under water, excepting the fructifica- 
tion, while the corol is expanded. S. 
multifidus, Ph. (W.y. 2{.) leaves 3-parted, many-cleft; divisions gashed, ap- 
proximate : stem swimming ; leafets of the calyx roundish, a little shorter 
than the petals. Upper Louisiana. S. 
lacustris, Beck & Tracy. (3) (lake crowfoot. O. y. M. 2.) leaves all submers- 
ed, alternate, dichotomously divided into numerous capillary segments, with 
clasping membranaceous stipules : peduncles emerging, dichotomous, slight- 
ly furrowed : flowers terminal, large : calyx spreading, hairy, fleshy, cadu- 
cous: petals 5 to 8, obovate, larger than the leaves of the calyx: nectary 
petal-like, cuculate tubular, nearly equalling the length of the filament : 
stem rooting at the lower joints, hollow, branched, glabrous, floating : root 
fibrous. 2—df. 
nivalis, W. (A.) leaves 5-lobed, very entire; cauline ones sessile, digitate : 
stem 1-flowered. ; 
lapponicus, (A.) leaves 3-parted, lobed, obtuse: stem nearly naked, 1-flow- 
ered. 
hyperboreus, Rott. (A.) leaves deeply 3-lobed; lobes oblong, divaricate: stem 
filiform, creeping. 
Southern. 
hederaceus, (E. W. Ju. 2.) stem creeping: leaves sub-reniform, about 3—5- 
lobed ; lobes broad, entire, very obtuse : petals oblong, scarcely longer than 
the calyx : stamens 5—12: seeds glabrous. Probably introduced. 
oblongifolwus, E. (E. y. J. 2{) .leaves petioled, denticulate ; lower ones oblong- 
oval ; upper ones lance-linear : stems branching: petals a little longer than 
ihe calyx: seeds globose, unarmed, smooth. 1—2f. 
nitidus, M. (4) (E. y. Ap. 2[.) leaves 3-parted ; segments unequally 3-cleft, lan- 
ceolate, gashed, toothed, glabrous : calyx reflexed.: petals oval, twice as 
long as the calyx: seed with a hooked beak. Procumbent and erect. 1—2f. 
palmatus, E. (E. y. M.) pilose; hairs close-pressed : leaves petioled ; radic- 
ones palmate—3-parted ; lobes dentate ; upper ones 8-cleft or entire : 
s margined, with the point straight. 12—18 i. 
earolinianus, Dc. (E. y.) stem erect, branched, and with the petioles appress- 
~ed-pubescent: leaves glabrous, 3-cleft or 5-lobed; lobes ovate, somewhat 
gashed, toothed: calyx glabrous, reflected, a little shorter than the petals. 
trachysperma, E, (E. y. M.) stem, petioles and leaves villous, with the hair 


(1) heretophyllus, Roth. () pantothrix, De. 

(3) multifidus, Bw. 2d Ed. Dr. Bigelow is justly esteemed a very accurate 
botanist ; but he seems to have overlooked some facts in regard to the naming 
of this plaut. Smith published an Egyptian plant under the name multifidus, 
found by Forskoehl in 1814. The same year Pursh published another plant 
under the same name, and Bigelow published our plant under the name fluvi- 
atilis. In18221[ published the lacustris in the name of Beck and Tracy, who 
convinced me, that it was neither the multifidus nor fluviatilis. In 1824 De 
Candolle decided that Smith’s multifidus and that of Pursh are different plants, 
It is therefore proper to continue this name, at least for the present, 

(4) not Wr. 


$60 RANUNCULUS, RHAMNUS. 


spreading : leaves 3-cleft; lobes acutely gashed: peduncles short, opposi.. 
the leaves: seed tubercled, with the point hooked. 12—15i. 

murtcatus, Dc. (E. y. Ap. 3%.) leaves glabrous, petioled, roundish, 3-lobed, 
coarsely toothed: stem erect or diffuse: peduncles opposite the leaves: ca- 
lyx spreading: seeds rough-tubercled on both sides, with a straight acumi- 
nate point. 12—18 i. ; 

tomentosus, Lk. (E. y. 2{.) stem ascending, 1—2-flowered, very villose, hairs 
spreading : leaves petioled, tomentose, 3-cleft ; upper ones sessile, ovate, en- 
entire: calyx very villose, sub-reflexed. 

septentrionalis, Lk. (y. 2{.) nearly glabrous: leaves membranaceous, gla- 
brous, ternate ; leafets somewhat 3-lobed, gashed, acute: stem and petioles 
hirsute at the base: peduncles about 2-flowered: calyx reftexed. 

echinatus, Vent. (E. y.) a little glabrous, simple: leaves simple, roundish, 3- 
lobed: petals twice as long as the calyx. 

collinus, Br. (1) (W. Ap.) leaves all radical, pubescent, petioled, 3—5-cleft : 
scape villose, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves: calyx persistent : petals 
oblong-ovate. 1—2 i, Hydropeltis. 


14—2. Rapuanvus. 39. 63. 


Exotic. 
raphanistrum, (wild raddish, charlock. y. Au.) leaves lyrate : siliques terete, 
jointed, smooth, I-celled. Before the silique is mature, it is generally 2- 
celled and not jointed. Naturalized. 
sativus, (garden raddish. w. J. 3%.) leaveslyrate : silique terete, torose, 2-cell- 
ed. There are several varieties of this species—one has a fusiform, another 
a globose, another a black root. Sinapis. 


12—3. Resepa. 54. 64, 


[Generic description is here given, it having been omitted at p. 47. Itshould 
follow Hypericum ; under the word Eotic.] 

Calyx 1-leaved, 4—6-parted: petals in many divisions: capsule 1-celled, 
dehiscent at the top: seed .reniform: (stamens 11—15: styles 3, 5, or none. } 


Exotic. 
odorata, (mignonette. w-y. Ju. 3%.) leaves entire and 3-lobed: calyx equalling 
the corol. 
luteola, (dyer’s weed. y. Au. #.) leaves lanceolate, undulate, entire, a tooth 
on each side of the base: calyx 4-cleft: flowers spiked. Aaa " 
igella. 


.5—1. Ruyamnus. 43. 95. 


franguloides, Mx. (2) dwarfalder. O, w-z. M. 5.) unarmed: leaves oval, aen- 
minate, serrulate, pubescent at the nerves beneath: peduncles aggregate, 1- 
flowered; calyx acute: fruit turbinate. Berries black. Pursh ca is the 
franguloides, after Mx. aud gives alnifolius to a species found up the Mis- 
sour. WS. 

catharticus, (buckthorn, E. 5.) thorns terminal: flowers 4-cleft, dioecious: 
leaves ovate, serrate. First found in the Highlands by Dr. Barratt. 


Southern. 
alnifolius, Ph. (3) (W.M.5.) unarmed: leaves oval, denticulate, short-acumi- 
nate, with a sinus at the base, slightly cordate, pubescent at the nerves be- 
neath : peduncles twice 2-cleft: berries depressed-globose. Berries purple, 
edible, ; 


(1) This is a description, given by Prof. L. C. Beck, of a plant found by 
him in wet prairies in [llinois: but he does not decide whether it is the colli~ 
mus ornot, (2) alnifolius, W. (3) not W. 


RHAMNUS, RHIZOMORPHA. 361 


carolinianus, W. (O. J. b.) unarmed : leaves alternate, oval-oblong, sub-en- 
tire, ribbed, glabrous: umbels peduncled: flowers all fertile. Berry black, 
globose. 4—6 f. 

lanceolatus, Ph. (W. 5.) unarmed, shrubby : leaves lanceolate, serrulate, 
acute at each end, pubescent beneath. Berries black. 

minutiflorus, Mx. (L. Oc. 5.) unarmed: leaves nearly opposite, oval, serru- 
late: flowers very minute, divisions spiked, alternately sessile on the rachis : 
style 3-cleft: berry 3-seeded. Vitis. 


9—3. RuEeumM. 12. 28. 


Exotic, 
palmatum, (rhubarb. J. 2{.) leaves paimate, acuminate. From China. 
rhaponticum, (1) (pie rhubarb. w. J. 2{.) leaves heart-ovate, obtuse and acute, 
smooth ; veins sub-pilose beneath, the sinus at the base dilated: petioles fur- 
rowed on the upper side, rounded at the edge. Radical leaves very large. 


Q2—4 f. Cassia. 


8—1. Ruexra. 17. 90. 


pirginica, (meadow beauty, deer-grass. E. p. Ju. 2{.) stem wing-angled : 
leaves sessile, lance-ovate, ciliate-serrate : corymbs dichotomous. I—2é 
NS. 

mariana, Mx. (w-r. Ju. 2{.) stem and leaves very hirsute : leaves sub-petioled, 
lance-oval or lance-linear: calyx smoothish, tubular, long. Var. purpurea, 
leaves narrow-lanceolate or oblong: flowers deep purple. Var. rudelia, 
leaves lance-oval or oblong: flowers pale, reddish. 1—2 f. 

ciliosa, Mx. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) stem sub-quarangular, glabrous: leaves sub-petiol- 
ed, lance-ovate, serrulate, ciliate, glabrous beneath, somewhat hispid above : 
flowers involucred. 18 i. S. 


Southern. 

serrulata, N. (E. p. 2{.) stem sub-quadrangular, smooth: leaves small, sub- 
petioled, roundish-oval, acute, smooth on both sides, margin serrulate, base 
sub-ciliate: flowers peduncled, about in threes: calyx glandular-hirsute. 
6—10i.. 

glabella, Mx. (2) (E. p.) glabrous: stem terete : leaves lanceolate and ovate, 
3-neryed, denticulate, slightly glaucous: calyx glutinous. 2—3 f. 

stricta, Ph. (E. p. J. 2{.) stem straight, erect, winged, glabrous, bearded at 
the joints: leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, glabrous 
on both sides: corymbs dichotomous. 

lutea, Wr. (E. Ju. y. 3%.) hirsute: leaves lance-linear, sometimes wedge-form 

t the base, 3-nerved: panicle pyramidal: antherserect. 18 i. 
lenearifolia, Lk. (E. y.) stem terete, sub-pubescent: leaves alternate, linear, 
ong, obtuse, sessile, pubescent on both sides : flowers sub-solitary. 

angustifolia, E. (3) (E. w. Ju. 2{.) hirsute: leaves linear, and lance-linear, 

somewhat clustered: root creeping? Oenothera. 


13—2. Rutnantuus. 40. 35. 


crista-galli, W. (yellow rattle, yellow coxcomb. E. y. J. #.) upper lip of the 
corol vaulted : calyx smooth: leaves lanceolate, serrate. 1 f. 


Melampyrum. 
21—5. RuizomorPHA. 57. 2. 


sivb-corticalis, frond compressed, dark-fuscous, shining : branches scattered, 


(1) tartaricum of former Eds. but Darlington has shewn that it is this spe- 
cies, (2) alifanus, Wr. (3) mariana, var. exalbida, Mx. 


$1 


$62 RHIZOMORPHA, RHUS.- 


reticulate, with anastomoses (meeting and joining of mouths :) receptacles 
conglomerate. On dead trunks of trees. . 
subterranea, frond terete, glabrous, black, very branching ; branches and 
branchlets crowded, attenuated, free. On stones and decaying wood. 
setiformis, frond terete, very slender, black, shining, simple : apex divided. 
‘On fallen leaves. 
cornieularioides, frond and branches a little terete, flexuous, interwoven, wide- 
ly spreading, dark, opake, very tender. On the earth. Alectoria. 


10—1. RHopopEenprRon. 18. 50. 


maximum, (wild rosebay. E. r. Ju. 5.) leaves oblong, glabrous, paler be- 
neath : umbels terminal, dense : corols somewhat bell-form. Var. roseum, co- 
rol pale rose colour, divisions roundish : leaves obtuse at the base. Var. aléum, 
corol smaller, white, divisions oblong : leaves acute at the base. Var. pur- 
pureum, corol purple, divisions oblong : leaves obtuse at the base, green on 
both sides. 4—20f. S. 

lapponicum, (1) Ap. Ju. 5,) leaves elliptical, roughened with excavated punc- 
tures. 8—I10i. 

Exotic. 

ponticum, rose bay. p. b.) leaves oblong, glabrous, both sides coloured alike : 

corymbs terminal : coro] bell-wheel-form : petals lanceolate. 


Southern. 
punctatum, (E, r. Ju. b.) leaves lance-oval, glabrous, with resinous dots be- 
neath ; umbels terminal : corol funnel-form : capsules long. 4—6f. 
catawbiense, Mx. (E. r. J. 5.) leaves short-oval, roundish-obtuse at each end : 
umbels terminal : segments of the calyx narrow-oblong: corol bell-form. 
3s—4 f. Monotropa. 


10—1. Ruopora. 18. 50, 


canadensis, (false honeysuckle, rhodora. E. b. r. M. 5.) leaves oval, entire, 
glaucous-pubescent beneath : flowers in terminal umbels. 2 f. 
Sophora. 


5—3. Ruus. 43. 94. 


typhinum, (sumach. O. y. g. Ju. b.) branches and petioles very villose : leaves 

Ow cuaia, Car nieek: eee, serrate, somewhat downy be- 
neath. Berries red and very sour, 8—15 f. 

glabrum, (sleek sumach. O. g. r. Ju. -) branches, petioles and leaves glab- 
rous ; leaves pinnate, many-paired ; leafets lance-oblong, serrate, whitish 
beneath : fruit silky. Var. elegans, flowers dioecious. he leaves of both 
the species are used for tanning morocco leather. Berries red and sour, 

f. S. 

inland Lk. (y-g. Ju. 5.) nearly glabrous : leaves pinnate in many pairs ; 
leafets lance-oblong, serrate, sub-tomentose beneath : racemes erect. Probe 
ably a variety of the last. Ph. : ; 

copallinum, (wing-rib sumach, mountain sumach. E. y-g. Ju. 5.) leaves pin- 
nate, with the main petiole joint-winged ; leafets lance-oval, entire: flowers 
dioecious. Berries red. 3—12f. 

vernix, (poison sumach, poison elder. E. y-g. Ju. b.) very glabrous : leaves 
pinnate, many-paired ; leafets oval, abruptly acuminate, entire : panicle 
dioecious : fruit glabrous, Berries green, at length whitish. Panicle few- 
flowered compared with the preceding species. Very poisonous. $—15f. S. 

toxicadendron, (poison vine, poison ash. O. g. Ju. 5.) rooting: leaves ter- 
nate; leafets oval, entire or sinuate-crenate ; racemes on the branches and 


(1) Azalea, L.. 


RHUS, RHYNCHOSPORA. $63 


axillary, sessile, dioecious. Var. radicans, (1) (poison yg) ster climbing 
and rooting: leafets broad, entire, or with scattered teeth. ar. quercifoli- 
sum, (poison oak) erect, low : leafets variously sinuate-lobed. Var. micro- 
carpon, leafets oblong-oval, long-acuminate, sub-rhombic : fruit very small. 
The sap of this species is an excellent marking ink for linen. 

aromaticum, A. (e y. M. b.) flowers amentaceous : leaves ternate; leafets 
rhombic-oval, toothed, sessile, pubescent beneath. Dioecious. Small shrub. 


Exotic. 
colinus, (false fringe-tree, aaron’s beard. p-g. Ju. b.) leaves simple, obovate 
and ovate: panicle racemes plumose. A small tree, with very minute flow- 
ers supported on capillary, downy, or hairy peduncles. Indigenous to Si- 
beria, Austria and Lombardy: 
Southern. 
pumilum, Mx. (E. Ju. 6.) low: branches and petioles pubescent : leafets 


oval, gash-toothed, tomentose beneath : fruit silky and downy. Poisonous. 
lf. Staphylea. 


3—l. RuyncHospora. (7) 3. 9 


alba, (E. Ju. 2{.) spike corymb-fasicled : culm triangular above : leaves seta- 
ceous : seed somewhat lenticular; bristles about 10. 12—18i. S. 

fusca, M. (2) (E.) culm 3-angled : leaves linear, carinate: fascicles of spikes 
alternate, peduncled : spikes ovate : glumes ovate, brown: seed ovate with 


an acute black tubercle. 2f. 

glomerata, (3) (E. J. spikes corymb-fascicled, remote, in pairs : culm 
obtusely triangular : es flat: seed obovate-wedge-form, very smooth, as 
long as the tubercle. 12—18i. &. 

capillacea, T. (E. Ju.) spikes 3—0, nearly terminal : culm 3-angled, some- 
what leafy : leaves setaceous : seed stiped, sub-rugose. 

sparsa, Mx. (Ju.) culm 3-angled, leafy: corymbs axillary and terminal, 
compound, lax : peduncles capillary ; seed obovate, rugose, much longer 
than the tubercle. 18i. WS. 

cymosa, W. (4) (E. Ju.) culm 3-angled, leafy : cymes terminal and axillary ; 
terminal one largest: seed round-ovate, compressed, transversely rugose ; 
tubercle conical. 12—18i. S. 

taxa, Vahl. (5) (E.) culm 3-angled: corymbs leafy, decompound, loose : spike 
subulate: seed obovate, pointed with the long persistent style. 3—6 £ 


Southern, 

warifora, Mx. (6) (E.M. 2{.) culm and leaves setaceous: panicles loose, 
few-flowered : seed obovate, rugose : bristles as long as the seed. 1f, 

inexpansa, Mx. (E. Ju.) culm obscurely 3-angled : panicles remote, pendu- 
lous: seed oblong, rugose : bristles scabrous, twice as long as the seed. 2 f. 

fascicularis, Mx. (E.) flowers fascicled, lateral and terminal: bracts short : 
hae oblong: scales mucronate : bristles twice as long as the smooth 
seed. 

distans, Mx. (E. Ju.) culm 3-angled: fascicles of flowers distant : seed lenti- 
cular, slightly furrowed: bristles setaceous. 12—20i. 

ciliata, Vahl. (E. 2{.) spike corymb-fascicled, terminal: bracts ard leaves ob- 
tusish, ciliate, 

plumosa, E. (E, Ju.) culm slender, 3-angled: leaves linear: flowers terminal, 
crowded: bracts awned: bristles feathered. 8—12i. 


' (1) Lien peas ae by e : (2) alba, yar. fusca,Ph. (3) capitel- 
ata, KE. cirpus rllus, Ph, (5) longirostris, E. (6) micranth 
Vahl. (7) Schoenus, i. Mx. Ww. M. ©) . : sich teil 


$64 RHYNCHOSPORA, RIBES. 


punctata, E. (E.) fascicles lateral and terminal, approximate at the summit of 
the culm: seeds rugose, dotted. 1—2f. 
caduca, E. (&. Ju.) culm 3-angled: panicles axillagy, erect: spikelets cluster- 
ed, sessile : seed lenticular, rugose: bristles twice as long as the seed. 
teres, Ea. (1) (E. Ju.) culm terete: leaves linear: panicles cyme-like : flowers 
' crowded: seed glabrous: bristles setaceous. 1—3 f. Mariscus. 


5—1. Rises. 36. 85. 


1. Currant-like. Flowers racemed. 


floridum, W. (2) (wild black currant. O. M. 5.) unarmed: leayes punctate 
both sides: racemes pendant: calyx cylindric: bracts longer than the pe- 
dicels. 3—4f. S. 

albinervium, Mx. (A. g-y.M. 5.) unarmed: leaves abbreviated, acutely lob- 
ed, smoothish: nerves white : racemes recurved: berry glabrous. Berries 


red. 

trifidum, Mx. (A. y-g. M. 5.) unarmed: leaves moderately lobed, glabrous 
above, pubescent beneath : racemes lax, pubescent: flowers flattish: divi- 
sions of the calyx about 3-cleft: petals spatulate, obtuse: berries hirsute. 
Berries red. 

rigens, Mx. (A. M. 5.) unarmed: branches straight: leaves acutely lobed 
and toothed, reticulate-rugose, pubescent beneath: racemes lax, becoming 
stiffly erect: berries sub-hispid. Berries red, erect. 

glandulosum, A. (3) (E.r-y. M. 5.) unarmed: branches reclined-prostrate : 
leaves lobed, smoothish; younger ones pubesc racemes sub-erect: pe- 
tals deltoid: bracts minute: berry hispid. Mos the plant, particularly 
the calyx, covered with glandular hairs. ° 

sanguineum, Ph. (W. r. p. Mar. 5.) unarmed: leaves cordate, 3-lobed, ser- 
rate, with vein-like lines, glabrous above, sparingly white, tomentose be- 
neath: racemes lax, pubescent, twice as long as the leaves: calyx tubular : 
petals oblong, the length of the calyx: bracts obovate-spatulate, as long as 
the pedicels: germs hirsute. ’ 

aureum, Ph. (W. y. Ap. b.) unarmed, very glabrous : leaves 3-lobed: lobes 
divaricate, with a few gash-teeth, shorter than the petiole: petiole ciliate at 
the base: racemes lax, dense-flowered: calyx tubular, longer than the pe- 
dicels; tube slender; divisions oblong, obtuse: petals linear, half as long 
© the divisions of the calyx: bracts linear, as long as the pedicels: berries 
glabrous. 

laxiflorum, Ph. (W. y. 5.) unarmed: leaves cordate, 5-lobed, gash-toothed, 
glabrous : petioles sleader : racemes lax, erect, as long as the leaves : 
ae subulate: pedicels elongated: calyx bell-tubular: berries globose, 

spid. . 

2. Gooseberry-like. Peduncles mostly few-flowered, rarely sub-racemed. 


hirtellum, Mx. (A. ¢. M. &) spines small, sub-axillary : branches sub-hispid : 
leaves small, semi-trifid: lobes sub-dentate: peduncles 1-flowered: berry 
glabrous. Berriesred. S. 

gracile, Mx. (O, M. 5.) spines small, sub-axillary: leaves petioled, slender, 
pubescent both sides : lobes acute, gash-toothed : peduncles capillary, 
about 2-flowered: calyx bell-tubular: berries glabrous. Berries bluish- 
purple. 2—3f. S. 

triflorum, W. (wild gooseberry. A. g. M. 5.) spine sub-axillary: leaves gla- 
brous, 3—5-lobed, gash-toothed: peduncles sub-3-flowered, with the pedi- 


(1) cymosa, E. As Elliott’s plant differs essentially from the cymosa of M. 
it becomes necessary to give it another name, (2) pennsylyanicum, Ek. re- 
cunatum,Mx. (3) prostratum, Hr. 


RIBES, RECCEA. 365 


cels elongated: bracts very short : petals spatulate, undulate ; style hirsute, 
half 2or 3-cleft, exsert: berry glabrous. Berries pale-red. 3—4 f, , 

oxyacanthoides, (M. b.) the large sub-solitary prickles near the buds, the 
smaller ones scattered: leaves glabrous, with toothed lobes : peduncles 
short, about 2-flowered : berries glabrous. 3 f. 

lacustris, P. (1) (O. g-y. M. 5.) sub-axillary eee few: stem every where 
aculeate-hispid : leaves lobed beyond the middle: petioles villose: berries 
somewhat racemed, hispid. 3—4f. S. 

cynosbati, Mx. (I. g. M. 5.) sub-axillary spines about in pairs: leaves short- 
lobed, gash-toothed, with soft pubescence : racemes nodding, few-flowered : 
calyx erect, bell-form: berry prickly. Berries dark-brown. 

speciosum, Ph. (W. p. 5.) under the buds 3-plaited-prickly: leaves wedge- 
roundish, gash-crenate, glabrous, nerved, paler beneath, short-petioled : pe- 
duncles about 3-flowered, longer than the Jeaves: pedicels and germs glan- 
dular-pilose: calyx tubular, longer than the pedicels: stamens very long, 
exsert, 

menziesii, Ph. (W.-r. p. 5.) under the buds 3-plaited-prickly: branches very 
hispid: leaves truncate at the base, sub-5-lobed, gash-toothed ; lateral lobes 
shortest, tomentose beneath: peduncles about 2-flowered, equal to the 
leaves; calyx tubular; limb spreading: stamens as long as the calyx : style 
exsert: berry globose, prickly. 


Exotic. 

rubrum, (currant. g. M. 5.) unarmed: racemes glabrous, nodding: corol flat: 
petals obcordate : leaves obtusely 5-lobed : stemerect. Berries red. 2— 
4f. 

nigrum, (black currant. g. M. 5.) unarmed: leaves punctate beneath: ra- 
cemes lax: flowe l-form: bracts shorter than the pedicels. Berries 
black. 3—5f. 

grossularia, (english gooseberry. g. M. 5.) branches prickly : petioles hairy : 
bracts 2-leaved : berry glabrous or hirsute. 2—4f,. 

uva-crispa, (smooth gooseberry. g. M. b.) branches prickly: berry glabrous: 
pedicels with l-leaved bracts. Perhaps a variety of the grossularia. 


Southern. 

resinosum, Ph. (A. g. Ap. 5.) unarmed, wholly covered with resinous glandu- 
lar hairs: leaves 3—5-lobed, roundish : racemes erect: calyx flattish: petals 
obtuse-rhomboid : bracts linear, longer than the pedicels: berries hirsute. 

viscosissimum, Ph. (W. y. J. 5.) unarmed, wholly viscid-pilose : leaves cor- 
date, obtusely 3-lobed, serrate: racemes erect, short: calyx tubular: pe- 
tals oblong: bracts linear-spatulate, half as long as the pedicel :_ germs hir- 
sute. 

rotundifolium, Mx. (A. 5.) spines sub-axillary: leaves roundish, sub-pubes- 

cent: lobes round-obtuse : peduncles 1-flowered:: limb of the calyx tubular : 
berries glabrous. -Hedera. 


21—3. Riccra. 57. 3. 


natans, (floating liverwort. O. Ju.) fronds obcordate, with apexes meeting. so 
as to form the sectors of circles, flat: radicles beneath flat. It floats on the 
water, with its short fat roots.extending a little distance into it. Colour sea- 
green. Each congeries of floating fronds hardly an inch in diameter. Chan- 
nels run on their backs, like midribs in leaves. 

fiuitans, (forkstems. O. J.) fronds repeatedly forked, linear, convex or sub-cy- 
lindric, smooth, reticulate, obtuse and cloyen at the tips. Very plenty from 
Lake Superior to Boston in water, among lemna. It is pellucid and 
cellular, 2 or 3 inches long. It has nothing resembling a root; but the 
whole plant appears rather like the stems of some plants. 

—— 
(1) oxycanthoides, Mx. 

31* 


$66 RICCIAy ROSA. 


lauca, frond radiating from a centre, dichotomous, flat, reticulate. 

utescens, Sz. frond di- or trichotomous, thick at the apex, inflexed and bifid at 
the margin ; lobes at the margin free, the middle nerve with radicals im- 
pressed above, convex beneath, substance porous, standing out from tu- 
bercles filled within with minute granulations. In*dried swamps, forming 
yellow patches two inches in diameter. On the earth, largish, orbicular and 


confluent. Blasia. 
19—15. Ricinus. 38. 96. 
Exotic. 
communis, (castor-oil plant, palma christi. #.) leaves peltate, palmate: lobes 
lanceolate, serrate : atem with hoary mealiness. 4—6 f. Jatropha. 


4—1. Rivina. 12. 29. 


laevis, (E.) racemes simple: leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, flat: stem te- 
rete. Resembles Phytolacca decandra. 


Southern. 
humilis, P. (E. 5.) racemes simple: flowers tetandrous: leaves pubescent. 
Ichemilla. 


16—10. Rogzinia. 32. 93.. 


pseudo-acacia, (locust tree, false acacia. A. w. M. 5.) leaves pinnate, with a 
terminal leafet: stipules thorny, or a thorn: racemes pendant: teeth of the 
calyx unawned: legumessmooth. 30—40 f 


Southern. 

viscosa, (1) (clammy locust. A. Ju. 5.) racemes with 1-flowered pedicels : 
leaves pinnate, with a terminal leafet : branches and legumes with viscous 
glands: calyx acuminate. Racemes axillary, dense-flowered, erect: flow- 
ers approaching from white to red. Cultivated. 

hispida, (2) (rose locust. A. Ap. r. 5.) racemes axillary, sub-erect: calyx 
acuminate: stem mostly unarmed ; most of the plant hispid : leaves pinnate, 
with a terminal leafet; leafets round-oval, mucronate, sometimes alternate. 
Var. rosea, branchlets nearly glabrous. Cultivated. 3—6f. 

Astragalus, 


5—l. Roce. (3) 41. 42. 


virgintana, (O. w-b. J. x.) pilose: leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, scabrous 

= age racemes divaricate: seeds densely covered with hooked bristles. 
&. 8: , 

lappula, (O. b. Ju. %.) hispid: seeds prickly, bearded : leaves linear-oblong : 

stem branched abore : coal longer than the calyx. 12—18 i. 
Southern. 4 

glomerata, N. (4) (W. w. J. o.) hirsute: seeds rugose: leaves linear-spatu- 
late: spikes peduncled, axillary, conglomerate, bifid; upper ones sessile : 
divisions of the corol entire. 6—12 i. Borago. 


11—13. Rosa. 35. 93. 


blanda, W. (Z. Ju. b.) germa globose, and with the peduncles hispid: leafets 
(7,) oblong, aibeoqually serrate, glabrous: petioles glabrous, somewhat 
prickly : branches very hispid-aculeate. 
parvifiora, W. (5) (wild rose. O. r. w. 5.) germs depressed-globose: germs 
: (1) glutinosa,C. (2) montana, Bartram. rosea, Du Hamel. (3) Myoso- 
tis, L. (4) Cynoglossum, Ph. Myosotis, N. (5) carolina, Mx. 


ROSA. S67 


and peduncles hispid: petioles pubescent, sub-aculeate: stem glabrous: 
prickles stipular, straight ; leafets lance-oval, simply serrate, glabrous : flow- 
ers somewhat in pairs. Very variable. 1—3f. S. 

nitida, W. (r. Ju. 5.) germs globose; calyx, peduncles and branches hispid ; 

etioles sub-pilose, unarmed : leafets (7,) lance-oblong, both sides very gla- 

ees and shining. S. * 

lucida, Eh. (E. r. Ju. 5.) germs depressed-globose : germs and peduncles sub- 
hisped : petioles glabrous, sub-aculeate ; stem glabrous : prickles stipular, 
straight : leafets Jance-ovate, obtusish, coarsely serrate, glabrous, shining ; 
flowers somewhat in pairs: divisions of the calyx entire. 4—6f. SS. 

gemella, W. (E.r. Ju. b.) germs depressed-globose : germs and peduncles 
glabrous : flowers somewhat in pairs: leaves oblong, acute, opake : petioles 
and veins pubescent beneath : prickles uncinate, the cauline ones in paira 
below the axils. 

carolina, (1) (swamp rose. O. r-w. Ju. b.) germs globose: germs and pedun- 
cles a little hispid, or glabrous : petioles hairy, and a little prickly : stem 
glabrous: prickles stipular, sub-uncinate : leafets 5 or 7, lance-oblong, 
acute, sharply serrate, glaucous beneath : flowers solitary or corymbed. 3 

f. 


rubifolia, Br. (W.r. Ju. 5.) germs sub-globose : germs and peduncles glan- 
dular-hispid: stem smooth : prickles short, solitary, uncinate: leaves peti- 
oled, ternate ; leafets ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous above, white-downy be- 
neath : divisions of the calyx viscid-pilose : flowers corymbed. 6—8 f. S: 

rubiginosa, (2) (sweet-briar. E. r. J. 5.) germ ovate : pone and petioles 
glandular-hispid ; petioles somewhat prickly : stem glabrous: prickles scat- 
tered, hooked, slender: leafets (5 or.7,) ovate, serrate, sub-glandular be- 
neath. 3—4f. S. 

micrantha, S. (E. r-w. .) germs ovate : germs and peduncles somewhat 
hispid : prickles hooked : leatets ovate, acute, with reddish glands beneath, 
Resembles the last in the odour of its leaves. 4—8 f, 

sayi, Sz. (W. 5.) germ oblong-ovate, smooth: divisions of the calyx persis- 
tent, erect, spreading at the summit, villous, longer than the germ : pedun- 
cles rigid, smooth or sub-glandular-hispid : petioles villous and prickly un- 
derneath : leafets (7,) ovate, sessile, deeply serrate, smooth above, glaucous- 
villose beneath ; stipules clasping glandular-villose ; younger branches acu- 
leate hispid. 


Exotic. 

canina, (dog rose. b.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles glabrous: stem 
and petioles prickly : leaves ovate, glabrous. 

gallica, (french rose, common rose. r. J. b.) germs ovate : germs and pedun- 
cles hispid : stem and petioles hispid-prickly. Sometimes the colours are 
variegated. 

damascena, (damask rose. w. r. J. 5.) calyx half-pinnate : germ ovate, turgid, 
(thickened near its top,) bristly : stem and petioles prickly : leafets ovate 
pointed, downy beneath. 4 

muscosa, (moss rose. r, Au. b.) germs ovate: calyx, peduncles, petioles and 
branches hispid, glandular-viscid, (mossy-like :) spines of the branches scat- 
tered, straight. 

moschata, (musk rose. b.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles villose: stem 
and petioles prickly: leafets oblong, acuminate, glabrous : panicle many- 
flowered, ‘ 

burgundiaca, (burgundy rose. b.) germs sub-globose; germs and peduncles 
hispid: leafets ovate, pubescent beneath : corol aaa full, doukyeehite ; 
disk obscure. Var. provincialis, has scattered reflexed prickles on the 
branches, and glandular serratures. 


semperflorens, (monthly rose. 5.) germs ovate-oblong, tapering to beth ends : 


(1) peunsylvanica, Mx: corymbosa, Eh, (2) suaveolens, Ph. 


S68 ROSA, ROTTBOELLIA. 


germs and peduncles hispid : stem prickly: flowers in erect corymbs. Re- 
sembles damascena. 

alba, (white rose. w. J. 5.) germs ovate, ‘glabrous or hispid: stem and peti- 

_ oles prickly : leafets ovate, villose beneath. ~ 

pimpinellifolia, (burnet rose. r. 5.) germs globose: germs and peduncles gla- 
brous: stem with scattered straight prickles: leaves obtuse; petioles sca- 
brous. Very small. i 

centifolia, (hundred-leaved rose. r. b.) germs ovate: germs and peduncles 
hispid : stem hispid, prickly: leaves pubescent beneath: petioles unarmed. 

cinnamomea, (cinnamon rose. 5.) germs globose: germs and peduncles gla- 
brous : stem with stipular prickles : petioles somewhat unarmed: leafets 
oblong. R. majalis. Stem brown-cinnamon colour. 

multifiora, (japan rose. h.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles unarmed, vil- 
lose : stem and petioles prickly. Branches generally purple: leafets ovate : 
flowers small, pawicled. ; 

spinosissima, (scotch rose. b.) germs“globose, glabrous: peduncles hispid : 
stem and petioles very hispid. Var. scotica, is smaller. 

parvifolia, (small-leaf rose. b.) small: germs ovate, sub-glabrous : peduncles 
glandular : stem and petioles with slender prickles ; leafets rugose, a little 
villose beneath, ovate, glandular-serrate. 


Southern. 

setigera, Mx. (E. J. 5.) germs globose : petioles and veins prickly: branches 
glabrous: prickles in pairs and scattered : leafets 3—5, acuminate glabrous ; 
leafets of the calyx fringed with bristles. 5—8 f. 

lutescens, Ph. (E. y-w. J. 5.) germ globose : germs and peduncles glabrous : 
branches hispid-spiny: Jeafets (7,) glabrous, oval, acuminate-serrate : peti- 
oles unarmed : flowers solitary: divisions of alyx lanceolate, cuspi- 
date : petals oval, very obtuse. 

laevigata, Mx. (cherokee rose. E. w. Ap. 5.) germ oblong, hispid : leaves pe- 
rennial, ternate ; leafets lanceolate, serrate, coriaceous, lucid : flowers soli- 
tary, terminal. 5—20f. 

lyonit, Ph. (W. r. Ju. 5.) germs sub-globose, nearly glabrous: peduncles 
hispid: petioles somewhat prickly : stem glabrous : prickles scattered, 
straight : leafets (3—5,) ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, sub-glabrous above, 
tomentose beneath ; upper ones simple : flowers somewhat in threes: sti- 
pules linear: divisions of the calyx tomentose, linear, scarcely gashec, 

pendulina, W. (thornless rose. r. J. b.) unarmed : germs oblong : peduncles 
and petioles hispid: stem and branches glabrous: fruit pendant. Culti- 
vated. Rubus, 


Q—1. Rosmarinus. 42. 39. 


Exotic. 
officinalis, (rosemary. ).) leaves, some green both sides ; others whitish be- 
neath, linear: margins revolute. Circaea. 


3—9, Rotrpoetnia. 4. 10. 


Southern. 

dimidiata, Mx. ? (E. L. 2{.) spike compressed, linear: flowers secund: calyx 
2-valved, 2-flowered ; outer floret staminate ; inner one perfect. did 

ciliata, N. (L.) culm erect, tall : spikes terete, long-peduncled: flowers pedi- 
celled, secund: pedicels and margins of the rachis villose : calyx and coro! 
each 2-valved. 3—4f. ’ Sr ae 

rugosa, N. (L.) culm erect, leafy : spikes cylindric, solitary, axillary, proxi- 
mate: joints of the rachis smooth, nearly semi-cylindric, tumid: outer valve 
of the perfect flower transversely rugose ; accessary flower mostly barren 
with an emarginate pedicel. Pleuraphis, 


RUBIA, RUBUS. 869 


4—1. Ropra. 47. 57. 


Exotic. 
tinctoria, (madder.) leaves lanceolate, about in sixes: stem prickly, climbing. 
Var. sylvestris, lower leaves in sixes, upper ones in fours or in pairs. 


Southern. 
brownei, Mx. (E. y. 2{.) hispid: leaves in fours, oval : peduncles solitary, 1- 
flowered : stem decumbent. Berries purple, smooth. Ph. Cornus. 


13-—35..-: Rukus: * 35; 22: 


ideus, (garden raspberry. E. w. M. 5.) leaves quinate-pinnate and ternate ; 
leafets rhomb-ovate, acuminate, downy beneath: petioles channelled : stem 
prickly, hispid flowers sub-panicled. Var. americanus, branchlets nearly 
glabrous: stem and petioles terete : leaves all ternate : pedicels somewhat 
prickly. 4—6f S. 

villosus, (high blackberry. O. w. J. 5.) pubescent, hispid and prickly : leaves 
digitate, in threes or fives ; leafets ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy both 
sides : stem and petioles prickly : calyx short, acuminate: racemes naked: 
petals lance-ovate. 4—6f. S. 

frondosus, Bw. (E. J. 2{.) stem prickly, erect : leaves ternate or quinate, pu- 

_ bescens simple : racemes leafy : petals orbicular. 3—6 f. 

strigosus, Mx. (1) (red raspberry. O. w. J. 5.) unarmed, rigidly hispid : 
leafets 3, or pinnate-quinate, oval, at the base obtuse, acuminate, marked 
with lines, and white-downy beneath, terminal one often sub-cordate. Fruit 
red, sweet. 

setosus, Bw. (E.w. J 2.) stem erect, reclining, rigidly-hispid : leaves ter- 
nate or quinate, smooth and green on both sides. 

euneifolius, Ph. (E. w. J. 5.) branches, petioles and peduncles downy, with 
recurved prickles: leaves digitate, in threes or fives: leafets wedge-obo- 
vate, unequally toothed above, plaited, downy beneath: racemes terminal, 
panicled : pedicels 1-flowered. 2f. S. 

canadensis, (E. J. 5.) a little glabrous: leaves digitate, in tens, fives and 
threes : leafets lanceolate, naked both sides, sharply serrate ; stem unarmed : 
bracts lanceolate. Stem purple. 

occidentalis, (black raspberry. O. w. g. 5.) branches and petioles glaucous 
and prickly : leaves ternate, oval, acuminate, sub-lobate and doubly serrate, 
white-downy beneath : petioles terete: prickles recurved. 4—8f, S 

hispidus, (E. w. J. 5.) sarmentose-procumbent : stem, petioles and peduncles 
very hispid, with rigid bristles: leaves ternate, gash-serrate, naked, middle 
one peduncled. . 

trivialis, Mx. (2) (creeping blackberry, dew-berry. O. w. J. 5.) sarmentose- 
procumbent; petioles and peduncles aculeate-hispid, with the prickles re- 
curved : stipules subulate : leaves ternate or quinate, oblong-oval. acute, 
unequally serrate, sub-pubescent: pedicels solitary, elongated: Var. fla- 

_ gellaris, has orbicular petals, and small smooth leaves. S. 

termis, W. (b.) stem, petioles and peduncles unarmed : leaves ternate, ovate, 
acute, unequally serrate, tomentose beneath ; lateral leafets somewhat gash- 
ed : stipules setaceous- subulate. 

spectabilis, Ph. (W. M. 5.) unarmed, glabrous : leaves ternate, ovate, acute, 
unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent beneath : peduncles terminal, 1- 
flowered, solitary : petals ovate. 

odoratus, Mx. (flowering raspberry. E. r. J. 5.) unarmed, erect, viscid-his- 
pid : leaves simple, acutely 3 or 5-lobed : corymbs terminal, spreading. 
Flowers large : berries rather dry and thin. 3—6f. S. 

saxatilis, (brier herb, rock blackberry. O. w. J. 2{.) herbaceous, pubescent . 


(1) pennsylyanicus, Lk. (2) procumbens, M. 


370 RUBUS, RUDBECKIA. 


stem creeping : leaves ternate, rhombic, acute, gash-toothed, naked ; termi- 
nal one petioled : flowers somewhat in threes : peduncles elongated. S. 

obovalis, Mx. (E. M. 2{.) stem becoming a little wogdy, hispid, with stiff hairs : 
leaves ternate, round-obovate, serrate, naked : stipules setaceous : racemes 
sub-corymbed, few-flowered: bracts ovate : pedicels elongated. 2—4f. S. 

sempervirens, Bw. (E. w. J. b.) stem procumbent, covered with minute prick- 
les: leaves ternate, obevate, serrate, shining, evergreen. 

arcticus, W. (E. r. J. 2{.) herbaceous, small : stem unarmed, about 1-flower- 
ed: leaves ternate, glabrous, obtusely serrate : petals roundish, emarginate. 
Labrador. 

acaulis, Mx. (1) (W. Ju. 2{.) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, 1-flowered : 
leaves ternate, glabrous, sharply serrate: petals oblong, entire: styles 
approximate. 

stellatus, W. (W. p. 2{.) herbaceous, small : stem unarmed, erect, 1-flowered : 
leaves simple, cordate, 3-lobed, rugose-veined : petals lanceolate. 

pedatus, S. (W. w.? 2{.) herbaceous, small, cree ing : leaves pedate-quinate, 
eee: peduncles filiform, bracted in the middle : calyx nearly glabrous, 
reflexed. 

chameemorus, (cloud-berry. A. w. J. 2{.) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, 
1-flowered, erect: leaves simple, sub-reniform, round-lobed : petals oblong. 

parviflorus, N. (W. w. 5.) shrubby, unarmed: leaves simple, palmate-lobed ; 
peduncles 2 or 3-flowered : flowers small: segments of the calyx villose, 
ovate, abruptly acuminate: petals oblong-ovate. 

deliciosus, T. & J. (W. p. b.) stem fruticose, very branching, unarmed : 
branches and petioles pubescent: leaves simple, round-cordate, shortly 3— 
5-lobed, villose-pubescent, rugose: bracts lanceolate, 1-toothed: flowers 
sub-corymbed, terminal: divisions of the calyx ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
deafy at the apex, shorter than the petals. Dalibarda, 


i7-—-3. Rupgeckia, 49. 55. 


purpurea, W. (A. p. Ju. 2{.) rough: lower leaves broad-ovate, tapering to the 
base, remotely toothed ; cauline leaves lance-ovate, acuminate at both ends, 
Sub-entire: rays long, pendant, 2-cleft. 3—5f. S. 

discolor, Ph. (W. y. & p. Au. 2{.) branches corymbed, 1-flowered: peduncles 
naked, elongated: leaves lanceolate, strigose-pilose: scales of the calyx 
cg pend petals lanceglate, entire, two-coloured, as long as the calyx, 


Sulgida, (A. p. Au. 2{.) stem hispid: branches wand-like, elongated, 1-flow- 
ered: leaves lance-oblong, denticulate, hispid, narrow at the base, sub-cor- 
date: calyx leafy, aboyt equalling the ray: disk hemispheric, with lanceo- 
late chaff. 2—3f. S§. * 

hirta, (y. & p. Ju. 2.) very hirsute : stem wand-like, sub-ramose, 1-flowered : 
peduncles naked: leaves ovate-spatulate, 3-nerved, serrate, rough-haired : 
scales of the calyx imbricate ina triple series, shorter than the ray: chaff 
oblong, acute, 2—3f. S. mye 

triloba, (A. y. & p. Au. 2{.) pilose-hispid : stem panicled : branches divaricate, 
many-flowered, leafy: leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, serrate ; 
lower ones 3-lobed : leafets of the calyx linear, deflexed. 4—5f. S. _ 

laciniata, (cone-flower, cone-disk sunflower. O. y. Au. 2{.) lower leaves pin- 
nate ; leafets 3-lobed; upper ones ovate: egret crenate: stem glabrous. 
Damp. 5—l0f. 8S. j ; 

digitata, (y. Au. 2{.) lower leaves pinnate ; leafets pinnatifid; upper ones sim- 
_Ply pinnate ; top ones 3-cleft: egret crenate: stem smooth, 4—8f. &. 

pinnata, Mx. (2) (y. & p. Ju. 2.) leaves all pinnate ; one or more of the low- 
er leafets 2-parted, the rest undivided : egret entire : stem furrowed, hispid. 


nn 


(1) pistillatus, S. (2) digitata, W. odorata, S. 


RUDBECKIA, RUELLIA: S7f 


Southern. 

amplextfolta, W. (W. y. Au. 3%.) glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, cordate, 
clasping ; lower ones serrate : disk cylindric-conical. 

laevigata, Ph. (E. y. 2{.) very glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate af 
Pers end, 3-nerved, sparingly toothed : scales of the calyx lanceolate, as long 
as the ray. 

spathulata, W. (A. Au. o.) slender pubescent: stem 1-flowered: leaves ob- 
ovate spathulate, entire: calyx spreading, imbricate: ray florets 3-toothed. 

aristata, Ph. (E. y.) stem hispid : branches long, corymbed, 1-flowered : leaves 
lance-oblong, serrate, hispid: disk sub-hemispheric: chaff of the egret sub- 
ulate, see Does this belong to this genus? Elliott. 

radula, Ph. (1) (E. o.) stem hispid below, nakedish and glabrous above: pe- 
duncles very long, 1-flowered : leaves ovate, attenuate, tuberculate-hispid : 
calyx imbricate ; scales ovate, acuminate, ciliate. 

subtomentosa, Ph, (A. Au. 2{.) short pubescent, sub-tomentose : branches erect, 
many-flowered; leaves lance-oblong, acute, sub-serrate; lower ones 3-lobed : 
scales of the calyx incumbent, shorter than the rays. 

columnaris, Ph. (W. r. Ju. 2{.) leaves pinnatifid; leafets lanceolate, outer 
ones generally largest : receptacles elongated, cylindrical. 1 f. 

gracilis, N, (E.) slender, pubescent: stem 1—3-flowered: peduncles elongat- 
ed: leaves spatulate-ovate, remotely denticulate: calyx spreading: disk 
conic. 

tomentosa, E. (E. y. Au. 2{.) short-pubescent, sub-tomentose: branches erect, 
virgate: leaves lanceolate, acute, deeply toothed and entire, scabrous ; low= 
er ones ternate : scales of the calyx lance-linear, deflected, much shorter than 
the ray florets. ‘¢I am uncertain whether this is the sub-tomentosa of Ph. 
Elliott.’ 3—4f. 

mollis, E. (E. p. S. 2{.) stem hispid, villous, branching: leaves sessile, lance- 
ovate, dentate, soft-tomentose: florets of the ray numerous, thrice as long az 
the calyx. 2—3f. Bidens. 


13—2. Ruertia. 40. 35. 


strepens, (2) (ruel. w. p. Ju. 2{.) erect: leaves ovate, lance-ovate, or wedge= 
form, short-petioled, entire or repand, undulate, sub-ciliate at the base, 
smooth or sub-pilose on both sides: peduncles axillary, very short, about 3- 
flowered: divisions of the calyx linear, rather shorter than the tube of the 
corol, scarcely pilose: corol sub-equal. Very variable. 6—24i, S. 


Southern. 

ciliosa, Ph. (3) (O. w. p. J. 2{.) erect, branching, more or less hirsute : leaves 
petioled, oval, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtusish, sometimes cuneate 
or attenuated into the petiole, undulate, entire or repand, sub-ciliate : pe- 
duncles axillary, short or wanting, 1—3-flowered : divisions of the calyx half 
as long as the tube of the corol, linear, hispid, ciliate with whitish hairs ; co- 
rol sub-equal. 3—24 i. 

tubifiora, Le Conte. (E. w. 2{.) erect, somewhat branching, smoothish or 
hirsute: leaves sub-sessile, oblong, repand or entire, undulate: peduncles 
axillary, short, 1-flowered: divisions of the calyx lance-liaear, (1 inch,) one 
third the ome of the tube of the corol; corol sub-equal, pubescent. 

oblongifolia, Mx. (E. b. & p. Ju. 2f{.) erect, pubescent: leaves sub-entire, 
ove tink obovate, sub-sessile, sub-undulate: peduncles axillary, very short, 
1—3-flowered : divisions of the calyx linear-subulate, longer than the tube 
of the corol, united at the base in a short tube: corol sub-ringent: stamens 
didynamous. This species differs from the preceding sufficiently to make us 
wonder how it has escaped our new genera manufacturers. sce 

uchnera, 


(1) aspera, P? (2) humistrata, Mx. hireuta, E. (3) hybrids, Ph. 


372 RUMEX, RUTA-. 


6—3. Rumex. 12, 28. 


songuineus, (bloody dock. J. at.) valves entire, obl®ng, one principally bear- 
ing the grain-like appendage: leaves heart-lanceolate. 2—3f. WS. 

crispus, (dock. O. Ju. 2{.) valves of the calyx ovate, entire, all bearing grain- 
like appendages on their backs: leaves lanceolate, undulate, acute. 2—3 f. 


verticillatus, W. (O. J. 2.) valves entire, all bearing grain-like appendages : 
spikes leafless, with the flowers half-whorled: leaves lanceolate: sheathing 
stipules cylindric. 2f. &. 

britannicus, (O. J. 2[.) valves entire, all bearing grain-like appendages : spikes 
of the panicle leafless: sheathing stipules obsolete, torn: leaves broad-lan- 
ceolate, flat, smooth. 2—3 f. A 

pallidus, Bw. (E. J. 2[.) valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the grain: 
spikes slender: leaves lance-linear, acute. 

obtusifolius, (O. J. 2{.) valves toothed, one principally bearing a grain-like ap- 
pendage: radical leaves heart-oblong, obtuse: stem alittle scabrous, Per- 
haps introduced. 2—4f. 

aquatieus, (water dock. Ju. 2{.) valves ovate, entire, bearing obsolete grains - 
leaves heart-lanceolate, acute. 3—4f. S. 

deutus, (M. 2[.) valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all graniferous: leaves 
heart-oblong, acuminate, whorls leafy. Introduced. 2—3 f, 

acetosellus, (1) (field sorrel. 0. g. p. M. 2{.) valves without grains: leaves 
lance-hastate: flowers dioecious. 6—12i. S. 


Exotic. 

pulcher, (Ju. 2{.) valves toothed; one conspicuously graniferous; radical 
leaves panduriform. Naturalized. 

patientia, (garden dock, patience. 2{.) valves entire, one of them bearing a 
grain-like appendage: leaves lance-ovate. Naturalized. 

acetosus, (garden sorrel. 2{.) jstem elongated: leaves oblong, sagittate-acute, 
clasping. 

- Southern. 

persicarioides, (E. J. #%.) valves toothed, each bearing a grain: leaves lance- 
olate, undulate, entire, petioled. 6—12i. 

crispatulus, Mx. (W.) valves obtusely cordate, all crested, 3-toothed ; one nak- 
ed; two unequally graniferous: spikes leafless: lower leaves oval; upper 
ones lanceolate; all undulate. : 

verosus, Ph. (W. Ap. 2{.) valves large, heart-reniform, entire, net-veined ; 
leaves small, lance-ova!l, entire, veined. 12 f. 

divaricatus ? (E. Ju. 2{.) valves toothed, each bearing a grain : leaves cordate- 
oblong, obtuse, pubescent. 1—2 f. 

hastatulus, Bald. (E. Ap. 2{.) valves round-cordate, entire, graniferous: 
leaves petioled, hastate-oblong, auricles entire, obtuse. cee date -F Line f, 

abal. 


Rumex, Oxyria. 
4—4. Ruppia. 15. 13. 


maritima, (sea tassel-grass. E. J. 2{.) floating : leaves pectinate, obtuse: flow- 


ers spiked. Myginda. 
10—1. Ruta. 26. 81. 
Exotic. 
graveolens, (rue.) leaves more than decompound; leafets oblong, terminal 
ones obovate; petals entire. Mylocarium. 


(1) Lapathum, 2d ed.; but the acetosa and patientia seem to unite the two 
genera, 


SABAL, SACCHARUM. 373 


Ss. 


6—3. Sasar. l. 1]. 


Southern, 
pumila, Wr. (1) (E. Ju. 5.) leaves fan-form: scape panicled: flowers sub-ses- 
sile, small. Berry bluish black. 4—6f. 
minima, N. (E.) root creeping: stipe somewhat prickly, rough: fronds pal- 
mate, plicate, sub-7-cleft? Fruit brownish, hirsute. 8i. | Chamaerops. 


Sabal, CHAMAEROPS. 
5—I. Sappatia. 47. 46. Bs 


gracilis, Sy. (2) (E. r. Ju. o.) slender : branches lax, elongated, 1-flowered : 
leaves oval-linear: divisions of the calyx linear, about equalling the corol : 
divisions of the corol obovate: stem angular. 1f. S. 

siellaris, Ph. (3) (E. r. Au. o.) erect: branches dichotomous, elongated, 
1-flowered: leaves lanceolate, acute : divisions of the calyx subulate, halfas 
long as the corol: divisions of the corol obovate: stem terete. 12—18 i. S. 

angularis, (American century. E. p. Au. ©.) erect: leaves heart-ovate, clasp- 
ing: flowers with long peduncles, corymbed: divisions of the calyx lance- 
linear ; stem with 4-margined angles. 1—2f. & 

ealycosa, Mx. (E. r. Au. o.) erect, few-flowered: leaves oblong, obtusish, 
sessile: flowers solitary, about 7-parted:; calyx leafy, exceeding the coro] : 
divisions lanceolate. 1f. S. : 

chloroides, Mx. (4) (E. r. Au. o%.) weak : leaves lanceolate, erect: branches 
few, 1-flowered: flowers 7 to 13-parted: divisions of the calyx linear, short- 
er than the divisions of the corol. Var. erecta, E. stem rigid, erect: leaves 
linear: coro] 10-parted; segments lanceolate. Var. coriacea, E. stem erect, 
sparingly branched: lower leaves sub-oval : corol thick, coriaceous, 8-part- 
ed. Var. flexuosa, E. stem flexuous: leaves lance-linear: coro] 12-parted ; 
segments long, lanceolate: stigmas revolute? . 2—3 f. 

corymbosa, Bald. (5) (E. w. Au. 2{.) leaves ovate, acute, closely sessile : stem 
somewhat angled: flowers corymbed : divisions of the calyx subulate, short- 
er than the corol. Var. angustifolia, leaves linear or lance-linear: calyx 
nearly as long asthe corol. 1f. S. 


E Southern. 
paniculata, Mx. (6) (E. w. Au. 2{.) very branching: panicle diffuse: leaves 
lance-linear: stem sub-terete: branches alternate. 1—2f. ‘ 
brachiata, E. (E. r. Ju.) leaves lanceolate: panicle long: branches brachiate, 
about 3-flowered : corol twice as long as the calyx. 
gentianoides, E. (E. r. Au.) leaves long, linear: flowers axillary, sessile ; up- 
per ones crowded : corol about 10-parted. Hydrophyllur. 


3—2. SaccHarum. 4. 10. 


Exotic. 
oficinarum, (sugar cane.) flowers-panicled, in pairs, one sessile and one pedi- 
celled: coro] 1-valved, awnless. From the East Indies. 
Muhlenbergia, 


(1) adansoni, P. Corypha, Wr. minor, Jn. Raphis acaulis, W. Cha- 
maerops, Mx. (2) campanulata,L. (3) gracilis, E. (4) Chlora dodecan- 
dra, L. (5) paniculata. Var. angustifolia, Ph. (6) Swertia difformis, L,. 


32, 


374 SAGINA, SALICORNIAs 


Saccharum, ER1anTHUS. . 
4—4, Sacina. 22. 832# 


procumbens, (pearl-wort. E. w. g. J. 2{.) stem procumbent, glabrous: petals 
very et “ satan + - enews mostly in running water, or very wet 
shady places orming a kind of water mat: but it grows along d d- 
sides in other places. 3-—4i. S. ri he fin 

apetala, (E. J. %.) stem erectish, pubescent: flowers sub-apetalous. Both 
species have linear, glabrous, connate leaves, and axillary flowers. 


Tillaea. 
19—12. Saeitraria. 5. 13. 


b> tee 

sapittifolia, (arrow-head. O. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves lanceolate-acute, sagittate : 
lobes lanceolate, acute, straight. War. latifolia, leaves ovate, sub-acute, sagit- 
tate: lobes ovate, slightly acuminate, straight. Var. major, leaves large 
abruptly acute: scape sub-ramose. 1—2f. S. : 

hastata, Ph. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves lance-oblong, gradually acute, sagittate ; 
lobes spreading, lanceolate, long-acuminate: scape simple: bracts and ca- 
lyx roundish, obtuse. Var. gracilis, leaves linear, obtusish, sagittate ; lobes 
spreading, elongated, linear, S. 

pubescens, M. (E. w. Au. 2{.) pubescent: leaves oblong-ovate, acute, sagit- 
tate; lobes ovate, acuminate, straight: scape simple : bracts roundish, pu- 

_ bescent. This species and the preceding one are probably nothing more 
than varieties of the very variable latifolia. S. 

obtusa, W. (w. J. 2{.) leaves broad-ovate, round-obtuse, mucronate, sagittate : 
lobes approximate, oblong, obliquely acuminate, straight: scape simple : 
bracts ovate, acute. Dioecious. S. im 

heterophylla, Ph. (O. w. Au. 2[.) leaves simple, linear and lanceolate, acute at 
both ends, or oval, acute, at the base obtuse, sagittate : lobes spreading, li- 
near : scape simple, few-flowered : pistillate flowers sub-sessile : bracta 
broad-ovate, acuminate. 8—12i. 

rigida, Ph. (w. Ju. 2{.) leaves narrow-lanceolate, keeled below, rigid, very 
acute at both ends: scape ramose. Grows in deep water. Oswego, N. Y. 

graminea, Mx. (1) (w. Ju. 2{.) leaves linear, long, 3-nerved: scape simple, 
few-flowered: bracts oblong, obtuse. 

simplex, Ph. (w. Ju. 2{.) leaves lance-linear, acute, narrow below: scape 
simple, many-flowered : bracts and calyx round, obtuse. Perhaps a variety 
of the last. WS. 

acutifolia, Ph. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves subulate, sheathed at the base, convex 
on the back: scape simple, few-flowered : bracts dilated, acuminate. 

pusilla, N. (Au. 3.) leaves linear, obtuse, short ; summits foliaceous ; scape 

"simple, shorter than the leaves: flowers few ; pistillate ones solitary, deflect- 
ed: stamens about 7. Leaves rarely subulate, about the twelfth of an inch 
wide. Inmud. 1—3i. 

natans, Mx. (w. Ju. 2{.) leaves floating, lance-oval, obtuse, 3-nerved, tapering 
to the base; lower ones sub-cordate: scape simple, few-flowered: lower 
peduncles elongated. SN. 


Southern. 
lancifolia, (2) (E. w. J. 2.) leaves broad-lanceolate, acute at each end, gla - 
brous, coriaceous, somewhat perennial: scape simple: seed compressed, 
sub-falcate. 2—3f. Arum. 


fi—1l. Saricornia. 12. 29. 
herbacea, (samphire, glasswort. L. Au. #.) herbaceous, spreading : joints 


~ 


(1) gramifolia,M. (2) falcata, Pb. 


SALICORNIA, SALIX. 875 


compressed at the apex, emarginate-bifid. Var. virginica, has the branches 
undivided, and the jointed spikes very long. The fructification is very ob- 
scure ; but it may be known by its leafless nearly cylindric jointed branches. 
It grows in salt marshes along the sea-board. Onondaga salt springs. 12— 
18i. S. 

mucronata, Bw. (dwarf samphire. L. Au. 3.) low, herbaceous: joints quad- 
rangular at the bottom, compressed and truncate at the top: spikes oblong, 
with mucronate scales, 

ambigua, Mx. (L. Ju. 2{. b.?) perennial, procumbent, branching: joint cres- 
cent-shaped, small: spikes aiternate and opposite: calyx truncate, 

Hippuris. 
20—2. Saux. 50. 99. 
1. Leaves entire, or obsoletely serrate. 


viminalis, Hn. (basket willow. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-linear, very long, acumi- 
nate, entire, sub-undulated, white-silky beneath: glands scattered near the 
margin: stipules small: aments precede the leafing: scales almost round, 
very hairy: germs sessile, ovate: style filiform: stigmas acute, undivided. 
Introduced. S. " 

candida, W. (white willow. E. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-linear, very long, obsolete- 
ly denticulate at the apex, pubescent above, white-downy beneath; margin 
revolute : stipules lanceolate, about equalling the petioles: aments precede 
the leafing, cylindric : scales lance-obovate, down very long. 

muhlenbergiana, W. (1) (speckled willow. E. Ap. 5.) leaves lanceolate, acut- 
ish, sub-entire, white-hairy, rugose-veiny beneath; margin revolute: sti- 
pules lanceolate, caducous: aments precede the leafing: scales oblong, with 
villose margins : germs lance-ovate, silk-villose, long-pedicelled : styles 
short : stigma 2-cleft. Scale of the ament tipped with red. 3—5f. S. 

tristis, A. (mourning willow. E. Ap. b.) leaves lance-linear, acute at both 
ends, entire; margin revolute, smoothish above, rugose-veined and downy 
beneath : stipules none : aments precede the leafing, oblong.. S. 

reeurvata, Ph. (shrub willow. A. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, entire ; 
margin glandular, glabrous, glaucous beneath, in the young state silky: sti- 
pules none: aments precede leafing, recurved: scales black at the apex; 
hairs of the length of the germs: germs ovate, short-pedicelled, silky: style 
short: stigma 2-cleft. Probably a variety of S. rosmarinifolia. 

repens, W. (2) (creeping willow. E. J. b.) creeping: leaves lance-oval, en- 
tire, acute, glabrous, somewhat silky beneath: stipules none: aments pre- 
cede the leafing, ovate : scales obovate, obtuse, hairy, sooty-yellow at the 
apex: germs ovate-oblong, pedicelled, pubescent : style short : stigma 2-lob- 
ed: capsules glabrous. Very small. Found onthe Whitehilils by Bigelow 
and Boot. 

reticulata, W. (E. J. 5.) creeping: leaves round-oval, obtuse, very entire, 
glabrous, net-veined, glaucous beneath: stipules nope: aments flower after 
leafing, peduncled, diandrous : scales obovate, obtuse, pubescent : germs 
ovate, sessile, villose: stigma sub-sessile, 2-parted. From Labrador, with 
the next five species, 

vestita, Ph. (E. J. b.) creeping: leaves roundish, entire, glabrous above, net- 
veined, covered beneath with very long, appressed, silky hairs: stipules 
none: aments flower after leafing, peduncled, linear, silky: germs ovate, 
sessile, villose : style deeply 2-parted: stigmas 2-cleft. 

uva-ursi, Ph. (E. M. >) depressed: leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, very 
entire; margin sparingly glandular below, glabrous, shining above : stipules 
none : aments flower after leafing, lax : scales oblong, ciliate: germs ovate, 
pedicelled, glabrous: style 2-parted: stigma 2-lobed. Resembles Arbutus 
uva-ursi. 


(1) incana, Mx. tristis,M. alpina, Wr. (2) depressa, Hn. polymorpha, Eb. 


876 SALIX. 


cordifolia, Ph. (E. b.) depressed: leaves oval, sub-acute, cordate at the base, 
- very entire, net-veined, glabrous above, pale beneath: nerves and margin 
ilose beneath: stipules semi-cordate. 
obovata, Ph. (M. b.) diffuse: leaves obovate, obtmse, very entire, glabrous 
above, silky-villose beneath: stipules none: aments flower at leafing time, 
. sessile, oblong, diandrous: scales obovate, apex black, pilose. 
planifolia, Ph. (E. 6b.) erectish, divaricate : branchlets smooth: leaves lance- 
oblong, acute at each end, serrulate in the middle, very glabrous, spreading, 
. fiat, discoloured : stipules none. 
prostrata, S. (E. 5.) leaves without stipules, obtusely dentate, oval-acute, 
laucous-silky beneath: stem prostrate. 
pedicellaris, Ph. (stem-berried willow. E. Ap. 5.) branchlets smooth: leaves 
lance-obovate, acute, entire, both sides glabrous, and coloured alike: sti- 
pules none: aments flower at leafing time, peduncled, glabrous: scales ob- 
long, scarcely pilose, but half as long as the pedicels: germs ovate-oblong, 
glabrous, with very long pedicels: stigma sessile, 2-cleft. 
lambertiana, W. (E. Ap. 5.) leaves nearly opposite, lance-obovate, acute, gla- 
_ brous, sub-serrate at the apex, discoloured: stipules none: aments precede 
the leafing: scales round, black: filament one: anthers two: germs sessile, 
val-ovate, silky: style short: stigmas ovate, emarginate. Introduced? 
rosmarinifolta, (rosemary willow. Ap. b.) leaves straight, lance-linear, acute 
at both ends, entire, sub-glandular at the margin, caducous-pubescent above, 
silky beneath : stipules narrow-lanceolate, erect: aments precede the leaf- 
ing, ovate, recurved: scales oblong, obtuse, ciliate: germs pedicellea, 
lanceolate, villose : stigma sub-sessile, 2-cleft. 3f. S. 
fuscata, Ph. (sooty willow. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, glabrous, 
sub-serrate, glaucous beneath, in the young state pubescent: stipules very 
narrow : aments precede the leafing, nodding : sales obtuse, scarcely hairy 
within : germs short-pedicelled, ovate, silky : stigma sessile, 2-lobed. 


2. Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate. 


conifera, W. (1) (rose willow, cone-gall willow. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-oblong, 
remotely serrate, acute, glabrous above, flat and downy beneath, the first 
year’s growth glabrous: stipules lunulate, sub-dentate : aments precede the 
leafing : scales lanceolate, obtuse, villose : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, silky : 
style 2-cleft: stigma 2-lobed. The scaly cones are mere excrescences or 
galls, caused by the stings of insects. S. 

myricoides, W. (gale leaf willow. E. Ap. b.) leaves lance-oblong, acute, 2 
glands at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneath: stipules ovate, acute, glan- 
dular-serrate: aments flower at leafing time, villose, leafy at the base: 
scales lanceolate, obtuse, villose, dark-coloured: germs long-pedicelled, 
lanceolate, glabrous: style 2-cleft: stigma 2-cleft. WS. 

prinoides, Ph. (E. Ap. b.) leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely wave-serrate, 
glabrous, glaucous beneath: stipules half-cordate, gash-toothed: aments 
precede the leafing, villose; germs pedicelled, ovate, acuminate, silky : 
style long : stigma 2-cleft. S. ‘ 

discolor, W. (red-root willow, basket willow. E. Ap. 5.) leaves oblong, ob- 
tusish, glabrous, remotely serrate, entire at the apex, glaucous beneath ; sti- 
_pules caducous, lanceolate, serrate: aments flower near leafing time, ob- 
long, downy : scales oblong, acute, dark-coloured hairy: germs sub-sessile, 
lanceolate, downy: stigma 2-parted. S. 

angustata, Ph. (Ap. }.) leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, yep taper- 
iag to the base, serrulate, glabrous, both sides coloured nearly alike : sti- 
pules half-cordate : aments precede the leafing, erect, smoothish : germs pe- 
orca ovate, glabrous: style 2-cleft: stigma 2-lobed. Resembles pri- 
noides. . 

longifolia, W.(long-leaf willow. E. M. 5.) leaveslinear, acuminate at both ends, 


i () eriocephala, Mx. longirostris, Mx. the elder. 


SALIX. 877 


longeated, remotely denticulate, glabrous, both sides coloured alike : stipules 
narrow-lanceolate, denticulate : aments flower after leafing, peduncled, dow- 
ny ; scales flat, retuse : filaments bearded at the base, twice as long as the 
scales, 2f. 

3. Leaves closely and acutely serrate. 


Remark, The first six of the following species have about 3 stamens to each 
wer. 

Mistonice, (weeping willow. E. M. 5.) branchlets pendant: leaves lanceolate, 
acuminate, serrate, glabrous, upper and lower sides of different colours: 
stipules roundish, contracted : aments flower at leafing time: germs sessile, 
ovate, glabrous. Supposed to be the willow on which the Israelites hung 
their harps, when captive in Babylon. Introduced. S. 

falcata, Ph, (E. b.) leaves long, lance-linear, gradually tapering above, sub- 
falcate, acute at the base, close-serrate, glabrous both sides, in the young 
state silky : stipules lunulate, toothed, deflected. Branches very slender and 
brownish, WS. 

nigra, W. (1) (brittle-joint willow, black willow. E, M. b.) leaves lanceolate, 
acute at both ends, serrulate, saine colour both sides, glabrous: petioles and 
midribs downy above: stipules contracted, toothed: aments flower at leaf- 
ing time, erect, cylindric, villose: scales oblong, very villose: filaments 3— 
6, bearded at the base : germs pedicelled, ovate, glabrous: style very short: 
stigma 2-cleft, 20f S : 

lucida, W. (shining willow. M. b.) leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 
rounded at the base, serrate, glandular, glabrous both sides, shining : stipules 
oblong, glandular-serrate : aments flower in leafing time; scales lanceolate, 
obtuse, hairy at the base, serrate at the apex, glabrous: germs lance-subu- 
late, glabrous: style 2-cleft : stigma obtuse. Size between shrub and tree. 
S 


rigida, W. (2) (stiff-leaf willow. E. Ap. b.) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, 
sub-cordate at the base, rigid, glabrous, sharply serrate ; lower serratures 
elongated : petioles villose : stipules broad-cordate, obtuse, glandular-ser- 
rate: aments flower at leafing time: scales lanceolate, dark-coloured, woo!- 
ly: germs long-pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous : style very short: stigma 2- 
parted. Branches red towards the end, in the youg state pubescent. Used 
also in basket-making. S. 

eordata, W. (heart-leaf willow. Ap. 5.) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, cor- 
date at the base, sharply serrate, glabrous, paler beneath : stipules broad, 
round-ovate, cartilaginous-serrate : aments flower at leafing time: scales 
lanceolate, dark-coloured, woolly : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous : 
style very short; stigma 2-cleft. 6—8f. S 

grisea, W, (3) (grey willow. E. Ap. 5.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serru- 
late, glabrous above, downy on the midrib, silky or naked beneath: stipules 
linear, deflected, caducous : ament precedes the leafing : scales oblong, 
hairy, dark-coloured at the apex : germ oblong, pedicelled, silky : stigma 
sessile, obtuse. Joints brittle at the base. 8f. WS. 

alba, {E. M. b.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, silky on both sides, 
lower serratures glandular : stipules obsolete : aments elongated, flowering 
at leafing time : scales lance-oval, one-coloured, pubescent: germs sub- 
sessile, ovate-oblong, at length glabrous : style short : stigma 2-parted, 
thick. Introduced. S, _ 

vitellina, (yellow willow. E. M. 5.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thickly ser 
rate, glabrous above, whitish-silky beneath: stipules none : aments flower in 
leafing time, cylindric: scales lance-ovate, both sides coloured alike, pubes- 
cent without : germs sessile, lance-ovate, glabrous : stigma sub-sessile, 2- 


(1) caroliniana, Mx. pentandra, Wr. vulgaris, Clayton. (2) cordata, 
Mx. cordifolia, Banks, (3) eae 
* 


378. SALIX, SALYIA. a 


lobed. Middle size tree. Var. alba, has the leaves white-silky both sides, 
and very long aments. ‘This variety is usually the tallest. S. 
ambigua, Ph. (E. Ap. 5.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, both sides of 
the same colour, glandular-serrate : aments flower ig leafing time: the pair 
of nectaries large, with lanceolate, deformed lobes, toothed at the apex, gla- 
brous: the terminal florets have 3 stamens. Resembling the vitellina. 


decipiens, Hn. (E. Ap. 5.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate at each end, . 


very glabrous, both sides coloured alike : petioles glandular-toothed : sti- 
pules round : aments flower at leafing time : scales obovate, villose : stami- 
nate nectaries paired: germs sub-sessile, lanceolate, glabrous: stigmas ses- 
sile, 2-parted: Branches very brittle. Introduced. S. 

petiolaris, W. (Ap. b.) leaves lanceolate, wholly serrate, smooth, glaucous- 
silky beneath, generally unequal at the base : stipules lunulate, toothed, 
small: aments precede the leafing, loose: scales obovate, obtuse, having 
black hairs : germs long-peduncled, ovate, silky, stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. 

russeliana, W. (E. b.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous: aments 
flower in leafing time : florets generally with 3 stamens : germs pedicelled, 
subulate, smooth: styles elongated. ‘Talltree. Introduced. ~~ 

myrsinites, W. (E. M. 5.) leaves oval-ovate, wholly serrulate, both sides gla- 
brous, shining and coloured alike : stipules lanceolate, serrate: branches 
rough : aments flower a little before leafing time, erect, cylindric; scales 
lance-oblong, long-villous : germs lance-ovate, sessile, silky : stigmas sub- 
sessile, 2-cleft. Labrador. 1 f. 

herbacea, W. (A. Ju. 5.) leaves round, sub-retuse, serrate, glabrous and shin- 
ing on both sides : stipules none: aments flower after leafing, few-flowered : 
scales obovate, obtuse, villose: germs oblong-ovate, sub-sessile, glabrous : 
stigmas very short, sub-sessile. On the northwest coast. Smallest of all the 
species. li. 

eriocephala, Mx. (E. Ap. 5.) leaves oblong-oval, somewhat retuse at the base, 
serrulate ; twigs downy: aments oval, very villose. Diandrous. 


Southern. 
houstoniana, Ph. (E. 5.) leaves lance-linear, acute, finely serrate, glabrous, 
shining, one-coloured : stipules none : aments flower at leafing time, cylin- 
dric, villose: scales ovate, acute : filaments 3—5, bearded to a middle. 
raxinus, 


o—2. Sarsona. 12. 29. 


kali, (salt-wort. L. Ju. 3.) herbaceous, decumbent: leaves channeled, spi- 
nose : calyx margined, axillary. Var. caroliniana, leaves dilated, shorter, 
terete, nerveless, spinose ; stem smooth or hairy; calyx with a broader 
margin. Seed cochleate.* S. 

tragus, (L. Ju. #.) herbaceous, spreading, smooth : leaves subulate, fleshy, 
mucronate-spinous : flowers sub-solitary : calyx subovate, margin flattened, 
discoloured. 

soda, (L. #.) herbaceous, smooth: branches ascending : leaves semi-terete, 
acutish : fruit-bearing calyx transversely carinate in the middle, sub-mem- 
branaceous. . Ulmus. 


Salsola, CHENOPODIUM. 
2—1. Sarvia. 42. 39. 


urtieifolta, (nettle sage. A. b. J. 2.) villose-viscous: leaves sapere 
toothed, decurrent along the petiole : calyx 3-toothed; upper segment 
toothed. S, } 

tyrata, (wild sage. E. b. M. 2{.) radical leaves lyrate, toothed : upper lip of 
the corol very short : stem nearly leafless, reverse-hairy. Var. obovata, 
the leaves obovate, repand. 1—3f. S, *, 


. 
| 
: 


k 
| 
: 
} 


SALVIA, SANGUISORBA. 378 


claytoni, E. (1) (vervain sage. b-p. J. 2{.) leaves heart-ovate, sinuate, toothed, 
rugose : teeth of the upper lip of the calyx connivent. 1f. S. 


Exotic. 
officinalis, (sage. b. J. 2{. or b.) leaves lance-ovate, crenulate i whorls few- 
flowered : calyx mucronate. 


oe. clarry. ¢'.) leaves rugose, cordate, oblong, villose, serrate : floral 
bracts longer than the calyx, concave, acuminate. 


Southern. 

azurea, Lk. (2) (E. b. w. Au. 2{.) leaves lance-linear ; lower ones serrate : 
stem and leaves smooth: calyx pubescent, short-3-cleft. 4—6f, 

eoceinea, (E. r. Ju. 2{.) leaves cordate, acute, tomentose, serrate : coro] twice 
as longas the calyx and narrower. 1—2f. 

trichostemmoides, Ph. (W. b. #¢.) leaves lanceolate, serrate : racemes termi- 
nal: flowers opposite : corol equa] to the 3-cleft calyx: stem brachiate- 
branched. 

obovata, E. (E. Ju.) leaves large, obovate, toothed, pubescent: whorls 6-flow- 
ered. 18 i. Collinsonia. 


21—1. Sarnvinia. 55. 5. bd 


natans, (3) (W. 2%.) leaves oval, obtuse, with fascicled bristles above : peti- 
oles pilose : fruit sub-sessile, aggregate. _ Sphagnum. 


5—3. SampBucus. 43. 58. 


canadensis, (black-berried elder. O, w. J. 5.) branchlets and petioles gla- 
brous : leafets about in 4 pairs, oblong-oval, glabrous, shining, acuminate : 
cyme lax, divided into about 5 parts. 8—15f. SS. 

pubescens, Ph. (4) (red-berried elder. O. w. M. 5.) bark warty : leafets in 2 
pairs, lance-oval, pubescent beneath : flowers raceme-panicled, or in a 
crowded bunch. 6—12f. S. Rhus. 


5—1. Samotus. 21. 34. 


valerandi, (brookweed. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves obovate : racemes elongated: pedi- 
cels bracted near the middle. Damp. 8—12i. SN. 


Southern. 
ebracteatus, Kunth. (W. w. 2{.} stem short, robust, smooth, divided at the 
base : leaves obovate, obtuse, somewhat fleshy, attenuate at the base: ra- 
cemes elongated, sub-pubescent : pedicels filiform, without bracts. 
; Sabbatia. 


13—1. Sancuivaria. 27. 62. 


canadensis, (blood-root. O. w. Ap. 2{.) leaves sub-reniform, sinuate-lobed : 
scape I-flowered. A variety, stenopetala, has linear petals. 6—10i. S., 
Podophyllum, 


4—2, SancuisorBa. 454. 92. 


canadensis, (burnet saxifrage. w. Ju. 2{.) flowers in a long cylindric spike : 
stamens several times longer than the corols. ‘The leaves resemble the bur- 
net. 3—Of. 
media, (A. r-w. Ju. 2{.) spikes cylindric: stamens a little longer than the co- 
rol : spikes shorter, tinged with red. Ph. A doubtful species. se S. 
artonia. 


gid) Tartana m4) @) shige iki M. angustifolia, Mx. mexicana, Wr. 
arsilea, L. pubens, Mx. 


$80: . SANICULA, SARRACENIA. 


5—2. Sanicuna. 40. 60. 


marylandica, (sanicle. O. w. J. 2{.) leaves digitate ; leafets oblong, gashed : 
part of the flowers are fertile, sessile and sub-ternate ; the others are barren, 
edicelled, and the most numerous. Var. canadénsis, leaves sub-ternate ; 


eafets ovate, coarsely toothed. 2—3f. S. Daucus. 
17—1. Sanrouina. 49. 55, 
Southern. 


suaveolens, Ph. (W. y. J. 3.) glabrous : stem corymb-branched : leaves sub- 
bipinnatifid ; divisions acute, linear: peduncles terminal, 1-flowered. Sweet 


scented. Tanacetum. 
8—3. Sapinpus. 23. 65. 
Southern. 
saponaria, (E. w. b.) leaves glabrous, abruptly pinnate ; leafets lance-oval : 
rachis winged : fruit spherical. 20—30 f. Adoxa. 


> 10—2. Saponaria. 22. 82. 


¥ 
Exotic. 
oficinalis, (soapwort, bouncing bet. w. J. 2{.) calyx cylindric: leaves lance- 
ovis opposite, sub-connate, entire. Probably introduced, and naturaliz- 
ed. 10—18 i. 
vaccaria, (field soapwort. r. Au. 3%.) calyx 5-cornered, cone-ovate: leaves 
ovate, acuminate, sessile. Naturalized. 6—18 i. Cucubalus. 


5—3. SaroTura. 20. 82. 


gentianotdes, L. (1) (nit-weed, false esas wort. p. y. J. .) small, erect, se- 
taceous-ramose : leaves minute, elose-pressed : flowers on the branchlets 
alternate, solitary. 4—8i. WS. Turnera. 


12—I. Sarracenia. 54. 62, 


purpurea, (side-saddle. O. p. J. 2{.) leaves radical, short, gibbose-inflated or 
cup-form, contracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing ; the 
contracted part of the base hardly as long as the inflated part. Scape with a 
single, large nodding flower. Inmarshes. 1—2f. S. 

heterophylla, Ea. (E. y. J.2f{.) leaves radical; outer ones long-funnel-form, 
not contracted at the mouth, having a narrow straight lateral wing ; the con- 
tracted part at the base about twice as long as the inflated part ; the inner 
leaves short, gibbose-inflated, contracted at the mouth, having an arched 
lateral wing, the contracted ok at the base hardly as long as the inflated 
part : style longer{than the filaments. The whole plant palish yellow, and 
very slender. Intermediate between purpurea and flava. In swamps at 
Northampton, Mass. Said to be found in New-Hampshire. 


Southern. 

rubra, Wr. (2) (E. r-p. J. 2.) leaves slender ; lateral'wing linear ; appendage 
ovate, erect, obtuse, mucronate, contracted at the base. 6—10i, 

fava, Mx. (E. y. J. 2f.) leaves large, funnel-form ; throat expanding; lateral 
wing nearly wanting ; appendage erect, contracted at the base, reflexed at 
the sides. 18—24 i. 

catesbaei, E. (E. 2f.) leaves stiffly erect ; tube funnel-form; lateral wing lin- 
ear ; throat straight ; appendage erect, sub-reniform, reticulate with colour- 
ed veins. 12—18 i. 


ea 


(1) hypericoides, N. Hypericum sarothra, Mx. (2) psyttacina, Mx. ? 


SARRACENIA, SAXIFRAGA. 381 


vartolaris, Mx. (1) (E. y. J..2(.) leaves slightly ventricose, with the tube near 
‘the summit spotted on the back ; appendage arched, incurved ; lateral wing 
slightly dilated. 12—131. Nuphar. 


13—1, Saturgsa. 42. 39. 


Exotic. 

hortensis, (summer savory. b-w. Ju. 3%.) peduncles axillary, somewhat ina 
cyme : leaves lanceolate, entire : stem brachiate. 

montana, (winter savory. b.) peduncles somewhat 1-sided: segments of the 
calyx acuminate, mucronate: leaves mucronate. Molucella. 


7—4, Saururus. 2. 6. 


eernuus, (lizard’s tail, breast weed. W. Au. 2{.) stem angular, sulcate : leaves 
alternate, heart-oblong, acuminate. Rare in New-York east of Cayuga Lake 
—abundant west of it. 1—2f. Rhexia. 


10—2. SAXIFRAGA. 13. 84. 


1. Leaves radical, undivided : stem.nearly nal? 


aizoon, W. (W. 2{.) leaves aggregate, spatulate, acutish, glabrous, with car- 
tilaginous teeth: stem simple, leafy, pilose: calyx glabrous. 3. 

stellaris, W. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves wedge-form, serrate, pilose at the margin : 
stem simple, naked: petals acute: capsule superior. Labrador. 

serpyllifolia, Ph. (W. 2{.) erect: leaves small, oval, glabrous: stem 1-flower- 
ed, few-leaved : petals obovate. 

androsacea, Ph. (W. w. 2{.) pubescent: leaves petioled, linear-spatulate : 
stem leafy, 1—2-flowered. 

bronehialis, W. (W. 2{.) stoloniferous: leaves imbricate, subulate, flat, mu- 
cronate, spinose, ciliate : stem nearly naked, panicled. S. 

nivalis, (W. w.J. 2{.) leaves roundish-wedge-form, crenate before, decurrent 
into the petiole: stem naked, simple: racemes crowded. 2i. 

virginiensis, Mx. (2) (rock saxifrage. O. w. M. 2{.) minutely pubescent : 
leaves oval, obtuse, crenate, decurrent into the petiole: flowers sub-sessile 
on the dichotomous branches of an almost leaflessscape. 1—15i. S. 

geum, W. (W. 2{.) leaves reniform, toothed, veinless and pilose on both sides: 
stem naked, panicled. 

pennsylvanica, (water saxifrage. O. g-w. J. 2{.) pubescent: leaves lance-ob- 
long, acute at both ends, obsoletely denticulate; scape leafless: panicle ob- 
long, with fascicled branches at the top. 1—4 f. ‘ 


2. Leaves undivided : stem leafy. 


oppositifolia, W. (E. p. M. 2{.) caespitose: leaves cauline, opposite, imbri- 
cate, ovate, obtuse ; upper ones ciliate: flowers terminal, solitary, sessile. 
Labrador. 

atrotdes, W. (E. y- 2{.) decumbent, caespitose: leaves cauline, linear, -alter- 
rate, tooth-ciliate: panicle few-flowered: petals as long as the calyx. 

setigera, Ph. (3) (W.w. 2{.) pubescent: leaves radical, aggregate, spatulate, 
acute, spinose-ciliate: stem leafy, about 2-flowered: calyx hispid: very 
long setaceous twigs in the axils of the leaves. 

hireulus, ©.) leaves cauline, alternate, lanceolate, naked, unarmed ; stem 
erect. North Somerset. 


3. Leaves lobed. 


rivularis, S. (E. w. J. 2{.) erect: leaves petioled, palmate : upper ones spatu- 
late: stem few-flowered: root fibrous: germ half inferior. Labrador. 


ite a ia enene, S. (2) ntvalis, M. vernalis, Bw. virginica, N. 
agellaris, Sternb. 


382 SAXIFRAGA, SCHISTIDIUM. 


sibirica, W. (E. w. 2{.) ascending: leaves reniform, palmate, pilose ; cauline 
ones sessile: petioles hirsute: pedicels very long, filiform, 2-cleft, naked. 
Labrador. 

pectinata, Ph. (W. 2{.) caespitose: stems numerows, leafy: leaves 3-lobed ; 
lobes 3-cleft, linear, acute, glabrous: midrib furrowed: flowers racemed. 

caespttosa, W. (W.y. J. 2[.) leaves radical, aggregate, fleshy, linear, obtuse, 
entire or 3-cleft, nerved beneath: stem erect, nearly naked, few-flowered : 
petals twice as long as the calyx. War. groenlandica, leaves cauline, pal- 
mate, many-cleft: divisions acute. 

tricuspidata, W. (E. w. J. 2{.) leaves radical, aggregate, wedge-form, ciliate, 
acutely 3-toothed: stem ascending, racemed: petals lanceolate, thrice as 
long as the calyx. Hudson’s Bay. 

cernua, (A.) leaves cauline, palmate, petioled: stem very simple, 1-flowered, 
bulbiferous. 

caespitosu, (1) (A.) leaves digitate, (3-cleft,) minutely nerved, sub-hirsute : 
anthers sagittate : stigma hooded, reflexed: stem sub-viscous, 2—3-flowered. 


Exotic. 
sarmentosa, ( -steak, creeping saxifrage. w. Au. 2{.) leaves roundish, 
toothed, hai ending off creeping shoots: 2 petals in each flower elon- 
gated. : 
Southern. 


leucanthemifolia, Mx. (A. w. r. y. Ju. 2{.) very hirsute: stem somewhat nak- 
ed: leaves elongated-spatulate, acutely-toothed: stems divaricate-dichoto- 
mous : panicle capillary, lax: calyx reflexed: petals unequal. 18—24i. 

erosa, Ph. (A. y-g. Ju. 2{.) nearly glabrous : stem naked : leaves lance-oblong, 
acute, erose-dentate: panicle oblong; branches divaricate, very branching, 
lax-flowered : pedicels filiform. 

jamesii, T. (W. p.) leaves reniform, crenate-toothed, paler on 
both sides, nearly glabrous: stem short, few-flowered: divisions of the ca- 
lyx triangular-ovate, acute, glandular pubescent: petals orbicular with long 
claws. 1—2i., Tiarella, 


4—1. Scaprosa. 47. 56. 


Exotic. 
stellata, (star scabious, cat’s eye. y-w. 3.) corol 5-cleft, radiate: leaves cut 
and jagged : outer crown of the seeds orbicular, large, spreading, membrana- 
ceous, many-nerved,? 
atropurpurea, (sweet scabious. r. 2{.) coro] 5-cleft, radiating: leaves pinnati- 
fidand cut: receptacle cylindric : outer crown of the seed short, lobed and 
crenate. Polypremum. 
Scandix, URASPERMUM. 
6—3. Scurvucuzeria. 5, 13. 
palustris, (less flowering rush. E. g-y. J. 2{.) stem glabrous: leaves semi-cy- 
' lindric, sheathing at the base; each having a lateral pore on the inner side, 
immediately below the cartilaginous tip. In ponds and marshes. 1 f, 
Triglochin. 
19—5. ScuHisanpra. 11. 77. 


Southern. 
eoceinea, Mx. (E. r.& y. J. 5.) glabrous: leaves alternate, lanceolate, sub- 
denticulate, petioled, sometimes sub-cordate. Climbing. 10—15 f. 
Zizania. 
21—2. Scuistiprum. 56, 4. 
ciliatum, stem ramose; leaves lance-ovate, concave, diaphanous at the apex, 


——-— 


(1) mixta, P. 


SCHIZZAy SCIRPUS. 883 


denticulate: capsules ovate, sub-sessile: calyptre very long, mitre-form or 
bell-conic, split at the base into many small irregular divisions, bautifully 
reticulate. Anoectangium, 


2i—1. Scnizea 55. 5. 


pusila, Ph. (one-sided fern. E. Ju. 2{.) frond simple, linear-compressed ; 
spikes conglomerate, inflexed, one-way. The only known locality of this in- 
teresting little fern is near Quaker-bridge, New-Jersey, in aswamp. 3—6i. 
Lygodium. 
3—1l. ScHoenus. 3. 9. 


mariscoides, M. (E. Ju. 2{.) culm terete or sub-sulcate, leafy : leaves channel- 
ed, semi-terete: umbel terminal: fascicles of spikes 3 on eaeh peduncle: 
seed naked, rounded at the base. 2f. 


e Southern. 

hispidulus, Vahi. (E.) peduncles axillary and terminal, 3-spiked: spikes glo- 
bose, copia : leaves filiform, hispid. 

€ , Sw. (saw grass. E. Au.) culm leafy, obtusely S-angil leaves prickly 
forwards : panicle terminal, very long, diffuse: seed ovate, longitudinally 
wrinkled. 6—10 f. Rhyncospora, 


Schoenus, RHYNCOSPORA. 
3—l. Scnortera. 6. 17. 


graminifolia, W. (1) (yellow-eyed water grass. O. y. Ju. 2{.) leavesall linear; 
grass-like: stem slender, floating. 6—18 i. Heteranthera. 


15—10. Scuranzia. 33. 93, 


Exotic. 
sensitiva, (2) (sensitive plant.) prickly : leaves pinnate ; leafets in pairs, inmost 
ones minute. 


Southern. 
uncinata, (3) (sensitive briar. E. p. Ju. 2.) stem prostrate angled, prickly : 
leaves alternate, abruptly bipinnate: leafets small, sub-oval, gibbous at the 
base, thinly pilose, irritable. 2—3 f. Sida. 


13—2. Scuwatpea. 40. 40. 
americana, W. (chafl-seed. E. p-y. J. 2{.) simple, pubescent: leaves lanceolate : 
racemes terminal: flowers alternate. 2f. S. Euchroma. 
Schweiniizia, MonoTROPsIs. 
6—1. Sciza. 10, 14. 


Exotic. 
maritima, (squill. w.) scape long, naked, many-flowered : bracts bent back. 
Root bulbous. Orentium. 


Scilla, PHALANGIUM. 
3—1. Scrrpus. 3. 9. 


1. Seed surrounded with bristles at the base. 


(Style artieulated to the seed: base dilated and persistent. Seed often lene 
ticular. ELrocHaris. Br.) 


tenuis, W. (4) (O. Ju. 2{.) culm very slender, quadrangular : spike oval, acute 


(1) Leptanthus ineus, Mx. Heteranthera, Ph. (2) Mimosa, 4th Ed. 
{3) Mimosa horidula, Mx, intsia, Wr. (4) marginatus, M. E, 


384 SCIRPUS. 


at eachend: glumes ovate, obtuse: stamens 3: styles 3-cleft: seed rugose. 
8—12i. S. 
glaucus, T. (L. Ju. 2{.) culm many-angled, glaugous: spike ovate, acute: 
lumes ovate, obtuse oremarginate. Stamens 3: styles 2-cleft. 1f. 
palustris, (E.J.2{.) culm round, inflated: spike lance-oblong: glumes some- 
what obtuse: seed roundish, punctate, rugose: bristlesscabrous. 18—24 i. 


Ss. 

capitatus, (E. Ju. 2{.) culm terete or sub-compressed: spike ovate, obtuse : 
‘seed oval, compressed, smooth. . 

acicularis, (1) (O. Ju.) culmsetaceous quadrangular: spike ovate, acute, 3— 
6-flowered: glumes somewhat obtuse: stamens 3: styles bifid: seed obo- 
vate. 3—6i. ; 

pusillus, Vahl. (L. Au.) culm compressed and sub-angular: spike ovate,ycom- 
pressed: seed obovate : stamens 3: style 2—3-cleft. 1i. S. 

intermedius, M. (E. S.) culms caespitose, quadrangular, sulcate: spikes ovate, 
oblong, acute glumes acutish : stamens 3: style 2-cleft: seed broad-obovate, 
compressed: tubercle distinct. 3—4i. 

planifolius, M J.) culm triangular ; radical leaves linear, flat, nearly equal- 
ling the culm ike terminal, oblong, compressed, shorter than the cuspi- 
date bracts at the base. 8 i. 

subterminalis, T. (E. Au.) culm floating, sulcate, inflated, leafy below:. spike 
solitary, somewhat terminal, lanceolate: style 2-cleft: seed 3-angled. 3 f. 

eaespitosus, (E. Ju.) culms caespitose, terete: spikes ovate, few-flowered : 
lower glumes bract-like as long as the spike : sheaths with rudiments of leaves. 
Var. callosus, glumes thickened and cartilaginous at the tips. i. 


( Style filiform, not bearded, caducous. Scirpus. L. Br.) 


americanus, P. (2) (E. Au.) culm nearly naked, 3-angled, sides concave : 
spikes lateral, 1—5, ovate, conglomerate, sessile: glumes round-ovate, mu- 
cronate: seed 3-angled, acuminate. One variety has 3—5 spikes nearly ter- 
rninal; another has generally a solitary spike remote from the extremity of 
the culm. 3—5f. 

debilis, M. (E. Au.) culms caespitose, deeply striate: spikes about 3, lateral, 
ovate, sessile: glumes ovate, obtuse, mucronate. 8—12i. S, 

lacustris, (3): (E. J.):culm terete, attenuated above, naked: panicle, sub-ter- 
minal: spikes peduncled, ovate. 4—8f. S. 

acutus, M. (E. Ju.) culm terete, (not attenuated,) spotted: peduncles numer- 
ous, sub-lateral: spikes oblong: glumes pubescent, mucronate. 4f. 

atrovirens, M. (E. Ju.) culm triangular, leafy : cyme terminal, compound, pro- 
liferous: involucre 3-leaved : spikes conglomerate, orate, acute: glumes 
ovate, mucronate, pubescent. 2 Ff. 

brunneus, M. (4) (E. Au.) culm leafy, obtusely triangular : cyme decompound : 
involucre 3—4-leaved: spikes roupd-ovate, clustered in heads of about sixes: 
glumes ovate, obtuse. 2—3f S. 

macrostachyus, M. (5) (L. Au.) culm triangular, leafy : corymb clustered : in- 
volucre about 3-leaved, very long: spikes oblong: glumes ovate, 3-cleft : 
middle segment subulate and reflexed: style 3-cleft. 3—4f. S&S. 


( Style filiform, caducous. Bristles much longer than the seed. TRicHo- 
PHORUM, P.) 


eriophorum, Mx. (6) (O. Au. 2{.) culm obtusely triangular, leafy: panicle de- 


compound, proliferous, nodding: spikesall peduncled : bristles surrounding 
the seed, exsert, Cis: 


i) trichodes, M. E. capillaceus, Mx. (2) triqueter, Mx.. (3) validus, 
Vahl. Ph. (4) exaltatus, Ph. (5) robustus, Ph. maritimus, Bw. E. (6) Eri- 
ophorum cyperinum, L, Trichophorum cyperinum, P, 


a 


SCIRPUS. | 385 


lineatus, Mx. (E. Au.) culm 3-angled, leafy: panicles terminal and lateral, 
decompound, at length nodding : involucre 1—2-leaved : spikes ovate: 
glumes lanceolate, somewhat carinate : bristles longer than the seed. 2— 
Shs 


2. Seed naked at the base. 


(Style simple at the base, not articulated to the seed, cadueous. Is0LEPe 
» sis. Br.) 


subsquarrosus, M. (1) (E. Au. 2f.?) culm triangular, nearly naked, incurv- 

* ed: spikes 3, nearly terminal, ovate : glumes somewhat squarrose at the tip: 
involucre 2-leaved, very long, unequal. 2 i. 

capillaris, (2) (E. Au. 3%.) culm nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary: spike 
ovate, 2—3 of them peduncled, with an intermediate sessile one. $i. S. 

autumnalis, (E. Au. 2{.) culm compressed, ancipitous : umbel compound: in- 
volucre 2-leaved : spikes lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided. 8—12i. 
Ss. 

Southern. Pa 

simplex, E. (E.J. 2{.) culm terete: spike somewhat ovate: glumes obtuse : 
seed obovate, 3-angled. 8—13 i. 

filiformis, Vahl. (E. Au.) spike cylindric, oblong, obtuse: scales roundish: 
seeds naked at the summit: culm filiform. 

geniculatus, Vahl. (E. Ju.) spike ovate-obiong: scales round-ovate: culms te- 
rete, growing in distinct clusters. 

tuberculatus, Mx. (E. Au.) culm terete, striate : glumes very obtuse, loose, ap» 
pressed: seed somewhat 3-angled: tubercle sagittate, larger than the seed. 
121. 

quadrangulatus, Mx. (E: M. .2{.) culm acutely 4-angled; 3 sides concave; 
one wider, flat: spike cylindric: glumes very obtuse. 1—2f. 

eguisetotdes, E. (E. J.) spike cylindric, terminal; scales very obtuse: culms 
terete, doubly jointed. Resembles Equisetum hyemale. 18—24 i. 

mucronatus, Vahl. (E. Au.) leafiess: spikes oblong: scales entire, acuminate ; 
culm 3-angled. 

stenophyllus, E, (E. Au. 2§.) culm filiform, obtusely 3-angled : leaves setace- 
ous: involucre 4-leaved, very loug : spikes clustered: glumes mucronate. 
3—4 i. 

coarctatus, E. (3) (E. Oct.) umbel compound, crowded: spikes smail, lance-li- 
near: inyolucre setaceous, with one of its leaves longer than the umbel : 
leaves filiform, concave on one side. If. 

castaneus, Mx. (4) (E. Ju.) spikes ovate-oblong, obtuse: involucre 2-leaved, 
rigid, as long as the compound umbel. 

sulcatus, E. (E, Au.) spikes lance-ovate, sometimes acuminate : umbel com- 
pound, as long as the involucre: seed longitudinally furrowed. 1 f. 

nitens, Vahl. (E. Ju.) spikes ovate, pedicélled : corymbs generally compound, 
axillary and terminal: culm terete. 

diwaricatus, E, (E. J.) culm obtuse-3-angled : umbels decompound, divari- 
cate: spikes oval, pendulous. 3—4f.' 

schoenotdes, E. (E.) culm 3-angled : panicles decompound, axillary and ter- 
minal, pendulous: spikelets clustered: seed obovate, rugose, surrounded by 
bristles. 2—3 f. 

sylvaticus, Mx. (2{.) spikes oblong, crowded: corymb leafy, more than de- 
compound: scales oblong, obtusish, green: culm leafy, 3-angled. 

ovatus, Vahl. (Ju. 2{.) spike ovate: scales oblong: flowers somewhat dian- 
drous: culm sub-compressed: sheaths unarmed. 

Fimbristylis. 


ae Pb. (2) ciliatifolius,E, (3) castaneus,Ms (4) Fimbristylis, 
a e 
; 33 


886 SCIRPUS, SCLEROTIUM. 


Scirpus. FIMBRistyLis. Rayncospora. 
10—2. ScieranrHus. 22, 86. 


annuus, (knawel, gravel chickweed. O. w-g. J. 3%.) Calyx of the fruit spreading, 
acute: stem spreading, sub-prostrate. Saponaria. 


19—3. Screria. 3. 9. 


riglomerata, Mx.? E. (1) (whip grass. E, J. 2.) culm acutely triangular, 
scabrous: leaves lance-linear, channelled, a little scabrous, sparingly pilose : 
spikes fascicled, lateral and terminal: glumes ciliate: nut smooth. 2f. 


S. 

paucifiora, M. (2) (E. Au. 2{.) culm 3-angled, glabrous: leaves linear, gla- 
brous: spikes lateral and terminal, few-flowered ; lateral ones pendulous ; 
terminal ones clustered : glumes glabrous: nut rugose. 12—18i. S. 

verticillata, M. (Au. 2{.) culm simple, 3-sided : culm and leaves glabrous: 
spike naked, with alternate distant glomerules: glumes glabrous: nut glo- 
bose, mucronate, transversely rugose-warty. 1f. S. 

reticulata, Mx. (E. Ju.) culm and leaves glabrous: sheaths winged: spikes 
scattered, axillary and terminal: glumes and bracts glabrous: nut reticu- 
late, dotted. 1—2f. S. 

Southern. 

oligantha, E. (E. M.) culm slender, 3-angled, glabrous: leaves narrow, nerv- 
ed, slightly scabrous: spikes 2—3, sub-terminal, sessile ; one lateral, one re- 
mote, long-peduncled: nutvery smooth, shining. 12—18 i. 

gracilis, E. (E.) culm filiform, 3-angled: culm and leaves glabrous: spikes 
few-flowered, fascicled, sub-terminal : glumes glabrous: nut smooth, shin- 
ing. If. 

ciliata, Mx. (E. J.) culm erect, glabrous, nearly naked : leaves linear, chan- 
nelled, pubescent above : spikes terminal, clustered bracts and glumes cili- 
ate: nutrugose. 1—2f. 

hirtella, Mx. (E. Ju.) culm erect, slender t culm, leaves and bracts a little hir- 
sute: spikes terminal and axillary : glumes pubescent: nut transversely- 
rugose. Var. strigosa, angles of the stem, margins and midrib of the leaves 
more hirsute : glumes ciliate : nut tuberculate-rugose. Perhaps a distinct 
species. Elliott. 

interrupta, Mx. (E.) culm simple, 3-angled : culm and leaves pubescent: 
spike glomerate, naked ; clusters alternate, distant: glumes bristly: nut 
globose, mucronate, transversely warty-rugose. Tripsacum. 


21—6. ScreropEerMa. 58. 1. 


eitrinum, middle size, roundish, sending off shoots, pale-yellow : scales thick- 
ish, obsolete. Onthe earth among oaks, or on trunks in autumn. 
Lycogala. 


21—6. Scrierotium. 58. 1. 


emen, (barked puff-ball. P.) globular or pear-form, blackish, becoming rug- 
ged ; gregarious. On dead potato-stems in autumn. 


(1) Elliott says, this is not the triglomerata of Pursh, but may be of Mx. 
Pursh’s description is as follows: triglomerata, (J. 2{.) culm erect, simple, 
3-sided, scabrous : leaves scabrous at the margin: fascicles few-flowered, ter- 
minal: glumes ovate, mucronate, scabrous: nuts globose, acute, rugose. 

(2) Torrey, in a letter to Dr. Darlington, says, this is not the pauciflora of 
Paursh. Pursh’s description is as follows: pauctflora, (Au. 2{.) culm erect, 
simple, 3-angled, scabrous : leaves narrow-linear, channelled, scabrous at the 
margin: fascicles few-flowered, in pairs, terminal; one very remote, axillary = 
nut globose, acutirh, transversely rugose. 


SCLEROTIUM, SCUTELLARIA. 387 


durum, ovate, hard, sub-striate, obscure, black. On the dried stems of large 
herbs in autumn and winter. Tuber, 


21—1. ScoLoprenprium. 955. 5. 


oficinarum, W. (1) (caterpillar fern. W. Ju. 2[.) frond broad-lanceolate, cor- 
date at the base : stipe chaffy. 8—10 i. Blechnum. 


13—2. Scropuuraria. 40. 40. 


marylandica, (2) (fig-wort. O. g-p. Ju. 2[.) leaves cordate, serrate, acute 
roundish at the base; petioles ciliate below :-fascicles of the panicle lax, 
few-flowered. 3—7f. S. . 

lanceolata, Ph. (E. g-y. Au. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, acumi- 
nate, acute at the base: petioles naked: fascicles of the panicle corymbed. 
3—5 f. S. Bignonia. 


13—1. ScurTEvuaria. 42. 39. 


latertfora, {mad-dog scull-cap, hood-wort. O. b. Ju. 2{.) branching, glabrous : 
leaves long-petioled, ovate, toothed ; cauline ones sub-cordate : racemes 
lateral, leafy. Damp. 1—2f. S. 

galericulata, (scull-cap. O. b. J. 2{.) branching: leaves sub-sessile, lance- 
ovate, sub-cordate at the base, crenate, a little white-downy beneath : flow- 
ers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Flowers large. Damp. 12—18 i. 

gracilis, N. (E. b. J. 2{.) stem sub-simple : leaves remote, broad-ovate, toothed, 
smooth, sessile, scabrous on the margin; upper ones smaller, entire: flow- 
ers axillary. Resembles the last. 12—18i.. ' 

parvula, Mx. (w-b. J. 2{.) small, simple, densely pubescent : leaves sessile, 
ovate, entire: flowers axillary, solitary. 2 i. 

integrifolia, (E. b. Ju. 2{.) somewhat simple, densely pubescent : lower leaves 
cvate, crenate, tapering to the base ; upper ones lance-linear, obtuse, entire, 
sessile ; racemes !ax-flowered, leafy. Var. hyssopifolia, has the leaves all 
linear. 1—2f. WS. 

pilosa, Mx..(3) (E. b. J. 2{.) nearly simple, pubescent : leaves remote, rhomb- 
ovate, obtuse, round-crenate, rugose, petioled: lower ones sub-cordate : ra- 
cemes panicled : flowers crowded : bracts lanceolate, entire. 18—24i. S. 

canescens, N. {W.b. 2{.) branching : leaves ovate, acute, acutely toothed, 
petioled, hoary-villose beneath ; lower ones sub-cordate : racemes axillary 
and terminal, pedicelled, sub-panicled : bracts lance-ovate, longer than the 
calyx: bractsand flowers hoary-villose. 2—3f. 

ovalifolia, P. (b. J. 2{.) leaves sessile, ovate or sub-oval, serrate ; upper ones 
lanceolate, sub-entire. 

cordifolia, M. (4) (E. b. w. Au. 2{.) leaves broad-cordate, acute, obtusely 
toothed; petioles long : racemes opposite and terminal: bracts ovate, acu- 
minste : stem branching. 2—3f. S. 


Southern. 

nervosa, Ph, (E.b, Au. 2{.) nearly simple, glabrous: leaves sessile, ovate, 
toothed, nerved : raceme terminal, lax, leafy. : 

angustifolia, Ph. (W. J. 2{.) simple, finely pubescent: leaves linear: flowers 
axillary, opposite : stamens sub-exsert. 

caroliniana, Lk. (E. 2{.) branching, very glabrous: leaves petioled, lance- 
linear, acute, entire : racemes lax, leafy : calyx obtuse. 

serrata, Ph. (E. b, Ju. 2{.) branching, pubescent : leaves ovate, acuminate, 


serrate, short-petioled ; racemes terminal, lax, often panicled ; bracts lancea- 
late, short. 


(1) Asptenium scolopendrium, L. (2) nodosa. Var. americana, Mx. (3) 
caroliniana, Wr. (4) versicolor, N.? ©” 


$88 SCUTELLARIA, SELENIA. : 


villosa, E. (E.J.) stem erect, branching, villose : leaves large, lanceolate, 
acute at each end, coarse-toothed, villose beneath, hispid above: racemes 
panicled: flowers crowded. 2—3f. 

ambigua, N. (W. w-b. 2{.) low, sub-decumbent, diivaricate, branched : leaves 
sessile, ovate, rarely remotely serrate, sub-hirsute above : flowers small ax- 

~ illary. Var. missouriensis, leaves ovate-oblong ; lower ones ovate, short- 
petioled ; allentire. 4—6i. 

resinosa, T. & J. (W. b.) minutely glandular-pubescent, very branching : 
leaves ovate, very obtuse, abruptly narrowed at the base, very entire, sprink- 
led on each side with resinous dots: flowers axillary, villose. 

Trichostema. 


3—2. Sxrcane. 4. 10. 


cereale, (rye. J. co.) glumes and bristles scabrous-ciliate : corol smooth. In- 
troduced. Sesleria. 


10—5. Sepum. 13. 83. 


ternatum, Mx. (false ice-plant. W. w. J.2/{.) small, creeping : leaves flat, 
round-spatulate, ternate : flowers somewhat 3-spiked. Varies into the eighth 

class. Cultivated. S. 

telephioides, Mx. (E. p. Ju.) leaves broad-lanceolate, acute at each end, den- 
tate: corymbs many-flowered. If. WS. 


Exotic. 
telephium, (orpine, live-forever. r. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves flattish, tooth-serrate, 
thickly scattered : corymb leafy : stem erect. 
anaeampseros, (stone-crop. 2{.) leaves wedge-form, entire, sub-sessile : stem 
decumbent : flowers corymbed. 


Southern. 

pulchellum, Mx. (E. p.) glabrous : stems assurgent: leaves scattered, linear, 
obtuse : cyme many-spiked : flowers sessile, octandrous. 

pusillum, Mx. (1) (E. w. Ju. 2{.) erect, glabrous: leaves alternate, nearly 
terete, oblong : flowers sub-terminal, few, alternate, sub-pedicelled. 2—4i. 

stenopetalum, Ph. (W.y. Ju. 2{.) glabrous, stems ascending : leaves scattered 
and crowded, adnate-sessile, compressed-subulate, acute : cyme terminal, 
thrice dichotomous : spikes recurved: flowers sessile, decandrous: petals 
linear, much longer than the calyx. 

nuttallii, T. & J. (W.) leaves roundish, flat, entire, scattered : cymes termi- 
nal, trichotomous. 

lanceolatum, T. & J. (W. w.?) leaves flat, sub-alternate ; lower ones crowded, 
lance-oblong, acutish, glabrous, with the margin glendular-serrulate : stem 
branching, assurgent: flowers cyme-corymbed : petals lanceolate, spread- 


ing. 

rhodiola, Dc. (2) (W.g. y. 2{.) erect, simple : leaves imbricate, sessile, ob- 
ovate, acute, fleshy, glaucous, toothed above : cymes terminal, branching. 
8 i. Lychnis. 


14—1. Sevenia. 39. 63. 


Southern. 
aurea, N. (W. y. .) stem glabrous, sub-divided at the base, acute-triangular : 
leaves smooth, somewhat succulent; radical ones sub-bipinnatifid, sessile : 
peduncles axillary angular. 4—6 i. Dentaria. 


——— 


‘ ‘Q) Diamorpha, N. and Tillaea cymosa of the same. (2) Rhodiola rosea, L. 


SEMPERVIVUM, SENECIO. $89 


Selinum, Cyriprum. 
12—13. Sempervivum. 13, 83. 


: Exot 
tectorum, (houseleek. Au. 2{.) leaves 
wedge-form, crenulate. 
arboreum, (tree houseleek.) stem woody, smooth, branching: leaves wedge- 
form, glabrous, with soft spreading hairs. Adonis, 


17—2. Senecio. 49. 55. 


1. Florets tubular : rays none. 


Remark. The three first species vary from the character of the section un- 
der which the genus is placed ; being destitute of rays. 


vulgaris, (groundsel. E, y. J. 2{.) leaves mostly clasping, sinuate-pinnatifid, 
toothed : flowers panicled: stem erect, branched. Perhaps introduced. 
12—20 i. 

hieracifolius, (fire-weed. O. w, J. 3¢) stem wand-panicled: leaves clasping, 
oblong, acute ; deeply, acutely, and unequally toothed : calyx smooth, brist- 
ly at the base. This plant springs up wherever land has been recently clear- 
ed of timber, and more particularly if it has been burned over. 4—8f. S. 

elongaius, Ph. (long-stem groundsel. E, Ju. 2{.) glabrous : radical leaves 
spatulate, serrate, tapering into the petiole ; cauline leaves pinnatifid, tooth- 
ed, very remote : peduncles elongated, corymb-umbelled. 

pauciforus, Ph. (E. 2{.) glabrous : radical leaves long-petioled, roundish-ovate, 
sub-cordate, toothed ; cauline ones 2, remote, pinnatifid, toothed: pedun- 
cles short, somewhat in 3’s, umbelled. Labrador. $i, 


ic. 
ciliate: bulbs spreading : nectaries 


2. Flowers with ray florets. 


pauperculus, Mx. (2{.) stem very simple, rigidly erect, nearly naked: leaves 
lanceolate ; radical ones sub-entire and gash-toothed : corymb few-flowered : 
calyx smooth : rays small, 

gractits, Ph, (E. M. 2{.) radical leaves very long-petioled, orbicular, sub-cor- 
date, crenate ; cauline ones few, very remote, linear-oblong, dilated at the 
base, gash-toothed : peduncles very short, hirsute, sub-umbelled : calyx 
smooth : rays few, very short. If. 

obovatus, (E. y. Me 2.) radical leaves obovate, crenate-serrate, petioled ; cau- 
line ones pinnatifid, toothed: flowers sub-umbe!led, long-peduncled: stem 
somewhat glabrous. SS. 

balsamite, (balsam groundsel. E, y. J. 2f.) radical leaves oblong. serrate, pe- 
tioled ; cauline ones lyrate or pinnatiid : flowers sub-umbelled: stem and 
peduncles villose atthe base. 1—2f. SS, 

aureus, W. (rag-wort. O. y. J. 2{.) radical leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, peti- 
oled ; cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, terminal division lanceolate : pedun- 
cles sub-umbelled, incrassate. 18—24i. S. 

cymbalaria, Ph. (W.) radical leaves roundish, petioled, truncate at the base, 
toothed : petioles appendaged, sub-lyrate ; cauline-ones sessile, linear, gash- 
toothed: stem about 1-flowered. Perhaps a-variety of the last. 

canadensis, W. (E.) leaves doubly pinnate, linear, glabrous; uppermost ones 
simply pinnate : flowers in compound, fastigiate corymbs. 

Southern. 

ciliatus, Wr. (E.. w.) stem pilose : leaves lance-linear, ciliate. 

tomentosus, Mx. (E. M. 2{.) hoary and woolly : stem simple : leaves petioled, 
Jance-oval, serrulate: corymb sub-umbelled. 2 f. 

fastigiatus, Sz. (E. y.) radical leaves oblong, heart-ovate, crenate-toothed, gla- 
brous; cauline ones pinnatifid, divisions gash-toothed : flowers sub-umbell- 
ed: peduncles and calyx glabrous. — f. 

. 33 


4 


390 SENECIO, SESU¥YIUM. 


lobatus, P. ee y. M. &.) glabrous : leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; lobes round, 
sub-repand: corymb compound ; upper peduncles sub-umbelled. I—3f. 

integerrimu, N. (W.y. J.) smooth: stemsimple, slender: leaves very entire ; 
radical ones long-petioled, lanceolate, acute ; cauliné ones sessile, acuminate ; 
highest ones minute: corymb simple: peduncles 1-flowered : rays shorter 
than the hemispheric, calycledcalyx. Damp. 12—18 i. Cineraria. — 


Senecio, Cacatia, CINERARIA. 


20—9. Serpicuta. 15. 88. 


canadensis, Mx. (1) (ditch moss. O. w. Ju. 2{.) perfect flowers triandrous : 
stigmas strap-like, reflexed, 2-cleft: leaves linear, acute, somewhat whorled, 
glabrous, denticulate. The pistillate corols are tubular. 


Hydrocharis. 
13—2. Sxesamum. 40. 45. 
Exotic. 
indicum, (bene-benni, oily-grain. r-w. Au. %%.) leaves lance-ovate ; lower 
ones 3-lobed ; upper ones undivided, serrate. 2—4 f. Digitalis. 


16—10. Sxespanta. 32. 93. 


Southern. 
vestearia, Jn. (2) (E. y. Au.) leaves equally pinnate; leafets (10—20 pairs,) 
oblong, obtuse, glabrous: racemes few-flowered, shorter than the leaves : 
loment lanceolate, long stiped, about 2-seeded. 5—7 f, 
maecrocarpa, M. (O. y. & p. S. 3%.) leaves equally pinnate ; leafets (10—25 
pairs,) oval, glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath : racemes axillary, few-flower- 
ed: legumes elongated, nearly terete. 4—12f. Amorpha. 


5—2. Seseut. 45. 60. 


Southern. 
triternatum, Ph. (W. y. M. 2{.) leaves tristernate ; leafets long-linear : um- 
bels hemispheric : involucels many-leavéd, with the leafets linear as long as 
the umbels. y 
divaricatum, Ph. (W. y. M. 2{.) stem very branching, divaricate : leaves bipin- 
natifid : divisions lanceolate, gashed : umbels long-peduncled : involucre 


none ; involucel linear, dimidiate? 4—6 i. Viburnum. 
| 3—2. Sesrteria. 4. 10. 
Southern. 


dactyloides, N. (moor grass. W. g.) culm setaceous, leafy: leaves short, flat, 
subulate, sub-pilose: stipules bearded: spikes 2—3, few-flowered: coro! 
and 2-flowered calyx acuminate, entire. 4—5 i. Oxydenia. 


11—5. Sesuvium. 13. 87. 


sessile, De, (3) (L. r. Ju.) flowers sessile : leaves linear-oblong, flat. 


Southern. 
pentandrum, E. (L. Au.) leaves lance-linear, obtuse, succulent: flowers soli- 
tary, closely sessile, pentandrous. The descriptions of the sessile are too 
short to enable me to determine whether this is the same. Elliott. 
(1) occidentalis, Ph. verticillata, M. Elodea, Mx. Udora,N. (2) Dg 
tycarpa, P, disperma, Ph. Robinia, Jn. Aischynomene playtycarpa, | 
(3) Gerardia cassioides, Ph. afzelia, Mx. 


SESUVIUM, SIDA. Sot 


pedunculatum, De. (L. w. Au.) leaves lance-linear, obtuse, succulent : flowers 
solitary, axillary, peduncled, polyandrous. Aronea. 


Setaria, PENNISETUM. 
13—2. Sreymeria. 40. 40. 


Southern. 
tenuifolia, Ph. (1) (E. y. & p. Au. %.?) glabrous, very branching: leaves 
compound-pinnatifid ; segments filiform, opposite and alternate : corol sub- 
rotate: capsule glabrous. 3—4f. ; : 
pectinata, Ph. (E. y. S. 3%. ?) aed ape cire very branching : leaves pecti- 
nate-pinnatifid : divisions undivided, acute, linear: coro] sub-rotate: capsule 
pubescent. 2—4 f. : 
macrophylla, N. (W. y. Ju.) branching: leaves smoothish ; lower ones sub- 
pinnatifid or deeply toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, entire : orifice and tube 
of the corol densely lanuginous: stamens scarcely exserted. ore ar 
unias. 


Shepperdia, HippoPHar. 
5—5. Srpeatpia. 35. 92. 


procumbens, (A. y. Ap. 2{.) leaves ternate: leafets wedge-form, 3-toothed, 
smooth above, hairy beneath. 


Southern. 
erecta, Var. parviflora, (W. r-w. Ju. of.) erect, branching: radical leaves 
about twice 3-cleft: segments sub-divided; cauline leaves alternate, sessile, 
sub-bipinnatifid. 4—6 i. Drosera. 


19—16. Sicyos. 34. 97. 


angulata, (single-seed cucumber. O. w. Ju. 3%.) leaves cordate, with obtuS© 
hind lobes, 5-angled, scabrous, denticulate: fruit capitate, hispid. Cullti- 
vated. Riveralluvion. S. Cucumis. 


15—12. Sipa. 37. 74. 


spinosa, (E. y. Ju. 3%.) stem spreading: axils sub-spinose: leaves long petiol« 
ed, lance-ovate, obsoletely cordate, toothed: peduncles solitary, axillary : 
stipules setaceous, longer than the peduncle : capsule 2-beaked. 1-2 f. S. 

abutilon, (indian mallows. E. y. Ju. 3%.) leaves round-cordate, acuminate, 
toothed, tomentose : peduncles solitary, shorter than the petioles: capsules 
2-awned, truncate. 4—6f. S. 

_napaea, (2) (false mallows. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves heart-5-lobed, glabrous: lobes 
oblong, acuminate, toothed: peduncles many-flowered: capsules awnless, 
acuminate, 2—4f, S. 

dioica, (3) (P. w. Oc. 2[.) leaves 7-lobe-palmate, scabrous: lobes lanceolate, 
gash-toothed: corymbs bracted: flowers dicecious, 


Southern. 

hisyida, Ph. (E. y. Au. 2{.) hispid-pilose : leaves lanceolate, serrate: pedun« 
cles solitary, axillary, as long as the petioles: outer calyx filiform. 1—2f. ° 

rhométfolia, (E. y. Au. 2{.) leaves lance-oblong, toothed, wedge-form and 
entire at the base: peduncles much longer than the petioles: capsules 2- 
horned. 1—2f. 

crispa, (L. w. Au. #¢.) leaves oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate ; upper ones 
sessile: peduncles solitary, langer than the petiales, deflected when in fruit : 
capsules inflated, awnless, crisp-undulate. 

alcaeoides, Mx. (W. Ju. 2{.) lower leaves triangular-cordate, gashed; upper 
ones palmate-many-cleft : corymb terminal: calyx hispid. 


(1) Gerardia cassioides, Ph,  afzelia, Mx. (2) Napaea laevis, 4th Ed. (3} 
Napaea scabra, 4th Ed, 


$92 bs SIDA, SILENE. 


gracilis, E, (E.y. Au. 2{.) stem slender, glabrous: leaves linear serrate: pe- 
duncles solitary, axillary, as long as the petioles: capsules (10,) 2-horned, 
glabrous. 2—3 f. 

stellata, T. & J. (W. r.) densely stellate-pubescent : leaves lanceolate, acute, 
erose-serrate, rugose: pedicels axillary, shorter than the petiole, 3—5-flow- 
ered : flowers in capitate glomerules: capsules (I2—14,) bi-mucronate, 1— 
2-seeded, broader at the base, reticulate, Althaea. 


17—2. Sreeespeckia. 49. 55. 


floseulosa, W. (W. y. Au. 3%.) leaves sessile, ovate, toothed; florets of the 
disk 3-toothed, triandrous. 


Southern. 
laciniata, Lk. (E.) leaves gash-pinnatifid ; upper ones lanceolate, entire, tu- 
berculate : outer calyx short: florets of the ray very large. Zinnia. 


10—3. SImLene. 22. 82. 


pennsylvanica, Mx. (1) (pink catch-fly. E. r. J. 2{.) viscid-pubescent: lower 
leaves wedge-form ; upper leaves lanceolate: stems few-flowered at the sum- 
mit: about 3 petals, obtuse, slightly emarginate, sub-crenate. 6—10i. S. 

virginica, Mx. (2) (W. r. J. 2{.) decumbent, wholly viscid-pubescent: leaves 
oblong, a little rough at the margin: panicle dichotomous: petals 2-cleft: 
stamens and pistils exsert. Var. erecta, has the stem erect : flowers sub-fas- 
cicled. Sandusky bay. 12—18i. S. 

antirrhina, (sleepy catch-fly. O. w-p. J. 2%.) leaves lanceolate, subciliate: pe- 
duncles 3-parted: petals emarginate: calyx ovate. Flowers smal]. 1—2 


ee 8 

nocturna, (w. J. %.) flowers alternate sessile, on a one-sided spike: petals 2- 
cleft. 4 

acaulis, (E. r. Ju. 2{.) stemless, depressed: leaves linear, keeled: peduncles 
terminal, solitary, erect, 1-flowered: petals emarginate. Labrador, S&, 

Exotic. 

armeria, (garden catch-fly. w-r. Au. 3%.) flowers fascicled, fastigiate: upper 
leaves cordate, glabrous: petals entire. 

conica, (cone-fruit catch-fly. r. 2.) calyx of the fruit conic, striate: (about 30 
striae) leaves soft, lanceolate: petals bifid. Flowers small, 

dichotoma, (forked catch-fly. w. Au. o.) calyx ovate, viscid-hairy, erect: pe- 
tals 2-cleft: racemes in pairs, terminal, one-sided: flowers intermediate, pe- 
duncled: leaves petioled, lance-ovate, ciliate at the base, 

noctifora, (night-flowered catch-fly.) calyx 10-angled, veiny: teeth of the 
tube equal: stem dichotomous: petals-bifid. 


Southern. 

quinguevulnera, (E. r. Ju, 3.) hirsute: leaves wedge-oblong ; upper ones lin- 
ear: petals roundish, entire: fruit erect, alternate. 8—I2 i. 

ovata, Ph. (E. r-w. J. 2{.) leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, smoothish : raceme 
terminal, compound: calyx ovate: stamens and styles exsert: stem simple. 

jimbriata, Bald. (E. w. M.) stem pubescent: leaves obovate ciliate: petals 
large, fimbriate. 6—8 i. 

regia, (W. r. J. 2.) pulverulent-viscid-pubescent: leaves broad-ovate, oppo- 
site, somewhat scabrous : calyx long-cylindric ; petals oblanceolate, general- 
ly entire: styleand stamens exsert. 2—3f. 

rotundifolia N. (W. r. Ju.) decumbent: stem, calyx and margin of the leaves 
very pilose: leaves broad-oval, acuminate at each end: flowers few, trichot- 
omal: petals gashed, sub-4-cleft, lateral segments shorter. 

baldwynii, N. (E. r.) flowers large, trichotomal : petals divaricate-gashed : stem, 
calyx and sub-lanceolate leaves pilose. A variety of the virginica? ~ 


~ (1) virginica, W. caroliniana, Wr. (2) catesbai, Wr. 


SILENE, SILPILIUM. # $98 


axillaris, (1) (E. p- Au.) viscid-pubescent: stem branching: leaves ovate and 
oval, etched. sub-dentate: flowers sessile, axillary, solitary. 8 de 
tellaria. 


17—4, Sivpnmium. 49. 55. 


perfoliatum, (ragged cup. A. y. Au. 2{.) stem 4-sided, smooth : leaves opposite, 
connate, ovate, serrate. Var. conjunctum, four outer scales of the calyx 
longer than the inner scales. 4—6f. S. 

integrifolium, Mx. (A. y. Au. 2.) stem 4-sided, rough : leaves opposite, sessile 
oblong, entire, scabrous : flowers few, short-peduncled. 4f, WS, 

trifoliatum, (2) (y. S. 2{.) stem 6-angled, smooth: leaves whorled, in threes, 
lance-ovate, unequally tooth-serrate, scabrous above; upper ones sessile : 
panicle trichotomous. 4—6f. S. j 

ternatum, (y. Ju. 2{.) stem terete, smooth: leaves whorled in threes, petioled, 
lanceolate, sub-denticulate, a little scabrous, ciliate at the base; the upper 
ones scattered, sessile: panicle dichotomous: calyx ciliate. 4—6f. SS. 


Southern. 
gumniferum, E. (E. y. Ju. 2[ ?) stem erect, hispid, gumniferous : leaves sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid, sub-hispid beneath: flowers large, axillary, sub-sessile : 
scales of the calyx ovate, acuminate, hispid on the margin, 2—3 f, 
laciniatum, (O. y. Au, 2[.) stem hispid above: radical and cauline leaves pin- 
natifid: divisions tooth-sinuate: flowers panicled: scales of the calyx sub- 
cordate, acuminate. 8—12 f. 
pinnatifidum, E. (E, y. Au.) stem nearly glabrous: leaves sinuate pinnatifid, 
sub-scabrous, a little hairy beneath: scales of the calyx oval; outer ones 
roundish. 4—6 f. 
compositum, (E. y. Ju. 2{.) stem smooth: cauline leaves pinnatifid-sinuate ; 
radical ones ternate, sinuate-many-cleft : flowers small, panicled. 2—4f. 
terebinthinaceum, (O. y. Ju. 2{,)stem: smooth : radical leaves large, round or ren- 
iform-cordate, slightly lobed and toothed: cauline leaves alternate, ovate, 
serrate, scabrous : panicle compound, many-flowered. 4—5 f. 
connatum, (A. y. Au. 2{.) stem terete, hispid; leaves opposite, connate, re- 
motely serrate, scabrous. ; : 
laevigatum, Ph. (E. y. Au. 2{.) stem simple, 4-angled, furrowed, glabrous : 
leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, sub-cordate at the 
base, glabrous on both sides. 2 f. 
scaberrimum, E, (E. y. Au.) stem sub-angled; angles rough above: leaves 
ovate, sub-acuminate, serrate, rigid, scabrous on both sides, short petioled : 
flowers corymbed : scales of the calyx ovate, ciliate. 3—4f, 
atropurpureum, Retz. (E. y. Au. 2[.) stem terete, smooth: leaves whorled in 
fours, lanceolate, scabrous, sub-entire, sub-sessile, ciliate at the base ; upper 
* ones scattered: panicle dichotomous, 4 f. 
dentatum, E. (E. y. Au.) stem erect, somewhat glabrous: lower leaves oppo- 
site; upper ones alternate ; all lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, pilose, scabrous: 
flowers corymbed : scales of the calyx broad-ovate, ciliate. 2—3 f. 
asteriscum, (E. y. Ju. 2{.) stem simple, terete, hispid : leaves opposite or alter- 
nate, oblong, acute, serrate, scabrous: flowers few, generally solitary. Var. 
reaggsee leaves lance-oblong, sub-crenate, sessile, scabrous : calyx sub-cili- 
ate. ‘ 
pumilum, Mx. (3) (E. y. Au. 2{.) stem and petioles tomentose: branches 1- 
flowered: leaves alternate, heart-ovate, serrate, petioled, white-tomentose 
beneath: seeds unawned. f. ‘ 
elatum, Ph. (E. y. 2{.) leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, sinuate : scales of 
the calyx obtuse. 


(1) of M. C. Leavenworth, (2) ternifolium, Mx. (3) tomentosus, Ph. 


$94 * SELPHIUM, SISYMBRIUM. 


reticulatum, Ph. (E. y. 2{.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, cordate, serrate, ol- 
tusish, a little villose. 

subacaule, N. (E. y.) somewhat scabrous: stem very short: peduncles very 
long: leaves oblong, sub-sinuate-pinnatifid, toothed: divisions of the calyx 
dilated, rhomboid. Polymnia. 


14—92. Sryapis.. 39. 63. 


' Exotic. 
nigra, {common mustard. y. J. 3%.) silique glabrous, 4-angled, close-pressed 
to the stem: leaves at the top lance-linear, entire, smooth. Naturalized. 
alba, (yellow-seed mustard. y. #.) silique bristly, rugged, shorter than the 2- 
edged beak: leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sub-lyrate, all irregularly tooth- 
ed. Seeds large, pale-yellow, and sometimes become blackish. . 
rassica. 


5—2. Sison. 45. 60. 


aureus, (1) (meadow parsnip, false alexanders. O. y. J. 2f.) leaves biternate ; 
leafets lance-oval, serrulate: umbels with short peduncles. Some of the 
leaves are often quinate. 1—2f. S. 

integerrimus, (2) (O. y. 2[.) very glabrous : leaves sub-glaucous ; lower ones 
thrice ternate ; upper ones doubly ternate ; leafets oval, entire: umbels with 
elongated peduncles. 12—18i. S. 

captllaceus, (3) (E. w. Au. 3%.) leaves decompound, filiform: stem dichoto- 
mous, angular: involucre sab-pinnatifid. 1f. WS. ' 


Southern. 
trifoliatus, Mx. (E.) leaves ternate; leafets toothed; lower ones oval, 2—3- 
lobed; upper ones lance-oval: umbel terminal, solitary, peduncled: seed 
roundish, 
pustllus, P. (4) (E. Ap. 3%.) leaves triternate, many-parted ; umbels few-flow- 
ered: (5—6,) seed muricate. 1—2f. 
costatus, E. (5) (E. Oc. 3%.?) large: stem simple below: leaves capillary- 
many-parted ; segments sub-verticillate : seeds ribbed. 4—6 f. 
, Ligusticum, 


Sison, CENANTHE. 
2i—6. Sistorrema. 58. 1. 


cinereum, imbricate, sub-erose : pileus halved, hirsute, cinereous beneath. On 
trunks of trees, &c. 

wtolaceum, halved, imbricate, tomentose, white, becoming purple-violet be- 
neath. On trees. 

guercinum, glabrous, pale, somewhat reddish-yellow : teeth thick, deformed, 
gashed, somewhat close-pressed. On dry oak branches, &c. : 

cerast, small, orbicular, gibbose, pale, downy at the margin: teeth various, 
thick, close-pressed. On branches and roots. Hydnaum. 


14—2. Sisymprium. (6) 39. 63. 


@ieinale, (hedge mustard. O. y. J. #.) siliques close-pressed to the rachis of 
the spike: leaves runcinate. 1—3f. S. 

canescens, N. (7) (y. Ap. #.) leaves bipinnatifid, hoary; divisions toothed, ob- 
tuse, sometimes obovate: petals as long as the calyx: siliques sub-angled, — 
ascending, shorter than the peduncle. 1—2f. S. - 


(1) Smyrnium, L. Thaspium, N. (2) Smyrnium, L. (3) Ammi, Mx. 
(4) Ligusticum, P. Ammi divaricatum, of the same. (5) Ammi,E. (6) 
rysimum of Authors. (7) sophia, Ph. not L. 


SISYMBRIUM, SMILAx. ’ $95 


Southern. 
cheiranthoides, (1) (O. y. J. 3%.) siliques erect: fruit-bearing pedicels spread- 
ing: leaves lanceolate, sub-entire. Erysimum, 


Sisymbrium, Erysimum. 
15—3. Sisyrincurum. 6. 18. 


anceps, Cav. (2) (blue-eyed grass. O. b. J. 2{.) scape (or culm) simple, 2-edg- 
ed or 2-winged : glume-like spathe of 2 unequal valves, extending above the 
flower: petals mucronate. 6—12i. SN. 

mucronatum, Mx. (E. b. J. 2{.) leaves and scape simple, sub-setaceous : spathe 
coloured, with one valve terminating in a long mucronate point. 9—12 i, 


S. 
bermudianum, L. (E. b. J. 2{.) stem compressed, branching, leafy : spathes 
unawned, shorter than the flowers: petals mucronate: 12—18 A S. 
assiflora. 


o—2. Sium. 45. 60. 


latifolium, (3) (water parsnip. O. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves pinnate; leafets oblong- 
lanceolate, equally serrate: stem erect, angular, hollow, smooth. When- 
ever any of the leaves grow under water, they are sub-divided. 1—3f. S. 

lineare, Mx. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves pinnate ; leafets linear, sub-lanceolate, acu- 
tely and finely serrate: involucres many-leaved, linear : umbels terminal. 
Probably a variety of the last. T. 


Southern. 
tricuspidatum, E. (4) (O. Ju.) leaves pinnate ; lower leafets lanceolate ; up- 
per ones obovate, 3-toothed. 2—3 f. 
nodifiorum, (E. w. J. 3%.) stem procumbent : leaves pinnate; leafets ovate’: 
umbels axillary, sessile. Probably introduced. 2 f. ~ Cicuta. 


Sium, CENanTue. 
Smilacina, CONVALLARIA. 
20—6. Sminax. 11. 12. 


1. Stems woody. 


quadrangularis, M. (Ju. b.) stem prickly, 4-angled : leaves unarmed, ovate, 
acute, sub-cordate, 5-nerved. 3 

sarsaparilla, (5) (J. b.) prickly : leaves unarmed, lance-ovate, cuspidate, sub- 
dav Eta 7 amma glaucous beneath ; the general peduncles longer than the 

etioles. WS. 

rotundifolia, (6) (green brier. O. w-g. J. 5.) prickles scattered: leaves (when 
in ree round-ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved: berry spher- 
ical. 8S. 

eaduca, (E. Can. J. 5.) prickly: leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved, membra- 
naceous: general peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. S. 

pseudo-china, (E. M. 5.) unarmed in all parts : cauline leaves cordate ; ramose 
ones oblong-ovate, 5-nerved: peduncles very long. S. 

laurifolia, (E. Ju. 5.) prickly : branches unarmed : leaves oval or lance-oval, 
raph recurve-prickly, 3-nerved, perennial: umbels short-peduncled. 


tamnoides, (Ju. 5.) stem prickly, terete: leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sub- 


panduriform, obsoletely cordate, 5-nerved ; common peduncle longer than 
the petiole. S&S, 


(1) parviflora, P. (2) bermudianum, Mx. gramineum, Lk. (3) denticu- 
latum,E.? (4) rigidius, Wr. not L. (5) glauca, Mx. (6) quadrangularis, W- 


896 . SMILAX, SOLANUM. 4 


- 


2. Stems herbaceous. 


peduneularis, (jacob’s ladder. E. w-g. M. 2f.) agp Aaa climbing or arching 
over: leaves round-ovate, cordate, acuminate, about 9-nerved: (sometimes 
but 7) umbels long-peduncled. Damp. 2—3f. S. 

herbacea, (E. g. J. 2{.) stem angled, erect, simple: leaves long-petioled, oval, 
about 7-nerved : umbels with long compressed peduncles : berries depress- 
ed, globose. Damp. 2—3f. S. 


. Southern. 

hastata, W. (E. Ju. 5.) stem angled, prickly: branches unarmed : leaves 
lanceolate, acuminate, hastate-auricled at the base, 3-nerved, prickly-ciliate 
on the margin. Var. danceolata, leaves long, narrow, lanceolate. 

bona-nox, (E. Ju. 5.) stem unarmed, angled : leaves heart-ovate, acute, 7-nerv- 
ed, prickly ciliate. 

waltert, Ph. (E. Ju. 5.) prickly: leaves heart-ovate, smooth, 3-nerved: ber- 
ries acuminate. 

ovata, Ph. (E. Ju. 5.) generally unarmed: leaves unarmed, ovate, acute, cus- 
gu 3-nerved, both sides coloured alike: common peduncle shorter than 
the petiole. 

liieceb date (E. J. 5.) unarmed: leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute or acumi- © 
nate, 3—5-nerved, very glabrous, perennial: umbels many-flowered: pe- 
duncles short. ri 

alba, Ph. (E. J, 5.) generally unarmed : stem obsoletely angled: leaves lance- 
elongated, coriaceous, glabrous, very entire, 3-nerved : umbels few-flower- 
ed, very short-peduncled. 

pumila, Wr. (1) (E. S. 5.) unarmed: leaves heart-ovate, entire, somewhat 
5-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath: umbels short-peduncled : pedicels very 
short: berries oblong, acute: stem procumbent, 

cincidifolia, Ph. (E. 5.) prickly: leaves unarmed, round-cordate, acuminate, 
5-nerved, glabrous on both sides, net-veined, short-petioled. 

Dioscorea. 


5—2. Smyrnium. 46. 60. 


cordatum, Wr. (2) (Alexanders. O. y. J. 2{.) radical leaves round-cordate, 
crenate ; cauline ones petioled, ternate ; uppermost ones 3-parted : umbels 
with short petioles. 12—18i. S. (Euanthe. 


4 


Smyrnium, Sison, Crrpium. 
5—l, SoLanum. 28. 41. 


duleamara, (bittersweet. E. p-b. Ju. 5.) stem unarmed, woody, climbing ; — 
lower leaves mostly cordate, glabrous; upper ones mostly guitar-hastate, © 
few-flowered ; corymbs opposite to leaves. This is the true bittersweet; 
but the Celastrus scandens is wrongly called so by some. Damp. ‘ 
nigrum, (deadly nightshade. O. w. p. b. J. 3%.) stem unarmed, erectish or ~ 
erect; branches angled, dentate : leaves ovate, repand, glabrous: racemes My 
2-ranked, nodding. 1—2f. S. : 
carolinense, (horse nettle. b. J. 3%.) stem prickly: leaves angular-hastate, 
covered with prickles both sides: racemeslax. 1—2f. SS, 
. Exotic. 
tuberosum, (potato. b. w. Ju. 5.) stem wing-angled, unarmed: leaves inter- 
ruptedly pinnate ; leafets entire : flowers sub-corymbed : roots 
; tuberous, Saltivaiet 8. #.) + sl 
eopersicum, (love apple, tomatoes. y. S. 2%.) stem unarmed : leaves piunati 
"64, uel? abet 2-parted, leafless : fruit glabrous, torulose, — . 
Es 


(1) pubera, Mx. (2) trifoliatum, M. Thaspia, L, 


Bt 
rr 
M 
» 
J 


SOLANUM, SOLIDAGO. 397 


melongena, (egg-plant. J. %& ) stem unarmed: leaves ovate, tomentose : pe- 
duncles pendant, incrassate : calyx unarmed, 

pseudo-capsicum, | jerusalem cherry. b.) stem woody : leaves lanceolate, 
repand : umbels sessile. 

Southerz. 

mammosum, (E. y. Ju. %.) stem prickly, herbaceous : leaves cordate, lobe- 

~ angled, villose on both sides, prickly. } 

virginianum, (E. b. Ju. #%.) stem erect, prickly : leaves pinnatifid, prickly 
on both sides : divisions sinuate, obtuse: margin ciliate : calyx prickly. 

triflorum, N. (W. w. Ju.) stem unarmed, herbaceous, procumbent : leaves 
tooth-pinnatifid, smooth : divisions acute, sub-undulate : margin sub-revo- 
lute : peduncles opposite the leaves, 2—3-flowerec. If. 

jamesii, T. (W. w. ? ¥.) herbaceous, somewhat pilose : stem unarmed, erect: 
leaves unequally pmnate ; leafets lance-ovate, abruptly narrowed at the 
base, obsoletely sinuate : racemes few-flowered, a little out of the axils, 

flavidum, T. & J. (W.) suffruticose, densely tomentose ; branchlets and calyx 
prickly : leaves solitary, oblong, obtusish ; lower ones repand-sinuate ; up~ 
en vbsoletely sinuate ; racemes opposite the leaves, about 3-tlow- 
ered. 

verbascifolium, W. (E. 5.) stem unarmed, fruticose : leaves ovate, tomentose, 

- very entire : corymbs 2-cleft, terminal. . Atropa. 


Solea, Iontp1um. 
17—2. Soxipaco. (1) 49. 55. 


1. Flowers one-sided. Leaves with three combined nerves, 


canadensis, (canadian golden-rod. O. y. Ju. 2{.) stem downy : leaves lanceo- 
late, serrate, rough: racemes copious panicled, recurved: rays hardly 
longer than the disk : stem angular : leaves sessile, three inches long, some- 
times nearly entire. 2—5f. S. 

procera, A. (great golden-rod. O. y. Ju. 2{.) stem villose, erect : leaves lan- 
ceolate, serrate, rough, villose beneath: racemes spike form, erect, droop- 
ing before flowering : rays short, 4—7f. 

serolina, W. (smooth golden-rod, O. y. S. 2f.) stem erect, terete, smooth: 
leaves lance-linear, glabrous, serrate, rough-edged: racemes panicled: 
peduncles downy. The young leaves are edged with many little stiff white 
hairs. 

gigantea, (giant golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lan- 
ceolate, smooth, serrate, rough-edged, obscurely 3-nerved : racemes pani- 
cled : peduncles rough-haired: raysshort. 4—7f. WS. 

ciliaris, W. (fringed golden-rod. O. y. 2f.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lan- 
ceolate, somewhat 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged, slightly serrate: ra- 
cemes panicled: peduncle glabrous: bracts ciliate: rays short. The stem 
is angular: radical leaves petioled, oval, pointed, veiny, serrate, rough, near 
a foot long : branches of the panicle spreading : bracts minute, 

reflexa, W. (hang leaf golden-rod. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, villose: leaves 
lanceolate, sub-serrate, scabrous, reflexed : racemes panicled, very little 
one-sided, reflexed. S. 

laterifiora, (side-flowered golden-rod, y. Av. 2{.) stem erect, a little hairy i 
leaves lanceolate, slightly 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged ; lower ones sub- 
serrate: racemes panicled, a little recurved, sub-secund : flowers large, the 
rays being much longer than the calyx: stem’ striated, often purplish, pin- 
natifid, with numerous lateral flowering branches. 2—3f. 8. 


(1) In this troublesome genus most of the extensive and accurate descrip- 
tions of Presiaent J, E, Smith are given. He took a review of Pursh and of 


all preceding writers, and then wrote, with specimens of almost every *pe- 
ciez before him. 
54 


898 SOLIDAGO.- 


2. Racemes or, flowers one-sided. Leaves veiny. 


aspera, A. (rough golden-rod. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, terete, hairy: leaves 
ovate, somewhat oval, very rough, rugose, serrate : racemes panicled : leaves 
one to two inches long, acute: racemes dense, sOfmewhat conic: ray-florets 
twice as long as the calyx. 3—4f. S. 

altissima, W. (variable golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, rough-haired : 
leaves lanceolate ; lower ones deeply serrate, scabrous, rugose. The pani- 
cled racemes are very numerous and spread every way, so as to bring the 
one-sided flowers upwards: rays halfas long again asthe calyx. But this spe- 
cies is so variable, that students generally endeavor to make several species 
of it. The serratures of the leaves are equal and uneqnal: it is hairy or 
villose ; and sometimes the racemes diverge but little. 3—6f. S. 

rugosa, W. (wrinkled golden-rod, O. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, rough-haired ; 
leaves lanceolate, scabrous, rugose ; lower ones with close-pressed serra- 
tures : racemes panicled, very spreading. Leaves shorter and broader than 
the last, and the flowers a little smaller; like it very variable, and perhaps 
only one of its numerous varicties. 3—6f. S. 

scabra, W. (harsh goiden-rod. O. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, rough-haired, furrow- 
ed : leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, acuminate, glabrous above, rugose, 
and scabrous beneath, along the middle close-pressed-serrate. 2—5f. SS. 

nemoralis, A. (woolly golden-rod. E, y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, downy : cauline 
leaves lanceolate, hispid, entire ; radical ones somewhat wedge-form, serrate : 
racemes panicled. Ofagrey aspect. 1—3f. WS. 

patula, M. (spread golden-rod. O. y. S. 2/.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves oval, 
serrate, glabrous; radical ones oblong-:patulate: racemes panicled, spread- 
ing: peduncles pubescent. Stem wand-like, angular and striate; stem- 
feaves sessile, about an inch long, pointed ; the radical oncs resemble those 

of the ox-eyed daisy: racemes about an inch long: flowers rather large: 

2f SS. 

ulmifolia, M. (elm golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, glabrous, striate : 
leaves oval, deeply serrate, acuminate, villose beneath: radical ones obo- 
vate: racemes panicled: peduncles villose: rays short. Radical leaves re- 
zemble those of the last species, and are hairy both sides, some of the rest 
are oblong-ovate and only villose near the veins beneath; the petioles are 
bracted. 3—4f. SW. . 

arguta, A. (sharp-notch golden-rod. O. y. S. 2{.) stem erect, glabrous: 
leaves glabrous, sharply and unequally serrate; cauline ones oval, radical 
ones oblong-ovate: racemes panicled: rays elongated. 2—3f. S. 

juncea, (rush-stalk golden-rod. E. y. Au. 2.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves 
lanceolate, glabrous, rough-edged ; lower ones serrate: racemes panicled. 
Stem brownish, somewhat angular and striate, leafy ; racemes a finger’s 
length, dense, recurved-spreading : compound pedicels roughish, bracted : 

. ray twice as long as the calyx. 2—3f. S&S. 

elliptica. Wi (1) (oval-leaf golden-rod. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, glabrous: 

aves oval, smooth, serrate: racemes panicled: rays of middling length. 

2—4f. S&S. . 

asperata, Ph. (2{.) stem corymb-panicled: racemes erectish: flowers ascend- 
ing : leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous. Described by Pursh from dried 
specimens. 

recurvata, W. (curved golden-rod. y. S. 2{.) stem erect, pubescent: leaves 


lanceolate, serrate, rough-edged: racemes elongated, recurved-panicled. 


sempervirens, (narrow-leaf golden-rod. y. S. 2{.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves 

lunceolate, somewhat fleshy, smooth, entire, rough-edgd : racemes panicled : 

eduncles hairy: stem tall, purplish, a little glaucous: leaves many, nar- 
row, long: ray florets long, narrow, rather numerous, 3—Of, &, 


—~ 
(3) latissimifolie, Miller, 


a 


SOLIDAGO. 399 


odora, W. (sweet-scented golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2.) stem erect, pubescent: 
leaves lance-linear, entire, glabrous, rough-edged : racemes panicled. The 
upper part of the stem is furrowed: racemes 2 or 3 inches long, spreading 
horizontally, each generally accompanied by a leaf: bracts oblong, smooth : 
stalk angular and rough. This is the true golden-root tea-plaut. 3f. 8. 


3. Racemes erect. 


speciosa, N. (E. y. S. 2[.) stem tall, smooth; branches virgate: leaves lance- 
olate, sub-coriaceous, scabrous on the margin ; lower ones sparingly serrate : 
racemes erect, compound: peduncles pubescent: florets of the tay five, 
long: seed glabrous. 3—6f. WS. 

virgata, Mx. (y. Au. 2{.) stem simple, smooth: leaves lanceolate, somewhat 
wedge-shape, obtuse, entire, glabrous, close-pressed: upper ones gradually 
smaller: branches of the panicle elongated, with terminal clusters: pedun- 
cles smooth, one-sided. Slender. 2f. WS, ~ 

bicolor, (white golden-rod, O. w. Au. 2{.) stem hairy: leaves oval, hairy ; low- 
er ones serrate; those on the flower branches entire, numerous and small : 
scales of the calyx obtuse. Racemés are short and compact: rays white, 
somewhat numerous and shortish; disk-florets rather numerous. 2—4f. 8. 

petiolaris, W. {late golden-rod. y. Oc. 2{.) stem erect, villose: leaves oval, 
roughish, petioled : rays twice as long as the calyx. Stem branching, te- 
rete, hoary ; leaves hoary about the ribs, over an inch in length, those cov- 
ering the flower-branches sub-entire: racemes numerous, short, with few 
and rather large flowers. 2—3f WS. = 

stricta, (willow-leaf golden-rod. E. y. Au. 2{.) stemerect, glabrous: cauline 
leaves lanceolate, entire, glabrous, rough-edged ; radical leaves serrate: ra- 
cemes panicled, erect: peduncles glabrous. The branches of the panicte 
are €rect, siinple, close. 2f. WS. 

syuarrosa, M. (y. 2{.) robust: stem erect, branching, pubesceut: leaves 
smoothish; lower ones very broad, spatulate-oval, serrate, acute, margin 
scabrous; the upper ones sessile, lance-oval, entire: racemes compound, 
erect: calyx squarrose, many-Sowered: ray florets long, (10 or 12.) 2—S f. 


graminifolia, (1) (grass-leaf golden-rod. O. y. S. 2[.) stem (rough-haire 
Willd.) very furrowed, smoothi-h: leaves almost linear, (lance-liaear, Wiild. 
entire, rouzhish, nearly erect, with 3 or 5 rough nerves: corymbs ter- 
minal, level-topped : flowers in heads: rays not longer than the disk. Stem 
leafy: leaves sessile, grass-green, about 2 inches long, and a quarter of an 
inch wide : flowers smallish: calyx ovate, smooth, shining, with tumid green- 
tipped scaies. 4—5f. BS. 

tenuifolia, Ph. (2) (pigmy golden-rod. E. y. S. 2f.) stem rough, angular, 
branched, corymbed: leaves spreading, linear, very narrow, slightly 3-nerv- 
ed, scabrous, with axillary tufis of smaller ones: corymbs terminal, Tevel- 
top: flowers in heads: rays scarcely exceeding the disk. Leaves very small 
and narrow. 1—2f. S. 

eaesia, W. (blue-stem golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2{.) stem nearly erect, very 
smooth and even: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate, with the margins 
and nerves rovghish: rays rather Jonger than the disk. Stem upright, 
somewhat zigzag, branched, leafy: leaves about 2 inches long, sub-entire, 
sub-glaucous, paler beneath: racemes numerous, short, rough-pedicelled : 
bracts small, smooth, subulate. 2—3f. S. 

livida, W. (purple-stem golden-rod. y. S. 2{.) stem glabrous, panicled : leaves 
lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, rough-edged: branches racemed at the ex- 


tremity : rays elongated. Stem branched, dark-purple: leaves tapering to 
both ends. 


——ooe 


(1) lanceolata, A. Chrysocoma, L. Euthamia, N. (2) lanceolata, Var. 
rainor, Mx. 


£00 ; SOLIDAGO. 


hispida, W. (O. y. Oc¢. 2[.) stem erect, hispid, scabrous: leaves lanceolate, 
rough, entire ; radical ones serrate: rays of middling length. Resembles the 
cesia. SN. - 

lithospermifolia, W. (E. y. S. 2{.) stem branching, pubescent: leaves lanceo- 
late, scabrous on both sides, tapering, 3-nerved, entire: ray-florets elongat- 
ed. S. 

puberula, N. (y. 2f.) stem simple, terete, sub-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, 
entire, slightly pubescent both sides, tapering to both ends; radical ones 
sub-serrate : racemes spiked, axillary, erect and condensed: peduncles pu- 
bescent: scales of the calyx lance-linear, acute: ray florets about 10, elon- 
gated. Stem brownish, simple pubescent. 1—2f. S&S, 

levigata, A. (flesh-leaf golden-rod. E, y. 8. 2f.) stem erect, smooth: leaves 
lanceolate, fleshy, entire, smooth in every part: raeemes panicled: pedun- 
cles scaly, villose : rays twice as long as the calyx. ‘Tall, strong. Probably 
a variety of mexicana. Grows insalt marshes. 4—6f. S. 

limonifolia, P. (1) (y. S. 2{.) stem oblique, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, some- 
what fleshy, entire, smooth on both sides: racemes panicled, erect: pedun- 
cles scaly, glabrous or sub-pubescent: ray-florets elongated. Stem generally 
hae : leaves soniewhat ciasping ; lower ones a foot long. Wet. 3—of. 


viminea, W. (2) (twig golden-rod. y. Au. 2{.) stem erect, sub-pubescent : 
leaves lance-linear, membranaceous, tapering to the base, glabrous, rough- 
edged ; the lower ones sub-serrate : rays elongated. Peduncles and branch- 
esangular, and very rough: bracts lanceolate, recurved, smooth: flowers 
numerous. S. 8 

macrophylla, Ph. (E. y. Au. 2{.) lower leaves ovate, acuminate, tapering, un- 
equally and sharply serrate, glabrous: cauline leaves tapering to both ends, 
lanceolate, sub-sessile, serrate: racemes axillary, peduncled, leafy, of the 
length of the leaves: calyx oblong, turgid, many-flowered : rays somewhat 
elongated. Intermediate between this genus and the aster. 2—3f. 


flexicaulis, Ph. (zigzag golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2{.) stem zigzag, glabrous, an- 


gled : leaves lanceolate-acuminate, serrate, glabrous: racemes axillary: rays 
half as long again as the calyx. Stem slender, purplish, partly terete and 

“ah angular: leaves numerous, on short broad petioles, hardly 2 inches 
ong, and half an inch wide, paler beneath; the upper less serrate; ra- 
cemes much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones sub capitate. 2—3f. S. 

latifolia, M. (3) )broad-leaf golden-rod. E. y. Au. 2{.) stem somewhat zigzag, 
angular, smooth: leaves ovate-acuminate, strongly serrate, smooth contract- 
ed into winged petioles: racemes axillary. Leaves often 2 inches broad, 
and sometimes hairy on the under side of the midrib. 

axillaris, Ph. (4) (axil golden-rod. O. Au. 2{.) stem glabrous, terete, straight ; 
leaves lanceolate, serrate, glabrous: racemes axillary, sub-globose, erect : 
ligulate florets elongated. 


virgaurea, (european golden-rod. E. y. 2{.) stem flexuous, angular, pubescent: . 


eaves serrate, roughish, attenuated at the base: racemes erect, panicled, 
close: rays elongated. Flowers large: rays 5—16: upper leaves nearly 
entire. 1—3f. Var. alpina, leaves obovate or lanceolate, mostly entire : 
flowers few. 3—Gi. This species is the only one common to the two con- 
tinents. Bw. 

multtradiata, W. (E. y. 8. 2{.) stem somewhat villose : leaves sessile, lanceo- 
late, glabrous, ciliate; lower ones serrate at the apex: raceme terminal, 
erect: rays elongated, numerous. Labrador. 

rigida, (hand-leaf golden-rod. E. y. Au. 2{.) stem corymbed, hairy, scabrous: 
leaves ovate-oblong, rough, with minute r.gid hairs; lower ones serrate, up- 
per ones entire: racemes compact: rays twice the length of the obtuse 


(1) mexicana, L. (2) integerrima, Miller. (3) flexicaulis, Mx. 1st variety. 
Var. latifolia, P. (4) flexicaulis, Mx, 3d variety. 


—_ 


, < 


». 


SOLIDAGO. 401 


calyx. Stem terete, striate, leafy: leaves a little hoary ; radical ones petiok 
ed, 12 inches long, broad, acuminate, nerved; the rest 1 to 4 inches long: 
scales of the calyx round-obtuse, nerved, membranous at the edges. 3—5£ 
8. 

noveboracensis, (star golden-rod. E. y. Oc. 2.) radical leaves oval-oblong, 
long-petioled, rough: stem almost leafless, branched, furrowed, level-top co- 
rymbed : rays twice as long as the tapering calyx. Stem strong, mae 
furrowed, having leaves only at the origin of the flowering branches : radica 
leaves with shallow serratures: flowers large, resembling in form some a2- 
ters: calyx scales narrow, purplish. 2—3 f. 


Southern. 
1. Racemes one-sided. 


villosa, Ph. (E. y. S. 2.) stem erect, villous: leaves lanceolate, rather soft, 
serrate, nerveless: racemes panicled, one-sided. Stem robust: branches 
recurved, expanding. 2—3 f. 

cinerascens, Sz. (E. y. S. 2{.) stem erect, slender, pubescent: leaves elongat- 
ed, lance-linear, attenuate at the base, serrate, sub-scabrous on both sides; 
racemes recurved : peduncles and ray-florets elongated. Upper leaves small}, 
distant. 3 f. 

retrorsa, Mx. {E. y. S. 2f.) stem erect, terete, glabrous, (rough, S.) leaves 
closely sessile, linear, tapering above, glabrous, pellucid-punctate, reflexed, 
rough on the margin: branches of the panicle recurved. Stem pubescent 
above: leaves somewhat clasping, slightly mucronate. 3—4f. ; 

tortifolia, E. (1) (E. y. S. 2{.) stem erect, pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub- 
serrate, spreading, twisted ; midrib and upper surface scabrous, nearly gla- 
brous beneath: panicle pyramidal: racemes recurved. Stem very pubes- 
cent above: leaves sometimes pubescent beneath, obscurely 3-nerved: pan- 
icle very compact. 3f. 

pyramidata, Ph. (E.y. S. 2{.) stem erect, terete, hispid: leaves oblong, acute, 
somewhat clasping, sessile, glabrous, scabrous on the margin, rarely and ab- 
soletely toothed: panicle naked, secund, pyramidal: branchesreflexed: pe- 
duncles glabrous. 4—6f. 

corymbosa, E. (E. y. S. 2.) stem erect, glabrous: branches hispid: lower 
leaves lance-oblong ; upper ones ovate; all fleshy, glabrous, rigid, scabrous 
and ciliate on the margin: racemes corymbed ; lower ones recurved: ray 
florets elongated. Stem robust: leaves close-sessile ; lower ones sub-den- 
tate; upper ones generally entire. 4—6f. 


¢ 
2, Racemes erect. 


pubescens, E. (E. y. Oct. 2.) stem erect, branching, pubescent : leaves long- 
lanceolate, tapering at the base, pubescent ; lower ones serrate: racemes 
erect, panicled: ray florets middle size. Stem slightly scabrous, generally 
coloured: branches rigidly erect: upper leaves generally entire ; lower ones 

- almost spatulate. 3—4 f, 

pauciflosculosa, Mx. (E. y. S. 2{.) glabrous, suffruticose: leaves lanccohate, 
obtuse, nerveless: panicle compound, many-flowered ; fascicles erect: calyx 
oblong, 5-flowered: ray floret one. 

pulverulenta, N. (E. y. 2{.) stem simple: stem and leaves pulverulent-pubes- 
cent: leaves sessile; lower ones oval, serrate ; upper ones obovate, entire, 
scabrous on the margin: racemes erect, spike-form: ray florets (10,) elon- 
age r rs lower leaves somewhat resemble those of the spiraea salicifolia. 

erecta, Ph. (E. y. S. 2{.) stem simple: stem and peduncles pubescent: leaves 
Janceolate, acute at each end, giabrous, veiny, scabrous on the margin: ra- 
cemes short, erect, axillary and terminal. There is great uncertainty about 
this species. E. 2f. 


. (1) odora, Mx. 
34* 


a 


402 SOLIDAGO, SONCHUS. 


herta W. {y. 2{.) stem panicled, rough: leaves lanceolate, scabrous on both 
ph cauline ones serrate ; branch ones very entire; racemes erect; rays 
e 

glomerata, Mx. (A. y. 2.) stem low, simp!e: leaves glabrous, lance-oblong, 
serrate: racemes simple, composed of axillary glomerules ; upper ones clus- 
tered: calyx turgid, many-flowered. Lower leaves broad-oval, acuminate, 
serrate. Nearly allied toAster. N. 

humilis, Ph. (y. 2{.) stem simple, erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
glabrous, attenuate at the base, elongated : racemes erect. 

elata, Ph. (E. y. S. 2.) stem terete, pilose, tomentose above : leaves lance- 
oval, acute, sub-entire, veiny, tomentose beneath: racemes erect, panicled : 
rays elongated. Leaves sessile, rather small, with elevated veins. 2—3 f. 

salicina, E. (E. y. S. 2[.) stem tall, slender, pubescent above, a little scabrous : 
branches virgate, elongated, erect : leaves lanceolate, very scabrous above, 
giabrous beneath; lower ones serrate: racemes sub-secund: branches 
short, sometimes recurved. Stem when old nearly glabrous, generally col- 
oud : leaves sessile, diminishing upwards ; lower ones paler beneath. 4 

angustifolia, E. (E. y. S.2{.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves subulate-linear, 
very entire, glabrous: racemes erect, panicled: ray florets middle size. 
Stem slender: branches numerous : leaves sessile, sometimes lance-linear, 
slightly scabrouson the margin. 2—3 f. Arnica. 


17—1. Soncuus. 49. 53. 


arvensis, {y. Au. 2{.) calyx and peduncles hispid, sub-umbelled : leaves run- 
cinate, denticulate, cordate at the base: root creeping. 

oleraceus, (O. y. Ju. #.) peduncles sub-tomentose, umbelled : calyx glabrous : 
leaves lance-oblong, clasping, denticulate, sub-sinuate. Var. aspera, prick- 
ly. Perhapsintroduced. 2—5f. WS. 

macrophylius, W. (b. Au. 2{.) peduncles hirsute, naked : flowers panicled : 
leaves large, lyrate, cordate at the base, hirsute beneath. 4—7 f. 

spinulosus, Bw. (iL. y. Au. %&.) peduncles smooth, somewhat ambelled : leaves 
cordate at the base, oblong, clasping, waved, spinese. 2 f. 

alpinus, W. (1) (mountain sow-thistle. b-w. Au. 2{.) peduncles hirsute, nak- 
ed: flowers racemed, bracted : leaves runcinate, sagittate at the base, gla- 
brous, glaucous beneath. 

leucophceus, W. (2) (sow-thistle. E. b-w. Ju. go.) peduncles scaly: flowers 
racemed : leaves runcinate, acuminate : stem wand-panicled. 3—df. S&S. 

foridanus, W. (E. b. Ju. co.) peduncles somewhat scaly : flowers panicled : 
leaves runcinate-lyrate, petioled, denticulate. Pursh says this is called the 
gall of the earth, and is used for curing the bite of the rattlesnake: but Mr. 
Elliott applies that name to the Pananthes alba; the root of which he says 
isvery bitter. 3—6f. S. ? 

acuminatus, W. (E. b. Au. ¢j.) peduncles somewhat scaly : flowers panicled : 
radical leaves szb-runcinate ; cauline ones ovate, acuminate, petioled, den- 
ticulate in the middle. 3—4f. S. ; 

pallidus, W. (3) (E.y. Ju. 2{.) flowers in a compound terminal raceme or 
panicle : leaves lance-ensiform, clasping, toothed. 


Southern. 
ludovicianus, N. (W. y. J.) leaves all runcinate, retrorsely and sharply tooth- 
ed: peduncles and calyx naked: panicle divaricate. Chaff conspicuously 
stiped.N. 3—5f. 
carolinianus, Wr. (E. y. Ap. %) stem erect, glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, 
acute, undulate, sub-spinose-toothed, auricled at the base, half-clasping : 
flowers somewhat umbelled. 1—3f. Hieracium. 


(1) montanus, Lk. ceruleus, S. canadensiz, L. (2) spicatus, £k. (3) 
Lactuca canadensis, L, ' 


SOPHORAy SPARGANOPHORUDS. 403. 


Sonchus, Lactuca. 
10—1. SopHora. 32. 93. 


Southern. 
sericea, N. (W.w. 2f.) leaves pinnate ; leafets wedge-oval, smooth above, 
silky-villose beneath : spikes many-flowered, sub-sessile. 1 f. asdod 
ermia. 


Sophora, Barrista. 
11—5. Sorzvus. 36. 92. 


americana, W. (1) (mountain ash. A. w. M. 6.) leaves pinnate ; leafets acute, 
somewhat equally serrate, glabrous; general petiole glabrous. Berries 
purple. 10—20 f. 

microcarpa, Ph. (A. J. 5.) leaves pinnate ; Jeafets acuminate, unequally gash- 
serrate, glabrous ; serratures setaceous-mucronate : common petiole gla- 
brous. Berries scarlet. S. Sesuvium. 


3—2. Sorcuvum. 4. 10. 


Exotic. 
saccharatum, (broom corn. y-g. Au. ££.) panicle somewhat whorled, spread- 
ing: seeds oval: glumes covered with permanent softish hairs : leaves linear. 
From the East Indies. 6—8 f. 
vulgare, (indian millet, coffee corn. 2{.) panicle compact, oval, nodding when 
mature : seed naked, sub-compiessed. Var. bicolor, glumes glabrous, 
black: seed globose. 5—7f. Koeleria. 


19—3. Sparcanium. 3. 8. 


ramosum, Sw. (2) {bur-reed. O. w. Ju. %%.) the 3-sided bases of the leavea 
concave on the tivo outsides: the general fruit-stem branched: stigma lin- 
ear. in water generally. Flowers in round heads; the staminate heads 
above the pistillate ones, and considerably the smallest. 1—2f. S.* 

americanum, N, (3) (lake bur-reed. E. w.) lower leaves about squalling the 
length of the stem ; floral leaves concave at the base, erect: stigma simple, 
ovate-oblong, oblique, about half as long as the style. The stem is erect, 
nearly simple. Grows plentifully in a small lake in Troy, about a mile east 
of Rensselaer School. if. S. 

angustifolium, Mx. (4) (floating bur-reed. w. Au. 2{.) leaves flat, long-linear, 
very narrow, much longer than the stem, weak; the part above water float- 
ing onits surface. Grows in great abundance in the little Lake on Catskill 
raountain, 12 miles west of the village, near the Mountain House. 

Carex. 


17—1. Sparcanorpuorvs. 49. 55, 


verticillatus, Mx. (water crown-cup. E. p. Au. 2{.) leaves linear, whorled : 
heads few, terminal : egret campanulate, 5-toothed. Floating in water, 
1f. &. Hymenopappus. 


(1) aucuparia, Mx, (2) erectum,L. (3) simplex, Ph.? (4) natans, Var, 


a. Ph. 

* Mr. Elliott describes a plant under americanum? which does not agree 
with that plant in the vicinity of Troy, I have beiore me all the three species 
here described, and have often seen them growing. The plant of E. cannot 
possibly be either of them unless it is the ramosum. I do not believe that the 
simplex is an American plant. 


rae! 


404° SPARTIUM, SPHERIA- 


Spartina, LimnetIs. 


16—10. Sparrium. 32. 23. 


Exotic. 
junceum, (spanish broom. J. 5.) branches opposite, wand-like, bearing flow- 
ers at the end: leaves lanceolate, glabrous. 
scoparium, (scotch broom. J. 5.) leaves ternate and solitary, oblong: flowers 
axillary : legumes pilose at the margin: branches angular. Ulex. 


21—6. Spatruutaria. 58. 1. 


flavida, (spatula fungus. Au.) pileus vertical, adnate at the base, tapering down 
into the stipe. Light-yellow ; 1 to 3 inches high. Grows on the earth 
among the evergreens on Catskill mouuntain, south of the lakes, he 

tia. 


‘ 


10—5. Sprercura. 22. $2. 


arvensis, (spurry. E. w. J. 3%.) leaves filiform, whorled : panicle dichotomous ; 
peduncles become reflexed as the fruit advances to maturity ; seed reniform. 
8—12i. S. 

caginoides, (1) (pearl spurry. E. w. J. 2{. or. 3%.) glabrous : leaves opposife, 
subulate, naked : peduncles solitary, very long. Persoon asks whether this 
ig not a variety of the Sagina procumbens. 2—31. S, Cerastium, 


4—1. Sprermacoce. 48. 57. 


diodina, Mx. (button weed. E.w. Ju. #.) stem diffused, terete, hirsute : leaves 
lance-linear : stipule long, many-bristled : flowers axillary, sessile. 4— 
i. Ww. 


Southern. 

tenuior, (E. w. Ju. 2%.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, scabrous 
above, nearly glabrous beneath: flowers whorled: seeds rough. Stem 
sometimes pubescent and flowers nearly solitary. Swartz. 

glabra, Mx. (W. w. J. 3%.) stem procumbent, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, 
glabrous on both sides: flowers whoried: seeds glabrous. 

iavolucrata, Ph. (E. w.) stem very hispid: branches alternate: leaves lance- 
ovate, acuminate, hirsute on both sides: stipules many-bristled: heads ter- 
minal, involucred: stamensexsert. 1 f. Diodia, 


21—6. SpHezria. 58. 1. 


1. Caulescent, or the receptacle elongated, clavate, corky, furnished with a 
é/ trunk. 

bulbosa, (globule fungus. S.) sub-ramose, glabrous, dark-cinereous : root tu- 
berous. On the earth in autumn in pine woods. 

hypoxylon, gregarious, ramose, compressed, hirsute at the base, On decaying 
trunks of trees. 

digitata, cespitose, black : stipes glabrous, connate at the base, clavate, terete : 
apex acuminate, sterile. In woods. 

polymorpha, gregarious, forms various : clavules (little clubs) ventricose, sur- 
rounded every where with spherules. In beech woods, on trunks of trees. 


2. Receptacles without a stem, roundish and opening ; tuberculate, with bor- 
dering spherules. 

concentrica, obovate and somewhat roundish, large ; interrupted with concen- 

tric layers within. On trunks of the ash and wiilow. , 


——— 


(1) decumbens, E. 


SPH2RIA»s 405 


rubjformis, large, wholly black : spherules globose, a little prominent. On 

dry trunks. 

fragiformis, gregarious, sub-confluent, rust-coloured, dark-shining within : 
spherules papillose. On beech trunks. 

argillacea, scattered, sub-globose, clay-coloured or yellow-cinereous: sphe- 
rules a little prominent, papillose ; substance softish, becoming sooty-yellow. 
On trunks of ash trees. 

rubiginosa, opening widely, rugose, yellow, becoming rust-coloured ; sphe- 
rules somewhat concealed. On branches in shady places. 

coherens, gregarious, confluent, flattish ; at first dirty-yellow, smooth ; at 
length dark-coloured, and somewhat blistered. Adhering to the trunks of 
trees, particularly the beech. 

melogramma, somewhat in rows, bursting, obconic, dark-sooty : spherules 
somewhat prominent. Bursting from under the cuticle of branches of trees, 
particularly the beech. 

ribesia, bursting, soft, oval, sub-depressed : spherules dissected, growing white. 
Bursting from under the cuticle of the branches of the Ribes rubrum in the 
winter. 


3. Form various, opening, orbicular or round: spherules scattered, horizontal , 
immersed in fleshy coverings : little mouths scattered, mostly somewhat 
prominent, papillose or aculeate. Compound. 


deusta, opening widely, thick, undulate-rugose, blistered ; at first fleshy, 
white-cinereous, pulverulent ; at length black, rigid. On trunks in woods, 
frequent. 

lenta, aggregated, sub-orbicular, black : disk gibbose ; margin repand. On 
the trunks and roots of fallen beech trees ; found inautumn. 

insiliva, compound, cortical, flat, linear-acuminate, white, single-headed ; a 
veil connate with the substance of the fungus: spherules papillose, black. 
in the fissures of the cuticle on decaying grape-vines. 

macula, compound, of various forms, very flat, black, single-headed: spherules 
globose-acuminate, covered with a fugaceous veil. On dry oaken branches 
after long storms. 

serpens, open, unequal, naked, becoming dark-coloured : spherules somewhat 
prominent. -On vak and beech wood, sometimes on willow. 

stigma, opening around, smooth, rimose ; little mouths immersed, flattish. In 
the fissures of thorn trees. 

podoides, crowded together, hard, unequal: little mouths spinose, mostly 
bursting at the sides. On trunks of oak. 

ceratosperma, roundish, convex, scattered: little mouths spinose, bursting 
from the middle. [In the bark of the Rosa caninain July. 

disciformis, scattered, orbicular, flattish, smooth: little mouths immersed, re- 
sembling punctures. In the dry cracks of beech, resembling pimples of 8 
dark-shining colour, white-cinereous within. 


4. Opening : spherules horizontal, at first solitary at the margin, afterwards 
confluent, not joined with a fleshy substance, or manifest layers ; some are 
distant, but in some way connected by the crust. 


nebulosa, grey : spherules very minute, scattered, forming unequally-linear , 
interrupted, dark-grey spots : little mouths prominent, sub-acute. On the 
stems of large herbaceous plants. 

velata, covering very broad: spherules scattered, immersed, ‘covered with a 
sub-membranaceous crust: little mouths sub-prominent. Under the cuticle 
of the Tilia. ; 

spiculosa, somewhat opening, dark-stained : little mouths long-terete, very 
slender. Immersed in dark-coloured branches. 


406 SPHERIA. 


&. Spherules heaped together on the receptacles, which is crust-like, conic, in 
_ little cespitose bunches : little mouths converging towards the middle. 


ciliata, roundish : spherul!es nested in the prominent substance of the bark : 
little mouths very long, divaricate, sub-flaccid. On the branches of elms. 

JSimbriata, upon leaves, sub-circinal : little mouths spinose, clavate, surround- 
ed at the base by a white fringe. Frequent on the leaves of the Carpinus. 

nivea, conic, with a white farinaceous disk: little mouths prominent, papillose. 
On the dry branches of poplars. , 

leucastoma, disk truncate, white, perforated with blackening pores. On the 
stems and dry branches of p!um trees and cherry trees of our orchards. 

pustulata, sub-lenticular, with short contracted necks: disk sooty, perforated 
with one pore. On willow branches. 


6. Spherules arranged in a circle, decumbent, naked, nesting under the epider- 
mis: little mouths approximate, mostly bursting. 


pulchella, compassed about, naked: little mouths very long, flexuose, Under 
the cuticle of the branches of the common garden cherry tree. 

eoronata, compassed about : little mouths thick, obtuse, smooth. On the branch- 
es of the thorn tree, rare. 

faginea, compassed about: little mouths hooked and rugged. On the branches 
of the beech. 

convergens, compassed about, concealed, naked: spherules ovate, erectish : 
litle mouths straight, somewhat bursting. Nesting in the substance of the 
bark of some branches. 

tessella, compassed about, bound with a black line: little mouths distant, or 
with 4or 5 black punctures. On willow branches. 


7. Bursting, in a roundish-cespitose bunch: spherules free among themselves, 
papilla-like, setiing on the receptacle. 


decolorans, cespitose, reddish-cinnabar colour, becoming pale: spherules glo- 
bose, rugoze-tubercled, On the branches of maple and elder. 

coccinea, cespitose, pale-red: spherules ovate, smooth. In the dry bark of 
beech and elder. 


8. Spherules solitary, free, destitute of receptacles. 


{Little mouths very large, mostly compressed, nearly equalling the breadth of 
the spherule.) 


epispheria, simple, gregarious, parasitic, red: spherules very minute, sub- 
compressed, crested, flaccid. On the Spheria stigma. 


(Little mouths terete, spinose, equal to the length of the spherules, or exceed- 
ing them.) 
rostrata, simple, naked: spherules granulated : little mouths very long, spi- 
nose. On decaying branches in July. 
acuta, gregarious, naked : spherules black, shining, sub-globose: little mouths 
spinose, thickish, cylindric. On the stem of the common nettle in the 
spring. 


(Little mouths shorter than the sig tb conic or cylindric, mostly papil- 
ose.) Dae, 
porphyrogona, simple, aggregated, black, phial-form, imbedded in a thin vio- 
let-coloured crust. Persoon consiclers this species of Tode as a variety of 
rubella. On the Atropa belladonna. 9 
eraneosa, simple, opake, black : spherules papillose, smooth, covered with a 
thin white veil. On dry branches. 


SPHZERIA, SPHAGNUM. 407 


bysiseda, largish: spherules globe-papillose, surrounded wi i Pe 
<n down, On ak tiranthes bu ii rk. bn pick sooty ye) 

spermoides, beaped together, opake, rigid: spherules globose, sub-terete down- 
wards: little mouths papillose, obsolete. On dry trunks of trees, 

bombarda, simple, fascicled, becoming sooty-yellow : spherules elongated, sub- 
ventricose : little mouths are acute papilla. Grow in heaps on. decayin 
trunks of trees. t & 

lingam, simple, scattered, sub-oval, depressed-concave, rugose with folds: lit- 
tle mouths irregular, decumbent, or almost wanting. Grow densely on the 
dry stems of red cabbage. 

herbarum, simple: spherules scattered, smooth, mostly sub-depressed: li 
mouths papillose. On the dry stems of herbaceous plants. Bae x ose 

pertusa, scattered : spherules immersed, ovate, hardish, sub-rugose ; perforat- 
ed at length with little caducous, obsolete mouths. In hard dry wood. 

inguinans, simple, scattered, dark-stained : spherules somewhat prominent 
with wood, perforated. On the Acer, Lonicera, and Xylosteum. 


(Spherules not furnished with visible mouths, 


pulvis-pyrius, simple, heaped together: spherules ovate and roundish, tuber- 
cled, rugose, furrowed in the middle. On trunks and dry wood. 

moriformis, gregarious, simple: spherules tuberculate, obovate. On dry trunks, 
particularly of pines. 

maculiformis, on leaves, simple: spherules sub-immersed, minute, roundish 
‘conglomerate in unequal black spots. On the dry leaves of beech, hazle, 
maple, and elm. ’ 


Schweinitz’s species. 


I merely add his four sections as a specimen of his method ; for his 2000 spe- 
cies of American fungi will soon be published. 

Sec. Cordyceps. Clavate, or club-headed. 

Sec. Poronia. Forms of crucibles or funnels. 

Sec. Pulvinatae. Bed-like, cushion-like. 

Sec. Connatae. Adhering or connate. Stilbospora, 


21—3. Spuw#rocarpus. 57. 3. 


terrestris, Sz. small: frond very green and tender, reticulate, variously lobed : 
lobes ascending, ovate-acuminate: calyx globosely turbinate, central aper- 
ture round, closely aggregated on the frond, so that the frond is scarcely 
conspicuous. Carpobolus, 


21—4. Spnmrococcus. 57. 2, 


membranifolius, stem filiform, ramose, spreading into a flat dichotomous frond: 
divisions wedge-form: capsules pedicelled from the stem, ovate. Sea- 
shore. — 
confervoides, frond filiform, very branching: branches elongated, somewhat 
simple, sending off scattered setaceous branchlets, tapering to both ends ; 
capsules hemispheric, attached to all parts of the frond. In the sea. 
Halymenia, 


21-2. SpHacnum. <n 


‘datifolium, (peat moss, O.) leaves ovate, sub-obtuse, concave, imbricate, con- 
verging at the apex: capsules spherical. 

acutifoltum, stem sub-ramose : branches filiform: leaves lance-ovate, revolute, 
erose at the truncate apex; imbricated 5-ways. 

cuspidatum, stem flaccid: branchlets lax, bristle-form: leaves lanceolate, in« 
volute, truncate-erose, lax, 


408 SPIGELIA, SPIREA. 


5—1. Spieerra. 47. 46. 


marylandica, (pink-root. p. J. 2{.) stem 4-sided leaves all opposite, sessile, 
lance-ovate, entire. A celebrated vermifuge. 2—18i. WS. z 
Verbascum. 


91—5.  Spiroma.  5i5-2: 


melaleuca, (efflorescent lichen.) crust thin, sub-membranaceous, unequal, sub- 
pulverulent, white: receptacles deformed, a little convex, scabrous, dark. 
On bark of trees. 
roseain, Halsey. crust thin, rough, rose-colour : receptacles solitary, minute, 
roundish, and of a deeper colour than the crust. Ou hickory bark. 
i Anthonia. 


20—5. SPpmINAcia. 12, 28. 


Exotic. 
oleracea, (spinach. J. 2%.) fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed : leaves hastate- 
Bagittate: stem brancued. In habit resembles the Chenopodium album. 
1—2f. Iresine. 


11—5. Spirza. 36. 92. 


1. Stem more or less woody. 


galicifolia, A. (1) (meadow-sweet, willow hard-hack. O. r. w. J. b.) leaves 
lance-ovate or obovate, serrate, glabrous : flowers in panicled spreading ra- 
cemes. Var. alba, has white petals, and generally the twigs are reddish. 
The small branches are genevally killed by frost in the winter, as also of the 
next species. 2—4f. S. 

tomentosa, (steeple bush, purple hard-hack, meadow-sweet. O. r. Ju. 5.) leaves 
lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy beneath: racemes in a crowded, sub- 
panicled, spike. 2—3f. S. 

hypericifolia, (john’s-wort hard-hack. w. M. 5.) leaves obovate, entire or tooth- 
edat the apex: umbels sessile. Cultivated. 3f. 

corymbosa, Raf. (A. r-w. 5.) leaves oblong-obovate, gash-toothed, pubescent 
beneath : corymb terminal, peduncled, compound, fastigiate, somewhat leafy, 
This may be the chamaedrifolia of Pursh, but probably not of L. Torrey. 

crenata, (b.) leaves obovate, acute, tooth-crenate at the apex : corymbs pe- 
duncled, crowded. 

opulifolia, (nine-bark, snowball hard-hack. E. w. J. 5.) leaves sub-ovate, lob- 
ed, doubly toothed or crenate, glabrous: corymbs terminal, crowded : cap- 
sules inflated: fluwerstrigynious. Wet. 3—S5f. S. 

capitata, Ph. (W. J. 6.) leaves ovate, somewhat lobed, doubly toothed, reticu- 
late beneath, tomentose : corymbs terminal, crowded, sub-capitate, very 
long-peduncled : calyx tomentose. 

sorbtfolia, Ph. (W. w. Au. 5.) leaves pinnate; leafets aniform, serrate: flow- 
ers panicled. 


2. Stem herbaceous. 


aruncus, W. (steeple-weed. A. w. J. 2[.) leaves 2—3-pinnate : flowers in a 


panicled spike: styles3to 5. Var. americana, has very long slender spikes. 
4—6f. SS. 


: 
. 


lobata, (r. Ju. 2{.) leaves pinnate, glabrous ; the odd leafet large, 7-lobed : " 


lateral ones 3-lobed: corymbs proiiferous, 


(1) alba, M. awe 


SPIREA, STANLEYA. 409 


Exotic. 
ulmaria, (queen of the meadow. w. Au. 2{.) leaves pinnate, downy beneath; 
the ea ey leafet larger, 3-lobed ; the lateral ones undivided : flowers in a 
proliferous corymb. Stem herbaceous. 


Southern. 

discolor, Ph. (W. Ju. 5.) leaves ovate, sub-lobed, toothed, obtuse, white-to- 
mentose beneath, smooth above, short-petioled: panicle terminal, very branch- 
ing; branches white-pubescent: calyx and germs villose. 

betulifolia, Pall. (A. r. J. .) leaves broad-ovate, gash-toothed, glabrous: co« 

_rymbs terminal, compound, fastigiate, leafy. 1. 

monogyna, T. & J. (W. b.) leaves broad-ovate, sub-3-lobed, gash-serrate, gla 
brous: corymbs umbelled: style one: pedicels glabrous: divisions of the 
calyx erect, spreading: germs villose. Gillenis. 


Spiraea, GILLENtA. 


21—2. Spitacunum. 956. 4. 


ampullaceum, (umbrella moss.) leaves lance-ovate, acute : apophysis purplish- 
green, broad, inversely bladder-form. 
setaceum, stems cohering: leaves lanceolate, gradually becoming setaceous- 
acuminate; apophysis clavate-turbinate. Marshes, &c. 
Orthotrichum, 


13—1. Stracuys. 42. 39. 


hyssopifolia, Mx. (Ju.) slender, erect, somewhat glabrous: leaves sessile, hi- 
near and lance-linear, rarely toothed: whorls about 4-flowered. 12—10 i. 


8, 

aspera, Mx. (hedge nettle, clown heal. O. w-p. Ju. 2{.) stem erect, hispid 
backwards : leaves sub-petioled, lanceolate, acutely serrate, very glabrous : 
whorls about 6-flowered : calyx with spreading spines, Var. denuzfolza, 
leaves very thin and slender. 

sylvatica, W. {W. p. Au. 2{.) leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate : whorls 
6-flowered : stem prickly backwards. 1—2f. S. 

velutina, Sz. (W.b.) stem simple, 4-angled, villose, or sub-hispid : leaves 
lance-ovate, crenate-serrate, close-sessile, clasping, opposite and pointing 
4 ways: nerves silky tomentose on both sides: whorls about 6-flowered : 
corol sub-pilose. 1f. 


Southern. 
hispida, Ph. (E. y-p. Ju. 2{.) stem and leaves hispid : leaves petioled, ovate~ 
oblong, acute, obtusely serrate : whorls about 4-flowered : calyx glabrous. 
f. < 


tenuifolia, (E.) stem erect, angled, smoothish: leaves petioled, lance-oval, 
serrate, acuminate : whorls 6-flowered : calyx very pubescent. 

intermedia, A. (2{.) whorls many-flowered : calyx sub-pungent: leaves ob- 
long, sub-cordate, crenate ; stem somewhat woolly. Leonuris. 


Stachys, Hyssopus. 
13—2. Sranteya. 39, 63. 


: : Southern, 
pinnatifida, N. (W. y. 2{.) glaucous, smooth: leaves somewhat succulent, 
uadulated, interruptedly pinnatifid : divisions sub-lanceolate, remotely tooth- 
ed: racemes terminal, many-flowered : peduncles long. Mr. Nuttall thinks 
_ the Cleome pinnata of Ph. and this plant are thesame. 3f. 
integrifolia, J. (W. y.). stem simple, angular ; leaves entire, ovate, oblong, 
tapering to both ends : raceme terminal : silique of the length of the pedi- 
cel, Streptanthag, 


35 


410 STAPHYLEA, STEMONITIS. 


5—3. SrapHyiea. 23. 95. 


trifolia, (bladder nut. E. y-w. M. 5.) leaves in threes : racemes pendant : pé- 
tals ciliate below. When in flower, if the germ be cut transversely and ex- 
amined, it will appear 2 or 3-celled, and will contain the rudiments of 15 
to 20 seeds. But when the fruit is ripe, it consists of 2 or 3 inflated, ad- 
nate, sub-membranous capsules, each containing 1 to 3 hard small nuts. 
6—Wf. BS. Sarothra. 


‘s 17—2. Stvarxcea. 49. 55. 


Southern. 
spinulosus, Ph. (1) (W. y. Au. 2f.) caulescent: leaves bipinnatifid, gash- 
toothed : divisions linear, rigidly mucronate: flowers lateral and terminal, 
crowded : rays 2-ioothed : chaff setaceous. 1—2f. Eclipta. 


6—5. Sratice. 48. 33. 


limontum, L. (2) (marsh rosemary, sea lavender. L. b. Au, 2{.) scape terete : 
panicle much branched : leaves lance-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous. 
The root is a valuable astringent. 12—18 i. 

armeria, (thrift. L. r.2{.) scape simple, terete, capitate: leaves linear, flat. 
LE 8&8. Linum. 


10—3. STeLnarta. 22. 82. 


media, S. (3) (chickweed. O. w. M. 2{.) leaves ovate and heart-ovate, gla- 
brous : stem mostly procumbent, having alternate lines of hairs on opposite 
sides. Number of stamens variable. 9—15i. 

pubera, Mx. (P. w. M. 2[.) pubescent: leaves sessile, ovate, ciliate: pedi- 
cels erect, (recurved, T.) petals longer than the calyx. Flowers large. 6— 
10i. S. 

borealis, Bw. (E. w. Ju.) leaves lance-oval: peduncles axillary, elongated, 
j-flowered: petals and calyx about equal. 

biflora, (E. w. J. 2[.) cespitose: leaves subulate : crowded : branches 2-part- 
ed: petals emarginate : calyx striate. Labrador. Is it an Arenaria? Ph, 

palustris, Retz. (4) (stichwort, meadow starwort. w. J.) leaves lance-linear, 
pe glaucous : flowers panicled : petals 2-parted, larger than the 3-nerv- 

calyx. 

wliginosa, Sr. (5) (bog starwort. w. J.) stem diffuse, procumbent, much- 
branched: leaves lanceolate, ciliate and narrow at the base: peduncles 
somewhat in pairs, single or many-flowered: petals shorter than the calyx. 

kumifusa, Sw. (3%.) leaves ovate, sub-secund, sessile: stem procumbent, 4- 
cornered : peduncles solitary, short. 


Southern. 
prostrata, Bald. (6) (E. Ap. 3%.) leaves ovate, acute, smooth: petioles very 
long : stem prostrate, terete, hollow, dichotomous, sub-pubescent : pedun- 
cles solitary, long : flowers heptandrous ; calyx erect. Flowers small. I—4 f. 
jamesiana, T. (W.) viscid-pubescent : leaves lanceolate, sub-falcate, closely 
sessile, acute : stem somewhat branched, flaccid : panicles lax, divaricate : 
petals 2-lobed, about twice the length of the oblong, acute divisions of the 
calyx. Arenaria, 


Stellaria, MIcROPETALUM. 
21—6. Sremonitis. 58. 1. 


fascicularis, (brittle bark buff-ball.) fascicled, steel-blue : head sub-turbinate : 


(1) Amellus, Ph. (2) caroliniana, Ph, (3) Alsine media, L. (4) glauca, 8. 
(5) alsine, Hn. (6) elongata, N.? 


STEMONITIS, STILLINGIA. 411 


stem very short: hairs or fibres attenuated : bark wholly.evanescent. On 
trunks in beech woods in Autumn. 
typhina, scattered, small: fibres cylindric, obtuse, sub-incurved ; partly eva- 
nescent. On trunks. 
leucostyla, gregarious, creeping : fruit ovate, violet-colour: stipe white. 
Springs up white and shiniog in autumn on branches and bape Pc ares 
ubulina. 


21—5. STEREOCAULON. 57, 2. ) 


ramulosum, becoming pale-white, ramose, scabrous, fibrous: branches scat- 
tered, elongated, sub-simple : receptacles terminal, at length sub-globose, 
dark-fuscous. On mountains. 
paschale, frond cinereous-grey, yching, granulated, fibrous : branches crowd- 
ed, very branching, short: eptacles scattered and terminal ; at length 
convex, conglomerate, dark-fuscous. On rocks and sunny hills. 
Rhizomorpha. 


17—1. Stevia. 49 54. 


Southern. 
callosa, N. (W.r. S. 3%.) leaves linear, crowded, somewhat succulent, caltous 
at the apex ; upper ones alternate ;: flowers divaricate, sub-corymbed: egret 
about 8-leaved, erose, short. Brickeltia, 


Stewartia, STUaRTIA. 
21—5. Saicta. 57. 2. 


erocata, frond reddish-fuscous, sub-lacunose, broad, woolly beneath: fruit-dots 
minute, citron-yellow; divisions torn-lobed, margined, pulverulent, yellow : 
receptacles scattered : disk dark-fuscous ; margin frond-like, entire. On rocks 
and trunks of trees. 

anthraspis, frond pale-cinereous-fuscous, Jacunose-reticulate, very broad, sub- 
crenate in the round-lobed periphery ; rugose, sub-villose beneath : fruit-dots 
minute, white: receptacles scattered: disk black, at length convex, and ex- 
cluding the entire frond-like margin. “ 

pulmonacea, frond light-yellowish olive, lacunose-reticulate, villose beneath, 
having pale naked papill ; divisions sinuate-lobed, retuse-truncate: recep- 
tacles sub-marginal: disk flattish, rugose ; margin frond-like, sub-rugose, 
On trunks of trees in woods. 

sylvatica, frond ample, brick-fuscous, nakedish, sub-orbiculate, fuscous-villose 
beneath: pits excavated, pale-white ; divisions gashed, lobed, deformed, re- 
pand-crenate: receptacles marginal: disk fuscous. On mountains among 
mosses, and on the roots of trees. Peltidea, 


21—6. Stizpospora. 58. 1. 


‘asterosperma, capsules stellate. 
macrosperma, capsules elongated, cylindric. On beech limbs, or white birch 
bark, Naemospora. 


19—15. Srinuinera. 38. 96. 


Southern. 
sylvatica, (E. y. J. 2{.) herbaceous: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, tapering at 
the base, serrulate: staminate florets scarcely longer than the bracteal scale. 
2Q—3 f. 
sebifera, (1) (E. Ju. 5.) leaves petioled, rhomboid, acuminate, entire, with 8 


(i) Croton, L. 


412 STILLINGIA, STREPTOPUS- 


gland below the base on the petiole; staminate florets pedicelled. Introduc- 
ed, 20—40f. 
ligustrina, Mx. (E. J.) fruticose: leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, 
very entire, petioled: staminate florets short-pedicelled. 6—12 f. 
Croton. 


3—2. Stipa. 4. 10. 


avenacea, (1) (fea grass. J. 2{.) leaves striate, glabrous: panicle spread- 
ing, om (oa branches whorled with branthlets : calf, acute, oral 
branaceous, equalling the glabrous seed: awn naked, twisting. Var. bicolor, 
(2) seed obovate, bearded at the base. 

juncea, Ph. (W. Au. 2{.) leaves convolute-filiform : panicle lax : calyx some- 
what awned, longer than the seed: awn | carcely pubescent. 

canadensis, Lk. (3) (E.) leaves setaceous: p e small: calyx glabrous, ob- 
tuse-ovate, equalling the pubescent seed : awn thick, short. - 


Southern. 

expansa, Vk. (E.) leaves striate, glabrous, somewhat glaucous : spikes alter- 
uate, panicled, spreading: flowers sessile, remote: calyx longer than the 
corol : awn short, naked. 

stricta, Lk. (E,) panicle long, narrow: peduncles jointed, very straight : awns 
naked, somewhat flexuous. Has the aspect of an Andropogon. Lk. 

parvifiora, Ds. (W. 2[.) leaves radical, sub-rigid, filiform : panicle appressed 
and diffuse, many-flowered: awns becoming capillary towards the extremi- 
ty. 1-—2f. Aristida. 


Stipu, TricHocuioa, Ertocoma. 
3—1. Sripuricipa. 22. 82, 


Southern. 
setacea, Mx. (4) (E. w. M. #.?) stem erect, smooth, 2—3-chotomous: lower 
leaves small, opposite, spatulate: branch-leaves none: stipules (2 at each 
fork,) fimbricate. 6—10i. Sua ly 


17—1. Sroxesia. 49. 54. 


Southern. ' 
cyanea, Hr. (E. b. 2{.) stem leafy: leaves lanceolate: peduncles axillary, t- 
flowered. Stevia. 


14—2. SrreprantHus. 39. 63. 


Southern. 
maculatus, N. (W. p. M. 3%.) glaucous: stem erect, terete: leaves clasping, 
heart-ovate, acute, entire: raceme terminal, corymbed. 1—2 f. 
Sisyrinchium. 


6—1. Srrepropus. (5) 11. 14. 


roseus, Mx. (rose bellwort. r-w. M. 2{.) glabrous, shining : leaves clasping, 
gerrate-ciliate : anthers short, 2-horned. Woods. 12—18i. S. 

distortus, Mx. (6) (E.y. M. 2{.) glabrous: leaves clasping: pedicels solitary, 
twisted-geniculate in the middle. Woods. 2f. 

lanuginosus, Mx. (A. g-y. J. 2{.) whitish-woolly : leaves sessile, sub-cordate 
at the base, acuminate: pedicels in pairs on a short stipe. Flowers large. 
Berries red. Near Rochester. Stevenson. S. Convallaria. 


(1) virginica, P. (2) barbata, Mx. (3) juncea, Mx. (4) Polycarpon sti- 
pulifidum, Ph. (5) Uvularia, L. (6) Uvularia amplexifolia, W. 


fF sTROPHOSTYLES, SUBULARIA. 4i8 


16—10. SrropHostites. 32. 93. 
; ow (1) (E. p. Au. #%.) leaves ternate; leafets angular, 2—3-lobed: pe- 
uncles 


onger than the leaves: flowers capitate. S. 
helvola, W. (2) (r.) prostrate, sometimes twining : leaves ternate, deltoid-ob- 
long: flowers capitate: banner short: wings large, expanded. 
peduncularis, M., (3) (E. p. Ju. 3.) stem prostrate or climbing: leaves ter. 
nate, oblong-ovate and deltoid: flowers capitate : banner rather large, emar- 
ginate: wings small: seed woolly. S. ‘ie Apios, 


21—1. Srrvutuioprertis. 55. 5. 


pennsylvanica, W. (4) (E. 2{.) barren frond bipinnatifid: divisions entire, ob- 
tuse; lower one elongated, acute. Vittaria. 
ir 


15—12. Srvartia. 37. 74: 


Southern. 
virginica, Mx. (5) (E. w. M. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate : flowers axillary, 
generally in pairs: calyx ovate, obtuse: petals entire: styles united. 6— 
pentagyna, (A. y-w. J. 5.) leaves ovate, acuminate : flowers axillary, solitary : 
calyx lanceolate, calycled: petals undulate, gashed: styles distinct. 6—10 f, 
Hopea, 


Stylandra, PoposTigMa. 
Stylophorum, MEconopsis. <= 
16—10. SrytosanrHes. 39. 93, 


elattor, (6) (pencil flower. y. Au. 2{.) stem pubescent on one side: leaves 
lanceolate, glabrous: bracts lanceolate, ciliate: heads 2 or 3-flowered. Var, 


procumbens, stem procumbent. 9—15i. S. Coronilla. 
Southern. 


grandifolium, (7) (E. w, Ap. b.) leaves broad-obovate, acuminate, tomentose 
beneath : racemes simple, axillary, leafy near the base. 4—12 f. ' 
pulverilentum, Mx. (E. w. Ap. 5.) leaves oval, acute, tomentose beneath ; ra- 
cemes lateral, few-flowered, leafy. 18 i. ‘ 
laeve, Wr. (8) (E. w. Ap. 5.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, ser- 
rate, glabrous: racemes lateral, leafy. Corol tomentose. 4—6 f. 
glabrum, (9) (E.w. Ap. b.) leaves lance-oval, acute at each end, finely serru- 
late, membranaceous, glabrous: racemes lateral, leafy, 6—8f 
Halesia. 
14—1. Supvuraria. 39, 63. 


mee W. (owl wort. w. Ju. #%.) stemless: leaves subulate. Wet. I— 
I. 


Southern, 
alpina, W. (A. 2{.) stem branching: leaves obovate. Cochlearia. 


(1) Glycine, L. Phaseolus trilobus, Mx. vexillatus, Wr. (2) Phaseolus 
helvolus, W. Glycine umbellata, of the same. (3) Phaseolus helvolus, Mx. 
vexillatus, Ph. (4) Onoclea nodulosa, Sh. (5) malachodendron, L, (6) his- 
-pida, Mx. Trifolium, biflorum, L, (7) grandifloram, Mx. (8) glabrum, Mx. 
(9) Botan, Mag. No. 921, 


414 SWEBTIA, TAGETES, 


4—I1. Swertia. 47. 46. 


deflexa, 3. (1) (g-y. Ju. co.) corol bell-form. with a deflected horn: leaves 
_ ovate: branches short. In swamps. 18—24 inp 
pusilla, Ph. (false gentian. A. b. J. #.) corol wheel-form, twice as long as the 
calyx: stem simple, I-flowered: leaves oblong. Li. 


Southern. 
Jastigiata, Ph. (W. b. Ju. 2f.) corol bell-wheel-form, as long as the calyx : 
flowers fastigiate-clustered, axillary and terminal: pedicels in pairs: leaves 


spatulate-obovate, nerved : stem branching. Frasera. 
3—l. Syena. 5. 13. 
Southern. 


Jiuviatilis, (E. J. 2{.?) leaves crowded, subulate: flowers axillary, solitary, 
long-peduncled ; peduncle recurved a.ter flowering. 2—3i. 


Stipulicida. 
S—l. Sympuirum. 41. 42. 
: Exotic. 
officinale, (comfrey. y-w. J. 2{.) leaves ovate-sub-lanceolate, decurrent, rugose. 
Naturalized. 2—4 f. Heliotropium. 


5—l. SympuHoria. 48. 58. 


rt eh Mx. (2) (W.r. Au. 6.) raceme terminal: corol bearded within. 
. S. 
glomerata, Pb. (W.g-r. Au. b.) racemes axillary, capitate, conglomerate: 
3—4 f, Triosteum. 
Symplocarpus, IcTropxEs. 
13—l. Synanpra. 42. 39. 


Southern. 

grandiflora, N. (W. y-w. J. 2{.?) stem irregularly sulcate : leaves aub-hirsule 
above, heart-ovate, acuminate, obtusely dentate ; lower ones sub-petioled ; 
upper ones sessile, clasping: flowers solitary, sessile. 1 f. Leucas. 


2i—2. Sywwrricuia. (3) 56. 4. 


ruralis, stem ramose : leaves obtuse, recurved, bearing hairs at the apex ; cap- 


sule cylindric; lid conic. On walls, fields, &. _Didymodoa. 
@—1. Syringa. 48. 37. 
Exotic. 


vulgaris, (lilac. b-p. w. M. 6.) leaves cordate : flowers in a thyrse. 
perstea, (persiaa lilac. b. M. b.) leaves lanceolate, entire and Pe ' 
ea, 


F. 


17—2. Faaetes. 49. &. 


Exotic. 
erecta, (african marygold. y. Ju. ¢ ) leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, cili- 
" ate-serrate : peduncles 1-flowered, incrassate, sub-inflated: calyx angled. 


. A ) cornicalats, Ps not, (2) Symphonicarpus, Mx. (3) Tortula or 


TAGETES, TRUCRIUM. 415 


patula, (french marygold. y. Ju. #.) leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, cili- 
ate-serrate : peduncles 1-flowered, sub-incrassate: calyx smooth : stem 


spreading. Inula. 


W1—1. Tavinvum. 


teretifolium,* Ph. (taliny. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves cylindric, fleshy, subulate : pedun- 
cles elongated, naked, cymose. 4—10i. Darlington says, the seed is not 
arilled, according to the generic descriptions of W.& N. S. Meconopsis. 


17—2. Tanacetum. 49. 55. 


huronensis, N. (W. y. 2{.) leaves pseudo-bipinnate, gash-serrate, sub-tomen- 
tose beneath: pediceis thickened: ray-florets irregular, 4—5-cleft. Flow- 
ers large, corymbed. 


Exotic. 
eulgare, (tansey. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves doubly pinnate, gash-serrate. Naturalized. 
Var. crispum, (double tansey,) leaves crisped and dense. Artemisia. 


21—16. Taxus. 51. 100. 


tanadensis, W. (1) (dwarf yew, shin-wood. O. Ap. 5.) leaves linear, 2-ranked, 
margin revolute: receptacles of the staminate flowers globose. Appears 
like a small spreading hemlock bush. 2—6f. 

baccata, W. (W. 5.) leaves linear, 2-ranked, flat: receptacles of the staminate 
flowers globose. Polypodium. 


Tephrosia, GALEGA. 
17—2. TrrraconotHeca. 49. 55. 


Southern, 
helianthoides, W. (E. y. J. 2{.) scabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, lance-spatu- 
late, toothed, pilose, glandular-punctate: calyx 4-angled. 2 : 
Actinella, 


21—2. Terrrapuis. 56. 4. 


pellucida, (four-tooth moss.) capsule cylindric : leaves which grow on the fruit- 
bearing stem ovate, acute, l-nerved. Stem simple, 1 inch high; lid conic, 
reddish, thin, half as long as the capsule: teeth rigid, polished, brown : 
leaves oval, except those on the fructiferous stem. Grimmia. 


13—1. Terucrivm. 42. 89. 


eanadense, {wood-sage, germander. O.r. Ju. 2{.) pubescent: leaves lance- 
ovate, serrate, petioled: stem erect: spikes whorled, crowded: bracts 
longer than the calyx. War. virginicum, upper leaves sub-sessile : bracts 
about the length ofthe calyx. 1—3f. SS. 


Southern. 

iaciniatum, T. & J. (W.) somewhat fruticose : leaves pinnately 5-parted ; up- 

per ones 3-parted ; divisions linear: flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled : 
pedicels much shorter than the leaves. Mentha. 

* This most elegant little annual is remarkably tenacious of life. I received 
the dry root in a letter from Mr. D. Townsend, co!lected in Dr. Darlington’s 
locality in Penn. which I set in a box of earth in the spring of 1827, and it 
produced numerous flowers that season. Last summer a sufficient number of 
— were produced by self-sown seeds, to supply numerous specimens for 
students. 

(1) baccata minor, Mx. 


eee 


416 THALIA, THELEPHORA. 
Il. Twa. 8. 2). 


beak Southern. Miper  peaneee 
dealbata, Roscoe. (E. p. Au. 2{.) panicle white-pulverulent : spathe 9-flowered : 
leaves ovate, revolute at the summit. Callitriche. 


12—13. THatictrum. 26, 61. 


dioicum, (1) (meadow rue. O. w-r. M. 2{.) flowers dioecious : filaments fili- 
form : leaves about 3-ternate ; leafets roundish, cordate, obtusely lobed, gla- 
brous: peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. 1—2f, 4 

revolutum, Dc. (2) (O. w. Au. 2{.) flowers dioecious or polygamous : filaments 
ross Ne : Pa at generally 3-lobed; margin revolute, finely pubescent be- 
neath. : 

carolinianum, Rose. (3) (E.w. J. 2{.) flowers dioecious: filaments filiform : 
leafets ovate, 3—5-toothed, glabrous, glaucous beneath: peduncles axillary, 
longer than the leaves. 

rugosum, (w. J. 2{.) stem erect, terete, striate : panicle erect, much divided : 
flowers crowded : leafets ovate, sub-cordate, coarsely crenate, glaucous be- 
neath, shining above. 2—of. S. 

cornuti, (E. g-y. Ju. 2{.) leaves more than decompound ; leafets ovate, 3-cleft : 
panicle terminal. 2—3 f. 

corynellum, Dc. (E. w. Ju. 2{.) flowers polygamous: filaments clavate: fruit 
sessile, striate : leafets obtusely 3-lobed, pale underneath. 3—4f, 

purpurascens, (J. 2{.) stem twice as high as the leaves: leafets roundish, 3- 
cleft, gashed: panicle nearly naked : flowers nodding : stamens coloured : 
stems purple. 

Southern. 
ranunculinum, W. (£.) leaves simple, lobed, serrate ; flowers corymbed. 
Anemone. 


§—2. Tuapsia. 45. 60. 


trifoliata, (4) (E. y. 2{.) petioles and joints of the stem pubescent; leaves ter- 
nate and biternate ; leafets wedge-form and ovate, unequally gash-serrate, 
entire at the base : umbels terminal: partial involucre 3-leaved, subulate. 


Southern. 
acaulis, Ph. (5) (W. w. J. 2.) Described under Cnidium acaule. 
. Ferula. 
Thaspium, Cnrprum, Sison, THapsia. 


¥2—1. Tea. 54. 71. 


Exotic. 
bohea, (bohea tea. M. 5.) flowers 6-petalled: leaves oblong-oval, rugose. 
From China and Japan. 
viridis, (green tea. 5.) flowers 9-petalled: leaves very long-oval. J.C. Lett- 
son gays this is only a variety of the bohea, Citrus. 


21—6. Tuetepuora. 58. 1. 


1. Pileus entire, funnel-form. 


earyophylla; various : pileus funnel-form, thin, becoming fuscous-purple, stri- 
gose-hirsute i margin mostly gashed, or somewhat crisped. Among pines, 
&c. on the earih. 3 
(1) laevigatum, Mx. (2) pubescens, Ph. polygamum, M. (3) ruge m, 

Ph. (4 Ligusticum barbinode, Mx. " Siaysntads bedlabonalh ui haspium 

barbinode, N. (5) glomerata, N. Selinum, Ph. ; 


YTHELEPHORA, THLASPY. 417 


2. Pileus halved, at length horizontal. 


rubiginosa, imbricate, rigid, reddish-chesnut-brown, glabrous both sides : pa- 

pill large, scattered. On trunks of oaks, mossy beeches, &c. 
icea, imbricate, sub-rigid, zoned, sub-tamentose, fuscous ; glabrous be- 

neath, pale-fuscous. 

ferruginea, effuse-reflexed, ferruginous : pileus thin, sub-tomentose, smoothish, 
pilose beneath. On fallen limbs of trees, &c. 

hirsuta, cespitose, coriaceous, yellowish, strigose-hirsute ; glabrous beneath. 
On trunks, rails, &c. 

lilacina, sub-imbricate, soft, not zoned, tomentose, pale ; at the margin and on 
the under-side pale-purple. On trunks of evergreens. 


3. Resupinate, effuse, papillose ; substance various. 
(Pale or flesh-coloured.) 


guercina, resupinate, longitudinal, coriaceous, rugose, somewhat fleshy, almost 
destitute of a margin, and brown underneath. On oak branches, &c. 

polygonia, fleshy : papillz largish, many-sided. On dry branches of poplar. 

levis, white-fleshy, broadly effuse, very smooth; margin byssus-like. Ox 
branches of poplar, &c. 

rosea, somewhat wrinkled, rose-red: margin tomentose. On poplars, one or 
two inches long. 


(Colour yellow or tan-colour.} 
frustulata, very hard, smooth, rimose-parted, pale. Merisma, 
10, THersma. 32. 93. 


Southern. 

rhombifolia, N. (1) (W.y. 2.) leafets rhomb-ovate, somewhat wedge-form, 

silky-pubescent beneath, obtusish: stipules leaf-like, round-ovyate, oblique, 
shorter than the petiole: raceme interrupted. Virgilia. 


Thermopsis, THERMIA. 
5—1. TuHesium. 31. 24, 


tumbellatum, (2) (false toad-flax. O. w-g. J. 2.) erect: leaves oblong ; umbels 
axillary, 3—5-flowered : peduncles longer than the leaves. 9—15 6 8. 
; ueria. 


14—1. Tuuaspri. 39. 63. 


arvense, (penny-cress. W. J. #%.) silicles sub-orbicular, compressed, smooth : 
leaves oblong, toothed, glabrous. 

alliaceum, (W. 3%.) silicle sub-ovate, ventricose : leaves oblong, obtuse, tooth- 
ed, glabrous. Introduced. 

tuberosum, (r. M.) silicle sub-orbicular, short, compressed : leaves rhorhb- 
ovate, obsoletely toothed, smooth, sessile ; radical ones long-petioled: stent 
pubescent, very short and simple: root tuberous and fibrous. 4—5i. 

campestre, (yellow-seed, false-flax, mithridate mustard. O. J. 2%.) silicle ob- 
cordate, inflated, glandular-punctate : cauline leaves sagittate, toothed. 
Very troublesome in flax-fields, and was probably introduced with flax-seed. 

bursa-pastoris, (3) (shepherd’s purse. O. w. M. 2.) hirsute ; silicles deltoid- 
obcordate : radical leaves pinnatifid. S. Drab 

raba. 


—<= 


(1) Cytissus, Ph. (2) Comandra,N, (3) Capsella, Dc. 


413 7 THUJA, TILIA. 


19—16. Tavusa. 51. 100. 


oceidentalis, (arbor vite, false white cedar. O. M.gb.) branchlets 2-edged : 
leaves imbricated 4-ways, rhomb-ovate, close-pressed, naked, tubercled : 
strobiles obovate ; inner scales truncate, gibbous below the apex. Vast 
quantities along the Erie canal from Rome to Montezuma. Cupressus, 


13—1. Tuymus. 42. 39. 


Exotic. 
serpyllus, (mother of thyme. b-p. J. 5.) flowers in heads: stem creeping : 
leaves flat, obtuse, ciliate at the base. Naturalized. 
vulgaris, (thyme. b-p. J. 2{. 5.) erect : leaves ovate and linear, revolute : flow- 
ers in a whorled spike. 


lanuginosus, (lemon thyme, 2{. ).) flowers in heads : stem creeping, hirsute : 
leaves obtuse, villose. Melissa. 


16—10. Tuyrsantuus. 32. 93. 


Southern. 
Frutescens, (1) (E. p. M. 2{.) twining: leaves pinnate; leafets (9,) lance- 
ovate, sub-acuminate, pubescent : panicle clustered, axillary: legume cori- 
aceous. Lupinaster. 


10—2. TrarRELia. 13, 84. 


cordifolia, (mitre-wort, gem-fruit. O. w. M. 2{.) leaves cordate, acute-lobed, 
toothed: teeth mucronate : scaperacemed. Resembles the Mitella diphy!- 
la. 10i. 

menziesii, Ph. (W.2/.) leaves ovate, cordate, acute, short-lobed, toothed; cau- 
line ones alternate, distant: raceme filiform, somewhat spiked: calyx tu- 
bular. 1 f. 

trifoliata, W. (W. 2[.) leaves ternate ; leafets sub-rhomboid, serrate, pilose : 
racemes terminal ; little corymbs of flowers alternate : calyx bell-form. 


Southern. — 

biternata, Vent. (A. y-w. J.2{.) leaves biternate ; leafets heart-ovate, oblique, 
gash-lobed, toothed: stem leafy: panicle terminal, divaricate, with the flow- 
ers somewhat spiked. There is some obscurity about this plant ; it cannot 
belong to this genus. Elliott. Resembles Spiraea aruncus. Ph, 

bracteata, T.& J. (W.2{.) leaves round-cordate, gash-serrate ; serratures 
mucronate; scape racemed : flowers pentandrous, bracted: petals very nar- 
row : stamens not exsert. This species differs from Tiarella in its pentan- 
drous, bracted flowers, and from Heuchera in its distinct styles and habit. It 
should perhaps form a distinct genus, Torrey. Mitella. 


ll—1. Ticarga. 39. 92. 


Southern. 
tridentata, Ph.'(W. y. Ju. b.) leaves crowded towards the ends of the branches, 
obcuneate, 3-toothed, villose above, hoary-tementose beneath ;: flowers ter- 
minal, solitary, short-peduncled. 


foa—k. “Pitta, Si. 99s 


glabra, V. (2) (bass-wood, lime-tree. O. y-w. Ju. 5.) leaves round-cordate, 
abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate, sub-coriaceous, glabrous : petals trun- 


as 
. 


(1) Glycine, L. Apios, Ph. Wisteria speciosa, N. (2) americana, W. 
canadensis, Mx. 


TILIA, TILLAXDsTA. 419 


cate at the apex, crenate: style about equalling the petals: nut ovate. 
Large tree ; wood softand white. Leaves often truncate at the base. 

laxiflora, Mx. (E. M. }.) leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, sparingly 
toothed, membranaceous, glabrous: panicles lax-flowered : petals emargi- 
nate, shorter than the style : nut globose. WS. 

pubescens, V. (1) (crop-ear bass-wood. E. y-w. Ju. 5.) leaves truncate at the 
base, (one lobe cropped,) oblique, acuminate, tooth-serrate, pubescent be- 
neath: panicle dense-flowered: petals emarginate, about equal to the style : 
nut globose, smooth: Var. /eptophylla, leaves lax, serrate, very thin, some- 
what papyraceous. WS. 


Southern. 
heterophylla, Vent. (W. J. 5.) leaves ovate, oblique at the base or equally trun- 
eate and cordate, sharply serrate, white-tomentose beneath: nut globose, 
somewhat ribbed. Cistus. 


4—A,- Tireeza. 13. 83. 


ascendens, Ea. (pigmy-weed. E. w.) stem ascending, rooting at the lower 
joints: leaves connate, subulate, fleshy: flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 
ery minute. A newspecies. Discovered on the Housatonic by Prof, Ives, 

in the summer of 1816. Potamogeton. 


6—1. Tirtanpsia. 10. 17. 


Southern. 

utriculata, (wild pine. E, w.) leaves somewhat glaucous and pruinose, concave, 
broad, subulate, setaceous at the apex, acuminate, recurved and very dilated 
at the base: panicle branching: flowers sessile: bracts somewhat 2-ranked, 
shorter than the calyx: petals twice as long as the calyx, erect, equal below, 
distinct at the apex, often gaping on the side: stamens longer than the corol, 
Leaves pale-green, retaining water in their dilated bases. 3 f. 

juncea, Le Conte. (E. b.) stem leafy: leaves longer than the stem, gradually - 
shorter towards the top, somewhat pruinose, channelled, subulate-setaceous, 
rigid, recurved at the apex, dilated at the base: spikes compound, many- 
flowered, distichous: bracts imbricate, longer than the calyx: petals equi- 
tant, thereby forming a tube, dilated in the middle, thrice as long as the 
bracts, margin and apex recurved: stamens longer than the corol: stigma 
round-capitate, hispid. Leaves pale-green: stem reddish: bracts red: sta- 
mens blue: anthers yellow. 1 f. 

pinifolia, Le Conte. (E. b.) stem leafy: leaves equalling the stem, gradually 
shorter towards the top, at length scale-like, sub-pubescent, not pruinose, 
subulate-setaceous, semi-terete, erect, concave at the base: spikes simple, 
few-flowered: bracts short, imbricate: petals equitant, thereby forming a 
tube, longer than the bracts, dilated in the middle, recurved at the apex and 
margin: stamens longer than the corol. Leaves pale-green: stem and 
bracts red: stamens blue: anthers yellow. 5 i. 

bartrami, E. (E. b.) stem leafy ; leaves longer than the stem, gradually shorter 
towards the top, hoary-pubescent, subulate-setaceous, semi-terete, erect, 
concave and dilated, at the base: spike nearly simple, 6—8-flowered, 2- 
ranked : bracts imbricate : petals equitant, thereby forming a tube, dilated 
in the middle, longer than the bracts, recurved at the apex and margin. 
Leaves greenish : stem and bracts red: stamens blue: anthers yellow. 103. 

caespitosa, Le Conte. (E. b.) stem scaly by the diminution of the leaves : leaves 
longer than the stem, hoary-pubescent, subulate-setaceous, semi-terete, erect, 
somewhat concave at the base : spikes 3—4-flowered : bracts imbricate : pe- 
tals equitant, thereby forming a tube, dilated in the middle, longer than the 
bracts, recurved at the apex and margin. Leaves reddish grey: stem and 
bracts red: stamens blue: anthers yellow. 4 i. 


(1) americana, Wr. 


420 TILLANDSIA, TORREYA. 


recurvata, (E.) leaves shorter than the stem, terete, curved, subulate-setaceous, — 
pruinose, whitish-pubescent, with narrow grooves, 2-ranked: stem naked; — 


above, 1—2-flowered: flowers sessile: corol longer than the calyx. 6 i. 
usneoides, (E. g.) greyish, pruinose, whitish pubescent: stem diffuse, filiform, 
ndulous, branching, dichotomous, flexuous, or even spirally twisted: leaves 
subulate-filiform, semi-terete, twisted: flowers terminal, solitary, sessile: ca- 
lyx glabrous, rusty, 3-parted: divisions, subulate, very acute, erect: petals 
3, broad-linear, rounded at the apex, equitant below, thereby forming a tube 
equal to the calyx; lamina spreading, flat: stamens shorter than the tube. 
Diphylleia. 


21—2. Timuta. 56, 4. 


eucullata, leaves linear, narrow-acute, serrulate: peduncles shortish: capsule 
nodding, arched, obconic-turbinate, bursting from the side of the permanent 
calyptre: teeth of the outer peristome articulated. In damp and muddy 
places. Diplocomum. 


18—1. Tiputaria. 7. 21. 


discolor, N. (1) (E. w. Au.) leaf solitary, plaited and longitudinally nerved : 
flowers racemed, nodding, bractless. Resembles the Corallorhiza. 
Malaxis. 


6—3. Torierpia. 10. 13. 


pubens, Mx. (2) (E. g-w. Au. 2[.) scape scabrous: spike oblong, interrupted : 
capsules sub-globose, scarcely longer than the calyx. 12—18i. SW. 

giutinosa, Mx. (E. 2{.) scape and pedicels glutinous-scabrous: spike with a 
few alternate fascicles: capsule egg-form, twice as long as the calyx. 

pusilla, Mx. (scotch asphodel. g-w. J. 2{.) glabrous: leaves short: scape fili- 
form: spike few-flowered, globular : little calyxes adnate to the rachis : cap- 
sule globose. Mountain swamps. 


Southern. 
glabra, N. (E. g-w.) scape terete, smooth: leaves linear, ensiform: spike 
short, dense, oblong: bracts acute, very small: peduncles solitary, angular, 
as long as the flowers: styles o: capsules distinct, membranaceous, equal- 
ling thecorol. 8—10. i. 
glaberrima, Macbride. (E. w. Oc. 2[.) very glabrous : flowers racemed ; buds 
approximate, nearly whorled, l-flowered. 2—3 f. Scheuchzeria. 


1I1—1. Torreya. Ea. (3) 17. 88. 


[Omitted at p. 44, above Mentzelia and below the word he a ke Calyx 
superior, 5-cleft, permanent: corol 10-petalled: capsule cylindrical, oblong, 
with a flat summit, 1-celled, 3 to 7-valved, parietal : receptacles in 3 to 7 
fleshy masses, parietal: seeds numerous, compressed, arranged in a double 
horizontal series. 17. 88. 


(1) Limodorum unifolium, M. Orchis discolor, Ph, (2) pubescens, Ph. 
Narthecium, Mx. (3) Bartonia, Nuttall. See p. 24, where another plant is 
described under this name. 1 fee] confident, that every American botanist, as 
well as the discoverer, will cordially unite with me in giving to this splendid 
genus, a name which seems to be almost identified with the science, on this 
side of the Atlantic. Dr. Torrey proposed Nuttallia for the generic name. 
But that name is already given to a well defined genus. As I received a spe- 
cimen of the Nuttallia from Prof. Nuttall, I presume he does not intend toumaject 
that plant ; though no one would withhold his name from this more showy ge- 
nus had not the modest discoverer been contented with the elegant Columnifera 
which takes his name. 


TORREYA, TREMELLA. 421 


Southern. 

ornata, N. (W. y-w. A. 2{.?) leaves lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid ; seg- 
ments sub-acute : base of the capsule foliose, 5 to 7-valved: seeds almost 
without margins. 2to4 feet high. Flowers very large, solitary and ter- 
minal, sessile, odorous. Found on the banks of the Missouri. 

nuda, N. (W. y-w. 2{.) leaves sub-lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid, seg- 
ments obtuse: capsule naked, 3-valved: seed margined : outer stamens pe- 
taloid, often sterile. Flowers smaller than the preceding species. Near 
the Great Bend on the Missouri. Mentzelia. 


6—1. TrapescanTia. 6. 13. 


virginica, (spider-wort. b. p. M. 2/.) erect, branching: leaves lanceolate, 
elongated, glabrous: flowers sessile : umbel compact, pubescent, Cultivat- 
ed. [—2f. 8S. 

rosea, Mx. (r. M. 2{.) erect, simple: leaves lance-linear: peduncles elongat- 


ed: calyx smooth, 8—12i. S. Caulophyllum. 
19—3. Tracia. 38. 96. 
Southern. 


urens, (E. Ju. 2{.) erect: leaves lanceolate, sessile, obtuse, sub-dentate at the 
apex: stem and branches pubescent. Var. sudovalis, leaves oblong-oval, 
sometimes wedge-form. Var. lanceolata, leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate and 
entire. Var. linearis, (1) leaves linear, nearly all entire. 12—1$8 i. 

wrticifolia, Mx. (E. Ju. 3% ) leaves cordate, ovate, serrate: stem erect, very 
hirsute. 12—18 i. 

macrocarpa, W. (W. Ju. 3%.) climbing, hispid: leaves deeply cordate, ovate, 
acutely toothed. 

ramosa, I’. & J. (W.) stem herbaceous, pilose, very branching: leaves petiol- 
ed, lance-ovyate, sharply serrate, hirsute beneath, sub-cordate at the base : 
racemes axillary, filiiorm, few-flowered. 8 i. Eriocaulon, 


17—1. Tracorogon. 49. 53. 


Exoiic. 


porrifolium, (vegetable oyster, goat-beard, salsify. p. Ju. 7.) calyx longer 
than the rays of the corol; the corollets very narrow, truncate: peduncles 
incrassate. Tolpis. 


21—2. Trematopon. 56. 4. 


lengicollis, stem short, simple: leaves subulate, setaceous : peduncles very 


long, twisted: capsule oblong, stiped, elongated: lid conic from the base, 
sienderly beaked. Dicranum. 


21—6. Tremerca. 58. 1. 


mesenterica, roundish: sub- 
en limbs, &c. ‘ 

fragiformis, roundish, sub-compact, round, red, plicate, thick-set, sub-lobate. 
On pine bark, &c. 

spiculosa, flattened, effuse, 
es. on trunks, 


Solineta nee oo, bya glabrous both sides, thin, undulate-plicate, concave, 
crisped at the base, flesh-cinnamon colour. On decaying trunks in autumn. 


ont ascending, membranaceous, lobed, sinuate-undulate, purple. On pa- 


compact, undulate-plicate, orange-colour. Qn fall- 


thickish, black, having conic papille. 2or 3 inch- 


(J) linearifolia, E, ? 
36 


422 TREMELLA, TRICHODIUM. 


a@bietina, in groups, roundish, orange-colour, sub-plicate. On wood. 
dubia, cespitose, viscous, fastigiate, soft, fleshy. On decaying trunks late in 
autumn. Peziza. 


10—1. TripvLus. 1. By, 


Southern. 
maximus, (E. y: Ju.) leaves pinnate ; leafets about 4 pairs, outer ones largest : 
pericarps 10-seeded, not spiny. 1—2f. 
trijugatus, N. (E. y. 3%.) leafets 3 pairs; terminal ones largest, pubescent be- 
neath: capsules 5, 1-seeded, muricate, spineless. Dionaea. 


21—6. Tricnta. 58. 1. 


1. Fruit turbinate or pear-form. 

botrytis, stiped, fascicled, opake, becoming dark-red: spikes elongated, con- 
nate, sub-racemed. On decaying trunks in autumn, 

rubiformis, stiped, fascicled, steel-colour, shining: stipes connate, sub-pedate, 
short. On trunks in woods at the close of summer. 

fallax, simple, stiped, at first red, then slate-colour ; fruit plicate beneath, with 
a stipe. On trunks and soft decaying wood in autumn, 

vulgaris, scattered: fruit from terete becoming sub-turbinate: hardly any 
stipe, becoming black. On beech trunks after a summer storm. A variety 
of nigripes. See Persoon’s Fungi, p. 179; and Muhlenberg’s Catalogue. 


2. Frutt round or reniform. 


mitens, crowded together, sessile, round, shining-yellow or cinnamon-colour. 
Among decaying beech and piue trunks in autumn. 

varia, scattered, becoming yellow: fruit decumbent and reniform, sometimes 
round. On trunks. 


3. Fruit filiform and net-veined. 


reticulata, diffused, reticulate, ramose, yellow. On trunks and mossy bark in 
autumn, Arcyria. 


3—2. Tricnocuioa. 4. 10. 


capillaris, Lk. (1) (E. S. 2.) leaves convolute-filiform, smooth: panicle dif- 
iuse, capillary, very slender: pedicels longer than the awns: awns 3—4 
times as long as the flower. 2f. S. Arundo. 


21—6. TricnHoprrma. 58. 1. 


migrescens, somewhat opening, flattish: seminal dust becoming black and 
sooty. Oncut trunks, mostly maple, in winter and early spring. 
Conoplea. 


3—2. Tricuopiun. 4. 10. 


laxifiorum, Mx. (E. M. 2{.) culm erect: leaves setaceous and with the sheaths 
somewhat scabrous: panicle diffuse, capillary, with trichotomous branches ; 
calyx unequal. 18i. S. 

scabrum, M. (2) (E. Ju. 2{.) culm geniculate at the base, assurgent, branched : 
Jeaves lance-linear, flat, striate, scabrous : sheaths generally smooth: panicle 
whorled and divaricate : calyx unequal: corol ovate, acute, 3-nerved. 12— 
Bi. 8. ; 

datum, Ph. (E. Au. 2{.) culm erect, firm: leaves narrow-linear, flat, scabrous : 
pets smooth : panicle whorled, a little spreading: glumes nearly . 


(1) Stipa, Lk. sericea, Mx. Agrostis Sericea, M. (2) Agrostis scabra, W : 


TRICKIODIUM, TRIFOLIUM. 433 


montanum, T. (A. Ju. 2{.) culm cespitose, erect: leaves involute-filiform 
and with the sheaths scabrous: panicle capillary, lax a little spreading, 8— 
12 i. ; 
perenneum, Wr. (1) (E. S. 2.) culm decumbent: panicle‘somewhat diffuse ; 
branches whorled and trichotomous; flowersracemed. 1—2f. S. 
Agrostis, 


Trichophorum, Scirpus. 
17—2. Tricnopnytium. N. (2) 49. 55. 


lanaium, Ph. (W. y. Ju. 2{.) Described under Actinella lanata. 


E Southern. 
oppositifolium, N. (W. Ju. 2{ ?) decumbent, branching: short-hoary-pubes- 
cent: leaves opposite, palmate-3-cleft, segments ligulate, simple or divided: 
peduncle filiform, mostly dichotomous, scarcely longer than the leaves. 6— 
12i. Matricaria. 


13—1. Tricuostema. 42. 39, 


dichotoma, (blue curls. b, Au. 3%.) leaves lance-ovate: branches flower-bear- 
ing, 2-forked; stamens very long, blue, curved. Var. linearis, somewhat 
pubescent: leaves linear. 6—12i. WS. Phryma. 


21—2. Tricnostomum. 56. 4. 


pallidum, (hair-mouth moss.) stem simple, very short : leaves capillary, sheath- 
ing: capsule ovate with a slight apophysis, cylindric: lid conic: calyptre 
halved. Calymperes. 


Tricuspis, WINDSORIA. 
7—1. TRienTALis. 20. 34, 


americana, Ph. (3) (chick wintergreen. O. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves lanceolate, serru- 
late, acuminate : petals acuminate. 3—6i. Aesculus. 


16—10. Triroxtum. 32, 93. 


reflexum, (r.J. 2{.) procumbent, pubescent: leaves obovate : stipules oblique, 
cordate: heads many-flowered: flowers pedicelled, at length all reflexed: 
legumes about 3-seeded. Near the greatlakes. 12—18i. S. 
repens, (white clover. O. w. M. 2{.) creeping: leafets ovate-oblong, emargin- 
ate, serrulate: flowersin umbelled heads: teeth of the calyx sub-equal: le- 
gumes 4-seeded. S. 
pratense, (red clover. O. r, M. 2{.) ascending, smoothish, leafets ovate, sub-en- 
tire: stipules awned: spikes dense-ovate: lower tooth of the calyx shorter 
than the tube of the corol, and longer than the other teeth. 2—3 f. 
pennsylvanicum, (r. J. 2{.) ascending: stem very branching, zigzag; leafets 
oval-ovate, obtuse, entire: stipules awned: spikes ovate-cylindric, dense, 
solitary : lower tooth of the calyx shorter than the tube of the corol. S. 
arvense, (rabbit-foot, field clover. O. w. Ju. #%) erect, branching, villose : 
leaves linear-oblanceolate : spikes villose, oval-cylindric: teeth of the calyx 
rk 7 igs longer than the corol. Grows in dry pastures or barren fiel 
Oi. . 
agrarium, (4) (y. J. 3%.) erect, sub-pubescent: leafets lance-wedge-form, ob- 
_tuse, middle one sessile: stipules lanceolate, acute: spikes oval, imbricate: 
banner deflexed, permanent; teeth of the calyx subulate, glabrous, unequal. 
(1) decumbens, Mx. Cornucopia, Wr. (2) Actinella, Ph. (3) europaca, Ma, 
not L, (4) aureum, Pollich, 


424 TRIFOLIUM, TRILLIUM. 


procumbens, W. (hop clover. E. y. J. #.) procumbent: stem hairy: leafets 
_ obovate, sub-marginate, glabrous: stipules short, lanceolate, acute: spikes 
oval, imbricate: banner deflexed, furrowed, permament. 3—6i. SS. 
campestre, Sr. (1) (y. 3.) spike ovate, imbricate: banner deflected, perma- 
nent: leafets lance-ovate, middle one petioled: stem sub-diffuse : branches 
decumbent. 
stoloniferum, M. (buffalo clover. w. J. 2{.) sending off suckers from the base of 
the stem: leaves obovate, unequally serrate on the sides, and toothed at the 
end: teeth of the calyx narrow-lanceolate or subulate, longer than the tube : 
florets large, in a head-form spike. * 


Southern. 
carolinianum, Mx. (E. p-w. Ap. 2{.) small, procumbent: leafets obcordate, 
(upper one only emarginate) hairy toothed : stipules 2-cleft : umbels capitate, 
peduncled, reflectea, few-flowered: corol scarcely exserted: legumes 3—4- 
seeded. S—10i. 
microcephalum, Ph. (W. w-p. Ju. 2{.) ascending, pubescent: leafets obovate, 
emarginate, denticulate : stipules ovate, acuminate: heads very small, pe- 
duncled, few-flowered: flowers sessile : involucre ovate, awned : calyx awn- 
ed, as long as the corol. 
tnvolucratum, W. (3%.) little heads roundish, peduncled ; surrounded by anor- 
bicular, toothed receptacle: stipules oblong, awned, toothed: stem erect, 
branched. 
ranum, T. & J. (W. p. 2{.) little heads few-flowered, umbelled : lerumes 4—5- 
seeded: calyx glabrous; teeth nearly equal: leafets obovate-oblong, acumi- 
.mate: stem cespitose, erect. 1—2i. Psoralea. 


Trifolium, MELILOTUSs. 
6—3. Trictocuin. 5. 13. 


moritimum, (2) (arrow-grass. L. g. Ju. 2{.) fruit ovate-oblong, of six united 
capsules, 9—151. ; 

palustre, (W. g. Ju. 2.) flowers triandrous: fruit of three united capsules, 
nearly linear, attenuated at the base. 6—12i. 


Southern. 

triandrum, Mx. (E. Ju.) triandrous: flowers 3-cleft, short-pedicelled : capsules 
roundish triangular : leaves sub-setaceous, almost as tall as the spike or scape. 
6—9 i. y Gyromia. 


16—10. TRIGONELLA. 32. 93. 
‘ Exotte. 


fenum-gracum, (funegreek. #.) legumes sessile, solitary, straight, erectish, 
sub-falcate, acuminate : stem erect: leaves wedge-oblong. 


Southern. 
sericea, Ph. (3) (y. Ju. #%.) leaves ternate, sessile, oblong, acute, silky-villose ; 


eduncles axillary, 1-flowered, longer than the leaf: flower 1-bracted : divis- — 


rons of the calyx linear: legume glabrous, very long. Thyrsanthus. 
6—3. Triiium. 11. 12. 


sessile, (p. M. 2{ ) flowers sessile, erect: petals lanceolate, erect, twice as long 
as the calyx: leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute. 8—10i. WN. 


OF aati S. agrarium, C. (2) elatum, N. (3) americana, N. Lo- 
tu ° 


# I drew this description from a dried specimen in Prof. Beck's collection, 
and published it in 1818. Pursh had drawn one from the same specimen. 
As I have not seen any improved description of this plant in the floras of those 
who have examined Mublenberg’s herbarium, I retain this for the present. 


TRILLIUM, TRIOSTEUM., 425 


petiolatum, Ph. (W. p. J. 2{.) flower sessile, erect: petals lance-linear, erect, 
a little longer than the calyx: leaves very long-petioled, lance-oval, acute. 

erythrocarpum, Mx. (1) (smiling wake-robbin. A. w. & r. M. 2{.) peduncles 
erectish : petals lance-ovate, acuminate, recurved, almost twice as long as 
the narrow-leaf calyx: leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, abrupt- 
ly petioled. Si. S. 

pusillum, Mx. (2) (dwarf wake-robbin. r. M. 2f.) peduncles erect; petals 

_ searcely longer than the calyx: leaves oval-obleng, obtuse, sessile. WS. 

pendulum, W. (3) (nodding wake-robbin. w. M. 2{.) peduncles erect, with 
the flower a little nodding: petals ovate, shortly acuminate, spreading, flat, 
longer than the calyx : leaves rhomboid-acuminate, sessile. 

purpureum, Kin. (A. p.) leaves spatulate-ovate, acuminate, net-veined : flow- 
ers peduncled, nodding: petals larger than the calyx. Nearly allied to, but 
distinct from, the preceding. E.: 

erectum, (4) (false wake-robbin. O. p. w-y. M. 2{.) peduncles erect or erect- 
ish, with the flowers a little nodding: petals ovate, acuminate, spreading, 
equalling the calyx: leaves rhomboid, acuminate, sessile. Var. atropurpu- 
reum, petals large, dark purple. Var. album, petals smaller, white: germ 
red. Var. flavum, petals yellow: both petals and calyx leaves longer and 

, narrower. H. H. E. 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves often 3 to 4 inches broad. 
Peduncles about 3 incheslong. 9—16i. S. 

obovatum, Ph. (E. r-w. 2{.) peduncles erect: petals obovate, obtusish, flat, 
spreading, scarcely longer or broader than the calyx: Jeaves rhomb-ovate, 
acuminate, close-sessile. 

grandifiorum, (5) (w. M. 2f.) peduncles a little curved, and the flowers a little 
nodding: petals lance-spatulate, connivent at the base, much larger than 
the calyx: leaves broad-rhomb-ovate. Berries dark purple. Johnsiowa 
and Cambridge,N. Y: 1f. S, 


Southern. 

ceynuum, (6) (E, r-w. M. 2{.) peduncles-recurved : petals lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, larger than the calyx: leaves obovate and oval, tapering to the base, 
acuminate, 

stylosum, (7) (A. r-w.) s'ender : peduncle much shorter than the flower, recurv- 
ed: petals undulate, spreading, oblong, obtuse, larger than the calyx: germ 
styliferous: style 1, as long as the stigma: leaves sub-petioled, lance-oval, 
acute at both ends, 8—10 i. 

nervosum, E. (E. r-w. Ap.) peduncle recurved: peta!s lance-oblong, larger 
than the calyx : Jeaves lanceolate and ovate, acute at each end, membranace- 
ous, nerved. 6—8 i. é 

ovatum, Ph. (W. p. Ap. 2{.) peduncle erect : petals oblong, acute, spreading, 

. # little longer than the linear calyx: leaves ovate, gradually acute, closely 
sessile. Rumex. 


5: TRIOSTEUM. 48. 53. 


perfoliatum, (8) (fever root, horse-ginseng. O. p. J. 2{.) leaves oval, acumi- 
= connate: flowers sessile, whorled. Berries purple or yellow. 2—4 f 


(a2 Southern. 
angustifolium, W..(9) (A. y. Ju. 2{.) leaves lance-oval, sub-connate : pedun- 
cles opposite, l-flowered : stem hispid. 2—3f, Mirabilis, 


(1) pictum, Ph. undulatum, W. (2) Pumilum, Ph. (3) cernuum, Ph. 
Bw. E. 4th Ed. not L. (4) rhomboideum, Mx. (5) rhomboideum, Var, 
grandiflorum, Mx. (6) catesbaei, E. (7) cernuum, Mx. © (8) majus, Mx, 
(S) minus, Mx, ; 

3 a6* 


426. ERIPHORA, TEOLLIVS. 


_18—1. TripHora, N. (1) 7. 21. 


pendula, M. (2) (three-bird orchis. w-p. Au. 2{.) root tuberous : stem leafy, 
about 3-flowered at the top: leaves clasping, ovate, alternate: lip entire. 
4—6i. S&S. Cymbidium. 


19—3. Tripsacum. 4. 10. 
dactyloides, (sesame grass. E. J. 2{.) spikes numerous, (3—4,) aggregate : 


florets staminate near the summit ; pistillate below. Var. monostachyon, 
spike solitary. 3—5f. WS. 


Southern. 
cylindricum, Mx. (E.) spike solitary, cylindrical, separating into short joints : 
flowers all perfect. Perhaps a Rottboellia. E. Comptonia. 
3—l. TriprERELLA. 40. 45. 
Southern. 


capitata, Wr. (3) (E. w. J. %%.) flowers in a terminal head: angles of the 
germ scarcely winged. 6—8 i. 

coerulea, M. (4) (E. b. S. 2. ?) flowers few in a terminal raceme : angles of 
the germ distinctly winged. 2—41, Boerhaavia. 


3—2. Trisetum. 4. 10. 


palustre, Mx.’ (5) (E. J. 2{.) panicle contracted, nodding, somewhat whorled : 
calyx 2—3-fiowered : florets smooth, acuminate ; lower one awnless: lower 
valve of the upper floret bicuspidate, awned below the tip. 1-2f. S. 

purpurascens, T. (E. 2{.) panicle very simple, somewhat racemed, few-flow- 
ered : calyx few-flowered ; glumes very unequal, entire : culm and leaves 
smooth : stipules very short, truncate. 2f. S. 

subspicatum, (6) (2{.) panicle somewhat spiked : awn at length reflexed, ex- 
ceeding the calyx. Bromus. 


s—2. Triticum. 4. 10. r 


pauciforum, Sz. (W.) spike simple, erect; spikelets about 2-flowered : culm 
simple, leafy, terete, deeply striate, smooth: leaves somewhat glaucous, 
scabrous on the ribs and margin. 2f. 


Exotic. 

hybernum, (winter wheat. J. of.) calyx-glume 4-flowered, tumid, even, im- 
bricate, abrupt, witha short compressed point: stipule jagged: corols of 
the upper florets somewhat bearded, There are several varieties of this spe- 
cies which are induced by culture. 

cestivum, (summer wheat. J. #.) calyx 4-flowered, tumid, smooth, imbricated,, 
awned. Smith says this may be a variety of the last. 

compositum, (egyptian wheat.) spike compound ; spikelets crowded, awned. 

Agropyron. 


Triticum, AGROPYRON. 
12—13. Trorttus. 26. 61. 


. +9 

laxus, Sy. (7) (globe-flower. y. M. 2{.) petals 5, oblong, spreading : nectaries 
shorter than the stamens. Pctals always, perhaps, 5, obovate: capsules 
short, abrupt, crowned with the elongated style. Coptis. 


(1) Arethusa, L. (2) trianthophorus, Sw. parviflora, Mx. nutans, Le Conte. 
(3) Anonymous, Wr. (4) Burmannia biflora, L. (5) Avena, Mx. Aira 
palleus, M. (6) airoides, Pb. Aira, L. (7) americanus, Donn. 


TROPHOLUM, TUSSILAGO. 427 


8—l. Tropzotum. 23. 73. 


; Exotic. 
may nasturtion, indian cress. y. & r. Ju. #. & 2{.) leaves peltate, sub-re- 
cond : petals obtuse, some of them fringed. Elliottia. 
17—1. Troximon. 49. 53. 
Southern. 


glaucum, Ph. (W. y. Ju. oj.) scape 1-flowered, glabrous: leaves lance-linear, 
flat, very entire, glaucous on both sides; divisions of the calyx imbricate, 

’ acute, pubescent. 

cuspidatum, Ph. (1) (W. y. M.) scape 1-flowered, sub-pubescent : leaves lin- 
ear, undulate and tomentose on the margin: divisions of the calyx imbricate, 
cuspidate, glabrous. Apogon, 


Troximon, KRiGia. 
21—6. Touser. 58. 1. 


cidarium, becoming black, roughened with warts. Globose, solid, destitute of 
root. Ontheearth. Often collected for food in Europe and Asia. 
Tulostoma. 
21—6. Tuspercunartia. 98, 1. 


vulgaris, (tubercle fungus.) gregarious, bright red, ridgy or wrinkled, with a 
thick pale stipe-form receptacle. Mostly on dead branches of the common 
red currant. 

rosea, {P.) scattered, loose, irregularly globose, rose-coloured. Bright pink 
little masses, which dissolve in rainy weather. This Smith gives as its best 
distinction from some lichens. Adhering to lichens on trees. 

Hysterium. 

‘ 21—6. Tupurina. 58. 1. : 


fragiformis, sub-orbicular ; at first red, then rust-colour: tubular fruit thick, 


distinct at the apex. On trunks in the summer after a storm. Mucor. 
6—1. Torrpa. 10. 14. 
Exotic. 


suaveolens, (sweet tulip. M. 2f{.} small: stem 1-flowered, pubescent: flower 
erect: petals obtuse, glabrous : leaves lance-ovate. 
gesneriana, (common tulip. M. 2(.) stem 1-flowered, glabrous: flower various- 
coloured, erect: petals obtuse, glabrous: leaves lance-ovate. 
Asphodelus. 


21—6. Turostoma. 58. 1. 
brumalis, stipe smoothish: fruit globose, with a flat mouth. On walls, some- 
times in meadows. Geastrum, 
ovata, Ph. (w. M.<%*.) pubescent : radical leaves petioled, ovate, toothed, ob- 
tuse; cauline leaves clasping, oblong, serrate, acute. Resembles the hir- 


suta ; perhaps a variety of it, which ought to. follow it to the genus Arabis, 
, Barbarea. 


17—2. Tussizaco. 49. 55. 
farfara, (colt’s foot. y. Ap. 2{.) scape single-flowered, scaly leaves cordate, 
(1) marginatum, N. 


428 . TUSSILAGO, ULVA- 


angular, toothed, downy beneath. The flower appears long before the leaves. 
4—6 i. 
frigida, W. (mountain colt’s foot. y. M. 2{.) thyrse fastigiate : flowers with 
rays : leaves roundish-cordate, unequally toothed,#omentose beneath. ; 
sagittata, Ph. (W. 2{.) thyrse ovate, fastigiate : flowers with rayst leaves radi- 
cal, oblong, acute, sagittate, very entire ; lobes obtuse. 
palmata, W. (E. Ap. 2{ ) thyrse fastigiate : flowers with obsolete rays : leaves 
roundish-cordate, half 7-lobed, gash-toothed, tomentose bene 
j oltonia. © 


19—3. Typna. 3. 8. 


latifolia, (cat-tail, reed-mace. O. Ju. 2{.) leaves linear, flat, slightly convex be= 
neath: staminate and pistillate aments close together. Wet. 4—6f. S 

angustifolia, (Ju. 2{.) leaves linear, channelled, semi-cylindric below and flat- 
tish above : staminate and pistillate aments a little separated. Not so large 
as the last species. Wet. 3—5f. S. Sparganium. 


U. 


Udora, SERPicULA. 
17—10. Uxex. 32. 93. 


Exotic. 
‘europeus, (furze. M. b.) leaves lance-linear, villose : bracts ovate, lax: branch- 
lets erect. Arachis. 


5—2. Uxmus. 53. 99. 


americana, Mx. (elm, white-elm. O. g-p. Ap. 5.) branches smooth : leaves 
- oblique at the base, having acuminate serratures a little hooking: flowers 
pedicelled ; fruit fringed with dense down. Var. pendula, has hanging 
branches 7) smoothish leaves. Rafinesque says this is a distinct species. 
40—70f. S. 
fulva, Mx. (1) (slippery-elm, red-elm. O. Ap. 5.) hranches scabrous, whitish : 
leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, nearly equal at the base, unequally serrate, 
ubescent both sides, very scabrous: buds tomentose, with very dense yel- 


owish wool : flowers sessile. The bark is very mucilaginous. 20—40f. S,_ 


memoralis, (river-elm. Ap. b.) leaves oblong, smoothish, equally serrate, near- 
ly equal at the base: flowerssessile. WS. 


Southern. 
alata, Mx. (2) (whahoo, E. March. 5.) branches on each side winged with a 
cork-like bark: leaves oblong-oval, acute, nearly equal at the base : fruit pu- 
bescent, ciliate. 30f. Celtis. 


21—2. Utnota. 56. 4. 


crispa, stem ramose : leaves lance-linear, recurved-undulate when dry: pedi- 
cels elongated. On trunks of trees. Bartramia, 


21—4. Uxva. 57. 2. 


1. Spread. 


lactuca, fronds aggregate, oblong, flat, undulate-bullate, attenuate below, 


eaaully dilated, lacimiate-crisped. Pale-green, thin, weak and flaccid. 
Seas and bays. 


(2 


(1) aspera, M. rubra, Mx. younzer. (2) pumila, Wr. 


_WLVA, URALEPSIS. 429 


latissima, frond solitary, oblong, very broad, flat, margin undulated. Root con- 
tracted. Frond attached in a peltate-form, yellowish-green, coriaceous- 
membranaceous. Abundant along within the margin of the sea. 

purpurea, fronds oblong, purple, undulate-crisped. Root contracted. Frond 
attached ina peltate-form, aggregated, sub-sessile, 1 to 3 inches broad, very 

tt thin, with dense, oblong-angled, or nearly trapezoidal, granulations, On 
rocks in seas and bays. 

linza, frond lance-linear; margin undulate-crisped. About an inch broad, ta- 

ering to the base, green. Sea-shore. 

ertspa, frond bullate, plicate-crisped, rugose, aggregated into an expanded 

layer. Notadhering to paperon drying. On the earth in shades. 


2. Tubular. 


lubrica, frond sub-ramose, compressed, undulate-sinuate, gelatinous. Very 
narrow, about the twelfth ofan inch, variously inflexed and curved, pellucid, 
green. Seed deposited ina quadrangular position, Adheres closely to pa- 
per on drying. In ditches. 

intestinalis, frond tubulose, simple. Variable in size ; very narrow. Obscure- 
ly green. 

idibtenasen frond tubulose, simple or branched, filiform-compressed. Varying 
in size. Sometimes compressed and sometimes terete, obscurely green. In 
seas and bays. Vaucheria. 


s—2. Untozta. 4. 10, 


latifolia, Mx. (A. Ap. 2{.) leaves broad, flat: panicle loose, nodding: spikes 
lets long-peduncled : florets sub-falcate, monandrous ; lowest ones abortive. 
i. & 


gracilis, Mx. (E, Au. 2{.) panicle elongated, racemose, appressed: spikelets 
3-flowered : florets spreading, straight, monandrous ; lowest ones abortive, 
34 ff. S. 5 

spicata, (1) (L. Au. 2{.) panicle spiked, straight : leaves involute, distichous, 
spreading : spikelets 5—9-ilowered : florets triandrous. 18i. 8S. 


Southern. 

paniculata, (2) (sea-side oats. L. Ju. 2{ ) panicle large, compressed : spikes 
sub-sessile : calyx 4—5-valved : flowers triandrous. 4—8 f, 

nitida, Bald. (E. Ju.) leaves flat, narrow : panicle scattered, spreading : spikes 
few, sub-sessile : calyx 3-valved : flowers monandrous. 2—5 f,. 

stricta, T. & J. (W. 2{.) very smooth: leaves narrow, erect: panicle erect, 
contracted : spikelets linear-oblong, many-flowered : flowers straight, awn- 
less. Intermediate between Festuca and Uniola; perhaps a Ceratochloa.— 
Torrey. 14. Briza. 


3—2. Urawepsis. 4, 10. 


aristulata, N. (3) (E. Au. #.) lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the 
leaves; terminal ones partly exsert: calyx 3-flowered: bristle of the corol 
as ~~ as : lateral cusps. Whole plant covered with a viscid acid secre- 
tion. T, 1f. 


Southern. 
purpurea, Wr. (4) (E. S. 3%. ?) leaves subulate: panicle small, racemed: co- 
rol villose ; outer valve more than twice the length of the calyx, when mature 
deeply 3-parted, 3-nerved and reflected; middle division with an awn as 
long as the valve. Whole plant has a strong saline taste. E. 2f. 


(1) distichophylla, Rr. Festuca distico hylla, Mx. (2) maritima, Mx. (3) 
Aira purpurea, M. not Wr. (4) Aira, W; k 


480 URALEPSIS, URTICA. 


cornuta, E. (E.) culm and leaves very narrow, pilose: panicle slender : mid- 
dle awn of the corol longer than the valve, finely recurved. 2f. 
~ Windsoria. 


ae 7 har Ser N. 45. 60. 

Cherul 

elaytoni, (1) (sweet cicely. O. J. 2{.) leaves compound, hairy; leafets gash- 
toothed: umbels axillary and terminal, about 5-rayed: style as long as the 
villose germ, filiform, deflected. 2f. WS. 

hirsutum, Bw. (2) (E. J. 2{.) hirsute: leaves decompound; leafets gash-pia- 
natifid: styles of the fruit pyramidal, approximate. 

procumbens, (3) (E. M. 3%.) stem procumbent: leaves decompound; divisions 
ea rather obtuse: umbels about 3-rayed: fruit smooth, shining. 6— 

i. WS. . 

canadense, (4) (O. w. J. 2{.) stem glabrous: leaves ternate, smooth; leafets 

rhomb-ovate, acute, gash-toothed : fruit oblong, very smooth. 1—2 f. S. 
_ Eryngium. 


21—5. Urcroraria. 57. 2. r 


panyrga, (pitcher-shield lichen.) effuse, granular-warty, pure white : warts 
clustered, bearing shields which are glaucous-mealy, with convex, entire, 
frond-like margins. 
cinerea, var. notata, Ach. crust ashy, smooth and cracked : receptacle black, 
pruinose, immersed in the areolae. 
calcarea, Ach. crust very white: receptacles smaller than the preceding. 
: Canora, 


21—6. Urepo. 58. 1. 
1, Seminal dust rusty-yellow. 


rosce-eentifolice, (rose rust.) crowded, yellow, flat, opening ; little heaps orbi- 
cular. On the leaves of the centfoil rose. 

linearis, (yellow-grain-rust. J. #%.) linear, very long, stained-yellow, at length 
but obscurely coloured. On the culms and leaves of barley, oats, rye, wheat, 
&c. 


2. Seminal dust white. 
candida, (white rust.) white, opening. On shepherd’s purse, &c. 
3. Seminal dust black or sooty-yellow ; on the fructification of plants. 


segetum, (smut. J.) dust black, very copious ; growing in the spikes or glumes 
of grain. Issmuta plant? 
caricis, dust black, naked, surrounding the capsules. On carexes, 
Puccinia. 


19—4. Urtica. 53. 99. 


pumila, (5) (stingless nettle, rich-weed. O. Ju. 3%.) leaves opposite, ovate, 
acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate ; lower petioles as long as the leaves ; flowers 
-moncecious, triandrous, in corymbed heads, shorter than the petioles. Stem 
smooth and shining ; when in deep shades, the stem is pellucid. 8—12 i. 
8. 


of 
ae 


(1) Myrrhis dulcis,2d Ed. Scandix dulcis,M. Scandix,;Mx. (see 
Chaerophyllum, Ph. Myrrhis _longistylis, T. (2) claytoni, T. 

(3) Scandix, L. Chaerophyllum, Lk. Myrihilt Sl. (4) Sison, L. 

his, 4th Ed. Chaerophyllum, P. (5) Adesia trinerva, R ’ 


URTICA, UTRICULARIA. 451 


urens, (dwarf stinger. J. 3%.) leaves opposite, oval, about 5-nerved, sharply 
serrate; spikes glomerate, in pairs. 9—14i. S. 

dioica, (common nettle. O. J. 2.) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, coarse- 
ly serrate: flowers dicecious: spikes panicled, glomerate, in pairs, longer 

nthe petioles. 2—3f. S 
procera, W. (O. Ju. 2{.) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, serrate : 
etioles ciliate: flowers dicecious: spikes somewhat branched, glomerate, 

in pairs, equalling the petiole. Var. gracilis, slender: leaves lance-ovate : 
leaves and petioles hispid. Not so common as the last, which, if examined 
before full maturity may be mistaken for this, 3—4f, 

capitata, (J. 2{.) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, 
twice as long as the petiole: glomerules spiked ; the spikes are solitary, 
shorter than the leaves, leafy above: stem naked, 3—5f, S. 

canadensis, (1) (canada nettle. O. Ju. 2{.) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, acu- 
minate, serrate, hispid both-sides : panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, spread- 
branched ; the lower staminate ones longer than the petioles; upper pistil- 
late one elongated: stem covered with stings, 5—6 feet high. Var. dzvari- 
cata, has smoothish leaves, and sometimes very spreading; solitary panicles. 


4—6f. 8. g 


. Southern. 
chamoedroides, Ph. (E. March. 3.) leaves opposite, sub-sessile, ovate, serrate, 
strigose beneath : clusters of flowers axillary, sessile, sub-globose, reflexed. 
Prickles white, conspicuous, stimulant. 4—6 i, Parietaria. 


21—5. Usnea. 57. 2. 


forida,frond erectish, scabrous, pale-cinereous : fibres thick, horizontal : branch- 
es spreading, expanded, sub-simple : receptacles flat, very broad, becoming 
white, ciliate: ciliz long, radiating. On trees. This and the following spe- 
cies of lichen are usually called tree-moss. 

strigosa, frond efiuse, ramose, dirty-cinereous, scabrous: branches longish, 
flexuose, dichotomous, lax, every where bearing strigose fibres: receptacles 
fleshy, broad, sub-lobate, tooth-radiate. Perhaps a variety of the florida, 

plicata, frond pendulous, smooth, pale: branches lax, very branching, sub- 
fibrous ; the extreme ones capillary : receptacles flat, broad, ciliate ; the ci- 
lie very slenderand long. Var. hirta, frond erect, somewhat rigid, sub-pul- 
verulent, roughish: branches much divided, attenuated and sub-fibrillose. 
On trunks and branches of trees ; most common on dry dead limbs of ever- 
greens, from which it often hangs in long cinereous-green locks. 

barbata, frond pendulous, smooth, terete, thickish, pale-green and sub-cinere- 
ous: branches diverging with scattered fibres, capillary at the apex, jointed 
beneath. On branches of old trees. 

angulata, frond pendulous, flexuose, sub-simple, angled, pale-cinereous ; angles 
acute, scabrous: fibres horizontal, approximate, simp!e, short, slenderly te- 
rete. On trees, 

trichodea, frond prostrate, smooth, pale-white, filiform, tender, sub-ramose: fi- 
bres borizontal, somewhat 1-sided, scattered : receptacles uniform-coloured; 
the periphery elevated, thin, naked, entire. Lepraria. 


2—1. Urricunarta. 24. 40. 


ceratophylla, Mx. (2) (E. y. Ju. of.) leaves inflated, 6-whorled, with branching, 
capillary filaments on the sides: flowers sub-corymbed ; upper lip of the co- 
rol somewhat 3-lobed ; lower lip deeply 3-lobed ; spur short, flattened-conoid, 
obtuse, deeply emarginate, appressed to the lower lip of the corol: fruit nod- 
ding: root very long, branching. 8i. S. ‘ 

macrorhiza, (3) (bladder-wort. E. y. J. 2{.) leafless, floating : scape many-flow- 


(1) whitlowi, M. (2) inflata, Wr. (3) vulgaris, Ph. not L; 


432 UTRICULARIA, UVULARIA. 


ered, furnished with large scales: flowers racemed : upper lip of the corol — 
sub-3-lobed ; lower lip entire, with the sides deflected: palate large, with © 
brown stripes: spur elongated, approaching the lower lip of the corol, obtuse, — 
emarginate, conic at the base, linear at the tip: fruit nodding : root very 
long, very branching. 6-—$)3; 2 N. 

striata, Le Conte. (1) (E.y. J. 3%.) leafless, floating: scape with 1—2 scales, 
5—6-flowered: upper lip of the corol broad, expanded, 3-lobed; interme- 
diate lobe striate ; lower lip sub-3-lobed, sides reflected: palate with brown 
spots : spur nearly linear, elongated, obtuse, emarginate, appressed to the lip 
ofthe corol and nearly aslong. S. 

gibba, (E. y. Ju. 2{.) leafless, floating: scape naked; upper lip of the corol 
emarginate ; lower lip sub-3-lobed; middle lobe sub-revolute, crenate : spur 
gibbous, incurved, obtuse, entire. 1—3i. S. 

fornicata, Le Conte. (2) (E. y. Au. 3%.) leafless, floating : scape naked, 1—2- 
flowered: upper lip of the corol 3-lobed; middle lobe arched over the pa- 
late ; lateral ones appressed: lower lip entire: spur incurved, conoid, obtuse, 
entire, appressed to the lower lip ofthe corol. WS. 

purpurea, Wr. (3) (E. p. Au. 2[.) leafless, floating : scape 2—3-flowered : up- 
per lip of the corol truncate, emarginate: lower lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes 
saccate : palate small: spur flattened-conoid, entire, appressed to the lower 
lip of the corol: root branching: branches peace tad 2 S. 

personata, Le Conte. (E. y. 3) leafless, rooting: scape with scales, many- 
flowered : flowers racemed: upper lip of the corol emarginate, reclined : 
lower lip small, entire, obtuse or abruptly acute : palate large, prominent : 
spur a neaaetes acutish, somewhat pendulous: root small, naked. 4— 
Si, 8. 

setacea, (4) (E. y. J. #) leafless, rooting: scape with scales, setaceous, dis- 
tantly many-flowered : upper lip of the corol short, entire; the sides revolute 
at the tip: lower lip deeply 3-lobed: spur subulate, entire, as long as the 
lower lip: rootsmail, naked. S. 

cornuta, Mx. (leafless bladder-wort. y. Ju. 2{.) spur-nectary subulate, length- 
ened out longer than the corol, nearly vertical, acute: lower lip of the corol 
broad, 3-lobed: scape with two nearly sessile flowers at the top; no leaves 
at the base, but having dense alternate tufts of radical leaves. 


Southern. 

longirostris, (I. y. 3%.) leafless, floating: scape with scales, 1—2-flowered : 
upper lip of the corol sub-3-lobed ; lateral lobes appressed: lower lip rather 
eutire: spur linear-subulate, ascending, sub-incurved, emarginate, longer 
than the lower lip of the corol. 

integra, (5) (E. y. $8.) leafless, floating: scape with scales, 1—2-flowered : up- 
per lip of the coro! sub-3-lobed ; lateral lobes sub-involute : lower lip entire : 
spur flattened-conoid, obtuse, entire, nearly equalling the lower lip, 

fibrosa, Wr. (E. y.) scape 2-flowered: flowers large: spur obtuse: leaves 
root-shaped, fibrous. ‘This and the next species are not satisfactorily defin- 
ed. Le Conte. 

bifora, Lk. (E. y. Ju.) nectary subulate, straight, nearly equalling the upper 
lip: scape about 2-flowered: leaves setaceous. Micranthemum. 


6—1. Uvoxnaria. 11. 14. 


perfoliata, (bellwort.O y. M. 2f.) leaves perfoliate, oval, obtuse, (lance-linear 

~ or oval-oblong in the young state :) corol bell-liliaceous, scabrous or granular 
within: anthers cuspidate. 8—12i. S. 

flava, S. (y. M. 2f.) leaves perfoliate, oval-oblong, obtuse, undulate at the 


(1) cornuta, Ph. not Mx. fibrosa, E. not Wr. biflora, Vahl ? (2) gibba, E. 
not L. minor, Ph. not L. pumila, Wr? (3) saccata, 4th Ed, (4) subulata, 
Gron? (5) bipartita, E. ; 


UVULARIA, VACCINIUM 438 


base: coro] tapering to the base, scabrous within: anthers cuspidate. Is 
this distinct from the preceding? S. 

grandiflora, S. (1) (E. y. J. 2{.) leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute : petals 
smooth within: anthers obtusish: nectaries roundish. Flowers large. 9— 
i) ay a 

sessilifolia, (O. y. M. 2[.) leaves sessile, lance-oval, becoming glaucous be- 
neath: petals flat, smooth within: capsule stiped, (raised above the recep- 
tacle on a littlestem:) stem glabrous. 8—12i. SS. 


Southern. ’ 
puberula, Mx. (A.) leaves oval, rounded at the base, somewhat clasping, both 
sides coloured alike: capsule sessile, ovate. Streptopus. 
V. 


10—1. Vaccinium. 18. 51. 


1. Leaves deciduous. 


stamineum, (squaw whortleberry. O. w. M. 5.) leaves oval, acute, entire, glau- 
cous beneath: pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform; corol spreading, bell- 
form ; divisions oblong, acute: anthers exsert, awned on the back: berry 
pear-form. Var. album, has the nerves and veins of the leaves hairy, and 
the berry globose. Pursh makes this variety a distinct species ; but Smith 
says it can hardly be called a variety. Berries of this species are large and 
light green when ripe. 2—3f. S. . 
dumosum, C. (2) (bush whorileberry. O. w. J. 5.) branchlets, leaves and ra- 
cemes a little hispid, bedewed with resinous specks; the leaves oblong-obo- 
vate, acute at the base, mucronate, entire, both sides coloured alike : racemes 
bracted : pedicels short, axillary, sub-solitary, 2-bracted near the middle : co- 
rol bell-form ; divisions roundish, including the anthers, Var. Aértedlum, (3) 
racemes and calyx pilose: berries hispid. 12—18i. S. 
frondosum, (4) (blue whortleberry. O. w. M. b.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish, 
‘entire, glabrous, glaucous beneath, bedewed with many resinous dots: ra- 
cemes lax, bracted: pedicels long, filiform, bracted: bracts linear. corol 
ovate-bell-form with acute divisions and enclosing the anthers. Var. lance- 
ae having lanceolate leaves, acute at both ends, Berries large and blue. 
i ee 

resinosum, (5) (black whortleberry. O. p. M. b.) leaves slender, petioled, ob- 
long-oval, mostly obtuse, entire, bedewed with resinous specks beneath : ra- 

_ cemes lateral, 1-sided: pedicels short, somewhat bracted : corol ovate-con- 
ic, S-cornered. Berriesblack. One variety has a yellowish-green, and an- 

other has a reddish-yellow corol. 1—4f. S. 

corymbosum, (6) (giant whortleberry. O. w. M. 6.) flower-bearing branchlets 
almost leafless: leaves oblong-oval, acute at both ends, mucronate, sub-en- 
tire, sub-tomentose beneath, ard hairy both sides when young, but glabrous 
above, and a little hairy at the veins beneath when mature: racemes short, 
sessile, with scaly bracts: corols cylindric-ovate : calyx erect: style some- 
what exsert. Var. amenum, has the style not exsert, and the racemes are 
crowded: corol cylindric, and the calyx reflexed. The twigs are reddish, 
flowers large, with a reddish tinge. Var. fuscatum, bas the leaves a little 
serrulate, glabrous : corymbed racemes terminal: pedicels long and nod- 


(1) lanceolata, W. perfoliata major, Mx. (2) frondosum, Mx. (3) hirtel- 
lum, A. (4) pacer, Mx. (5) Andromeda baccata, Wm. (6) disomor- 
phum, Mx, Album, Lk. Amenum, W. 

37 


: 


‘454 - -WACCINIUM. 


ding: corol cylindric, with short direct divisions: style hardly exsert. Flow= 
ers striped with red: calyx brown. Berries black. In wet ground this spe- 
Cies grows very large. 4—12f. S. ; 

pennsylvanicum, Mx. (1) black-blue whortleberry® O. r. g. M. b.) branches 
angled, bark green : leaves sessile, lance-oval, mucronate, serrulate, both 
sides shining : fascicles of flowers crowded, sub-terminal: corol ovate, 5- 
toothed. pe branching, leaves flat, membranaceous, calyx green. 12 
—18 i. E 

virgatum, M. (E. J. 5.) leaves oval, acute, smooth, serrulate or entire: flow- 
ering branches elongated, with sessile racemes: corol ovate. Dr, Bizclow 
thinks this is distinct from the virgatum of Pursh. r 

ligustrinum, Mx. (p.r.J. 5.) branches angular: leaves sub-sessile, erect, 
lanceolate, mucronate, scrrulate: fascicles gemmaceous, sessile: flowers 
nearly sessile ; coro! oblong-ovate. 

tenellum, A. (dwarf whortleberry. A. r-w.M. 5.) racemes bracted, sessile : 
corol cylindric-ovate : leaves oblong-oval, somewhat wedge-form, serrulate, 
nearly smooth. 

wliginosum, (E. r-w. Ap. b.) leaves obovate, obtuse, very entire, glabrous 
above, pubescent and glaucous beneath: flowers sub-solitary, octandrous : 
corol short-ovate, 4-cleft. Var. alpinum, Bw. (2) (wintergreen whortleber- 
ry. A.) leaves obovate, entire: flowers sub-solitary : berries oblong, crown- 
ed with the stile. 1—2f. 

myrtiloides, Mx. (E. Ap. b.) leaves narrow, lanceolate, membranaceous, very 
entire, pubescent on the inargin beneath, and near the nerves : flowers scat- 
tered, sub-solitary, very short-pedicelled. Labrador. 

cespitosum, Mx. (E.b.) small, cespitose, very glabrous: leaves wedze-obo- 
vate, round-obtuse, distinctly serrate, membranaceous : flowers on the 
branches solitary, sub-sessile : corol short pedicelled. Labrador, 3 i. 


2. Leaves evergreen. 


vitis-idea, (bilberry. w-r. M. b.) low : stem creeping, branchlets erect : leaves 
obovate, emarginate, revolute, sub-serrulate, shining above, punctate be- 
neath: racemes terminal, nodding: coro! bell-cylindric. Sometimes te- 
tandrons. 

ovatum, Ph. (W. M.b.) leaves petioled, ovate, acute, revolute, serrate, gia- 
brous, coriaceous: racemes axillary and terminal, bracted, short: coro] cy- 
lindric : calyx acute. 

obtusum, Ph. (W. b.) creeping : leaves small, oval, roundish-obtuse at each 
end, mucronate, very entire, glabrous, coriaceous : peduncles axillary, sol- 
itary, 1-flowered. 


Southern. 
arboreum, Marshal. (farkleberry. E. w. M. b.) leaves petioled, obovate, acute 
at each end, mucronate, glandular-serrate, shining above, net-veined, sub- 
ubescent beneath : racemes bracted, nodding : pedicels axillary, solitary, 
‘iform : coro! cylindric-bell-form : divisions acute : anthers inclosed, awn- 
ed on the back. 38—20f. 
pallidum, A. (DM. 5.) leaves ovate, acute, serrulate, glabrous : racemes bract- 
ed: coro! cylindric-bel!-form. A doubtful species. Ph. 
galezans, Mx. (E. y-w. M. 5.) leaves sessile, wed-ze-lanceolate, sub-serrulate, 
veined, pubescent : fascicles sessile : pedicels very short ; calyx acuminate t 
coro! ovate ; throat very compressed : style exsert. 
errdfolan, Mx. (E. b.) creeping, very glabrous : leaves petioled, oval, lu- 
cid, revolute, sparingly denticulate ; fascicles axillary, sub-sessile, few-flow- 
ered: corol sub-globose-bell-form, with 5 small short teeth: anthers awned 
on the back. Leaves perennial : berries black. 


(4) virgatum, W. Tenellum, Ph. not Aiton, Bw. - (2) gau!theroides, Bw. 


VACCINIUM, VARIOLARIA. 435 


erassifolinm, Ph. (E.r. J. od diffuse : branches ascending, lax : leaves lance- 
oblong, acute at each end, serrate, rigid, glabrous: racemes terminal, co- 
rymbed, bracted, few-flowered : flowers nodding : calyx appressed : corol 
bell-form, spreading, deep'y and acutely 5-toothed. Leaves perennial. 
nitidum, Ph. (E.r.M. 5) erect, very branching : branches 2-ranked : leaves 
shinin,r, ova!-obovate, acute at each end, glabrous, serrate : racemes termi- 
nal, corymbed, bracted, nodding: corol cylindric. Leaves evergreen. 
myrsinilis, Mx (EE. p. M. b.) erect, very branching, small-leaved : leaves 
sessile, oval, mucronate, sub-serrulate, smooth and lucid above, sub-hirsute 
and scabrous-punctate beneath : fascicles geminaceous, terminal and later- 
-al: corol oblons ovate. War. lanceolatum, leaves lanceolate, acute at each 
end. Var. obéusum, leaves roundish-obovate. Leaves evergreen. 
buxifolium, Yh (1) (W.w.J. 5.) low: leaves obovate, crenate-toothed, gla- 
brous : fascicics crowded, sub-sessile, axillary and terminal: corol short 
ovate: filaments glandular: stigmacapitate. Leaves ever-green. 


Andromeda. 
Vaccinium, Oxycoccus. 
38—1. VaGINARIA. 3, 9. 
Southern. 
ecirpoides, Mx. (2) (E. 2{.) culm leafless, sheathed: spike ovate, sub-zolita- 
ry ; scales lance-spatulate. Nardus. 


3—1. VALERIANA. 48. 56. 


dioica, W. (E. r. J. 2£.) glabrous: radical leaves sub-spatulate-ovate, en- 
tire, very long petioled ; cauline ones few, pinnatifid : divisions lanceolate, 
very entire and sub-dentate, obtusish. Hudson’s Bay. 
Exotic. 


phu, (valerian. 2{.)2 cauline leayes pinnate, radical ones undivided: stem 
sinooth. 


Southern. 
paucifiora, Mx. (W. w. J. 2f.) lower leaves pinnate ; upper ones ternate ; 
Jeafets oval, acute, serrate: panicle Jax, few-flowered. 3 f. Crocus. 


Valeriana, FEpia. 
20—2. VaLiisnerRia. 1. 22. 


spiralis, var. americana, (tape grass. E. w. Au. 2{.) leaves floating, linear, 
obtuse, serrulate at the summit, tepering at the base: peduncle of the pisti- 
late flower long ; of the staminate short and erect. in the river Hudson 
from Waterford to the Highlands. SS. Salix. 


1—5. Varionarta, 57. 2. 


communis, crust cartilaginous, smooth, becoming white, at length unequal, c+ 
nereous, sprinkled over with while fruit-dots destitute of margins; warts of 
the receptacles spheroid, pulverulent ; with a sub-membranaceous flattish 
ale nucleus, winch is at length naked. On trunks of trees in the wood 
when stripped of bark, &c. 
amara, Crust rugose-rimose, unequal, sub-pulvervlent, white, becoming sub- 
cinereous : warts of the receptacles close-pressed, plano-concave, bearing 
the fruit, uniform-coloured. On bark of trees. 
velata, mer crust white: disk of the receptacle covered with a white lamina. 
On bark. 
corallina, Ach, crust with coralline papillae. Encrusting decayed mosses. 
Urceolaria. 


-() brachycerum, Mx. (2) richardi, P. Fuirena, Mx. 


436 VAUCHERIA, VERBENA. 


21—4. Vavucueria. 57. 2. 


bursata, threads laxly ramose : vesicles solitary, globose ; peduncles perpen- 
dicular. In stagnant water. Very abundant in Rutland pond, Vermont. 

dillwynii, threads flexuose : vesicles sessile, lateral, globose. Grows on naked 
- earth in shades, either in spring or autumn. Hutchinsia. 


6—3. Veratrum. 10 13. ‘ 


wtride, (1) (itchweed, indian poke, white hellebore. O. g. J. 2f.) racemes 
panicled ; bracts of the branches lance-oblong, the bract of the flowers 
Jonger than the sub-pubescent peduncles: leaves broad-ovate, plaited, many- 
nerved. 3—5f. S. 

angustifolium, Ph. (A. g-y. J. 2{.) flowers monoecious and dioecious : pani- 
cle simple: petals linear: leaves very long-linear, keeled. Tall. S. 


Southern. 
parviforum, Mx. (A.g. Ju.) leaves lance-oval, flat, glabrous: panicle slen- 
der, spreading : petals acute at each end, staminiferous. Helonias. 


Veratrum, HELONIAS. 
5—1. Verpascum. 28. 41. 


thapsus, (mullein. O. y. J. o.) leaves decurrent, downy both sides: siem 
generally simple, though sometimes branched above: flowers in a cylindric- 
spike. When botanists are so infatuated with wild speculation, as to tell us 
the mullein was introduced, they give our youngest pupils occasion to sneer 
at their teachers. 3—6f. S. 

blattaria, (moth mullein, sleek mullein. w-y. J. b.) leaves glabrous, tooth- 
serrate ; lower ones oblong-obovate ; upper ones heart-ovate, clasping : pe- 
dicels 1-flowered, in a terminal panicle-raceme. Var. alba, leaves toothed : 
porere white. Var. lutea, (2) leaves doubly serrate : flowers yellow. 2— 
3f. 8. 

lychnitis, (y. J. co.) leaves oblong-wedge-form, white-downy beneath : spikes 
Jax, lateral and terminal. WS. Nicotiana. 


13—1. Verpena. 42. 39. 


spuria, (E. b. Ju. 2{. o%.) stem decumbent, with spreading branches : leaves 
in many-cleft divisions: spikes filiform : bracts exceeding the calyx. 1—21.8. 

hastata, (vervain, simpler’s joy. O. p-w. Ju. 2{. erect, tall : leaves lanceolate, 
acuminate, gash-serrate ; lower ones sometimes gash-hastate : spikes linear, 
panicled, sub-imbricate. Var. pinnatifida, has the leaves gash-pinnatifid, 
coarsely-toothed. Var. oblongifolia, leaves lance-oblong, deeply-serrate, 
acute : spikes filiform, panicled. 2—5 f. 

urticifolia, (nettle-leaf vervain. O. w. Ju. 2{.) erect, sub-pubescent: leaves 
ovate, acute, serrate, petioled : spikes filiform, axillary and terminal: flow- 
ers remotish, 2—4f. S. _ 

angustifolia, Mx. (3) (pigmy vervain. E. b. J. 2{.) low, erect : leaves lance- 
linear, tapering to the base, thinly serrate, with channelled veins: spikes fil- 
iform, solitary, terminal or axillary. 1f. S. 


Southern. 
aublatia, (4) (O. p. M. 2{.) assurgent : spikes solitary, imbricate, long-pedun- 
cled: divisions of the corol emarginate : leaves oval, deeply serrate and di- 
vided, petioled. , , 
braeteosa, Mx. (5) (W. p. Ju. 2{.) small, decumbent, very hirsute: leaves 


(1) album, Mx. (2) Claytoni, Mx. (3) rugosa, W. (4) longiflora, Lk. 
Buchnera canadensis, L. (5) Zapania, Lk. 


VERBENA, VERNONIA. 437 


laciniate : flowers spiked, sub-imbricate : spikes squarrose with very long- 
linear bracts, spreading var Ubé d 

paniculata, Lk. (Ap. Ju. 2{.) erect, somewhat scabrous : leaves lanceolate, 
coarsely serrate, undivided : spikes filiform, imbricate, corymb-panicled. 
4—6 f. : 

diffusa, Lk. (p. 2{.) erect, very branching ; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, sub- 
pubescent : spikes very long, lax, panicled, very diffuse. 

caroliniana, (1) (E. p. J. 2{.) erect, scabrous : leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, 
unequally serrate, tapering to the base, sub-sessile : spikes very long, fili- 
iform :; flowers distinct. 2 f, : : 

stricta, Vent. (b. Ju. 2{.) hirsute, hoary : stems stiffly erect: leaves sessile, 
‘obovate, serrate, sub-tomentose, very hirsute: spikes straight, imbricate, 
somewhat fascicled. Var. mollis, T. & J. (W. p.) stem erect, simple, te- 
rete, villose: leaves ovate, acutish, unequally gash-toothed ; teeth acute, 
hirsute above, soft-villose beneath : spikes dense-flowered, straight, termi- 
nal, somewhat in threes. Probably a distinct species. T. 

bipinnatifida, N. (W, b. J.2{.) somewhat erect, hirsute ; leaves 3-cleft, bi- 
pinnatifid : divisions linear : seeds deeply punctate, Marrubium, 


17—2. VeERBeEsinAa. 49. 55. 


sigesbeckia, Mx. (2) (crown beard. y. Ju. 2{.) stem winged : leaves opposite, 
‘Jance-ovate, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate: panicle brachiate ; 
flowers in fascicles on the ends of the branches. 3—6f. SS. 

virginica, (P. w. Ju. 2{.) stem narrow-winged : leaves alternate, broad-lance- 
olate, sub-serrate : corymb compound: calyx oblong, pubescent ; ray-flo- 
rets3or4. 3to6f. S. 


Southern, 
sinuata, E, (3) (E. w. Oct. 2{.) leaves alternate, sessile, sinuate, attenuate at 
the base : flowers corymbed: calyx imbricate. 4—6 f. Anthemis. 


17—1. Vernonta. 49, 55, 


noveboracensis, (4) (flat-top. O, p. Au. 2{.) tall: leaves thick-set, lanceolate, 
serrate, mngh : corymb fastigiate : scales of the calyx filiform at the apex. 
4—6f. S. 
prealta, (5) (r. Au. 2{.) stemtall, angled, thickly pubescent : leaves thick- 
set, lanceolate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath: corymb fastigiate : 
scales of the calyx oyate, acute, awnless. Resembles the preceding, and 
probably only a variety. 4—7f. S. 
corymbosa, Sz. & Keating, (W. r.) stem sulcate, sub-scabrous : leaves thicke 
set, sessile, sub-clasping, lanceolate, acuminate, sharp-serrate below, entire 
towards the apex, scabrous above, smooth and hollowed-punctate beneath : 
_corymb terminal, fastigiate: scales of the calyx oval, obtuse, ciliate, 1 


Southern. 

oligophylla, Mx, (Ep. Ju, 2{.) stem simple, branching above : radical leaves 
oval; cauline ones lanceolate ; all toothed 7 corymb panicled : scales of the 
cals vy Bae acuminate. Varies with the flowers sub-sessile and pedun- 
cled. : 

scaberrima, N. (E. p. Ju. 2{.) leaves lance-linear, acute, close-sessile, very 
scabrous, nearly entire : corymb sub-umbelled, few-flowered : scales of the 
calyx lanceolate, naked, filiformly acuminate, Stem simple, 2f. 

angustifolia, (E. p. Ju. 2{.) stem simple : leaves numerous, long-linear, near- 
ly entire : corymb sub-umbelled : scales of the calyx rigidly mucronate. 3 f. 


(1) Phryma caroliniensis, Wr. _(5) Serratula, L. Chrysocoma tomentosa, 
Wr.? (2) Sigesbeckia occidentalis, L. (4) Chrysocoma gigantea, Wr.? (3) 
jaciniata, N. 

37* 


438° VERNONIAy VERRUCARIA. 


tomentosa, E. (1) (E. p. Au. 2{.) stem slender, tomentose above : leaves long; 
marrow, lanceolate, very acutely serrate, slightly scabrous above, hoary-to- 
mentose ee corymb fasligiate: scales of the calyx filiform at the 
apex. 3—Odf. > 

fasciculata, Mx. (W. Au. 2{.) leaves Jong-linear, sparingly serrate: flowers 
corymbed, erect, approximate: calyx ovoid, smooth; scalesunarmed. ~ 

altissima, N. (2) (O. p. Au. 2{.) stem glabrous: leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
zomewhat scabrous: calyx small, hemispheric ; scales ovate, acute, ciliate; 
unarmed, closely appressed. Var. marginata, T. & J. . p-) stem gla- 
brous : leaves narrow-lanceolate, glabrous, very entire: corymb fastigiate : 
calyx hemispheric-turbinate: scales ovate acute, arachnoid-ciliate, a little 
mucronate, close-appressed. This may be a distinct species. T. : 

baldwini, T, & J. (W.) stem soft-pubescent : leaves lance-ovate, sharp-serrate, 
scabrous above, pubescent beneath: corymb diffuse, sub-fastigiate:; calyx- 
scales lanceolate, squarrose, reflexed, scabrous-pubescent. Carthamus. 


2—1. Veronica. 40. 35. 


officinalis, (speedwell. bh. M. 2.) spikes lateral, peduncled : leaves opposite, 
obovate, hairy: stem procumbent, rough-haired. 9—12i. S. 
eerpyllifolia, (Paul’s betony, smooth speedwell. O. b. M. 2{.) racemes termi- 
nal, sub-spiked : leaves ovate, glabrous, crenate : capsule about as long as 
thestyles. 2—6i, S. © 
aipina, L. (A.) corymb terminal: leaves opposite, lance-oblong, acute, tooth- 
ed: calyx hispid. 
anagalis, (brook pimperne]. O, b. J. 2{.) racemes opposite, long, loose : leaves 
lanceolate, serrate: stem erect. I12—13i. WS. 
beccabunga, (brook-lime. b. J. 2f ) racemes opposite : leaves oval, obtuse, sub- 
serrate, glabrous: stem procumbent, rooting at the base. Probably a va- 
riety of the last. 9—18i. S. ; 
ecutellata, (scull-cap sp:edwell. O. b. J. 2[:) racemes lateral, alternate : pedi- 
cels divaricate : leaves lance-linear, somewhat toothed. 9—12i. 
arvensis, (wall speedwell. O. w-b. M. 3%.) flowers solitary, nearly sessile : 
lower leaves heart-ovate, serrate, petioled ; floral leaves lanceolate, sessile, 
longer than the peduncles: divisions of the calyx unequal. Var. ‘renifor- 
mis, leaves se:sile, reniform, eutire.. This variety is made a distinct spe- 
cies by Rafinesque. 3—8i, ; 
agrestis, (field specdwell. b. M. 3.) flowers solitary : leaves heart-ovate, ser- 
rate, petioled : stem procumbent, pubescent: segments of the calyx ovate, 
equal, pilose. 5—10i. S.° 
peregrina, (3) (purslane-speedwell. O. w. M. 3%.) flowers sessile, solitary : 
leaves glabrous, lance-linear, toothed and entire, obtuse, lower ones oppo- 
site: stemerect. 4—3i. WS. 
hedertfolia, (ivy speedwell. w-b. M. 2%.) flowers solitary : leaves equalling the 
petioles, :ound-cordate. 5-lobed ; upper ones 3-iobed:> segments of the 
calyx cordate, acute, ciliate: stem procumbent. 
Southern. 
rentformts, Ph. (W. b. J. 2{ ) spikes peduncled ; peduncles lateral, axillary, 
\-bracted : leaves oppusite, long-petioled, heart-reniform, gash-crenate : 
stem creeping. Leptandra. 
Veronica, LEPTANDRA. 


51-5. VEeRRUCARIA. 57. 2. 


drake, (mite licben. P.) crust tartarous, hard, whitish, smooth: recepta- 
cles minute, crowded, nearly globular, navelled, sunk, semi-transparent, 
(1) Chrysocoma tomentosa, Wr.? (2) Chrysocoma gigantea, Wr. ? (3) 
caroliniana, Wr. carnulosa, Lk. 


VERRUCARIA, VIBURNUM. 489 


within. Often on lime-stone, or other wrought stones in burying-rrounds 
&c. scarcely visible. 
stigmatella, (P.) very thin, membranaceous, smooth, rather polished, greyish : 
tubercles minule, convex, warty, crowded, sub-confluent : nucleus globose, 
oming cinereous. On the smooth bark of trees and fruit. 
i is, Ach. receptacles small, hemispheric, seldom papilloted : nucleus 
sub-globose. On old bark, 
analepta, Ach. receptacle conoid, papillated: nucleus compressed. With the 
_ precéding, butlarger. 
epidermidis, Ach. receptacles very minute, flattened, roughish. Var. cerast, 
- far wid crust shining, of a silvery hue. On Betula and smooth bark of 
imbs. 
gemmata, Ach. receptacles shining, papillated. On bark. 
composiia, Sz. crust yellowish-brown, very smooth, shining and bordered bya 
biack line : receptacles small, immersed and clustered in long irregular 
dark spots. 
pulla, crust thin, contiguous, membranaccous, smooth, dark-fuscous ; recepta- 
cles minute, hemispheric, glabrous, sub-papillate, black within. On the bark 
of leather-woog, &c. Endocarpon. 


Vesicaria, Atyssum. 


16—10. Vexittarta. (1) 32, 93. 


virginiana, W. (butterfly weed. b, Ju. 2{.) leaves ternate, ovate: calyx 5- 
parted, scarcely longer than the bracts ; its divisions subulate, diverging : 
legumes sub-ensiform. Climbing. S. 

mariana, {w-b. Ju. 2.) leaves ternate: calyx much larger than the lance- 
linear bracts, tubular, 5-cleft: legume torulose : seeds glutinous. Erect or 
climbing. 2f. -S. 


Southern. : 
plumiert, P. (E.) leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, acuminate : calyx bell-form,. 
shorter than the ovate bracts : corol large, silky. Climbing. Robinia. 


o—3. Visurnum. 43. 58. 


prunifolium, (black haw, sloe. E, w. J. 5.) leaves round-ohovate and oval, 
acuiely serrate, elabrons: petioles margined. 8—l5i. WS. 

pyrifolium, Lk, (E. w. M. b.) glabrous: leaves ovate, acutish, sub-serrate; 
petioles naked : fruit oblong-ovate : cymes sub-peduncled. Berries dark- 
coloured. 5—10f. 


lentago, (sheep-berry, O. w. J. b.) glabrous: leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, 


hook-serrate: petioles margined, undulate :-cymes sessile. The branches 
when full grown often form a fastigiate top. Berries black, oval, and pleas- 
ant-tasted ; somewhat mucilaginous, 8—1i5f S, > 
nudum, (E. w. M. b.) very glabrous: leaves oval, sub-entire, margin revo- 
lute : petioles smooth : cymes peduncled, and without bracts. Berries 
black. 8—10f. S. ; 
casstnoides. W. (J. b.) glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, acute at each end, cre- 
nate, sub-revolute at the margins: petioles keeled, without glands. S. 
dertatum, (arrow-wooc. E. w. M. b.) smoothish : leaves roundish and ovate, 
acute, tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, glabrous both sides : cyme peduncled : 
fruit sub-globular.. Berries blue. 4—12f. S. 
pubescens, Ph. (2) (w. J. b.) pubescent: leaves rcund-oval, acuminate, tooth- 
ose furrow-plaited, villose beneath: cymes peduncled: fruit oblong. 
6f. SS. 


(1) A substitute for a ridiculons name. See Persoon, p. 302, genus No. 1712. 
(2) dentatam pubescens, A. dentaitum tomentosum, Mx. tomentosum and 
Villosum, R. rafinesquianum, Rs, 


440 VIBURNUM, VICIA- 


lantanoides, Mx. eageceaaionie tangle-legs. O. w. M. 5. leaves broad, round- 
cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; petioles and nerves fur- 
niehed with powdery rusty down : cymes sessile: fruit ovate. Stem very 
flexible and crooked. 4—8f. S. _ 

acerifolium, (maple guelder-rose, dockmackie. O. w. J. 5.) leaves heart-ovate 
or 3-lobed, acuminate, sharp-serrate, pubescent beneath: cymes long-pe- 
duncled. Stem very flexible : leaves broad and sub-membranaceous. 4— 
6f. S. Leaves applied to inflamed tumors by the Indians. 

oxycoccus, Ph. (1) (high cranberry. E.r-w. J. b.) leaves’ 3+lobed, 3-nerved : 
obes long-acumiuate, with a few scattering teeth : petioles glandular, groov- 
ed above: cymes rayed. Fruit resembles the low cranberry, red and very 
acid. 5—8f. S. : 

edule, Ph. (2) (w. Ju. 5.) leaves 3-lobed, obtusish at the base, 3-nerved : 
lobes very short, tooth-serrate, with acuminate serratures : petioles glandu- 
lar; cymesradiate. Small and upright. Resembles the oxycoccus. 


Exotic. 
opulus, (guelder rose, snow-ball. w. J. 5.) leaves 3-lobed, sharp-toothed ; 
petioles glandular, smooth : flowers in compact cymes, surrounded with 
radiating florets. Var. roseum, has the whole cyme made up of radiating 
florets. 
linus, (laurestine. r-w. 5.) leaves ovate, entire, with tufts of hair in the axils 
of the veins beneath : flowers in smooth cymes, 


Southern. 

obovatum, Wr. (3) (E. M. 5.) glabrous: leaves obovate, crenate-dentate or 
very entire, obtuse cymes sessile : fruit roundish-ovate. Var. punicifolium, 
leaves obovate, entire, or slightly crenate at the apex, obtuse. 4—8f, 

laevigatum, (E. w. J. 5.) leaves lanceolate, smooth, remotely serrate, very 
entire at the base : branchlets 2-edged. 

nitidum, (E. 5.) very glabrous : leaves lance-linear, shining on the upper sur- 
face, obsoletely serrate or entire : branches 4-angled. 

molle, Mx. (J. 2{.) leaves roundish-cordate, furrow-plaited, toothed, pubes- 
cent beneath : petioles sub-glandular: cymes with rays: fruit oblong-ovate, 
Berries red. Sambucus. 


16—10. Vicia. 32, 93. 


sativa, (tare. O. b-p. Ju. 2%.) flowers in pairs, sub-sessile : stipules toothed, 
marked with dots: leafets oblong-ovate, retuse, mucronate : legumes erect, 
linear-terete, glabrous. . Perhaps it may have beenintroduced. S. 

americana, {p. M. 2{.) peduncles somewhat many-flowered, shorter than the 
sat : stipules semi-sagittate, toothed: leafets 8 to 12, lance-oval, obtuse, 

abrous. 

see (b. S. 2f.) spikes many-flowered, imbricate backwards, larger than the 
leaves : stipules semi-sagittate, linear-subulate, entire ; leafets numerous, 
lance-oblong, pubescent. WS. 

caroliniana, Wr. (4) (w. M. 2{,) peduncles many-flowered ; flowers distant : 
stipules lance-ovate, entire: leafets 8 to 10, iets smoothish, The 
banner of the flower is tipped with black. S. 

tridentata, Sz. & Keating. (W.b.) stem sulcate, sub-pubescent : leafets nue 
merous, narrow-obiong, entire, obtuse, short-mucronate, sparingly pilose 
above, densely pilose beneath : lower stipules wedge-form, broadly 3-cleft, 
with 3 prominent nerves, pubescent ; upper ones lanceolate, long, acuminate, 
villose : calyx and peduncles pubescent. 


Exotic. : 
faba, (garden bean, windsor bean. w. & black. J. 3.) stem many-flowered, 


wee eS 


(1) Opuloides, M. Opulus pimina,Mx. americanum, A. (2) opualus 
edule, Mx. (3) cassinoides, Mx. (4)parviflora, Mx. 


VICIA, VIOLA- 441 


erect, strong: legumes ascending, tumid, coriaceous: leafets oval, acute, 
entire : stipules sagittate, toothed at the base. From Persia. 


Southern. 
rvigattce, (W. p.) peduncles many-flowered, longer than the leaves : leafets oval : 
stipules lunulate, setaceous toothed. Rs 


acutifolia, E. (E. w. Ap. 2{.?) peduncles few-flowered, longer than the leaves : 
stipules lanceolate, entire: leafets (6,) linear, acute at each end: stem gla- 
brous. : Ervum, 


Vicia, Envum. LaTHYRUs. 
5—l. Virvarsia. 47. 46. 


lacunosa, V. (1) (spur-stem, floating-heart. E. w. Ju. 2[.) leaves heart-reni- 
form, (or shortish heart-form,) sub-peltate, lacunose beneath, floating : peti- 
oles bearing the flowers: corol glabrous. S. 


Southern. 


cordata, E, (E. Ju. 2{.) leaves cordate, very entire : petioles bearing the flow- 
ers. Hottonia. 


5—1. Vinca. 30. 47. 


[Generic description is here given, it having been omitted at page 27. It 
should follow Azalea above the word Southern.] Corol salver-form, twisted, 
border 5-cleft, with oblique divisions ; throat 5-angled: seed naked, oblong : 
folicle-like capsules 2, erect, terete, narrow. 30. 47. 


Exotic. 
minor, (pecriake- b, Ap. b.) stem procumbent: leaves lance-oval, smooth at 
the edges: flowers peduncled: teeth of the calyx lanceolate.  Tpomerta. 


5—1. Viora. 29. 80. 
[According to Le Conte.] 
1. Stemless, or with a subterranean stem. 


(Leaves more or less reniform, always cordate, younger cucullate: proper col- 
our of the corol violet. 


cucullata, W. (2) (O. p. b. M. 2{.) glabrous: leaves cordate, somewhat acu- 
minate, crenate-dentate ; autumnal ones largest, very exactly reniform : pe- 
duncle somewhat,4-sided, longer than the leaves ; divisions of the calyx sub- 
ulate, acuminate, emarginate behind or very entire: petals (as in many 
American species) oblique, veiny, very entire, white at the base, upper one 
generally naked, glabrous, lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one, 
marked with a few blue lines. Var. papilionacea, Ph. (3) petioles and pe- 
duncles longer; leaves sub-lance-ovate: beards of the lateral petals often 
yellow. Var. ¢etragona, (L.) peduncle strong, exactly 4-sided : petals azure 
Ears veinless. Var. villosa, (4) leaves, petals and peduncles villose. 4— 

i. WS. 

afinis, Le Conte. (5) (O. b-p. M. 2{.) glabrous: leaves cordate-ovate, sub- 
acuminate, crenate-deatate : peduncle somewhat 4-sided, shorter than the 
leaves: divisions of the calyx emarginate or very entire behind, lance-ovate, 
sub-obtuse ; two upper ones ovate: petals all very entire, veiny, and white 
at the base; upper one generally villose ; lateral ones bearded, and, with 
the upper one, marked with a few blue lines. 1—6i. S. 

palmata, L. (O. p-b. M. 2{.) mostly villose: leaves heart-reniform, palmate-S— 


(1) trachysperma, E. Menyanthes trachysperma, Mx. (2) obliqua, 
Sz. &T. (3) species of Ph. (4) azarifolia, Bz. (5) cucullata, Sz, & 1. 
sororia, Ph. 


442 VIOLA. 


7-lobed ; lobes polymorphous, often narrow and ga#hed, middle one always 
larger; sometimes villose both sides, sometimes only beneath, often glabrous, 
all of them very often purple beneath; the first spring ones are ovate, entire ; 
Reaves sub-emarginate: peduncle somewhat 4-s:d--d, lorger than the leaves: 
visions of the calyx Jance-ovate, ciliate, very entire behind: petals all very 
€, veiny, and white at the base, upper ones narrower, smaller, some- 
‘times villose at the base, yet often naked, glabrous; lateral ones densely 
bearded, and with the upper one, marked with a few blue lines. One vari- 
ety has white flowers. 3—61. S. Le Conte. . 
congener, Le Conte. (1) (E. p. Ap. 2{.) always villose: leaves broad-ovate, 
cordate, sub reniform, crenately and coarsely toothed, sometimes sub-lobate 
and lobed; decurrent into the subulate, very villose, large, strong petioles : 
peduncles somewhat 4-sided, shorter than the leaves : divisions of the calyx 
ciliate, ovate, obtuse, very eutire behind : petals all very entire, veiny, white 
at the base; upper one narrower, generally naked, glabrous, yet sometimes 
the base is villose ; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the upper one, 
marked with a few blue lines. A variety has the corol of very deep violet 
colour. Canada to Florida S. Le Conte. 
asarifolia, Ph. (Canada. p. M. 2{.) villose: leaves very large, sub-ovate-reni- 
form, crenate, dentate, decurrent into the petioles, always entire: peduncle 
somewhat 4-s.ded, short, (rarely an inch and a half): divisions of the calyx 
ovate, ciliate, entire or emarginate behind: petals all very entire, veiny, 
white at the base; upper one glabrous, naked ; lateral ones densely bearded, 
and with the upper one, marked witha few blue lines, S. 
sororia, W. (2) (&. b-p. M. 2{.) leaves thickish, flat, «ppressed to the earth, 
orbicular and round-ovate, cordate, crenate, sinus at the base often closed, 
villose above, with the hairs erect, beneath glabrous, and generally becoming 
purple, petioles short, strong, with small stipu'es at the base: peduncle 
somewhat 4-sided, of the length of the leaves: divisions of the calyx short, 
subulate, obiuse, glabrous, very entire behind: petals obovate, short, all 
very entire, veiny, while at the base, upper and lateral ones bearded, and 
marked with a few blue lines. Dry wocds. S. Le Conte. 


(Leaves oblong or ovate, never reniform: younger ones cucullate.) 


emarginata, Le Conte. (3) (E. b-p. M. 2f.) glabrous : leaves somewhat succu- 
lent, ob!ong-ovate, or even triangular-ovate, cordate, dentate, sometimes 
ciliate ; upper ones unequally and coarsely gash-toothed at the base, and of- 
ten decurrent into the petiole ; midrib prominent; petioles sometimes villose : 
peduncle 4-sided, longer than the leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, 
acute, emarginate behind: petals veiney, white at the base, all emarginate, 
villose ; and the uppef one densely villose; latcral ones bearded, and with 
the upperone, marked with a few blue lines. Dry woods. S. Le Conte. 

sagittata, A. (E. b-p. Ap. 2{.) glabrous: leaves ciliate, oblong, not acute, sa- 
gittate-cordate, dentate, gashed at the base, (or furnished with elongated, 
divaricate teeth) : peduncle somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves: di- 
visions of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, emarginate behind; petals all 
very entire, veiny, white at the base ; upper one generally naked, glabrous ; 
lateralones densely bearded, and with the upper one, marked with a few 
blue lines: spur e'ongated behind. A variety has the leaves more or less vil- 
lose, Dry. S. Le Conte. é 

ovata, N. (4) (O. p. Ap. 2.) villose: leaves ciliate, oblong-ovate, sub-acute, 
cordate, often oblique at the base, decurrent into the petiole ; upper ones. 
nc at the hase; petioles shortish: divisions of the calyx ciliate, ovate o 

road-lanceolate ; more or less elongated behind and deeply emargi 


_ (1) assarifolia and triloba, Sz. (2) villosa, N. var. cordata, T. 
lia, Sz.& De. (3) dentata, Ph. var. of the sagittata, Sz. N. & De. 
ata, M. primulifolia, Ph. 


VIOLA. 445 


eared: petals all very entire, veiny, white at the base; upper one naked, 
glabrous; lateral ones very densely bearded, and with the upper one, mark- 
ed with a few blue lines: spur broad, generajly elongated. Dry. i 
S. Le Conte. 


i, 


+ 


(Leaves ovate or lanceolase: corol white, with the lateral petals Cie 


amoena, Le Conte. (1) (E. w. Ap. 2f.) glabrous: leaves ovate sub-acuminate, 
crenate, sometimes sub-villose above ; petio!es long, spo'ted with red; pe- 
duncle somewhat 4-sided, equalling or exceeding the length of the leaves, 
spotted : divisions of the calyx lanceolate: petals all very entire, green at the 
base ; lateral ones sometimes with the base pubescent, and with the upper 
one marked witha few biue lines. Moist wcods. Flowers odorous, Le 
Conte. S. 

blanda, W. (O. w. Ap. 2f.) glabrous: leaves round, sometimes sub-ovate, cor- 
date, crenate, appressed to the earth, sometimes with a few scattering 
hairs above; petioles pubescent: peduncle somewhat 4-sided, longer than 
the leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, obtuse : petals all very entire, 
green at the base: upper, and lateral ones rarely sub villose, marked with 2 
few blue lines. Flowers odorous. Wet. 2—4i. S. Le Conte. 

primulifolia, L. (2) (E. w. J. 2f.) stoloniferous, glabrous: leaves oblong, or 
oblong-ovate, sub-cordate, acutish, crenate, decurrent into the petiole, nerve 
sometimes sub-villose beneath: peduncle somewhat 4-sided, longer than the 
leaves : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, obtuse : petals all very entire, green 
at the base; upper and lateral ones sometimes a little villose, marked with a 
few blue lines, in the upper one often obsolete. Var. villosa, (Georgia,) leaves 
very green ; and with the petioles densely villose, becoming hoary. Flowers 
odorous. Wet. S. Le Conte. 

lanceolata, L. (O. w. Ap. 2{.) ylabrous: leaves (sometimes with a few scatter- 
ing hairs) lanceolate, narrow, elongated, gradualiy attenuatcd into the peti- 
oles at the base, obtusish, crenate : peduncles somewhat 4-sided, reddish, of 
the length of the leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute: petals all 
very entire, green al the base; lateral ones sometimes a little villose at the 
base, and with the upper one, marked with a few blue lines. Flowers odor- 
ous, small, Wet. 3—3i. S. 


{Stemless ; but cannot be referred to any of the former sub-divisions.) 


rotundifolia, Mx. (O. M. y. 2{.) glabrous: leaves thickish, appressed to the 
earth, broad-ovate or orbicular, cordate, crenate : nerves pubescent beneath : 
sinus closed: peduncle somewhat 4-sided, as long as the leaves: divisions 
of the calyx oblong, obtuse: petals sometimes emarginate ; upper one small; 
lateral ones somewhat bearded, and, with the upper one, marked with a few 
yellowish-brown lines: spur very short. Woods. 1—3 i. 

clandestina, Ph. (A. J. 2{.) glabrous, decumbent: leaves somewhat succu- 
lent, very green, shining, appressed to the earth, broad-ovate and ovate-ob- 
long, obtuse, sometimes sub-orbicular, crenate: sinus often closed : pedun- 
cle somewhat 4-sided : branches 2—8-flowered: bracts in pairs, small at the 
base of each pedicel. Flowers of a chocolate-brown. Concealed under the 
dead leaves of trees. 2 

pedata, L. (0. M. p-b. 2[{.) glabrous: leaves sometimes ciliate, variously divid- 
ed, very often pedately-2-parted; divisions linear and obtusely lanceolate, 
gencrally 3-lobed at the apex, often simp!y lanceolate, with the apex, 5—7- 
lobed : peduncle somewhat 4-sided : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute- 
ciliate, emarginate behind: petals all white at the base, veinless, very en- 
tire, very glabrous, naked ; upper ove truncate, and marked with a few 


(1) obliqua, Ph. (2) variety of the lanceolata, Ph. acuta, Bw. 


444 ; VIOLA. 


very blue lines, sometimes obsolete. Var. veludina, has the two lower petals 
ofa very deep violet colour, and appears like velvet. Var. alba, has white 
flowers. Dry. 3—4i. S, 


2. Caulescent. 


a 

cawddensis, A. (A. r. w. y. M. 2{.) glabrous : stem sub-simple, terete : stipules 
entire, membranaceous, oblong-sub-ovate or lance-ovate: leaves alternate, 
ovate, cordate, sub-acuminate, dentate: peduncle somewhat 4-sided: bracts 
small, subulate : flowers regular : divisions of the calyx subulate, acute, very 
entire behind : petals white, all very entire, veiny, becoming yellow at the 
base ; lower ones pale-violet ; upper one broad, expanding, glabrous, nak- 
ed; lateral ones bearded, and, with the upper one, marked with a few blue 
lines: stigma short, pubescent, scarcely beaked : spur very short. Flowers 
odorous : stem often 2 feet long, flowering through the summer. Moist woods. 
6i—2f. 8. : 

rostrata, M. (O. b-p. M. 2{.) glabrous: stems many, ascending, terete : leaves 
orbicular and ovate, cordate, crenate-dentate, sometimes with a few scatter- 
ing hairs; younger ones cucullate: petioles much longer than the leaves : 
stipules linear, acuminate,’ furnished with elongated linear teeth ; peduncle 
filiform, somewhat 4-sided, slender, axillary, very long: bracts minute, sub- 
ulate: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute, entire behind: petals all very 
entire, veinless, naked, beardless ; upper and lateral ones marked with a few 
blue lines: spur straight, elongated, linear, compressed, obtuse, double the 
length of - petals. Root woody, perpendicular and fibrous. Moist woods. 
6—10 i. : e 

muhlenber giana, Gengin. (1) (O. b-p. M. 2f.) glabrous: stem terete, weak, 
sub-prostrate: leaves reniform, roundish, cordate; upper ones ovate, cre- 
nate, often purplish beneath; younger ones cucullate: petioles longer than 
the leaves: mance large, lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, sub-pinnate ; peduncles 
somewhat 4-sided, axillary, longer than the leaves: bracts mifute, subulate : 
divisions of the calyx linear, acute, sub-ciliate: petals all very entire, vein- 
less; upper one naked, glabrous ; jateral ones bearded, and with the upper 
one, marked with a few blue lines: spur porrected, compressed, very obtuse : 
stigma ciliate behind; beak ascending. 3—6i. S. 

striata, A. (2) (W. y-w. J. 2{.) glabrous: stem oblique, branching, angular : 
leaves roundish and ovate, sub-acuminate, crenate-dentate, sometimes sub- 
pubescent: petioles long: stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ; 
peduncles 4-sided, longer than the leaves: bracts largish, linear: divisions 
of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, emarginate behind: petals all 
very entire ; upper one marked, with a few blue lines, naked, glabrous, rarely 
a little villose ; lateral ones bearded ; lower ones sometimes a very little vil- 
ae spur sub-porrected:; stigma pubescent behind. 6i, rarely—2f, Le 

onte. 

pubescens, A. (3) (9. y. 2{.) villose-pubescent: stem simple, erect, terete, leaf- 
less below: leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate; petioles short: stipules 
large, ovate, dentate: peduncles 4-sided, shorter than the leaves: bracts 
subulate, minute: divisions of the calyx. lanceolate: petals all very entire, 
yeinless ; upper one naked, glabrous ; lateral ones bearded, and with the up- 
per one, marked with a few blue lines; lower ones often becoming reddish 
outside : spur short, gibbose, acutish: stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked, 
Varies in pubescence: leaves are even found glabrous; the capsules are 
also glabrous or woolly. 4—12i. rarely—df. S. 

hastata, Mx. (E. y. M. 2{.) glabrous: stem simple, erect, terete : leaves ovate, 
dilated, acuminate, cordate, dentate; upper ones lance-ovate, hastate and 

> 
(1) uliginosa, var. asarifolia, M. debilis, Sz. Ph. N. &e. canina, Wr. muh- 

lenbergii, T. (2) ochroleuca, Sz. T. &c. repens, Sz. (3) pennsylvanicum, 

Mx. eriocarpa, Sz. 


VIOLA, 445 


Ueltoid: petioles short: stipules ovate, dentate: peduncles somewhat 4-sid- 
ed, shorter than the leaves: bracts very small, subulate: divisions of the ca- 
lyx lance-linear, sub-dentate : petals all very entire, veinless ; upper ones nak- 
ed, glabrous ; Jateral ones bearded, and with the upper ones, marked with a 
few blue lines; lower one often becoming reddish outside: spur short, gib- 
bose, acutish: stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked: capsule glabrous or pu- 
bescent on all sides. Var. gibba, (1) has no deltoid or hastate leaves. Var. 
tripartita, (2) villose : lower leaves cordate and 3-parted ; upper ones deltoid, 
sometimes 3-parted and hastate. Woods. S. 

tenella, M. (3) (EK. b-w. M. 3%.) generally glabrous: root filiform: stem 3-sid- 
ed, angled, erect, simple, leafy: leaves dentate ; radical ones round or spa- 
tulate ; upper ones ovate or lanceolate ; all sub-spatulate: petioles short: 
stipules very large, pinnatifid, palmate; intermediate lobe oblong, longer 
and broader ; the rest linear-oblong, all obtuse, ciliate: peduncles 4-sided, 
much longer than the leaves : divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, acuminate, 
ciliate, emarginate behind: petals expanded, white, stained with blue, yel- 
low at the base ; upper ones naked, glabrous; lateral ones bearded, and with 
the upper ones, marked witha few blue lines : stigma sub-pubescent, scarce- 
ly beaked. This species, and the V. rostrata, are the only American vio- 
lets that have fibrous roots; all the rest have their roots scaly. S. Le 
Conte. 

selkirkii, Ph. (A.) leaves cordate, crenate-serrate, a little pillose : petals beard- 
less: spur long, thick, very obtuse. Montreal. 


Exotic. 
tricolor, (garden violet, heart’s-ease, pansy. p. y. b-p. M. 2.) stem angular, 
diffuse, divided : leaves oblong, deeply crenate : stipules lyrate-pinnatifid. 
odorata, (sweet violet. b. M. 2{.) stemless: scions creeping: leaves cordate, 
crenate, smoothish : calyx obtuse: two lateral petals with a bearded or hairy 
line. 


Southern. 

heterophylla, M. (4) (E. p. March. 2{.) stemless, glabrous: leaves cordate, 
long-ovate, sub-acute, crenate-dentate, entire and_sub-palmate-5-lobed ; in- 
termediate lobe much larger and broader: peduncle somewhat 4-sided, long- 
er than the leaves: divisions of the calyx subulate, emarginate behind: pe- 
tals all very entire, veiny, white at the base: upper ones often villose at the 
base ; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the upper ones, marked with 
a few blue lines. A variety has white flowers. 8—12i. Le Conte. 

septemloba, Le Conte. (5) (E. p. March. 2{.) stemless, very glabrous, shining : 
leaves sub-succulent, ovate, cordate, dentate ; lower ones entire, the rest pe- 
date, 7-lobed; intermediate lobe Jarger: peduncle somewhat 4-sided, longer 
than the leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, very entire behind: corol 
large: petals all very entire, veiny, white at the base ; upper ones large, 
villose at the base; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the upper ones, 
marked with a few blue lines. Flowers often two inches in diameter. A 
variety has white flowers. Often 8 i. Le Conte. 

alleghanensis, Rs. (A. 2{.) hirsute: leaves ovate and oblong-cordate, sub-en- 
tire : petioles membranaceous: lateral petals bearded : spur very saccate. 

villosa, Wr.(E.p-b.March.2{.) stemless, pubescent (not villose:) leaves flat, ap- 
pressed to the earth,,round-ovate and ovate, obtuse, cordate, dentate-crenate, 
livid-green ; veins darker, sometimes purplish, often purplish beneath ; sing’s 
of the roundish ones nearly closed : petioles short : peduncle 4-sided, longer 
than the leaves : petals all very entire, generally villose ; (lower one some- 
times glabrous ;) lateral ones bearded, ,and with the upper ones, marked with 
a few blue lines. After flowering the | eaves become glabrous, ; 


(1) striata, Sz. gibba,R. (2) tripartita, E. (3) bicolor, Ph. N. arvensis, 
E. {4) palmata, var. heterophylla, E. (5) palmate; var. vulgaris, E.? 
38 é‘ 


446 VIOLA, VITUS. 


nuttalli, Ph. (W. y. M. 2{.) glabrous: stem simple, erect, terete, leafy: leaveg 
lance-ovate obscurely dentate or very entire, attenuated at the base ; 
stipules long, lance-linear, entire : peduncles sorgewhat 4-sided, shorter than 
the leaves : bracts minute: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, acuminate, 
very entire behind: petals all very entire, veinless; lateral ones bearded, 
and with the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines: spur short: stigma 
pubescent, scarcely beaked. 4—6 i. 

debilis, Mx. (1) (A. March. Ap. w. 2{.) stem decumbent, much branched : 
leaves broad-ovate and cordate: stipules lacerate, ciliate: flower large, 
white. Not well defined. 

radicans, De. (E. 2{.) rootlets horizontal, fibrous : stigma short-beaked, mar- 
gined : leaves lance-ovate, abruptly attenuate at the base, or sub-cordate, 
serrate : stipules linear, setaccous-subulate, setose-serrate : divisions of the 
calyx linear, acute : scarcely spurred. Flowers minute ; middle petals ob- 
ovate, Jonidium. 


Viola, Toxrpi0Mm. 
10—1. Viren. 32. 93. 


Southern. 
lutea, Mx. (A. y. J. 5.) leaves pinnate; leafets alternate, ovate, short acumi- 
nate, glabrous: racemes elongated, pendulous: legumes petioled, flat. The 
bark affords a yellow dye. Pomaria. 


20—4. Viscum. 43. 58. 


verticillatum, (2) (misseltoe. g-w. J. 5.) branches opposite and whorled: 
leaves wedge-obovate, 3-nerved: spikes axillary, a little shorter than the 
leaves. Berries yellowish-white. On the branches of oJd trees. This, 
Smith says, is the golden bough of Virgil, and the sacred plant of the Druids, 
1—2f. S. 

Southern. 

rubrum, W. (E. b.) leaves lance-obovate, obtuse: spikes axillary, whorled. 

purpureum, W. (E. 5.) leaves obovate, obtuse, obsoletely 3-nerved : spikes 
axillary : flowers opposite. Macluria. 


5—1. Vitis. 46. 72. 


Remark. All the North American species of grape are polygamous or 
dicecious. 


labrusca, (3) (p!um grape. w-g. J. b.) leaves broad-cordate, lobe angled, 
white downy beneath ; fertile racemes small: berries (blue, flesh-colour and 
green) large. Var. labruscoides, (fox grape,) has smaller fruit, approaching 
atarttaste. S. 
vulpina, (4) (frost grape. O. w-g.J. 6.) leaves cordate, acuminate, gash- 
toothed, glabrous both sides: racemes lax, many-flowered : berries small. 
Leaves very variable ; but the uppermost mature leaves will agree with the 
description. S. 
estivalis, Mx. (5) (summer grape. E. w-g. J. b.) leaves broad-cordate, 3 to 5- 
lobed ; in the young state rust downy beneath ; fertile racemes oblong : ber- 
ry small. Var. sinuata, leaves sinuate-p2!mate, coarsely toothed. &. 
riparia, Mx. (6) (odoriferous grape. E. w-g. M. b.) leaves unequally gash- 
toothed, shortly 3-cleft, pubescent on the petioles, nerves and margins, &. 
Exotic. 
- vinifera, (wine grape. J. 5.) leaves sinuate-lobed, naked or downy. 
_ (1) canina, Wr.? striata, E.? (2) flavescens, W. album, Wr. fe tan- 
“rina, Wr. (4) cordifolia, Mx. (5) intermedia, M. labrusca, Wr. (6) odo- 
ratissima, Dona. 


VITIS, WOODSIA. 447 


Southern. 
rotundifolia, Mx. (bullet grape. E. M. b.) leaves lucid on both sides, cordate, 
unequally toothed: flowers of the racemes in many small heads: berries 


large. 
pole Vahl. (5.) leaves cordate, palmate, glabrous; divisions lanceolate, 
gashed : umbels racemed. Ampelopsis. 


Vitis, AMPELOPSIS. 


2i—1. Vuirraria. 9355. 5. 


Southern. 
lineata, (1) (E. 2{.) frond linear, very long, pendulous : fruit dots solitary, 
within the margin. The leaves are grass-like. Ph. Osmunda. 
Ww. 


21—2. Welssia. 56. 4. 


microdonta, small: leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, crisped and twisted 
when dry, having a fascicle of ducts or tubes; peduncle pale : capsule ob- 
long-ovate : lid beaked: teeth of the peristome narrow. 

curvirostra, leaves lanceolate, twisted, imbricate, spreading: capsules slender 
ovate-cylindric : lid beaked, recurved. 

capillacea, leaves lance-subulate, serrulate, somewhat rigid: nerves thick : 
stem simple, slender: germs oblong-ovate, erect, smaoth : lid subulate-beak- 
ed, obtusish at the apex. Trematodon. 


6—6. Wenpianpia. 1L 77. 


° Southern. : 

populifolia, (E. w. J. b.) stem climbing ; younger branches pubescent, stri- 
ate : leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, ovate, mucronate, entire, veined, 
glabrous above, pubesceut beneath. This plant has hitherto escaped the re- 
searches of al! our botanists. F- . Alisma. 


3—2. WInpsorta. 4, 10. 


seslerioides, Mx. (2) (red-top. E. Au. 2{.) panicle spreading and flexuons : 
spikelets all peduncled, about 6-flowered, lanceolate: lower valve of the 
corol ovate, 5-toothed. 3—df. S. : 


, Southern. 
ambigua, E. (3) (E.S. 2.) panicle spiked, spreading: spikes ovate, thick, 
sessile, 5—6-ilowered : outer valye of the corol mucronate. 2 f. 
Festuca. 


_ Windsoria, Poa. 
Wisteria, THYRSANTHUS. 
21—1. Woopsia, Br. 55. 5. 


hyperborea, (4) (flower-cup fern. Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate : leafets 3-parted, or 
gash-pinnatifid, wedge-forin, obtuse, toothed, rough-haired beneath : fruit- 
dots solitary, at length confluent, Small,.in tufts. 


(1) angustifrons, Mx. Pteris,L. (2) poaeformis, N. Poa, Mx. quinque~ 
fida, Ph. flava, L. sub-verticillata,P. (3) Poa, E. (4) Polypodium, W- 
aryanicum, S$. Acrostichum, Bolton. 


448 WOODSIA, XYLOSTEUM. 


tlvensts, {) (Ju. 2{.) frond bipinnatifid : divisions oblong, obtuse ; lower ones 
repand ; upper ones entire, rough-baired beneath; fruit-dots sub-marginal, 
at length confluent: stipe villose above. Small. Aspidium. 


_ 
21—1. Woopwaroia. 55. 5. 


angustifolia, S. (2) (kidney-fern. O. Au. 2{.) barren frond pinnatifid : divis- 
ions lanceolate, repand, slenderly serrulate : fruit-bearing frond pinnate ; 
leafets entire, acute, linear. About a foot high. S. ; 

virginica, (3) (Ju. 2{.) frond very glabrous, pinnate: leafets sessile, lanceo- 
late, pinnatifid: divisions oblong, obtuse, crenulate, fertile ones elongated : 
stipe glabrous, terete. About a foot high. 

Southern. 

thelypterioides, Ph. (Ju. 2{.) frond pinnate ; wing leafets sessile, villose at the 
base, lance-linear, pinnatifid ; sterile ones oblong, obtusish ; fertile ones 
short-triangular, acute ; all very entire : stipe pubescent, angled. oe i. 

teris. 


X. 


19—5. Xantuium. 54. 98. 


strumarium, (4) (clott-burr. O. Au. #%.) stem unarmed, branching: leaves 
cordate, lobed, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved at the base: fruit oval, pubes- 
cent, with stiff hooked bristles. Has a little the habit ofa burdock. 2—3 f. 


S. 

orientale, (5) (E. %&.) stem unarmed : leaves wedge-ovate, sub-3-lobed : fruit 
in strobiles. 

spinosum, (prickly clott-burr. E. Ju. #.) having spines in threes : leaves 3- 
lobed. Lower leaves sinuate-lobed. 1—3f. WS. Ambrosia. 


Xanthorhiza, ZANTHORHIZA. 


6—3. XeRopHYLLUM. 10. 13. 
asphodelowdes, (6) (E. w. J. 2{.) filaments dilated towaras the base and equai- 
ling the corol : racemes oblong, crowded : bracts setaceous : scape leafy : 
leaves setaceous-subulate. 3—5f. WS. 
Southern. 
tenax, Ph. (7) (W. w.J.2{.) scape leafy : raceme showy, lax: bracts mem- 
branaceous: petals oval : filaments filiform, exceeding the corol : leaves 


subulate-setaceous, very long. ‘ ae 
gramineum, (7) (A. Au. 2{.) scape leafy, panicled : racemes divaricate : 

bractlets ovate, Jonger than the pedicels : petals oblong, acuminate, thrice 

as long as the stamens : leaves linear, channelled, glaucous beneath. 2f. 


Tofieldia. 
21—6. .XyrLoma. 58. 1. 


acerina, resembling spots, slender, contiguous, sub-rugose, many capsules 
connate in one body. Sclerotium. 


5—l. XyLosteum. 48. 58. 
ciliatum, Ph. (8) (fly-honey-suckle, twin-berry. O. w-y. M. 5.) berries dis- 


(1) Polypodium, W. Acrostichum, L. (2) onocleoides, W. Onoclea no- 
dulosa, Mx. Acrostichum areolatum, L. (3) bannisteriana, Mx, Bh um, 
L. (4) americanum, Wr. (5) maculatum,R. (6) setifolium, Mx. - 
as, LL, (7) Helonias, Ph. (8) tartaricum,Mx. Lonicera ciliata, M. 


XYLOSTEUM, YUECA. 449 


tinct : leaves ovate and sub-cordate, margin ciliate, in the young state vib 
lose beneath : corol a little gibbous or calcarate at the base : tube ventricose 
above : divisions short, acute: style exsert. 3—4f. 

solonis, Ea. (swamp twin-berry, y. M. 5.) berries united in one (never dis- 
tinct :) two flowers situated on one germ: leaves oblong-ovate, villose. Ber- 
ries dark-purple. 2 f.* 

pillosum, Mx. (}.) branches villose : leaves oblong-oval, obtuse, sub-tomen- 
tose—very villose : peduncles short: (berries distinct, Ph. sed quere.) Ber- 
ries blue. Perhaps a variety of the foreign vulgare. Ph, : 

Symphoria, 


Xylostroma, Racopium. 
38—l. Xyris. 6. 15. 


ecaroliniana, W. (1) (yellow-eyed grass. E. y. Au. 2{.) leaves linear, grass-like : 
stem or scape 2-edged : head-ovate-acute: scalesobtuse. 9—I8i. JS. 

brevifolia, Mx. (y. Au. 2{.) leaves sword-subulate, short: calyx longer than 
the bracts, somewhat gash-toothed. 12i. S. 


Southern. 
jimbriata, E. (E. J. 2{.) heads lax-imbricate : calyx much longer than the 
bracts, fimbriate: leaves long, ensiform. 2 f. 
juncea, Bald. (E. M. 2{.) leaves terete, hollow, acute : scape terete, sheathed 
at the base: bracts roundish: head oval. 6—12i. 
indica, W.? (y. J. 2[.) leaves very long, grass-like, tortuous: scape tortuous: 
head globose : scales roundish, obtuse, Schollera. 


€ < 


Y. 


6—l. Yucca. 10. 14. 
Southern. 
filamentosa, (silk-grass, bear-grass. w. Au. 2{.) stemless : leaves broad-lanceo- 
late, entire, filamentose on the margin: stigmas recurved-spreading. 2—5 f. 
angustifolia, Ph. (W. w. Ju. 2f.) stemless: leaves long-linear, glaucous, mu- 
cronate, somewhat filamentose on the margin: capsules large, oblong-obo- 
vate. 
recurvifolia, Sy. (E. p-w. Ju. 5.) caulescent: leaves lance-linear, recurve-de- 
flected, rarely filamentose on the margin: inner petals broadest. 3 f, 
glortosa, (petre. L, w. Au, 5.) caulescent, branching: leaves broad-lanceo- 
late, plaited, very entire: petals lanceolate. 2—4 f. 
alnifolia, (2) (L. w. Au. Pp) caulescent, branching: leaves lance-linear, with 
callous crenatures, rigid. 10—12f. Fritillaria, 


* This plant was discovered in New-Hampshire, by Dr. Solon Smith of 
New-Haven, Con. in the year 1815. I published it in 1817. Prof. Dewey 
found it near Williams College the same year. I found it in Pittsfield, Mass. 
three years afterwards. It has since been published under the name villosum, 
by several botanists ; but 1 know not on what authority. No one pretends to 
have seen Michaux’s plant, and his description of the viilosum, if intended for 
this plant, is defective without a parallel in his work. As well might a bota- 
nist claim all future discoveries in the genus Acer, if he had once said, that the 
maple tree had a woody stem. It may have been seen by Michaux ; but sure- 
ly it will be in season to deny Dr. Smith's discovery, after we receiye some 
evidence of it. 

- (1) jupicai, Mx. flexuosa,M. (2) > aaa E, 
38 


450 ZAMIA, ZIGADENUS. “4 


Z. 


20-12. Zamra. 1. 11. 


Southern. 
integrifolia, W. (1) (E. b.) frond pinnate; leafets lanceolate, roundish-obtuse, 
attenuate at the base, serrulate on the outside towards the apex: stipe gla- 
brous, somewhat 4-cornered. »\ Juniperus. 


19—1. ZanicHEeEttia. 2. 13. 


intermedia, T. (false pondweed.) anther 2-celled; stigmas dentate-crenate : 
seed smooth, entire on the back. In salt marshes. 
palustris, (Ju. %.) anthers 4-celled ; stigmas entire: seed toothed on — back. 
ara. 


5—13. ZanTnorwiza. 26. 61. 


apttfolia, (parsley yellowroot. p. Ap. 6.) stem simple: leaves 3-ternate: peti- 
oles dilated and clasping at the base: racemes compound, below the leaves. 
LW, Tradescantia. 


21—5. ZanrHoxytum. 46. 94. 


Fraxineum, W. (2) (prickly ash, tooth-ache bush. O. g-w. M. 6.) prickly: 
leaves pinnate; leafets lance-oval, sub-entire, sessile, equal at the base: um- 
bels axillary. 8—12f. S. 


Southern. 
tricarpum, Mix. (L. J. b.) leaves pinnate, very glabrous; leafets petioled, 
lance-falcate, crenate-serra{e : petioles unarmed: flowers with corols ; cap- 
sules about in threes. Both species are aromatic and pungent. ace f. 
Acnida. 


132, Zapanta. 40. 40. 


nodiflora, Mx. (3) (fog-fruit. w. Ju. 2{.) leaves wedge-obovate, serrate above : 
‘spikes head-conic, solitary, long-peduncled: stem creeping. S. 

lanceolata, (4) (w. Ju. 2{.) leaves lance-lineat, sharply serrate: spikes head- 
conic, solitary, long-peduncled: stem creeping. 


Southern. 
cuneifolia, T, & J. (W.) stem herbaceous, procumbent, ? somewhat scabrous : 
Jeaves narrow-wedge-form, thick, nearly glabrous, sharply and coarsely 
toothed towards the apex: bracts wedge-obovate, dilated at dhe apex, mu- 


cronate : little heads solitary, globe-ovate, long-peduncled. Herpestis. 
19—3. Zxra. A. 10. 
Southern. 
mays. (indian corn. y-g. Ju. ¢%.) leaves fance-linear, entire, keeled. Var. 
precox, (dwarf corn) stem low : seeds mostly 8-rowed. Tragia. 


5—3. ZIGADENUS. 


glaberrimus, Mx. (zigadene. w. J. 2{.) scape leafy : bracts ovate, acuminate : 
tals acuminate: leaves long, recurved, channelled. Near Rochester, N. 
fe A. 


1) pumifa, L. (2) ramiflorum, Mx. Clava berculis, L. (3) Lippia, Mx. 
Verbena UL. ' (4) Lippia, Mx, 1b. (3) Lippi, 


ZIGADENUS, ZYGNEMA. 451 


Southern. 
elegans, Ph. (W. w. J. 2{.) scape nearly naked: bracts linear: ae ovate, 
acute. ° eratrum. 


Zigadenus, MELANTHIOM. 
17—2. Zinnta, 49. 55. 


Exotic. 
violacea, (blood marygold. r. Ju.) leaves ovate-acute, sessile, sub-crenate : 
apex of the chaff or scales fimbriate-serrate. 


Southern, 
multifiora, (W.r. S. 3%.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, sub-petioled, flowers 
peduncled, Perhaps not a native of North America. Starkea. 


19—6. Zizania. 4. 10. 


aguatica, Ph, (1) (water oats, wild rice, Au. 3%.) panicle pyramid-form : sta- 
minate flowers below, spreading; pistillate flowers above, spiked: pedicels 
clavate: flowers long-awned: seed long, cylindric, becoming black. Very 
abundant in the great western lakes. Schoolcraft. 4—8f. WS. 

miliacea, Mx. (Au.) panicle efiuse, pyramidal: glumes short-awned: stamin- 
ate and pistillate flowers intermixed ;: seed ovate, smooth: leaves glaucous: 
style one. 6f. SS. Hydrochioa:. 


Zizania, HYDROCHLOA. 
5—1. Zizypuus. 43. 95. 


Southern. 
volubilis, (2} (supple jack. E. g-y. J. b.) unarmed: leaves ovate, ribbed, very 
entire, sub-undulate: umbels axillary, peduncled: gtem twining. 
Rhamaous. 


16—10. Zornia. 32. 93. 


Southern. 
tetraphylla, Mx, (E. y. Ju. 2[.) leaves digitate; leafets 4, lanceolate, glabrous : 
spikes axillary, peduncled: flowers alte:nate, 2-bracted: bracts roundish. 
f; Sesbania. 


19—1. Zostera. 2. 7. 


marina, (grass-wrack, sea eel-grass. L. Au. 2{.) leaves entire, somewhat 8-nerv- 
ed: stem teretish, Leaves long: flowers minute. In bays and salt-marshes, 
Caulinia. 


21—4, Zyenema. 57, 2. 
nitida, joints about equalling the diameter: the spiral lines crossed, slender, 
arched; seeds oval. Frequent in ditches. Hardly adheres to paper on 
drying. Oscillatoria. 


5 esteemed 


(1) clayulosa, Mx. (2) Rhamnus, L. 


Exp oF SPEcIEg, 


ENUMERATIONS 


oF GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THIS MANUAL. 


ToTaL NUMBER OF GENERA 1,125 
Phenogamous, 3 i oe 
Cryptogamous, 183 


Exclusively Northern 156 
Phenogamous, < Exclusively Southern 220 
Northern and Southern 482 


ToraL NUMBER OF SPECIES 5,125 
Phenogamous, 3 Eneke a — 
Cryptogamous, 585 


Exclusively Northern 942 
Phenogamous, < Exclusively Southern 1,422 
Northern and Southern 1,521 


N. B. The number of species common to the Northern and 
Southern districts, will probably be greatly increased on farther 
examination, as botanists increase. 


Es) 


CLOSING REMARKS BY THE AUTHOR. 


The first proof-sheet of this book was sent to me on the 12th 
of January last. It has, therefore, been four months in the 
press. During the whole of this period no pains have been 
spared to make it as perfect as possible. Still we had many 
errors to correct ; and, probably, have left many for our friends 
to correct for us. : 

It is proper for me to state, that Dr. Wititam Arkin, of 
Rensselaer School, and Hez. H. Earon, Adjunct Prof. in 
the school, prepared the species, after the genus Carex. I as- 
sisted no farther than to supervise the work. I decided in 
doubtful cases, compared their translations with the original 
authors, examined the proof-sheets, and gave all the new spe- 
cific names. But they selected, arranged, compared, and 
transcribed the whole. ‘They compared descriptions with plants 
in their extensive collections, and suggested numerous valua- 
ble improvements. 

Though this Manual has been before the public, heretofore, 
as a mere translation and compilation ; more descriptions have 
been improved in the several editions, than in most treatises 
which pass for original works. On carefully comparing the 
descriptions of standard authors with specimens in the living 
state, we have found it necessary to alter, more or less, the 


descriptions of between six and seven hundred species 
Inn wegued ww OrypwugalllUuus planus, ue general student will 


find as much given here as his time will allow him to study ; 
and this composes most of the well defined genera, and the 
most common species. Whoever will study Cryptogamous 
plants extensively must resort to European authors. The cel- 
ebrated Schweinitz has compared 2000 species of American 
Fungi with European species, and finds them agree in most 
cases. It is his opinion the Cryptogamous plants are nearly 
the same in all countries. We may soon expect extensive trea- 
tises on these families of plants, from Schweinitz, Torrey, 
Beck and Halsey. 

To those who are unacquainted with the expense of printing 
in such fine type, I will observe ; that the matter contained in 
this volume would fill four octavos, if spread out in the usual 
way, and cost at least $10 the set. It is thus condensed, so 


as to become a pocket companion in fields and woods. 
May 13, 1829. 


( 2) 


ERRATA. 


{> The corrections must be referred to by the pengbefore the book is used ; 
ix as some of the errors are important. 


Page 9. line 25, ‘* compound” must be compared ; and line 35, figure 16, must 
be 1 


30. “ pentagynia” in brackets must be pentandria, 

46. “* AGTara” must be AcTAEA. 

55. Order XIII. must be XII. 

56. “‘ PaTALOsSTEMON”’ must be PETALOSTEMON. 

66. Order X. “* Decanpria” must be Order XII. PoLYAnpria. 
68. Erase ‘* Manisuris,” it is described at p. 290, 


70, At the top, strike out ‘‘ B .stem woody,” and interline the same above 
Quercus, the last line on the preceding page. 


When the generic name is wrongly spelled, or the natural orders wrong- 
ly numbered, turn to the same name where the species are described for 
correction. The letterS, and other evidences Of localities, are probably set 
wrong in a few cases; and they are left out in all cases of doubt. 


ADDENDA, 
According to the alphabetical arrangement of Genera. 
Acacia. Strike out the species brachyloba, and glandulosa. They are de- 
scribed under Darlingtonia. 


AcaL¥PHA. Species virginica, word “‘ obscurely” must be obtusely—word 
¢ dinnots must be density. 
AcgeratEs. Asclepias obovata, p. 11%, helongs to this genus. 


ACHYRANTHES. Spec. vermicularis, belongs to genus Philocerus, p. 327. 
Actrara. Strike out spec. pachypoda. 


Activomeris. Add spec. pauciflora, N. (Florida) simple? leaves oblong or 
oblong-ovate, serrulate, decurrent: peduncle few-ilowered, long and naked, 


> AgEscuLus. Spec. ‘* monostachya” should be macrostachya. 
AgeTHusa. Add spec. cynapium, L. 
Auisma. Strike out spec. subulaia. 


Autionia. Add ape multiflora, T & J. (W.) pulverulently pubescent: 
leaves broad-cordate, acute, very entire: involucre 7 or 8-flowered, 5-cleit * 
flowers sub-pentandrous : stamens scarcely exsert. Flowers very large. 


ANDROPOGON. ambiguum, belongs under Gymnopogon, 


i8—1. ApLecTRUM. 7. 21. Spec. hyemalis, described under Corollorhiza, 
at p. 186. " 


17—1. Apocon. Above eauslegisy p 110. Spec. humilis, E. (E. y. Ap. 
#.?) stem branching, glabrous: radical leaves oblong, narrow, sub-ovate, 
sessile; cauline ones strap-form, acute, entire, sessile, slightly glaucous; 
flowers terminal, sub-umbelled. 6—12 i. Southern States, 


ARESARIA. Spec. peploides, L, (L.) leaves ovate, acute, fleshy. 


aD: 


AETHUSA. Spec. medeoloides, must be erased, it is described at p, 335, under 
Pogonia. 

Ascrepias. In some of the species, such as the purpurascens, Lc. nectary is 
used when horn of the nectary is meant. This may be determined by the 
a The species viridis, should be placed under Podostigma, page 
33. . 

AsTracatus. Spec. ¢riphyllus, belongs to genus Phaca. 


Avicennta. To follow Sesamum, p. 52. Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted: coro! 
2-lipped, upper lip square : capsule coriaceous, rhomboid, 1-seeded. 40. 45. 

Spec. tomentosa, W. (mangle. E. .) leaves oblong, obtuse, tomentose be- 
neath. Flowers in sub-sessile clusters. 20 f. 


Azouta. To follow Azalia, p. 131. Spec. caroliniana, (Cayuga Marsh,) 
leaves distichous, imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading, Floating, 
leaves reddish beneath. 


Barscuia. Spec. “ imeling,” should be gmelini. 


BricKELLiA. Genus described at p. 60. The Species, cordifolia, is describ- 
ed under Vernonia. 


Buxus. Genus described at p. 143. 
CaLLiconum. Genus described at p. 145. 


Capsicum. Spec. daccatum, L. (bird pepper. 5.) stem smooth: peduncles in 
pairs. Southern states or Florida. 


Carex. Spec. ‘‘retraflexa” should be retroflexa—* scoporia” should be sco- 
paria—" okesii” should be oakesii: 


Crematis. Spec. hirsutissima, must be struck out ; for it is described under 
Anenome ludoviciana. 


CimicrruGa. See p.283,anote. Gen. Char. Calyx 4-leaved : petals (ornec- 
taries) 4, pitcher-form, cartilaginous: capsules 4: seeds scaly : petals, pis- 
tils, and calyx leaves, variable. 


Companuta. Add these Exotics. 


medium, (canterbury bells. b. Au. gf.) capsule 5-celled, covered: stem undi- 
vided, erect, leafy: flowers erect. 


speculum, (venus’ looking-glass. b. Au. 3%.) stem very branching, diffuse : 
leaves oblong, sub-crenate : flowers solitary, often destitute of the scales at 
the base. 


lanuginosa, (rough bells.) woolly hispid: leaves ovate, rugose, crenate, taper- 
ing into the petiole: stem simple: flowers sub-sessile, erect-spreading. 
CoNVOLVULUs purpureus grows west of the Missisippi. 


CynancHum. Add Spec. scoparium, N. (E.g-y. b.) stem twining, striated, 
naked (excepting young branches:) branches opposite : leaves linear, re- 
mote umbels sessile, small-flowered. Southern states. 


Cyritxia. Add Spec. paniculata, N. (Florida.) leaves coriaceous, wedge-ob- 
long, obtuse : flowers panicled: petals oblong, spotted or blotched. 


ERYTHRONIUM americanum. The stigma is 3-lobed. 

FuirENa scirpoidea, should be placed under genus Vaginaria, p, 435. 

GrycinE. Genus described at p. 239. 

Hypxum cooleyanum, SI. stem prostrate, bipinnate with the divisions alternate 
and opposite: peduncles long, slender, twisted when dry : ope short- 
ish, striate, recurve-arched, becoming fulvous : leaves recurved, nerveless, 
teretely sub-semi-cylindrical, broad at the base, long subulate towards the 


apex. On decaying logs in swamps. First found by Dr. Cooley, in Deer- 
field, Mass. Described from a dried specimen by H. H. E. 


(=) 


Myosurvus. Genus described at p. 300. 

Nagas. Genus described at p. 301. 

NEMOPHILA. Genus described at p. 302. _ 
Piper. Genus described at p. 331. 

Psycnorria. Genus described at p. 350. 

Resepa. Genus described at p. 360. 
Srytanpria. Erase this genus 

Torreya. Genus described at p, 420. 


TuRNERA cistoides, [genus described in place at p. 33, but species omitted. } 
peduncles axillary, leafless: leaves serrate near the summit. Grows in 
Savannah, Geo. 


Vinca. Genus described at p. 441. 


ENGLISH INDEX. 


Page. 
Aanon’s beard 363 
Acacia 366 
Adam and Eve 186 
Adder-mouth 295 
Adder’s-tongue 213 
Adder-tongue fern 307 
Agave 97 
Agrimony 97 
Alder 101 
Alexanders 394 
Allum root 242 
Allspice 146 
Almond 106 
Aloe 100 


Amaranth 102,103,231 


Anemone 107,108 
Angelica 108 
Angelica tree 111 
Animated oats 129 
Apple 396 
Apricot 114 
Arbor vite 418 
Arethusa 113 
Arbutus 208 
Archangel 108 
Arrow-grass 483 
Arrow-head 374 
Arrow-wood 439 
Artemisia 115 
Artichoke 194,239 
Arum 145,273 
Ash 164,362,403 
Ashwort 175 
Asparagus 119 
Aspen 341 
Asphodel 119,302 
Aster 138 
Atamasco lily 103 
Avens 139 
Bachelor’s buttons 231 
Balin 293 
Balm of Gilead, 341 


Balm Gilead herb 205 


Balsam apple 297 
Balsam poplar 341 
Balsam tree 330 
Balsam weed 266 


Page. | Page. 
Baneberry 92 | Blight 361 
Barberry 134 | Blite 136 
Barley 245 | Blood marygold 451 
Barn-grass 312 | Blood-root 379 
Basil 305 | Blue beech 161 
Basket of gold 102 | Blue bottle 167 
Bass wood 418 | Blue curls 423 
Bayberry 300 | Blue-eyed grass 395 
Beach 161 | Blue-grass 334 
Beads 92 | Blue hearts 142 
Bead tree 293 | Blue thistle 206 
Bean 104,302 | Bog rush 266 
Bearberry 111 | Bohea 416 
Beard-grass 113 | Boneset 215,266 
Beard-tongue 322 | Bonnet-grass 98 
Beaver-tree 288 | Borage 139 
Beech-drops 208,254 | Bouncing Bet 380 
Bed-straw 223,224 |Bowman’s root 229 
Beef-steak 282 | Box 143,188 
Beehive 359 | Box elder 90 
Beet 134 | Brake 350 
Beggar-ticks 135 | Breast weed 381 
Bell-flower 146,147 | Brier herb 369 
Bellwort 412 | Brompton queens 171 
Bere benni 390 | Brompton stock 171 
Bent-grass 98 | Brooklime 438 
Bilberry 434 | Brookweed 379 
Bindweed 185,256 | Broom 404 
Birch 134,135 | Broom corn 403 
Bird’s nest 299 | Broom-grass 106,141 
Birthwort 113 | Brown-dragon 116 
Bishopweed 394 | Buckbean 294 
Biting knotweed 338 | Buck-eye 93 
Bitter apple 193 | Buckthorn 245 
Bitternut 162 | Buckwheat 339 
Bittersweet 164,396|Buckwheattree 300 
Blackberry 369 | Buffaloe clover 424 
Blackberry lily 259 | Bugbane 288 
Black-flower 292 | Bugle-weed 286 
Black jack 354|Bugloss 105,133,206 
Black rust 351 | Bulrush 384 
Bladder campion 192 | Bunch-flower 292 
Bladder ketmia, 243 | Burdock 1i1 
Bladder-nu 410 | Burnet 379 
Bladder senna 182 | Burning bush 214 
Bladderwort 431 | Burr-flower 249 
Blazing star 241 | Burr-grass 165 
Blessed thistle 167 | Burrier’s oak 364 


39 


6 INDEX. 
Burr marygold 135] Chess 
Burr reed 403 | Chick pea 174 
Bush clover 276| Chick vetch 268 
Butter cup 858| Chickweed 105,168 
Butterfly weed 118 [386 
Butternut 259 | Chick wintergreen 423 
Button bush 167 | China aster 125 
Button weed 404| Chinquapin 162 
Button wood 333 | Chloris 172 
Choak-berry 114 
Cabbage 140,255 | Choak-dog 231 
Calabash 193} Chrysanthemum 173 
Calamus 91 | Cinguefoil 343,344 
Calathian violet 226 | Cives 101 
Camphor tree 269 | Clarry 379 
Campion 98,192 | Climbing fern 287 
Canada thistle 179 | Clott-burr 448 
Canary grass 325 | Cloud-berry 370 
Cancer root 208,309 | Clover 293 
Candy tuft 254 | Clown-heal 409 
Cane 295,373 | Club moss 285 
Canterbury bells 3,Ad. | Club-rush 383,384 
Caper 216 | Cockle 98 
Caraway 143,161 | Coffee corn 403 
Cardinal flower 281 | Cohosh 164,288 
Cardoon 194 | Cole 140 
Carnation 200 | Colic-weed 189,190 
Carolina allspice 146|Collinsia — 182 
Carolina potatoe - 185 | Coltsfoot 117 
Carpet weed 297 | Columbine 110 
Carrot 199 | Columbo root 220 
Cassia 162 | Comfrey 414 
Castor-oil plant 366 | Cone-flower 370 
Catalpa tree 14 | Corol root 186 
Catch-fly 392 | Corol teeth 186 
Catch-fly grass, 273 | Coriander 188 
Catterpillar fern 387 | Corn 403 
Catmint 303 | Cornel 188 
Catnep 303 | Cornelian Cherry 189 
Cat’s eye 382 | Coronilla 189 
Cat-tail 428 | Cotton 232 
Cayenne pepper 148 | Cotton grass 17 
Cedar 193,264 | Cotton thistle 307 
Celandine 171.| Cotton tree 341 
Celery 110 | Couch-grass 98 
Centaury 167,373 | Cowage 204 
Chaff-seed 383 | Cowitch 304 
Chamomile 109,138,|Cowslip 145,146,204 
291|Cow-wheat —- 292 
Cherlock 360 |Coxcomb 102,103,861 


Checker-berry 296 
Cherry 
Chesnut 93 


CACiveK: 


Crab-apple §=—S. 353 
Cranberry ‘311 
Creeper 104 


141 | Creeping cucumber 


[295 
€ress 110,11} 
Crowberry 207 
Crowfoot 8353 
Crownbeard 437 
Crowncup 403 
Crown imperial 221 
Cucumber 193,234,293 
Cucumbertree 268, 

[391 
Culver’s physic 275 
Currant 364,365 
Currant leaf 216 
Custard apple 342 
Cut-grass 273 
Cypress 172 
Daffodil 301 
Daisy 134,173 
Dame violet 242 
Dandelion 266,274 
Darnel grass 282 
Day-flower 182 
Day lily 241 
Deadly night-shade 

[129 
Dead nettle 267 
Deer-grass 361 
Devil’s wood_ 306 
Dewberry 369 
Dill 108 
Ditch moss 390 
Dittany 193 
Dock 372 
Dockmackie 440 
Dodder 194 
Dog-bane 110 
Dogweed 1ss 


Dogwood 90,188,189 
Dogtail grass 206 
Dogtooth violet 
Dragon 
Dragoness plant 
Dragon-head 
Dropseed grass 299 
Dropwort 140,305 


213 
116 
184 
204 


Duck-meat 274. 
Dwarf stinger 431 
Dyer’s broom 226 
Dyer’s cleavers 224 
Dyer’s weed 360 


’ 
> 
, 
- 
i 
F 
’ 
. 
4 
: 
7 
, 
: 


INDEX. 


Eardrop 221 )Flowering rush 382 
Eel-grass 451 | Flowering winter- 
Effiorescent lichen 408} green 336 
Egg plant 377 | Flower of-an-hour 243 
Egg squash 193 |Fly honeysuckle 448 
Elder 362,379 | Fog fruit 450 
Elecampane 256 |Forget-me-not 246, 
Elephant-foot 206 [300 
Elm 428 | Fork fern 92 
Endive 175 | Forkstems 865 
Enchanter’snightshade | Forty knot 91 
[175 Set dear ie 
Eyebright 217 | Four-tooth moss 
pied Foxglove 202 
False alloe 100 | Foxtail i 102 
False box 188 | Foxtail panic 321 
False flax 417 |Fringe tree 172,363 
False grape 104 | Fritillary 221 
False sensitive plant | Frost plant 175 
[93 ee or 
False star-grass 100 | Funegree p 
Feather beds 170 |Fungus 194,247,404 
Feather grass 412 | Fungus lichen 144 
Fennel 103 | Furze 428 
Fennel-flower 303 : 
Fescue grass 218 | Galingale 205 
Festoon pine 286 | Garlic 101 
Fern 139,183,201,383, | Gay-feather 277 
_ [807,310 Gem-fruit 418 
Fever bush 269 | Gentian 258 
Feverfew 173 | Geranium 212 
Fever-root 425 | Germender 415 
Fi 229/Gill-overground 229 
Fig-hollyhock 102 | Ginger 117 
Fig-tree 219 | Ginseng 312 
Figwort 887 | Glasswort 374 
Filbert 190 |Globe amaranth 231 
Fine-haired fern 201 | Globe-flower 426 
Finger-grass 19,22 | Globe thistle 205 
Fir tree 330 |Globule fungus 404 
Fire-weed 389 | Goat’s beard 421 
Fivefinger 182 | Goat’s rue 223 
Flag 15 | Golden club 309 
Flat-to 437 |Golden-rod 397,402 
Flax 109,146,280 | Goldy-locks 173 
Flax seed 274 | Gold-thread 186 
Fiea-bane 186,210 |Gooseberry 364,365 
Floating heart 441 Gourd 193 
Flower cup fern 447 | Grain rust 430 
Flower de luce 257 | Grape 104 
Flowering almond 105 | Gra 139 
Flowering fern 310/|G 194 
¥ lowering nettle 223 ' Gras 287 


7 


Grass wrack 451 
Gravel chickweed 386 


Greek valerian 336 
Green briar 395 
Green-dragon 116 
Green-head 236 
Gromwell 307 
Ground-flower 336 
Ground ivy 229%. 
Ground-nrt 109,111, 
[312 
Ground pine 286 
Groundsel 389 
Groundsel tree 131 
Guelder rose 44) 


Guinea-hen flower 221 


Guinea pepper 148 
Hackmatack 331 
Hagberry 164 
Hair-beard 128 
Hair-bell 146 
Hair-cap moss 340 
Hair-grass 99 
‘Hair-mouth moss 423 
Hardhack 408 
Hautboy 300 
Hawksbeard 243,244 
Hawkweed 109,243, 
[244 
Hazel-nut —183- 
Heal-all 347 
Heath 209,246 294 
Hedgehog © 292, 
Hedge hyssop 279 
Hedge nettle 469 
Hellebore 240 
Helonias 240 
Hemlock 175,184 
Hemp 91,110,147,198 
Hempweed 214 
Henbane 249 
Henbit 267 
Herb robert 227 
Hibiscus 243 
Hickory 161,162 


Hizgh-water shrub 258 


Hobble-bush 440 
Hogweed 103 
Holly 212,258 
Hollyhock 102 
Honesty 2383 
Honey locust 229 


8 


Honeysuckle 130,202, 


INDEX. 


Jerusalem cherry 397 
255 


[282,362 | Jewels 


Hoopwort 387 
Hoop-ash 164 
Hop 246 
Hop medick 292 
Horehound 286,291 
Hornbeam 161,310 
Horned lichen 188 
Hornwort 169 
Horse-balm 182 
Horse chesnut 93 
Horse ginseng 425 
Horse nettle 396 
Horse raddish 181 
Horse-tail 209 
Hound-tongue 194 
Houseleek 389 
Hyacinth 247 
Hydrangea 245,247 
Hygrometer moss 222 
Hyssop 232,254 
Hyssop thoroughwort 

[214 


169 
169 
295,388 
450 


Iceland lichen 
Iceland moss 
Ice plant 
Indian corn 


Indian cress 427 
Indian cucumber 234 
3Haian grass 106 
Indian hemp 110 
- Indian mallows 391 
Indian millet 403 
Indian physic 229 
Indian pipe 298 


Indian poke 
Indian reed 


Indian turnip 116 
Indigo 131,256 
Indigo weed 13: 

Ink-berry 346 
Iris 257 
Iron-wood 310 
Itch-weed 436 
Itea 258 
lyy 229,236,363 
Jacobea 103 
Jacob's ladder 396 
Jalap 27 
Jasmine 259 


Jewel-weed 255 
Job’s tears 181 Lime-grass 207 
John’s wort 380 | Lime tree 41S 
Joe-pye 215 | Lip fern 170 
Joint-weed 338 | Liquorice 230 
Jonquil 301 | Live-forever 388 
Judas tree 169 | Liver-leaf 241 
July-flower 171 | Liverwort 109,290,365 
Juneberry 114} Lizard’s tail 381 
Juniper 264 | Locust 229,366 
Lombardy poplar 341 
Kale 140 | Lolly bay 331 
Ketmia 243 | Loosestrife 287 
Kidney fern 438 | Lopseed 328 
Kinnikinnick 111 | Lousewort 320 
King’s spear 119 | Lovage 278 
Knapweed 167 | Love apple 396 
Knawel 386.| Love-lies-bleeding 103 
Knot-grass 163,337 | Low centaury 336 
Knot-weed 338,339 | Lucerne 292 
Lungwort 351 
Labrador tea 273 | Lupine 283,284 
Ladies’ mantle 109 
Ladies’ slipper 196,197 | Madder 369 
Ladies’ thumb —_ 338 | Madeira-nut 259 
Ladies’ tresses 303 | Mad-wort 146 
Lady’s mouth 100 | Magnolia 288 
Lamb lettuce 218 | Maidenhair 92 
Larch 331 | Malabar-nut 265 
Lerkepur 199 | Mallows 102,243,269, . 
Laurel 265,288 | » {2e9,39f 
Laurestine 440 | Mandrake 335 
Layender 269 | Mantle 109 
Leaf-cup 339 | Maple 89,90 
Leaf-flower 328 | Mare’s tail 245 
Leafless moss 143 | Marjoram 308,309 
Leather-flower 178)} Marsh five-finger 182 
Leather-leaf 105 | Marsh mailows 102, 
Leather-wood 203 [243 
Leek 101| Marsh rosemary 410 
Lemon 176 | Marsh tea 273 
Leopard’s bane 114! Marygold 135,144 
Leprous lichen 274) Masterwort 108 
Lettuce 267 | Mat grass 301 
Lichen 144,169,258, | Matrimony 285 
[274,307 | May apple 335. 
Lichnidia 327 | Mayweed 108 
Lichnis 284,408 | Meadow beauty 361 
Life-everlasting 230, Meadow garlic 101 
. 231 | Meadow grass 1 
Lilac 414! Meadow rue 41 


Lily 103,259,278,279, 
[304 
Lily of the valley 184 


Meadow sweet 408 
Mechoacan 185 
Medick 292 
Medlar 114,295 
Melick grass 293 
Melic grass 293 
Melilot 293 
Melilot clover 293 
Melon 193 
Mercury 89 
Mermaid 219,347 
Mezeron 198 
Mignonette 360 
Milfoil 91,300 
Milk parsley 180 
Milk vetch 127 
Milk-way plant 222 


Milkweed 90,110,117, 


[lis 
Milkwort 299 
Milk vine 323 
Millet 296,403 
Millet grass 296 
Mint 294,297 
Misseltoe 446 
Mite lichen 438 
Miterwort 418 


Mithridate mustard417 


Mock orange 326 
Molucca balm 297 
Monkey-flower 296 
Monk’s hood 91 
Moon-fruit pine 286 
Moonseed 293 
Moor grass 390 
Moose-wood 90,203 
Morel 325 


Morning-glory 185,256 
Moss 143,169,390,407 
Moss-bush 105 
Mother of thyme 418 


Motherwort 131,274 
Mould 29S 
Mountain ash 403 
Mountain flax 336 
Mountain leek 101 
Mountain maple 90 
Mountain mint 297 
Mountain pink 327 
Mountain rice 310 
Mousear 168 
Mouse-ear cress 110 


INDEX. 
Mud plantain 242 
Mudwort 279 
Mugwort 115 
Mulberry 141,299 
Mullein 436 
Mushroom 96 
Muskmelon 193 
Mustard 394 
Myrtle 274,301 
Narcissus 101,301 
Nasturtion 427 
Navel-wort 248 
Necklace-weed 92 
Negro-hair 100 


Nettle 136,267,268,396 
Nettle tree 164 
New-Jersey tea 164 
Nightshade 129,396 
Nine-bark 408 
Nit-weed 380 
Nondo 108 
Northern mint 294 
Norway pine 230 
Nutmegflower 303 
Nymph 301 
Oak 363 
Oak of Jerusalem 171 
Oats 129 
Oil-nut 236 
Oily-grain 390 
Okra 243 
Olive 306 
One-sided fern 383 
Onion 101 
Orach 128,143,280 
Orange root 248 
Orange tree 176 


Orchard grass 20,197 
Orchis 234 
Orpine 388 
Osler 189 
Oswego tea 297 
Ox-eye 143,240 
Ox-eyed daisy 173 
Oyster 42] 
Painted-cup 133,214 
Palma christi 366 
Panic — 312 
Paper-punk = 247 


#39 


9 


Parnassus grass 318 
Parsley 110 
Parsnip 394,395 
Partridge-berry 296 
Partridge pea 162 
Passion-flower 313 
Patience 372 
Paul’s betony 438 
Pea 162,268 
Pea-nut 111 
Peach 105 
Pear 149 
Pearl-wort 374 
Pearleaf thorn 190 
Peat-moss 407 
Pellitory 15 
Pencil-flower 413 
Pennycress 417 
Pennyroyal 236,258 
Pennywort 305 
Peony 312 
Pepper 148 
Pepper-bush 179 
Peppergrass 274 
Pepperidge 304 
Peppermint 244 
Pepper-root 199 
Periwinkle 441 
Persimon 203 
Peter’s wort 118 
Phacelia 325 
Pheasant’s eye 92 
Phenician mallows243 
Pickerel-weed 344 
Pigmy-weed 419 
Pig-nut 162 
Pie rhubarb 361 
Pig-weed 171,172 
Pimpernel 105 
Pine 286 
Pink 200 
Pink-root 408 
Pin-weed 271 
| Pinxter 130 
Pinxter blomachee130 
Pipewort 211 
| Pitcher’s shield lichen 
[436 

Plaited moss 261 
Plane tree 333 
Plantain 100,242 


Plowman's wort 186 


10 


Plum 


203,347 
Poison arum 


273 


Poison hemlock 184 
Poison vine 362 
Poke-weed 329 
Polyanthos 301 
Polypod 339 
Pomegranate 352 
Pond-lily 304 
Pond-weed 342 
Poplar 341 
Poppoose-root 164 
Poppy 315 
Potatoe 185,396 
Prickly ash 450 
Prickly fungus 247 
Prickly pear 144 
Pride-weed 210 
Prim 278 
Primrose 305 
Prince's feather 339 
Prince's pine 172 
Puccoon 133 
Puff-ball 285,386 
Pumpkin 193 
Purslane 192,258 
Putty root 186 
Pyramid-flower 220 
Quack-grass 98 
Quaking grass 140,141 


Queen of the meadow 


[409 
Quickset 191 
Quillwort 258 
Quince 353 
Rabbit-foot 423 
Radish 132,213 
Ragged cup 393 
Ragged robin 284 
Ragwort 389 
Rape 140 
Raspberry 369,370 
Rattle 361 


Rattlesnake fern 140 
Rattlesnake grass 140 
Rattlesnake leaf 231 


Rattle-box 191 
Red-bud 169 
Red-root 202 
Redetop 98 


INDEX. 

Reed 175 | Scorpula-weed 231 
Reed-grass 116 | Sculleap 387 
Reed mace 428 | Scurvy-grass 181 
Rhodora 362 |®ea holly 212 
Rhubarb 364 | Sea-rocket 142 
Ribbon-grass 325 | Seed-box 283 
Ribwort 332 | Seeded plum 203 
Rice 310 | Sedge 149 
Rich-weed 182 | Self-heal 347 
Rocket 132,142,242 | Seneca-grass 244 
Rock-rose 175 | Seneca snakeroot 336 
Roman artemissia 115 | Senna 162,182 
Roman fern 136 | Sensitive briar 383 
Rose 366,367,368 | Sensitive fern 307 
Rose-bay 362 | Sensitive plant 93,383 
Rose campion 98 | Sesame grass 426 
Rosemary 368 | Shad-bush 114 
Rose-rust 430 | Shag walnut 162 
Rue 372 | Shallot 101 
Ruel 371 | Shell-flower 297 
Rush 209,382 | Sheep-berry 439 
Rush-grass 260 | Shepherd’s purse, 417 
Rye 388 | Shield lichen 315 
Shin-leaf 358 

Sacred bean 302 | Shin-wood 415 
Saffron 161,191 | Shot-bush lll 
Safflower 161 | Side-saddle 380 
Sage 116,378,379 | Simpler’s joy 436 
St. John’s wort 47,249 | Single-seed cucumber 
Salsify 421 [391 
Salt-grass 279 | Skunk cabbage 255 
Saltwort 378 | Slippery elm 428 
Samphire 374,375 | Sloe 347 
Sanicle 388 | Smellage 278 
Sand myrtle 274 | Smut 430 
Sandwort 112 | Snail-shell 292 
Sarsaparilla 111 | Snake-head 171 
Sassafras 269 |Snake-root 117,212, 
Satin-flower 283 [277,288 
Satyr 234 | Snapdragon 109 
Savin 264 | Sneezewort 91 
Savory 381 | Snow-ball 440 
Saw-grass 383 | Snow-drop 101 
Saxifrage 174,379,381,| Soow-drop tree 235 
(282 | Snuff-box fern 120 

Scabious 382 | Soapwort 380 
Scabish 305 | Soft-grass 245 
Scarcity 134! Solomon’s seal184,185 
Scarlet runner 326 | Soot fungus 223 
Scorpion weed231,300 | Sorrel 372,310,311 
Scouring rush § 209 | Sorrel tree 105 
Screwstem 132 | Sour gum 304 


Southern-wood 115 
Sow thistle 402 
Spatulafungus 404 
Spear-grass 19 | 
Spearmint 294 
8 ort 357 
Speedweil 438 | 
Spice-bush 269 
Spiderwort 421 | 
Spikenard 111) 
Spinach 408 | 
Spindle tree 214, 
Spleen amaranth 103) 
Spleenwort 121 | 
Spring beauty 29 | 
Spring cress 111 | 
Spruce 330 
Spunk 247 
Spurge 216 
Spurry 404 
Spurstem 441 
Squash. 193 
Squaw-root 100,309 
Squill - 383 
Staff-tree 164 
’ Star-flower 121 
Star-grass 100,254 


Star of Bethlehem 309 
Star-root 100 


Starwort 295 
Steen-crout 280 
Steeple-bush 408 
Steeple-weed 408 
Stitchwort 410 
Stone-crop 388 
Stone-seed 280 
Strawbe 220 
Strawberry blite 136 
Succory 175 
Sugar cane 373 
Sultana 167 
Sumach 362 
Summer grass 244 
Sundew 205 
Sundrops 305 
Sunflower 238,239 
Sweat-weed 243 
Sweet briar 367 
Sweet cicely 430 
Sweet fern 183 
Sweet flag 91 
Sweet gale 300 


INDEX. il 
Sweet gum 280 } Tulip 427 
Sweet leaf 245 | Tulip tree 280 
Sweet pea 268 | Tupelo 304 
Sweet potatoe 185 | Turnip 116,140 
Sweet tree 90 | Turnsole 


Sweet vernal-grass109 


Sweet william 200 
Sycamore 333 
Syringa 326 
Taliny 415 
Tamarack 331 
Tangle-legs 440 
Tansey 415 
Tape-grass 435 
Tare 440 
Target lichen 321 
Tassel-grass 372 
Tea 273 
Teasel 203 
Thin-grass 18 
Thistle 167,179,205, 

[206,307 
Thorn 190,191 


Thorn-apple 198 


Thoroughwort 214,295 
Thread-foot 236 
Three-birds 109 
Three-coloured cox- 
[comb 103 
Three-coloured daisy 
{173 
Three-seed leek 101 
Thyme 179 
Timothy-grass 327 
Toad-flax 109 
Tobacco 281,303 
Tomatoes 396 
Toothache bush 450 
-Tooth-cup 24 
Tooth-root 199 
Tower mustard 54 
Touch-me-not 255 
Touch-wood 138 
Tree-moss 179 
Tree primrose 305 
Tree-weed 285 
Trefoil 236 
Trickle 199 


135 
427 
336 


Trumpet-flower 
Tubercle fungus 
Tuberose 


Twin-berry 448,449 


Twin-flower 279 
Twin-leaf 259 
Twayblade 289 
Umbrella-grass 221 
Umbrellamoss 409 
Umbrella tree 288 
Unicorn plant 291 
Unicorn roet 100,241, 
totyh faa 
Valerian 336,435 
Venus’ fly-trap 203 
Venus’ looking-glass 
[3,Ad. 
Venus’ pride 246 
Vernal grass 109 
Vervain 436 
Vetch 127,212,268 
Violet 213,242,245,256 
Viper’s bugloss 206 
Virgin-bower 128,177, 
[178 
Virgin’s bowerl77,178, 
[128 
Wake-robin 116 
Walking-leaf 120 
Wall cress 110 
Wall-flower 171 
Walnut 162,259 
Wandering milk-weed 
[110 
Water arum 145 
Water carpet 174 
Watercress 148,213 
Water fescue 218 
Water grass 383 
Water hemlock 178 
Water hemp 91 
Water horehound 286 
i ama leaf 249 
ater lily 46 
Watermelon 193 
Water moss 220, 
Water nymph 301 


ig 


Water oats 
Water parsnip 
Water pepper 
Water plantain 
Water poplar 
Water purselane 
Water shield 
Wax-bush 

Wax liverwort 
Weed-grass 
Wheat 
Wheat-thief 
Whip-grass 
White-beads 
White-bush 
White cedar 
White grass 
White rust 
White hetlebore 


INDEX. 


White-top 
White-wood 
Whitlow-grass 
Whortleberry 
Wild basil 
Wild-bean vine 
Wild indigo 
Wild rice 

Wild rye 


Willow 265,375—378 
Willow-herb | 208,287 


Wind-flower 
Windsor bean 
Winter-berry 
Winter cherry 
Wintergreen 
Wire-grass 
Witch-alder 


107 


Witch hazel 
Woad 
Wolf’s bane 
Woodbine 
Wood-sage 
Wood sorrel 
Worm-seed 
Wormwood 


Yam-root 
Yarrow 


310,311 


171 
115 


203 
91 


Yellow-eyed grass 449 


Yellow rattle 
Yellow-root 

Yellow-seed 

Yew 


Zigadene 


361 

100 
417 
416 


483 


BOTANICAL GRAMMAR 


AXD 


DICTIONARY. 


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‘GRAMMAR OF BOTANY. 


Ir is not necessary that a student in Bofany should remem 
ber the definitions of all the terms used in the descriptions of 
plants. ‘There are some terms, however, which ought to be 
studied in systematic order. Such terms, so systematized, 
may constitute a grammar of botany, or a botanical nomen- 
clature. 

The annexed grammar of botany comprises the most impor- 
tant elementary terms ; and all that a student should store up 
in his memory. 


ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 


Every plant is either phenogamous or cryptogamous. 


Phenogamous plants have their stamens and pistils sufficiently manifest for 
examination. 


Cryptogamous plants either Jose the staminate organs before they become 
manifest, or they are too minute for inspection. 


The Ciasses, Orders and Genera of the Linnean system, are founded wholly 
on the seven elementary organs of fructification. 


These are, 
. Calyx. The outer or lower part of the flower, generally not coloured.* 
. Corol. The coloured blossom, within or above the calyx. 


. Stamens. The organs immediately surrounding or adjoining the central 
one ; consisting of mealy or glutinous knobs, either sessile or supported on 


i 


filaments. 
4. Pai The central organ of the flower, whose base becomes the pericarp 


and seed. 


5. Pericarp. The covering of the seed, whether pod, shell, bag, or pulpy sub- 
stance. 


6. Seed. The essential part, which contains the rudiment of a new plant. 


7. Receptacle. The base which sustains the other six parts, being at the end 
of the flower stem. 


wer! 


SuBDIVISIONS OF THE CALYX. 


Every calyx is either monophyllous, consisting of one leaf ; or polyphyllous> 
consisting of more than one leaf. Either kind may be: 


* In the language of Botany, any part of a plant is not coloured when it is 
green; as the calyx of the apple is said not to be coloured, because it is green 
and that of the nasturtion is coloured, because it is not green. 


eos 
es 


aig 


”% 


n 
7. 


14 GRAMMAR OF © ° 


1. Pertanth. That calyx which adjoins and surrounds the other parts of the 
flower, as of the apple, rose, &c. 


About two thirds of all plants have perianths. 


Os 


2. Involucre. That calyx which comes out at some distance below the flower, 
and never encloses it. It is commonly at the origin of the peduncles of um- 
bels, and sometimes attached to other aggregate flowers. 


Involucres are either universal, placed at the origin of the universal umbel, 
as in caraway, lovage, &c. ; or partial, placed at the origin of a particular um- 
bel, as in coriander; or proper, placed beneath a single flower. 


3. Spathe. A kind of membrane which at first encloses the flower, and after it 
expands is left at a distance below it, as daffodil, onion, Indian turnip. 


4. Giume. That kind of calyx which is composed of one, two, or three valvés 
or scales, commonly transparent at the margin, and often terminated by a 
a long awn.or beard. - All grasses have glume calyxes. 


5, Ament. An assemblage of flower-bearing scales, arranged on a slender 
thread, or long receptacle; each scale gemerally constituting the lateral ca- 
lyx ofa flower, as in the willow, chesnut, pine, &c. 

6. Calyptre. ‘The cap or hood of pistillate mosses, resembling in form and 


position an extinguisher set on a candle. Conspicuous in the common hair- 
cap moss. 


7. Volva. The ring or wrapper at first enclosing the pileus or heard of a fun- 
gus; and which after {he plant has arrived to maturity, contracts and re- 
mains on the stem or at the root. 


SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CoOROL. 


Every corol is either monopetalous, consisting of one petal or flower-leaf; 
or polypetalous, consisting of more than one. 


*Monopetalous Corols are, 


1. Bell-form. Hollowed out within the base, and generally diverging up- 
wards, as Canterbury bells, gentian, &c. 


* It is proper to inform the student, in this place, of two important facts, 
connected with the descriptions of plants, which are made by references to 
natural and artificial forms. 

1, A certain number of forms were assumed by Linneus as standards for re- 
ferences ; none of which are to be considered as perfect. But when any one 
of these forms is referred to, it is to be understood, that it is nearer the true. 
form of the organ under consideration, than any other of these standard 
forms. tn 

2. All standard forms are either drawn from well-known natural bodies, or_ 
from artificial bodies or implements known to the ancients. Some of the most » 
idee NATURAL bodies are the egg, lips of animals, the throat, head, knee,’ 
the heart, the kidneys, the hand, bird’s feet, spur, feather, a bay, a tooth, hair, 
bristles, silk, down, eye-lashes, veins, nerves, wings, ears, claws, &c. Some of 
the most common ARTIFICIAL bodies or implements gre, a spike, spindle, 
eircle, oval, lance, line, awl, arrow, halbert, viol, lyre, saw, shield, cross, sa- 
bre, needle, bell, kee], club, cone, leather, cup, greek letter delta, fork, urn, 


: 


— 


BOTANY. 15 


2. Funnel-form. With a tubular base, and the border opening gradually in 
the form of a funnel, as the thorn-apple, morning-glory. 


3. Salver-form. Having a flat spreading limb or border, proceeding from the 
top of a tube, as lilac, trailing arbutus, &c. 


4. Wheel-form. Waving a spreading border without a tube, or with an ex- 
ceecling short one, as borage, laurel, mullein. 


5. Labiate. A labiate corol is divided into two general parts, somewhat re- 
sembling the lips of a horse or other animal. Labiate corols are either per- 
sonate, (with the throat muffled) as snap-dragon ; or ringent, (with the 
throat open) as mint, mother-wort, catnip, monkey-ilower. 


Polypetalous Corols are, 


1. Cruciform. Consisting of four equal petals spreading out in the form of a 
cross, as raddish, cabbage, mustard, &c. 


2. Caryophylleous. Having five single petals, each terminating in a long claw, 
enciosed in a tubular calyx, as pink, catch-fly, cockle, &c. 


3. Liliaceous. A corol with six petals, spreading gradually from the base, 
so as altogether to exhibit a bell-form appearance, as tilip, lily, &c. 


4. Rosaceous. A corol formed of roundish spreading petals without claws, or 
with extremely short ones, as rose, apple, strawberry, &c. 


5. Papilionaceous. A flower which consists of a banner, two wings and a 
keel, as pea, clover, &c. supposed to resemble a butterfly. 


If a corol agree with none of the above descriptions, it is called anoma- 
lous. 


SUBDIVISION OF THE STAMEN. 


1. Anther. The knob of the stamen, which contains the pollen; very con- 
spicuous in the lily, &c. Never wanting. 


2. Pollen. The dusty, mealy, or glutinous substance contained in the anthers, 
Never wanting. 


3. Filament. That part of the stamen which connects the anther with the re- 
ceptacle, calyx or pistil. Often wanting; generally thread-form when pre- 
sent. 


SUBDIVISION OF THE PIsTIL. 


1. Stigma. The organ which terminates the pistil ; very conspicuous in the 
lily, and hardly distinguishable in the Indian corn. Never wanting. 


2. Germ. That part of the pistil which in maturity becomes the pericarp and 
the seed, asin the cherry, pompion. Never wanting. 


3. Style. That part of the pistil which connects the stigma and the germ ; 
very conspicuous in the lily; wanting in the tulip. 


SUBDIVISION OF THE PERICARP. 


1. Silique. That kind of pod which has a longitudinal partition, with the 
seeds attached alternately to its opposite edges, as radish, cabbage, &c. 


16 GRAMMAR OF 


2. Legume. A pod without a longitudinal partition, with the seeds attached 
to one suture only, as the pea, &c. 


3. Capsule. That kind of pericarp which opens by valves or pores, and be- 


comes dry when ripe, as the poppy, which opens*by pores, and the mullein 
by valves. 


4. Drupe. That kind of pericarp which consists of a thick fleshy or cartila- 


. 


ginous coat enclosing a nut or stone, as in the cherry, in which it is said to 
be erry-like ; and in the walnut, where it is dry. 


5. Pome. A pulpy pericarp without valves, which contains within it a cap- 
sule, as apples, quinces, &c. 


6, Berry. A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without any capsule, as currant, 
grape, cucumber, melon, 


7. Strobile. An ament with woody scales, as the fruit of the pine. 
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SEED. 


1. Cotyledon. The thick fleshy lobes of seeds; very manifest in beans, whose 
cotyledons grow out of the ground in the form of two large succulent leaves. 


‘Many plants, as Indian corn, wheat, the grasses, &c. have but one cotyle- 
don; mosses, &c. none. 


2. Corcle. The rudiment of the future plant, always proceeding from the co- 
tyledon; easily distinguished in chesnuts, acorns, &c. 


3. Tegument. The skin or bark of seeds ; it separates from peas, beans, In- 
dian corn, &c. on boiling. 


4. Hilum. The external mark or scar on seeds, by which they were affixed 
to their pericarps._.In beans and the like, it is called the eye. 


SUBDIVISIONS OF THE RECEPTACLE. 


1. Proper. That which belongs to one flower only. 


2. Common. That which connects several distinct florets, as in the sun-flow- 
er, daisy, teasel. A common receptacle may be, 


3. Rachis. The filiform receptacle, connecting the florets in a spike, as in the 
heads of wheat. 


4. Columella. The central column in a capsule, to which the seeds are at- 
tached. 


5. Spadix. An elongated receptacle, proceeding from a spathe, as Indian 
_ turnip. 


GENERAL Divisions OF FLOWERS. 


1. Simple. Having a single flower on a receptacle, as in the quince, tulip, 
&e. 


2, Aggregate. Having on the same receptacle several flowers, whose anthers 
are not united, as teasel, button-bush, &c. 


8. Compound. Having several florets on the same receptacle, with their an- 
thers united, as sun-flower, china-aster, &c. 


4. Staminate. Having stamens only, as those in the tassels of Indian corn. 
5. Pistillate. Having pistils only, as the fertile flower of the cucumber. 


oa 


BOTANY. 17 


6. Perfect. Having both stamens and pistils. 
7. Neutral. Having neither stamens nor pistils. 
8. Complete. Having a calyx and corol. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


The manner in whitch Flowers are situated on Plants. 


1. Whorl. In which the flowers growaround the stem in rings one above an- 
other, as mother-wort, catnip. 


2. Raceme. Having the florets on short undivided pedicels, arranged along a 
general peduncle, as currants. 


3.. Panicle. Having some of the pedicels, along the general peduncle of the 
raceme, divided, as in oats. A panicle contracted into A compact, some- 
what ovate form, as in lilac, is called thyrse. ue 

4. Spike. Having the florets sessile, or nearly so, on the elongated general 
receptacle, as wheat, mullein, &c. 


5. Umbel. Having the flower-stems diverging from one place, like the braces 
of an umbrella, bearing florets on, their extremities, as carrot, dill, fennel, 
&c. 


6, Cyme. It agrees with the umbel in having its general flower-stems spring 
from one centre, but differs in having those stems irregularly subdivided, as 
elder, &c. 

7. Corymb. In the corymb the peduncles take their rise from different heights 
along the main stem ; but the lower ones being longer, they form nearly a 
level or convex top, as yarrow. 

8. Fascicle. In general external appearance it resembles the umbel, but 
the foot-stalks are irregular in their origin and subdivision, as sweet-will- 
iam. ; 

9. Head. In this the flowers are heaped together in a globular form without 
peduncles, or with very short ones, as clover. 


Concentric CYLINDERS OF Roots AnD HERRAGE. 
The Substance of Roots and Herbage consists of : 


1. Cuticle. The thin outside coat of the bark, which seems to be without life, 
and often transparent. Very cons picuous on some kinds of birch, cherry, 
currant-bushes, &c. 


2. Cellular Integument. The parenchymous substance between the cuticle 
and os generally green, Easily seen in the elder, after removing the 
cuticle, 


3. Bark, The ianer strong fibrous part of the covering of vegetables, 

4, Camb. The mucilaginous or gelatinous substance, which, in the spring of 
the year, abounds between the bark and the wood of trees. 

5. Wood. The most solid part of the trunks and roots of herbs and trees, 


6. Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the stems and roots of most 
plants, Large in the elder. 


o* 


18 GRAMMAR OF 


Roots. 


Roots are the descending parts of vegetables, and aretannnal, bienuial, or pe- 
rennial. They are of seven kinds. 


1. Branching. Having the whole root divided into parts as it proceeds down- 
wards, as the oak, apple-tree, &c. 


2. Fibrous. The whole root consisting of filiform parts, originating immedi- 
ately from the base of the stem, as many of the grasses. 


3. Creeping. Extending itself horizontally, and sending out fibrous radicles, 
as quack-grass. 


4. a Thick at the top, and tapering downwards, as carrot, parsnip, 
Ce 


5. Tuberous. Roots which are thick and fleshy, but not of any regular globu- 
lar form. They are knobbed, as the potatoe; oval, as those of. orchis ; 
abrupt, as the birdsfoot violet ; or fascicled, as asparagus. 


6. Bulbous. Fleshy and spherical. They are either solid, as the turnip ; 
coated, as the onion ; or scaly, as the garden lily. 


7, Granulated. Consisting of several little knobs in the form of grains, strung 
together along the sides of a filiform radicle, as the wood-sorrel. 


HERBAGE is all the plant except the root and fructification. It includes stems, 
leaves and appendages. 


STEMS. 


1. Tige, or proper stem. The ascending herbage-bearing trunk or stem of all 
phenogamous plants, except the grasses, as the trunk of the oak, the grape 
vine, the mullein stalk, 


2. Culm. The stalk or stem of the grasses, as wheat-straw, sugar-cane, &c. 


3, Scape. That kind of flower-bearing stem which springs immediately from 
the root, and is destitute of leaves, as dandelion. 


4, Peduncle. The flower bearing stem which springs from any part of the stem 
or branches, as apple, cucumber, &c. 


5. Petiole. The foot-stalk of the leaf. 


6. Frond. Applied entirely to cryptogamous plants. It includes the herbace- 
ea leathery, crustaceous, or gelatinous substance, from which the fruit is 
produced. 


7. Stipe. The stem of a fern, of a fungus, of a compound egret, and of a peri- 
carp when elevated from the receptacle ; as of maiden-hair, garden caper. 


LEAVES are evergreen or deciduous. 
Forms oF SimpLte LEAvEs. 


1. Orbicular. Nearly circular, as the leaves of red clover, of cabbage, &c. 


2, Ovate. Resembling the longitudinal section of an egg, the base being 
broader than the extremity. One of the most common forms of leaves. 


3. Oval. Differing from ovate in having both ends equal in breadth. 


4, iene. The length more than twice the breadth, and the sides somewhat 
parallel. 


BOTANY. 19 


5. Obovate. Ovate with the narrowest end towards the stem, as those of red 
clover. 


6. Cordate. Heart-shaped, the hind-lobes being rounded, as lilac. 


7. Obcordate. Cordate, with the apex or narrowest end towards the stem, as 
of wild indigo. 


8. Kidney-form. Hollowed in at the base, with rounded lobes and rounded 
ends, as mallows. 


9. Lanceolate. In the form of the ancient lance, tapering from near the base 
to the apex, and narrow, as the leaves of most of the willows, of ribwort, 
&c. 


10. Linear. Continuing of the same width through nearly the whole length ; 
usually pointed at one or both ends, as most grasses. 


11. Awl-form. Linear at the base, and becoming more or less curved at the 
point. 


12. Acuminate. Any kind of leaf terminating more or less suddenly ina point 
turned towards one edge of the !eaf. 


13. Arrow-form. Shaped like an arrow-head; differing from cordate in hav- 
ing the hind-lobes more or less acute. 


14, Halbert-form. Wastate. Shaped like an halbert, as field-sorrel, creeping 
snapdragon. 


15. petar form. Oblong, broadish near the base, and contracted at the 
sides. 


16. Lobed. Deeply parted, and the divisions large, with rounded sides or 
ends, as the white oak. 


17, Palmate. Resembling a band with the fingers spread, as horse-chesnut. 
18. Pedate. Resembling a bird’s foot. 


19. Sinwate. Having the margin hollowed with deep sinuses or bays, as the 
white oak. 


20. pnoctifd- Divided transversely by deep incisions, not extending te the 
midrib, 


21. Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the largest division at the apex, and diminishing 
from thence to the base, as hedge-mustard. ; 


22. Runcinate. Pinnatifid, with the divisions pointing backwards, as dande- 
lion. 


Ences OF LEAVES. 
23. Serrate. Having sharp notches resembling saw-teeth along the margia, 


and pointing towards the apex, as those of cherry-trees, roses, &c. 


24, Toothed. Having projections from the margin of its own substance, which 
are neither serratures, nor crenatures, as those of blue-bottle. 


25. Crenate. Having uniform notches on the margin of the leaf, which incline 
towards the apex, or the base, or neither, as gill-overground. _ 


Enps oF LEAVEs. 


26. Emarginate. Notched at the termination of the midrib, 
27. Retuse. Emarginate with a shallow sinus, 


20 GRAMMAR OF 


28. Obtuse. Having the apex of the leaf more or less rounded, 
29. Acute. Terminating in an angle; thatis, not rounded. 


SurFACcES OF LEAVES. 


1. Hairy. Having distinct strait hairs. 

2. Downy. Covered with fine cotton-like down. 

3, Silky. Covered with soft close-pressed hairs. 

4, Bristly. Set with stiff hairs. 

5. Ciliate. Edged with parallel hairs or bristles, resembling eye-lashes. 


6. Nerded. Furnished with midrib-like fibres running from the base to the 
apex. 
7: Veined. Having tendinous fibres variously branched. 


Positions oF LEAVES, 


1. Decurrent. When the two edges of the leaf extend along the stem below 
the place of insertion. 


2. Ciasping. Sessile, with the base more or less heart-form, so as entirely or 
in part to surround the stem. 


3. Sheathing. With the leaf prolonged down the stem, so as to cover it, in the 
manner of the grasses. 


4. Perfoliate. Having the stem passing through the leaf. 
’ 5. Connate, Leaves opposite, with their bases united. 


6. Peltate. With the foot-stalk attached to the lower side of the leaf, so as to 
resemble a shield. 


7. Opposite. Standing at the same height with base against base. 

8. Whorled. Surrounding the stem in horizontal rings or rows. 

9. Imbricate. Lying over each other like shingles on a roof, so as to ** break 
joints.” 

10. Fascicled. Growing in bunches from the same point, as_leayes from 
white pine. 

1l. Radical. Proceeding immediately from the root. 


CompounD LEAVES. 


1. Ternate. Having three leafets proceeding from the end of one petiole. 


2, Biternate. Twice ternate ; when the petiole is ternate, and each division 
bears three leafets. 


3. Triternate. Three times ternate. 


4. eypecap With distinct leafets erranged-on opposite sides of the same pe- 
tiole. 


5. Bipinnate. Twice pinnate. 
6. Tripinnate. Thrice pinnate. 


7. Interruptedly-pinnate. Having smaller leafets dis d 
as potatoe. Aus: S ispersed among the larger, 


BOTANY. Qi 


APPENDAGES. 


1. Stipule. A leafet or scale at, or near, the base of a petiole. 


2. Bract. A leaf among or near the flowers, different from the other leaves of 
the plant... 


3. Thorn. Asharp process from the woody part of a plant. 
4. Prickle. A sharp process from the bark, as those on raspberry bushes, &c. 
5. Sting. Hair-like processes mostly from the leaves, as nettles, 


6. | ara A roundish, generally minute, appendage to different parts of 
plants. 


7. Tendril. The filiform appendage by which climbing plants support them- 
selves on other bodies, 


ar A@Geue 


NUMERALS. 


The Latin and Greek numerals are so frequently compounded with other 
words by botanical writers, thatan English student ought to commit them to 
memory, as here laid down. 


LATIN. NOs. GREEE. 

Unus = - 1 Monos single. 
Bis = - 2 Dis twice, 
Tres - - 3 Treis thrice. 
Quatuor - . - 4 Tettares 
Quinque - 5 Pente 

ex . . 6 Ex (pronounced hex) 
Septem ° - 7 Epta (pronounced hepta) 
Octo * ° 8 Okto 
Novem - . 9 Ennea 
Decem ° - 10 Deka 
Undecem - - 11 Endeka 
Duodecem - . 12 Dodeka 
Tredecem ~- - 13 Dekatreis 
Quatuordecim > 14 Dekatettares 
Quindecim - > 15 Dekapente 
Sexdecim - - 16 Dekaex 
Septendecim - - 17 Dekaepta 
Octodecim - : 18 Dekaokto 
Novendecim - - 19 Dekaennea 
Viginti - - 20 Eikosi 
Multus . > Many Poilus 


LINNEAN.CLASSIFICATION. 


" Plants are classified upon two distinct plans; the Artificial and Natural. 
The object of the Artificial system is merely to furnish a method for ascertain- 
ing the name ofa plant. The object ofthe Natural system is to bring together 
into small groups, plants which resemble each other in their botanical affinities, 
sensible qualities and medicinal properties. The Artificial system has been 
very aptly compared to the dictionary, and the Natural to the grammar of a 
language. 


a2 GRAMMAR OF 


ARTIFICIAL SysTEM. »& 


The art of searching out the name of a plant is denominated the analysis 
of the plant. It is, in truth, an elegant illustration of the Analytical method 
of logic ; as the construction of a genus, order and class, isof the Synthetical 
method. 

When we analyze a plant by the aid of the artificial system, our final pur- 
pose is to ascertain the specific name, by which it was called by the first bota< 
nist, who published a description of it. But in doing this, we trace it through 
several intermediate steps. Species are grouped together under generic names 
~—genera under orders—orders under classes. By this arrangement much la- 
bour is saved. Forexample, we see the common wild strawberry, for the first 
time; and are desirous to learn itsname. By comparing the proper organs (to 
be described hereafter) with the description of the classes, we find it belongs 
with the group of plants, which constitute a class, called Icosandria. This 
class is subdivided into orders, and we find our plant is to be referred to the 
order Polygynia. Here we find the name of several genera—such as the rose, 
the raspberry, the strawberry, the five-finger, the avens, &c. On comparing 
our plant with all the genera under this order, we find it will agree with none 
but the strawberry. 

On turning to the strawberry (under the botanical name fragaria) we find 
there are several kinds of strawberry. Each kind is called a species, as the 
English strawberry, haut-boy strawberry, pine-apple strawberry, wild straw- 
berry, &c. are different species. On carefully comparing our plant with the de- 
scriptions of all the species, we find it will agree with none but the wild straw- 
berry (virginiana.) Thus we arrive at the generic name strawberry, (fraga- 
ria) and specific name wi/d (virginiana. ) 

* The Linnean Artificial classes are founded upon the four following circum- 
siances of the stamens ; number, position, relative length, and connexion: The 
first ten classes are distinguished by the number of sta —the eleventh and 
twelfth by number and position—the thirteenth and fe th by number and 
relative length—the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth by connexion—the 
eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth by position. The last or twenty-first 
class, being a natural one, is not distinguished by any circumstance of the sta- 
mens. 


The first twelve classes are named by prefixing Greek numerals expressive 
of the number of stamens to ANDRIA ; which is a Greek derivative, used meta- 
phorically for stamens. 


1. Monanpria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with 
but one stamen in each. As the blite and samphire. It is a very small 
class. 


2. DranpRiA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with two sta- 
mens ineach, As hedge-hyssop and lilac. Part of this class of plants bears 
naked seeds, and forms a natural union with those of the first order of the four- 
teenth class ; as sage, rosemary, mountain mint. 


3. TRIANDRIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with three 
stamens in each. As the iris andoats. Most of the grass-like or culmiferous 
plants are included in this class. The rough coarse grasses, as rush and 
cotton-grass, which have closed sheaths or no sheaths to the leaves, have but 
one style to the pistil. But the finer prasses, as timothy grass and blue grass, 
which have open sheaths to the leaves, have two styles, 


4, TETRANDRIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with four 
stamens ineach. As plantain and dog-wood. This class is wholly artificial, 
consequently the plants included in it are easily found out. 


BCTANY. 23 


5, Pentanpria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with five 
Stamens in each. As comfrey, mullein, tobacco, potatoe, ginseng, parsnip, 
elder and flax. This is a very extensive class. It includes a natural assem- 
blage of rough-leaved plants, as the borage—of nauseous narcotics, as tobacco 
and henbane—of umbelliferous narcotics and stomachics, as poison hemlock, 
water-parsnip and fennel—also many’plants which greatly disagree in botani- 
cal affinities. The rough-leaved and umbelliferous plants of this class resem- 
ble each other so nearly, that students find much difficulty in distinguishing the 
genera. 


6. Hexanpria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with six 
stamens ineach, As the lily, tulip, dock and water plantain. 


7. HEPTANDBIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with sev- 
en stamens in each. As tae chick winter-green and horse-chesnut. This 
is a very small class, and the number of stamens variable in most flowers found 
in it. 


8; OcTanprIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with eight 
stamens in each. As the marsh cranberry, nasturtion and buckwheat. 


9. ExxEanpRia, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with nine 
stamens ineach, As the sassafras and rhubarb, it is a small class and the 
number of stamens very variable in all the flowers found in it. 


10. Decanprta, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with ten 
stamens ineach. As the whortleberry, pink, cockle and pokeweed. Some 
flowers in this class have but half the number of stamens required in part of the 
species of a genus. 


11. IcosanpRIA, ineludes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with more 
than ten stamens in each, growing on the calyx. As the peach, apple, thorn, 
strawberry and rose. Some flowers in this class have but half the number of 
stamens required ; as some species of thorn, &c. It is called Icosandria, be- 
cause the average nuinber of stamens is about twenty. 


12. PoLyanpri4, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with sta- 
mens More numerous generally than those of any other class growing on the 
receptacle; as the pond lily and common St. John’s wort. 1f the number of 
stamens exceeds ten, provided they are placed on the receptacle, the plant be- 
Jongs to this class. This is an extensive class, and the number of stamens js 
more variable in this than in all the other classes. When several flowers on the 
on the same plant have a variable number of stamens placed on the receptacle, 


we may generally presume that the plant belongs to this class, even if few are 

found with so many as ten stamens, z 
The thirteenth and fourteenth classes are named by prefixing the Greek ni- 

merals, expressive of the number of long stamens, to DYNAMIA; which is a 


Greek derivative, signifying power,—importing that the longest stamens are 
most powerful. 


13. NAMIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with four 
stamens in each, two of which are longest ; as savory, skullcap, snapdragon. 
This class embraces plants of two very natural assemblages. The first order 
contains plants with naked seeds ; none of which are poisonous. The second 
order contains plants with seeds in capsules, all of which are said to be poi- 
sonous. Most flowers of both orders have labiate corols. 


: 14, TETRADYNAMIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with 
six stamens in each, four of which are longest: as mustard, cabbage and rad- 


24 GBAMMAR OF 


ish. This class embraces a very natural family of plants, bearing crucifornt 
flowers. 


The fifteenth and sixteenth classes are named byprefixing Greek numerals, 
expressive of the number of parcels in whieh the stamens are united by their 
filaments, to theword ADELPHIA ; which isa Greek derivative, used to signify 
brotherhood. me ‘ 


15. MoNADELPHIA, includes those plants which bear flowers, whose sta- 
mens are united laterally by their filaments in one group or set; as the holly- 
hock and mallows. But if the flowers are papilionaceous, they belong to the 
next class, even if the stamens are so united; as the lupine. Some species of 
genera which belong to this class, have the stamens broad and membranous at 
the base, but not attached at all; as some species of geranium. They gene- 
rally recede from the base of the petals, by approaching the pistil, presenting 
a columnar form. 


16. DiaDELPHIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, whose 


stamens are united laterally by their filaments in two groups or sets; as the © 


pea, bean, and locust-tree. In most cases nine stamens are united in one set, 
and one stamen stands alone. In some flowers the stamens are all united in 
one set, which is the proper character of the preceding class; though if the 
corol is papilionaceous, it belongs here. But if the stamens are not united af 
all, the plant does not belong here, even if the corol is papilionaceous ; as the 
cassia and wild indigo belong to the tenth class. Genera of the tenth order in 
this class resemble each other so nearly that students find considerable diffi- 
culty in distinguishing them. 


The seventeenth class is named by prefixing syn, (a Greek derivative from 
sun) signifying together, to GENESIA, a Greek derivative, signifying produc- 
ed or growmg up. The name ts intended to signify that the unthers grow up 
together, or in an united state. ys ; 


17, SYNGENEs14, includes those plants which bear perfect, staminate, pistil- 
late, or neutral florets, in which those bearing anthers have them united late- 
rally, so as to form a hollow cylinder. To this definition should be added, 
that the plants of this class all bear compound flowers, as the sun-flower, this- 
tle, and dandelion, to exclude the lobelia, some species of violet, the jewel- 
weed, &c. which belong to the fifth class, though their anthers are united. 
This is a very extensive and perfectly natural class. 


The eighteenth class is named by prefixing an abbreviation of Gynia, a Greek 
derivative used metaphorically to signify the pistil, to ANDRIA ; as the stamen 
and pistil are united in this class. 


18. GYNANDRIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with the 
stamens standing on the pistil; as ladies’ slipper and orchis. To this defini- 
tion should be added, that the stamens are inserted at a distance from the 
place where the calyx and corol are inserted. For the stamens are inserted 
on the germ of the pistil in all plants of the class syncENxEsIA, &c. but they are 
inserted in connection with the corol. 


The nineteenth and twentieth classes are named by prefixing umerals 
expressive of the number of plants occupied by the stamens and pi in order 


to complete a species, to @cia, a Greek derivative from oikos, a house. The 


name is intended to signify, that the stamens and pisti!s inhabit the same or dif- 
ferent tenements. 


19. Monecia, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with the 


staminate and pisiillate flowers on the same plant; as the oak, chesnut, and 
Indian corn. 


BOTANY, 95 


20. Diezeta, includes those plants which bear imperfect flowers, with the 
Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants; as the hemp, hop, willow 
and poplar. . 

Most plants of these two last classes are united in one class by Pursh, called 
Drerinta. Plants of these two classes may be called diclinious plants, or the 
diclinious classes. 


The twenty-first class is named by prefixing cRYPTO, a Greek derivative, sig- 
nifying concealed, to GAMIA, a Greek derivative, used metaphorically for the 
‘strewing of pollen from the anthers upon the stigmas of pistils. It is intended 
to signify, that the operation of strewing the fertilizing pollen upon stigmas, 
so manifest in lilies, poplars, Indian corn, &c. is concealed in plants of this 
class ;. though i is probable that such operations are as regularly performed in 
cryptogamous as in phenogamous plants. 


21. CryproGamia, includes those plants whose stamens are not manifest, 
even under the Jens. They are known by habit, or natural affinities; as ferns, 
mosses, liver-worts, sea-weeds, lichens, and fungi. 

+ Remarks. To ascertain the number of stamens coniained in the flowers ot 
plants, in difficult cases the student must consider their relation to the divisions 
of the corol, or of the calyx if the corol is wanting. For if the stamens are all 
arranged around the pistil in one circular series, they agree in number with 
the divisions of the corol; or their number is such that they may be divided 
by the number of the divisions of the corol, or that these divisions may be di- ° 
-vided by the number of stamens without any remainder. If the stamens are 
arranged in more than one series, each series separaiely taken, is subject to 
the same rule, Thus all cruciform flowers have two series of stamens. The 
inner series consists of four stamens, which is equal to the number of petals. 
The outer series consists of two stamens, by which the number of petals may 
be divided without a remainder. : ’ 

In some cases the inner series seems to be governed by the pistil; particu- 
larly when the principal series is outermost. As inthe buckwheat. Here the 
main series is outermost, and consists of five stamens, agreeing with the divis- 
ions of the coloured calyx. The inner series consists of three stamens, agree- 
ing with the triangular form of the germ. One species of this genus (orientale) 
has a two-sided germ; and the inner series cousists of but two stamens. 

By a careful attention to such relations or analogies, we may fix upon the 
right number for determining the class, in cases where the real number of sta- 
mens is very variable, or where they are partly abortive, or too minute for the 


eye. 


, —p—. 


ARTIFICIAL ORDERS, 


Each classis subdivided into two or more orders. These subdivis- 
ions are founded upon the number of styies (or stigmas when styles 
are W )—the covering or nakedness of seeds—the relative lengths 
of po he comparison between disk and ray florets of compound 
flowers—and the characters of preceding classes. The orders of the 
class cryptogamia, are distinguished by natural family characters. 


The orders of the first twelve classes are distinguished by the number of 
styles : and named by prefixing Greek numerals, expressive of the num- 
ber of styles, to @yn1a, @ Greek derivative, used metaphorically for style 
or stigma. The styles are numbered at their origin onihe germ. Their 
subdivisions above the germ are not taken into view in determining the 


/ 


26 GRAMMAR OF 


number of the order. Sometimes the style is wanting, leaving the stigmé 
to sit down upon the germ ; in such cases the sligmas are numbered in 
determining the number of the order. : 


1. Moyocywia, includes those plants, in any of the first twelve clas- 
ses, which bear flowers with but one style, or one sessile stigma in 
each ; as the samphire in the first class, the lilac in the second, the 
iris in the third, the plantain in the fourth, the mullein in the fifth, the 
lily in the sixth, the horse-chesnut in the seventh, the scabish in the 
eighth, the sassafras in the ninth, the prince’s pine in the tenth, the 
cherry in the eleventh, and the poppy in the twelfth. 

2, Dicynta, includes those plants, in any of the first twelve classes, 
which bear flowers with two styles, or two sessile stigmas in each ; 
as timothy grass in the third class, and the pink in the tenth class. 

3, Tricynra, includes those plants in any of the first twelve classes, 
which bear flowers with three styles, or three sessile stigmas in each ; 
as the elder in the fifth class, and the buckwheat in the eighth class. 

4, Terracynia, includes those plants in any of the first twelve clas- 
ses, which bear flowers with four styles or four sessile stigmas; as the 
holly in the fourth class, and the lizard’s tail in the seventh class. 

5. Pentaeyni, includes those plants in any of the first twelve clas- 
ses which bear flowers with five sty!es or five sessile stigmas in each ; 
as spikenard in the fifth class, and cockle in the tenth class. 

6. HexacyniA, six styles or sessile stigmas. 

7. HepracGyyia, seven styles or sessile stigmas. 

8. OcTroeyniA, eight styles or sessile stigmas. 

9. EyneaGyni4, nine styles or sessile stigmas. 

10. Drecaeyy1a, includes those plants in any of the first twelve clas- 
ses which bear perfect flowers, with ten styles or ten sessile stigmas in 
each ; as the pokeweed in the tenth class. 

13. Poryeyn1a, includes those plants in any of the first twelve clas- 
ses which bear flowers with any number of styles or sessile stigmas 
above ten; as the rose in the twelfth, and the crow-foot in the thir- 
teenth. 


The orders of the thirteenth and fourteenth classes are but two in each. 
Those in the thirteenth are named by prefixing cyMno, a Greek deriva- 
tive signifying naked, or anGio, a Greek derivative, signifying bag or 
sack, to sprnmia, a derivative signifying seed. In the fourteenth, they 
are named by using a derivative from the Latin siLtiqua, a pod; and 
from the diminutive of the same, S1LICULA. 


1. Gymynosprermia, includes those plants in the thirteenth class, 
which bear seeds without any pericarp. They generally lie naked in 
the bottom of the calyx ; as of mother-wort and hyssop. 

2. AnciospeRMIA, includes those plants of the thirteentit class ; 
which Lear seed in a capsule ; as the fox-glove and snapdragon. 

1. Srtrcvzosa, ineludes those plants of the fourteenth class which 
bear silique pods, with the length and breadth nearly equal; as the 
shepherd’s purse. 

2. Sirrqvosa, includes those plants of the fourteenth class which 
bear silique pods, with the length considerably exceeding the breadth, 
always more than double; as the mustard. 


BOTANY. 27 


The orders of the fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, nineteenth and twen- 
tieth classes, are distinguished by the characlers of preceding classes, and 
assume the same names. Therefore when a plant is found in either of 
these five classes, we inquire which nearest preceding class it would fall 
into, if its particular classic character were wanling. The answer io this 
inguiry gives the order. 


1. Monanpria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with but one stamen in each ; as orchis in the eighteenth class, 
and sea eel-grass in the nineteenth. 

2. Dianpria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
or 20th class, ineludes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with two stamens in each ; as ladies’ slipper in class 18, duck- 
meat in class 19, and willow in class 20. 

8. Trianpria, when used foran order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with three stamens in each ; as blue-eyed grass in class 15, In- 
dian corn in class 19, and the fig in class 20, 

4, TeTRANDRIA, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with four stamens in each; asthe nettle in the 19th class and 
bayberry in the 20th class. 

5. Pentanpria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with five stamens in each; as the passion flower in the léth 
class, the hog-weed in the 19th, and the hemp in the 20th. 

6. Hexanpria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with six stamens in each; as water oats in the 19th class, and 
the green-briar in the 20th. 

7. Herranpria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with seven stamens in-each ; as the stork-geranium in class 15. 

8. OcranpDRi4, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 18th, 
or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with eight stamens in each ; as the seneca snake-root in class 
16, and poplar in class 20. 

10. Decanpria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
flowers with ten stamens in each ; as the geranium in class 15, aud the 
pea in class 16. 

13. Potyanprra, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 
19th, or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which 
bear flowers with more than 10 stamens in each; as the hollyhock in 
class 15, the butternut in class 19, and the moon-seed in class 20. 

16. Monapevexia, whenused for an order in the 19th or 20th class, 
(it is never used in 15th, 16th, or 18th,) includes those plantsin either 
of said classes which bear flowers with the stamens united by their 
filaments in one set; as the cucumber in class 19, and the red cedar 
in class 20. 


The four first orders of class 17, are distinguished by comparing the 
disk and ray florets. The first, second and third orders have perfect flo- 


28 GRAMMAR OF 


rets in the disk; the fourth has staminate florets only in the disk. Phe 
first has perfect floreis in the ray, the second and fourth have pistillate, 
and the third has neuiral. The fifth order has partial perianth calyzes to 
all the florets ; whereas none of the other ordersthave any but the general 
calyx—the egret, when present being a substitute for the perianth. The 
orders of this class are named by joining the word POLYGAMIA, to an ap- 
propriate adjective. Polygamiais a Greek derivative used metaphorical- 
ly to signify numerous organs for carrying on the process of strewing the 
fertilizing pollen upon stigmas. The adjective RQuaLis is used to signify, 
that the organs for furnishing pollen are equalized, or duly proportioned 
to the stigmas to be fertilized ; supERFLwA, that the pistillaie florets in the 
margin or ray are superfluous, each fertile floret of the disk having sta- 
mens and pistilsin due proportion ; FRUSTRANEA, that the ray florets are 
empty or vain, having no stamens or pistils ; NECESSaRtIA, that the ray 
florets are necessary to the production of seed, the disk florets being all sta- 
minate ; SEGREGATA, that the florets are disjointed, or separated from 
each other by partial calyzes. 


1. PoLyeamia #£QvUALIs, includes those plants of the 17th class 
which bear flowers with perfect florets in ‘both the disk and ray; as 
the dandelion, thistle, and burdock. 

2. PotyesaMia SUPERFLUA, includes those plants of the 17th class, 
which bear flowers with perfect florets in the disk, and pistillate florets 
ip the ray ; as ox-eyed daisy and yarrow. 

3. PoLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA, includes those plants of the 17th class, 
which bear flowers with perfect florets in the disk, and neutral florets 
in the rag; as the sun-flower and blue-bottle. 

4, PoLycamia NECESSARIA, includes those plants of the 17th class, 
which bear flowers with staminate florets in the disk, and pistillate 
florets in the ray; as the pot-marygold and high-water shrub. 

5. PoLyGamia SEGREGATA, includes those plants of the 17th class, 
which bear flowers with a perianth to each floret; as the globe-this- 
tle, and elephant’s foot. ? 


The orders of the twenty-first class are distinguished by natural family 
characters: this class embraces siz natural families. 


1. Fitices, includes all the ferns. These plants bear fruit on the 
back of the leaves, or some part of the leaves seem as it were meta- 
morphosed into a kind of fruit-bearing spike; as the brake and maid- 
en-hair. A sub order, which may be denominated 4pteres or Pteroz- 
des, includes those which bear fruit in a peculiar appendage, as a spike 
or protuberance in the axils or at the base of the leaves; as ground 
pine, scouring-rush, and quill-wort. ‘ 

2. Musci, includes the proper mosses. These plants bear, on leafy 
stems and branches, one-celled capsules opening at the top, where, 
they are crowned by a peculiar lid. The capsules do not open by 
valves, and are generally elevated on stems or stipes: as hair-cap 
moss. 

3. Hepatica, includes those more succulent moss-like plants, which 
are called liver-worts. They bear four-valved capsules, which distin- 
guishes them from mosses; as brook liver-wort, and platted moss. 

4, ALG#, includes thc sea-weeds and frog-spittle. These plants bear 
vesiculous or filamentous fruit, mostly in gelatinous fronds. The fruit 


‘ 


BOTANY. 29 


frequently requires a high magnifying power to render it visible; as 
common sea-weed and river green-hair. 

6. Licuenes, includes the proper lichens. These plants appear in 
somewhat circular patches on stones, trees, and old fences; also in 
fibres suspended from branches, &c. They are generally pale-green, 
yellow, white, or black ; but they are found of all colours. They bear 
exceedingly minute fruit in receptacles on compact or gelatinous 
fronds. These receptacles are divided into twelve kinds, translated 
by Dr. J. E. Smith into clefts, spangles, puffs, buttons, tubercles, hol- 
lows, cellules, globules, shields, targets, orbs,and knobs. All of these 
terms are separately defined in the Dictionary. . 

6. Funct, includes such plants as the mushroom, touchwood, mould, 
blight, &c. They are destitute of herbage, consisting of a spongy, pul- 
py; leathery, or woody substance ; and bear fruit in a naked dilated 
membrane, or within the substance of the plant. 


Remark. Fora more fuli account of these six last orders, the reader 
is referred to the Natural Orders of Jussieu. : 


NV. B. When a star (*) is placed before generic names at the end of 
an order, it is to be understood, that though some species of these gen- 
era fall here by the rules of the artificial system, yet that as no natural 
genus must be divided, these stragglers must be referred back to their 
natural genera for descriptions. They may thus be referred back by 
aid of the alphabetical arrangement of generic names, where the spe- 
cies are described. 


Note 2. When exercising pupils in the artificial classes, the Instructor 
should direct them to begin by comparing the stamens of the plant un- 
der examination, with the characters of the highest numbered class, 
and to proceed downwards towards the first class. Because the char- 
acters of the lower classes are sometimes included in the higher. Thus, 
in analyzing the lily, the student should proceed as follows : 


: 1. It is not cryptogamous, because the stamens and _pistils are mani- 
iest. 

2. It is not diclinious, because the stamens and pistils are in the 
same flower. 

8. It is not gynandrous, because the stamens do not stand on any 
part of the pistil. 

4. It is not syngenccious, for the flower is not compound. 

5. It is not adelphous, for the filaments are not united. 

6. It is not dynamous, for two stamens are not uniformly the short- 
est. 

7. It is not hyperdecandrous, for the number of stamens does notex- 
ceed ten. 

8. It is not decandrous, for the number of stamens is not ten. 

“9. It is hypodecandrous, for the number of stamens is under ten. 


Having traced it to the proper group of classes, the exact number of 
stamens settle it in the class hexandria. 


3% 


30 GRAMMAR OF 


SYNOPSIS OF ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 


1. Monandria, one stamen in the flower. 
2. Diandria, 2 stamens. 
3. Triandria, 3 stamens. 
4. Tetrandria, 4 stamens. 
5. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 
| 6. Hexandrta, 6 stamens. 
7. Heptandria, 7 stamens. 
F Octandria, 8 stamens. 


No.of 


stamens, 


9. Enneandria, 9 stamens. 
10. Deeandria, 10 stamens. 


No. and. 
pPosttton. 


No. and ; 13. Didynamia, 4 stamens, 2 of them uniformly the longest. 
14. Tetradynamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them uniformly the longest. 


sength, 


Connex: 


30n, times in one set, with papilionaceous corols. 


17. Syngeneata, stamens 5, united by their anthers in one set, flow- 


| thers generally seperate. 
( 


ers compound. 


18. Gynandria, stamens stand on the germ, style or stigma, sepa- 


rate from the base of the calyx and corol. 


Posttion.4 19. Moneecta, stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same 


plant. 
| 20. Dioecia, stamens and pistils on separate plants. 


? 
Natural. ; classed by natural families. 


Remarks, Culmiferous plants, of the 3d, 6th and 19th classes, must be in 
fruit, almost mature, when analyzed. Also, all plants in classes 11,13, 14 and. 
16; and the umbelliferous, in the 5th. The classes, orders, and most of the 
generic characters in these classes, may be ascertained after the fruit is suffi- 


ciently mature for analyzing. 


11. Icosandria, more than 10 stamens, standing on the calyx: 
12. Polyandria, more than 10 stamens, on the receptacle. 


(15. DMoradelphia, stamens united by their filameats in one eet, an- 


16. Diadelphia, stamens united by their filaments in two sets, some- 


21. Cryptogamta, stamens not manifest, such plants can oaly be 


BOTANY. 31 


SYNOPSIS OF ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 


Class 1.) 
3. | Orders of these twelve classes are distinguished by the number of 
4, styles or sessile stigmas. 
4 Monogynia, Istyle. Digynia, 2. 
*” ¢ Trigynia, 3. Tetragynia, 4. 
“ Pentagynia, 5. Hexagynia, 6. 


10. | Heptagynia, 7. Octogynia, 8. 
11. | Decagynia, 10. Polyginia, over 10. 
2. J 


13.) 1, Gymnospermia, seeds naked. 2, Angiospermia, seeds covered. 
a4 1, Siliculosa, pod short. 2, Siliquosa, pod long. 


15.2 Preceding classes, as 1, Monandria. 2,Diandria. 3, Triandria. 
16, 4, Tetrandria. 


17. 1, Polygamia aequalis, florets all perfect. 2, Pol. superfiua, florets 
“of the disk perfect, of the ray pistillate. 3, Pol. frustranea, florets of 
the disk perfect, of the ray neutral. 4, Pol. neceasaria, florets of 
the disk staminate, of the ray pistillate. 5, Pol. segregata, florets 
furnished with partial calyxes. 


18.) Preceding classes, as 5, Pentandria. 6, Hexandria. 7, Heptan- 
19. dria. 8, Octandria. 10, Decandria. 13, Polyandria. 15. Mo- 
20.) nadelphia. 


21, 1, Filices (ferns, brakes, polypods.) 2, Musci (common mosses.) 
3, wepatice (liverworts and succulent mosses.) 4, Algae (frog- 
spittle, water greenhair, sea-weeds.} 5, Lichenes (lichens, dry 
mossez, patches and specks on trees, rocks, stones, &c.) 6, Fungi 
(mushrooms, puff-balls, mould, wheat-rust, &c.) 


Remarks. When a plant cannot be made to fall under the order or section 
which its characters seem to indicate, it should be tried through the whole class 
or whole order, as though no subdivisions were made. 


32 GRAMMAR OF 


NATURAL ORDERS. 


Plants of the same Natural Order agree in habit, and mostly in me- 
dicinal properties. When they differ in these properties, the differ- 
ence is indicated by the odour. 

The Natural Orders of Linneus are retained on account of the books 
in use which refertothem. Jussieu has improved upon Linneus great- 
ly. Medical students ought to arrange their plants according to Jus- 
sieu in the herbarium. 

Students should be told, that many plants may possess the qualities 
of the orders to which they belong, though in a very feeble and scarce- 
ly perceptible degree. 


NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 


1, Parmz. Palms and their relatives ; as Cocoanut, Frog’s bit 
Farinaceous diet. 

2. Pireritz. Pepper and its relatives. In crowded spikes ; as 
Indian turnip, Sweet-flag. Tonics and stomachics. 

3. Caramarniz. Reed-like grasses, with culms without joints ; as 
Cat-tail, Sedge. Course cattle fodder. 

4. Gramina. The proper grasses with jointed culms; as Wheat, 
Rye, Oats, Timothy-grass, Indian corn. Farinaceous diet, and cattle 

odder. 
é 5. TRIPETALOIDEZ. Corol three-petalled, or calyx three-leaved ; 
as Water plantain, Rush-grass, Arrow-head. Tonics and rough catile 
odder. 
f 6. Exsatrz. Liliaceous plants with sword-form leaves ; as Iris, Blue- 
eyed grass, Virginian spider-wort. Antiscorbutics and tonies. 

7. OncHIDEz. With fleshy roots, stamens on the pistils, pollen 
glutinous, flowers of singular structure, with the germ inferior ; as La- 
dies’ slipper, Arethusa. Farinaceous diet, and stomachics. 

8. SciTamINEx. Liliaceous corols, stems herbaceous, leaves broad, 
germ blunt-angular; as Ginger, Turmeric. Warming stomachics. 

9. SpaTHAcEs. Liliaceous plants with spathes ; as Daffodil, Onion, 
Snow-drop. Secernant stimulants.* 

10. Cornonariz. Liliaceous plants without spathes; as Lily, Tulip, 
Star-grass. The nauseous scented and bitter are antiscorbutic and 
cathartic ; the others emolient. 

11. SanmenTacez#. Liliaceous corols with very weak stems; as 
Smilax, Asparagus, Bell-wort. Tonics and secernant stimulants. 

12. OreRacesz, or Hoteracez. Having flowers destitute of beau- 
ty, at least of gay colouring ; as Beet, Blight, Pig-weed, Dock, Pepper- 
age. If nauseous, cathartic ; others, mild stimulants and nutrien- 
ties.t 

13. Succutextz. Plants with very thick succulent leaves ; as 
Prickly-pear, Houseleek, Purselain. Antiscorbutic and emolient. 

14. GrurnaLes. Corols with five petals, capsules beaked ; as Flax, 
Wood-sorrel, Crane bill. Tonics bie refrigerants, 

* Which promote the secretion of perspirable matter, &c. &c. 

+ Nutrientics ef Darwin, which serve as nutriment merely, without produc- 
pg any extraordinary effects. 


BOTANY. 33 


15. Inuxnpat#. Growing under water, and having flowers destitute 
of beanty ; as Hippuris, Pond-weed. Astringents. 

16. Catycirtor#. Plants without corols, with the stamens on the 
calyx ; as Poet’s cassia, Seed buckthorn. Astringenis and refriger- 
ants. 

17. CatycantHem#. Calyx on the germ, or growing to it, flowers 
beautiful ; as Willow-herb, Ludwigia, GEnothera. Tonics, 

18. Bicornes. Anthers with two strait horns; as Whortleberry, 
Spicy and Bitter Wintergreen, Laurel. Astringents. 

19. HespeRIDEs. Sweet-scented, leaves evergreen ; as Myrtle, 
Cloves, Mock orange. Astringent and stomachic. 

20. Rorace#. Corols wheel-form ; as St. John’s wort. Tonics. 

2). Preciz. Plants with early spring flowers of an elegant specious 
appearance ; as Primrose. Astringents. 

22. CaryoPpHYLLE#. Plants with caryophyllous corols; as Pink, 
Cockle. Astringenis and secernant stimulants. 

23. Trinitat#. Flowers with three stigmas, capsules inflated and 
winged, and generally three-seeded, with distinct hilums ; as Nastur- 
tion, Horse-chesnut. Tonics and nutrientics. 

24. Coripaves. Corols spurred or anomalous ; as Fumitory, Touch- 
me-not. Narcotic and antiscorbutic. - 

25. Puraminez. Plants which bear shell-fruit ; as Caper-bush. 
Detergent and antiscorbutic. 

26. Muttisirieu#. Having several pod-form capsules to each 
flower ; as Columbine, Larkspur, Rue, American cowslip. Cathartic, 
narcotic and caustic. : 

27. Ru@ape#. Plants with caducous calyxes, and capsules or sili- 
ques ; as Poppy, Blood-root, Celandine. Anodyne and antiscorbutic. 

28. Luripz. Corols lurid, mostly monopetalous ; flowers pentan- 
drous or didynamous, with capsules; as Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Night- 
shade, Foxglove. WVarcotic and antiscorbutic. 

29. CampanacE#. Having bell-form corols, or those whose general 
aspect is somewhat bell-form ; as Morning-glory, Bell-flower, Violet, 
Cardinal-flower. Cathariics and secernant stimulants. 

30. Conrortz. Corols twisted or contorted ; as Milk-weed, Peri- 
winkle, Choke-dog. Cathartics and antiscorbutics. 

31. VepRecuL#. Having monophyllous calyxes, coloured like co-< 
rols; as Leather-wood, Thesium. Antiscorbuiic and emetic. 

32. PapiLionace®. Having papilionaceous flowers ; as Peas, Beans, 
Locust-tree, Clover. Emolient, diuretic, nutrientic. 

33. LomenracE#. Having legumes or loments, but not perfect 
papilionaceous flowers with united filaments ; as Cassia, Sensitive 
plant. Emolient, astringent, cathartic. 

34, Cucurpitaces. Fruit pumpkin-like, anthers mostly united; 
as Melons, Cucumbers, Passion-flower. Cathartic and refrigerant. 

36. Senticos®. Prickly or hairy, with polypetalous corols, and 
a number of seeds either naked or slightly covered ; as Rose, Raspber- 
ry, Strawberry. Aslringent and refrigerant. 

36. Pomacr®. Having many stamens on the calyx, and drupace- 
ous or pomaceous fruit ; as Pear, Currant, Cherry, Peach. Refrigerants. 

37. CoLUMNIFER®. Stamens united in the form of a column ; as 
Hollyhock, Mallows, Cotton. Emolient. 

38. Tricocc#. Having three-celled capsules ; as Castor-oil plant, 
Spurge, Box. Catharlic. ; 


84 GRAMMAB OF 


39. Siniquosz. Having silique pods ; as Cabbage, Mustard, Shep- 
herd’s purse. Diuretic, antiscorbutic, nutrientic. 

40. Personatz. Having personate corols; as Snapdragon, Mon- 
key-flower. Deobstruents and cathariics. 

41, Asperirotiz. Corols monopetalous, with five stamens, seeds 
five, naked, leaves rough ; as Comfrey, Stone-seed, (lithospermum.) 
Astringents and deobstruents. 

42. VerticitzaTa. Having labiate flowers; as Sage, Thyme, Cat- 
mint, Mother-wort. Stomachics and astringents. 

43. Dumosz. Bushy pithy plants with small flowers, petals in four 
or five divisions ; as Sumach, Elder, Holly. Tonite and cathartic. 

44. Serianiz. Having mostly tubular divided corols, with few sta- 
mens—being ornamental shrubs; as Lilae, Jasmine. Astringents. 

45, UMBeLLatz. Flowersin umbels, with five-petalled corols, sta- 
mens five, styles two, and two naked seeds ; as Fennel, Dill, Carrot, 
Poison hemlock. Stomachic and narcotic. 

46. Heprrace#. Corols five-cleft, stamens five to ten, fruit berry- 
like on a compound raceme ; as Grape, Ginseng, Spikenard. Tonics 
and refrigerants. . 

47. SretLtatT#. Corols four cleft, stamens four, seeds two, naked, 
Jeaves mostly whorled ; as Bed-straw, Dog-wood, Venus’ pride. To- 
nics and deodstruents. 

48. AccrecaTts. Having aggregate flowers; as Button-bush, Marsh 
rosemary. Tonics and secernant stimulants. 

49. Compositz. All the compound flowers ; as Sun-flower, Bone- 
set, Tansey, Thistle. Tonics and secernant stimulants. 

50. AmenTace#. Bearing pendant aments ; as Hazle, Oak, Ches- 
nut, Willow. Astringen!s. 

51. Conrierz&. Bearing strobiles ; as Pine, Juniper, Cedar. Tonics 
and stomachics. j 

52. Coapunata#. Several berry-like pericarps, which are adnate ; as 
Tulip-tree, Magnolia. Tonics. 

53. Scarrip#. Leaves rough, flowers destitute of beauty ; as Net- 
tle, Hemp, Hop, Elm. Astringents. 

54. Miscertanez. Plants not arranged by any particular charac- 
ter ; as Pond-lily, Poke-weed, Amaranth, Their qualities are various ; 
but see Jussieu’s orders. 

55. Fitices. All ferns ; as Brakes, Maiden-hair. Secernant stimu- 
ants. 

56. Muscr. All mosses ; as Polytrichum. Cathartics and secer- 
nant stimulants. 

57. Atez. All liverworts, lichens, and sea-weeds ; as Jungerman- 
nia, Fucus, Usnea. Tonics. 

58. Funer. All funguses ; as Mushroom, Toad-stool, Puff-ball, 
Touch-wood, Mould. Tonics and cathartics, 


HOTANY. | $5 


NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 


The Natural system of Jussieu is founded upon characters greatly re- 
sembling, in principle, those which Linneus considers as artificial. 
But notwithstanding this artificial appearance, the application of these 
characters forms the basis of a system, which is truly natural. 

Plants are distributed into three grand divisions by their seeds, 
Those plants whose seeds consist chiefly of two fleshy parts, called 
Cotyledons, as the pea, bean, &c. constitute the largest subdivision ; 
called the Dicotyledonous division. Those, whose seeds consist chief- 
ly of a single cotyledon, as wheat, barley, Indian corn, &c. constitute 
a smaller subdivision, called the Monocotyledonous division. Those, 
whose seeds contain no fleshy mass; having nothing analogous to the 
cotyledon, excepting a thin membrane in some Cases, as the mosses, 
lichens, fungy, &c. constitute the smallest subdivision, called the .4co- 
tyledonous division. 

These grand divisions are subdivided into orders, by a general enu- 
meration of natural characters. The Acotyledonous division is directly 
distributed into six natural orders. But the other two divisions are 
first distributed into classes, and these classes into ninety-four natural 
orders, making in the whole one hundred orders. 

The two cotyledonous divisions are distributed into classes by the 
relative position of the germ and the organs of the flower nearest to it. 
The three positions of these organs are, on the top of the germ, around 
the germ, and below the germ. The Monocoiyledonous division is di- 
vided into three classes. One Class has the stamens on the top of the 
germ, another has them around the germ, and the third has them be- 
jow the germ. The Dicotyledonous division has nine classes construct- 
ed upon the same general! plan. The first three classes contain plants 
without corols, the second three classes contain plants with monopeta- 
lous corols, the third three classes contain plants with potypetalous 
corols, This grand division contains eleven classes however. One of 
these extra numbers is constituted by subdividing one of the nine clas- 
ses, by the union and separation of anthers. And the other extra num- 
ber, (the eleventh class) is chiefly founded on the diclinious character 
of the plants embraced init. It is, however, the most defective class, 


First Division. 
ACOTYLEDONS, 

OR, PLANTS WITH GONGYLOUS SEEDS. 
Order I. Fungi. 


Plants of this order are never strictly aquatic, though some of them 
grow in water and in both damp and dry places indifferently. They 
never exhibit the verdure of green herbage: but are generally corky, 
fleshy, or mould-like. They vary much in form and colour: being 
spherical, hemispheric, columnar, clavate, filamentous, lamellar, cap- 
sular, pulverulent; white, yellow, red, black, greenish, &c. The fruit 
of some is external, of others internal, of others its place can hardly 
be demonstrated. No plant of this order gives off oxygen gas by the 
action of light. 


36 GRAMMAE o¥ 


Generic names. Sphaeria, Stilbospora, Hysterium, Xyloma, Nae 
maspora, Tubercularia, Sclerotium, ‘Tuber, Geastrum, Bovista, Tulo- 
stoma, Lycoperdon, Scleroderma, Lycogala,*Fuligo, Physarum, Tri- 
chia, Arcyria, Stemonitis, Tubulina, Mucor, Onygena, Aecidium, Ure- 
do, Puccinia, Trichoderma, Conoplea, Cyathus, Phallus, Armanita, 
Agaricus, Merulius, Dedalius, Boletus, Sistotrema, Hydnum, Thele- 

hora, Merisma, Clavaria, Geoglossum, Spathularia, Leotia, Helvella, 
Morchella, Tremella, Peziza, Aegerita, Isaria, Monila, Dematium, 
Erineum, Racodium; Himantia, Mesenterica. 

Properties. Tonics if dry or corky, catharttcs and narcotics if juicy. 

An alkaline juice exudes from some. iy 


Order II, Algae. 


First division. The proper algae are mostly aquatics. They are 
filamentous or membranous, and nearly similar in all their parts. 
They absorb circulating fluids through their immersed parts only, 
which are not transfused through other parts. They are generally 
green or reddish, and give off oxygen gas trom the parts under water 
which are exposed to the sun. 

Generic names. Fucus, Chordaria, Laminaria, Delesseria, Sphaer- 
ococcus, Halymenia, Ulva, Vaucheria, Hutchinsia, Caramium, Lema- 
nia, Conferva, Zygenema, Oscillatoria, Batrachospermum, Rivularia, 
Nostoc. 

Second division. The proper lichens are various in texture, form 
and colour. They are leathery, woody, lamellated, leaf-like, filamen- 
tous, white, yellow, greenish, black, &c. Often they appear like green 
herbage, especially if wet. Some appear like leprous spots on stones 
and trees, speckled with black, white, or yellow dots. Others in 
greenish or bluish patches on old fences and walls ; and others in 
strong light green filaments, suspended from branches of trees, which 
are falsely called mosses. 

They absorb circulating fluids, which are transfused through every 
part of their substance. Their fructification is in the form of clefts, 
spangles, puffs, buttons, tubercles, hollows, cellules, globules, shields, 
targets, orbs, or knobs. ; 

Generic names. Spiloma, Arthonia, Gyalecta, Lecidea, Calicium, 
Gyrophora, Opegrapha, Graphis, Verrucaria, Endocarpon, Porina, 
Pyrenula, Variolaria, Urceolaria, Lecanora, Parmelia, Borrera, Cetra- 
ria, Sticta, Peltidea, Nephroma, Evernia, Cenomyce, Baeomyces, 
Isidium, Stereocaulon, Rhizomorpha, Alectoria, Ramalina, Collema, 
Cornicularia, Usnea, Lepraria. 

Properties. Tonics—some contain useful colouring matter, and some 
are nutritive. 


Order III, Hepaiticae. 


Plants of this order have green or greenish fronds ; some resembling 
the fronds of lichens, others those of mosses, but more succulent and 
cellular. They are always monoecious or dioecious. The barren or 
staminate flowers contain globules, aggregated together in a kind of 
calyx, filled with a liquid analagous to pollen. The fertile or pistillate 
flowers have germs or capsules, éither naked or surrounded with pe- 
richeths, Which are mostly peduncled. The seeds generally adhere to 


BOTANY, $7 


spirally twisted fibres, The capsules are always 4-celled and destitute 

of lids ; which characters distinguish this order from. the next. 
Generic names. Riccia, Antboceros, Marchantia, Jungermannia. 
Properties. Tonics and refrigerants. 


Order IV. Musci. 


Plants of this order are monoecious, dioecious or perfect. The 
flowers are lateral or terminal, mostly elevated on peduncles. In 
early flowers Sprengel says, that by the help of a magnifying glass, 
‘organs may be distinctly seen, which consist partly in oblong bud- 
“Jike gemmae, supposed formerly to be anthers; and partly in an 
“ agoregation of pistils, intermixed with succulent filaments.”’ 

Their capsules are always 1-celled, and open at top by opercult, or 
lids. Over the lids, calyptres are generally placed. Under the lids 
and surrounding the mouths may be seen a kind of filamentous or 
denticulate fringe or edging, called teeth. 

The seeds are very numerous, resembling fine dust adhering to the 
inner surfaces of the capsules. The herbage is green and perennial ; 
the leaves are minute and generally imbricated. Mosses flourish most 
in damp shady situations; and mostly flower early in the spring or late 
ip autumn. 

_ Generic names. Sphagnum, Phascum, Gymnostomum, Schistidium, 
Anoectangium, Tetraphis, Grimmia, Weissia, Trematodon, Dicranum, 
Campylopus, Racomitrum, Trichostomum, Barbula, Syntrichia, Didy- 
modon, Splachnum, Ornithotrichum, Ulota, Bartramia, Bryum, Ar- 
rhenopterum, Mnium, Timmia, !Diplocomium, Meesia, Diphyscium, 
Buxbaumia, Funaria, Pterigynandrum, Lasia, Leucodon, Neckera, 
Cryphaea, Pilotrichum, Climacium, Leskia, Pterigopbyllum, Hypnum , 
Fontinalis, Fissidens, Polytrichum, Catharinaea. 

Properties. Mostly secernant stimulants ; some few are cathartte. 


Order V. Filices.* 


Plants of this order are herbaceous and take root in the earth; but 
bear numerous minute dust-like seeds, like other cryptogamous plants. 

First division. The plerous ferns bear spherical or reniform 1-celled 
capsules on the back of winged fronds or on what appears like leaves 
metamorphosed into fruit-bearing spikes. The leaves are sub-radical, 
with alternate leafets, or alternate divisions or indentations. They 
are mostly coiled, or more or less rolled in at their tips, when they 
first spring from the earth. 

Generic names. Acrostichum, Dolypodium, Onoclea, Blechnum, 
Pteris, Asplenium, Scolopendrium, Woodwardia, Adiantum, Aspidi- 
um, Athyrium, Dicksonia, Woodsia, Cheilanthes, Schizaea, Osmunda, 
Lycopodium, Botrychium, Ophioglossum. ; 

Second division. The .dpteres bears fruit on spikes, in the axils of 
leaves, or in the substance of the frond, having no proper winged 
frond. They are either very leafy or totally leafless. Neither the 
yeaves nor any other parts of apterous ferns are ever oiled. 


-* De Lamarck and De Candolle place this order, and the next, among the 
Monocotyledons. 
4 


$8 onisvocar oF 


Generic names. Lycopodium, Equisetum, Isoetes. 
Properties. Secernant stimulants. 


Order VI. Naiades.* 


Plants of this order are tender aquatics, with a few axillary flowers 
containing few minute stamens. i 

Generic names. Caulinia, Chara, Najas, Saurarus, Podostemum, 
Lemna. 


Properties. Astringent. 


Seconp Drvision. 
MONOCOTYLEDONS, 
OR, PLANTS WITH 1-LOBED SEEDS. 
CLASS FIRST. Stamens below the pistil. 
Order VIE. Aroideae. 


Plants of this order all bear monoecious flowers, which are sessile 
on aspadix, and destitute of perianth calyxes. Stamens and pistils 
are intermixed and stand on the spadix. Fruita roundish berry. They 
are almost stemless, with sub-radical leaves ; and support the flowers 
on scape or scape-like staiks. 

Generic names. Ictodes, Calla, Zostera, Arum, Orontium. 

Propertics. Warming stomachics ; tf nauseous, antispasmodics. 


Order VIIE. Typhae. 


Piants of this order bear monoecious flowers with 3-leaved peri- 
anths. Stamens 3 andstyles one. Fruit l-seeded, seed fleshy or fari- 
maceous. They are always aquatics, stems jointless, and leaves some- 
what sheathing. 

Generic names. Typha, Sparganium. 

Properties. Weak tonics. 


Order EX. Cyperoideae. 


Flowers glumaceous, in spikes or spikelets, glumes I-valved. The 
fiowers have no proper perianth calyxes; stamens 3, style 1, with two 
or three stigmas ; seeds single, farinaceous, without pericarp. Plants 
grassy, perennial, of a coarse texture; culm triangular or cylindric ; 
leaves with closed sheaths or destitute of sheaths. 

Generic names. Kyllingia, Schoenus, Rhynchospora, Cyperus, Ma- 
riscus, Dulichium, Scripus, Eriophorum, Tricophorum, Fuirena, Lim- 
netis, Carex, Seleria. 

Properiies. Tonics. Used for coarse catlle fodder. 


Order X. Gramineae. 


Flowers glumaceous, generally in spikes or spikelets, but sometimes 
solitary. Outer glumes generally 2-valved, which serve as calyxes to 


@ De:Lamarck anid De Candollé sey that this order is artificial ind omgt to- 
be abolished. 7 


BOTANY. 39 
p>: . 


spikelets, or to single flowers when solitary. Stamens 3; stigmas 2, 
plumose or capillary. Seeds single, farinaceous, without pericarps. 
Culms cylindric, jointed; leaves alternate, with sheaths always cleft 
yr their whole extent, on the side opposite to the direction of 
the leaf. 

Generic names, Cinna, Anthoxanthum, Cenchrus, Oryzopsis, Pani- 
cum, Digitaria, Cynodon, Paspalum, Aristida, Stipa, Alopecurus, Pha- 
laris, Crypsis, Hordeum, Milium, Agrostis, Saccharum, Mublenbergia, 
Leersia, Trichodium, Phleum, Aira, Uralepsis, Elymus, Melica, Eleu- 
sine, Secale, Triticum, Lolium, Aiheropogon, Uniola, Briza, Sorghum, 
Dactylis, Poa, Windsoria, Festuca, Bromus, Avena, Danthonia, Arun- 
do, Andropogon, Holcus, Oryza, Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, Zizania, Hi- 
erochloa. 

Properties. Feeble tonics. The herbage furnishes the best of cattle 
fodder ; and the largest seeds are used for farinaceous diet. 


CLASS SECOND. Stamens surrounding the pistil, and standing on 
the calyx or corol. Sometimes they are merely attached at the 
base, 


‘. Order XI. Palmae. 


We have no plents of this order in the Northern States. The cocoa- 
nut, palm, and several other tropical plants belong to this order. 
Properiies. Weak tonics, and yield farinaceous diet. 


Order XII. Asparagi. 


Flowers with petaloid perianths, generally 6-parted or 6-cleft. Sta- 
mens adhering to the same base with the corolorcalyx. Berry 3or4 
celled, 1 to 3-seeded. Leaves often alternate, rarely whorled, never 
sheathing. 

Generic names. Asparagus, Convallaria, Dracaena, Gyromia, Smi- 
jax, Trillium. 

Properties. Mild tonics and secernant stimulants. 


Order XTITT. Junci. 


Piants of this order generally bear flowers with small spathes, or 
spathe-like bracts, and free 6-parted perianths. 

First division. The proper Junci resemble the Cyperoideae in hab- 
it; having sheathing leaves and glumaceous spathes or bracts. The 
flowers are in panicles or corymbs ; stamens 3 or 6, and each flower 
has but a single germ. : 

Generic names. Juncus, Xyris, Acorus, Tradescantia, Commelina, 
Helonias, Xerophyllum, Veratrum, Tofieldia.*. 

Second division. The Alismaceae are all aquatics, and each flower 
contains more than one germ. 

Generic names. Alisma, Sagittaria, Triglochin, Scheuchzeria, Eri- 
ocaulon, Potamogeton, Zanichellia. . 

Properties. Generally secernant stimulanis. The sweet-scented are 
’ warming stomachics, and the nauseous are antiscorbutics, 


* The two last are placed in a distinct order by De Lamarck and De Can 
dolle. 


40 “GRAMMAR OF 
Order XIV. Liliaceae. ' 


Plants of this order have no perianths. They have 6-petalled corols 
of the liliaceous form. Stamens 6, standing Sgainst the divisions of 
the corol and often attached to it. Style 1, stigmas 3, or 3-lobed. 
Germs free. Capsules 3-celled, 3-valved, with transverse partitions ; 
seeds flat. Leaves generally with simple nerves. 

Generic names. Lilium, Tulipa, Fritillaria, Erythronium, Uvularia, 
Streptopus. 

Properties. Emolient and weak secernant stimulants. 


Order XV. Bromeliae. 


We have no plants of this order, excepting rare exotics, growing in 
the Northern States. The pine apple (Bromelia ananas) belongs 
here. 


Properties. Refrigerants. 
- Order XVI. Asphodels. 


No perianths, but some have spathes. Corols 6-parted or 6-cleft. 
Stamens 6, standing against the divisions of the corol and attached to 
it. Germs free ; seeds round or angled. 

Generic names. Asphodelus, Hemerocallis, Ornithogalum, Allium, 
Aletris, Narthecium, Hyacinthus. 

Properties. LExpectorants anddemulcents. The strong-scented are se- 
cernani stimulanis, and the bitter are tonic and cathartic. 


Order XVIIT. Narciesi. 


No perianths, but most have spathes. Corols 6-parted or 6-petalled. 
Stamens 6, standing against the divisions of the corol and attached to 
it. Germ attached to the corol, and generally supporting it. 

Generic names. Narcissus, Amaryllis, Galanthus, Polyanthes, Agave, 
Hypoxis, Leptanthus, Pontederia, Heteranthera. 

Properties. Weak tonics and emollients. 


Order XVI. frides. 


Corol 6-cleft or 6-parted: stamens 3: style 1, with 1 or 3 stigmas - 
germ attached to the corol. Leaves ensi-form orlinear. Roots bulb- 
ous or tuberous. 

Generic names. Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Dilatris, Sisyrinchium. 

Properties. Antiscorbutics and tonics. 


CLASS THIRD. Stamens standing on the pistil. 
Order XIX. Musae. : 


We have no plants of this order in the Northern States. The bread 
tree (Artocarpus incisa) belongs here. 
Properties. Tonics. 


Order XX. Cannae. 


No plants of this orderin our district. Ginger (Amomum) is placed 
here. 
Properties. Warming stomachtcs. 


MOT ANT ag 41 


Order XXII. Orchideae. 


* 

Plants of this order have superior, 5-petalled corols, 3 external and 
2internal. There-is also in each corol a petal-like organ, called the 
lip, various in form and direction. Anthers always 1 or 2, and from 1 
to 4-celled, sessile upon the side or apex of the style. The pollenig 
easily removed from the cells in agglutinated masses. Styles simple, 
with viscous stigmas of various forms and positions. Capsules 1-cell- 
ed, 3-valved, 3-keeled. Seeds numerous, dust-like. Leaves entire, 
and generally neryed and clasping. Flowers more or less spiked and 
bracted. 

Generic names. Orchis, Goodyera, Neottia, Listera, Pogonia, Tri- 
phora, Cymbidium, Arethusa, Tipularia, Malaxis, Microstylus, Coral- 
lorhiza, Cypripedium. 

Properties. Emoltents, and the roots of some are stomachic. Dios- 
eorides, Galen and Pliny, speak of the roots as affording excellent 
farinaceous diet, and as of great use in discussing swellings and cleans- 
ing ulcers, 


Order XXII. Hydrocharidee. 


Plants of this order are all aquatics. Germs simple ; stigmas 8 to 6, 

bifid. Capsule 1 or 6-celled, many seeded. Rather an artificiat order, 
Generic names. Proserpinaca, Floerkea, Vallisneria. 
Properties. Weak tonics, 


Tarp Divistoy. 
DICOTYLEDONS, 
OR, PLANTS WITH 2-LOBED SEEDS. 
Section J, Flowers apetalous. 


CLASS FIRST. Stamens standing on the germ. 
Order XXII. Aristolochiae. 


Perianth 1-leaved adhering to the germ. Stamens numerous, (6 or 
12) definite, attached to the germ. Style short, stigma divided, Cap- 
sule many-celled (generally 6,) many-seeded. 

Generic names. Asarum, Aristolochia. 

Properties, Warming stomachics and active tonics. Galen set a high 
value on the tonic powers of this order of plants. 


CLASS SECOND. Stamens surrounding the germ, being attached to 
. the calyx. 


Order XXIV. Aeleagni. 


Calyx adheres to the germ, monoplyllous, tubular, generally leafy 
outside and corol-like within. Stamens stand towards the top of the 
calyx, and are equal to the number of its division or double that num- 
her. Fruit l-seeded. 

Generic names, Thesium, Nyssa, Hippopbae. 

Properties, Weak tonies, 

4% . 


4g GRAMMAR OF 


Order XXV, Thymelae. . 


Calyx free, l-leaved, 4 or 5-lobed, coloured. Stamens inserted tc- 
wards the upper part of the calyx, and are double the number of its 
divisions. Fruit l-seeded. Stems woody ; lé&ves simple, entire and 
alternate. ' 

“Generic names. Direa, Daphne. 
_ Properties. Mild emetics and antiscorbutics. 


Order XXVI. Protae. 


No plants of this order grow in our district. The silver-tree (Protes) 
is placed here. : 
Properties. Weak tonics. 


Order XXVIT. Lauri. 


Calyx free, monophyllous, permanent, 4 to 6-cleft, or 6-parted. 
Stamens inserfed at the bottom of the divisions of the calyx, some- 
times 6 in a single row, sometimes 12 in two rows, generally varying 
in number; anthers adnate to the filaments, dehiscent from their bases 
to their apexes. Germ 1, style 1, stigma simple, or divided. Drupe 
or berry 1-celled, 1-seeded. Stems woody, leaves alternate. 

Generic name. Laurus. 

Properties. Warming stomachics and active secernant stimulants. 


Order XXVITT. Polygoneae. 


Calyx free, monophyllous, divided, often coloured. Stamens insert- 
ed on the bottom of the calyx ; anthers 2-celled and 4-grooved, later- 
ally dehiscent into a double chink. Germ 1], sfyles or sessile stigmas 
several ; seed single, farinaceous, naked, with the corcle inside. 

Generic names. Polygonum, Rumex, Rheum. 

Properties. Mild catharlics and demulcents. The strong-scented, are 
antiscorbutic and discussient. 


Order X XIX. Atriplices. 


Calyx free, monophyllous, parted. Stamens inserted on thie bot- 
tom of the calyx, and equalling the number of its divisions. Germ 1, 
style 1 or several. Seed often farinaceous, with corcles outside of it. 
Leaves alternate, simple, destitute of stipules or sheaths. Flowers 
small, greenish, and of a dull appearance. 

Generic names. Salicornia, Blitum, Salsola, Chenopodium, Beta, 
Atriplex, Spinacia, Acnida, Phytolacca. ; 

Properties. The strong-scented are active cathartics. The others are 
mildly aperient. 


CLASS THIRD. Stamens standing below the germ. 
Order XXX. Amaranthi. 


Calyx free, permanent, divided, often coloured. Stamens 3 or 5. 
Germ I, capsule 1-celled. Seed farinaceous. Flowers small, 
Generic names, Amaranthus, Gomphrena. 
Properties. Secernant stimulants and weak tonics. 


BOTANY. 43 
i 
_ Order XX XI. Plantagines. 


Calyx double, outer one 4-parted, innerone tubular. (Rather the 
outer is a proper calyx, and the inner a dull membranaceous corol.) 
Stamens 4, adhering to the inner calyx, exsert. Germ simple, style 1- 
Capsule opening transversely. 2 to 4-celled. Seedcorneous, Flow- 
ers in spikes. Leaves nerved and generally radical. 

Generic name. Plantago. 

Properties. Emollients. 


Order XXXII. Nyctagines. 


Involucre perianth-like, monophyllous ; perianth monophyllous, 
coloured, permanent, contracted above the germ so as to appear alto- 
gether like a corol standing on the germ. Stamens attached to the 
gland-like base of the inner calyx, (coro! ?) which encloses the germ. 
Style 1, capitate. Seed farinaceous. 

Generic name. Mirabilis. 

Properiies. Emetics and catharitcs. 


Order XXXII. Plumbagines. 


Calyx double, permanent ; outer one monophyllous, tubular; inner 
one (rather the corol) coloured, 1 or many-petalled. Stamens 5, ad- 
hering to the inner calyx (corol?) Germ simple, free, styles many, 
or one with many stigmas. Capsule i-seeded. Seed farinaceous.* 

Generic name. Statice. 

Properties. Cathartic and tonic. 


Section Hl. Flowers monopetalous. 
CLASS FOURTH. Corols inserted below the germs. 
Order XXXIV, Lysimachiae. 


Calyx monophyllous, permanent, 4 or 5-lobed. Corol with the 
limb divided, and, bearing the stamens opposite, and equal in number, 
to the divisions. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple. Capsule 1-celled, 
many-seeded, seeds attached to a free columella, the corcle strait and 
withia the fleshy seed. Leaves simple. 

Generi¢ names. Lysimachia, Anagalis, Trientalis, Primula, Dode- 
catheon, Samolus, Hottonia, Buchnera, 

Properties. Tonics and weak secernant stimulants. 


Order XXXV. Pediculares. 


Calyx divided, permanent, often tubular. Corol irregular, offen 
ringent. Stameng 2 or 4, inserted on, or attached to, the corol ; when 
4, two are shorter. Germ free, style simple ; capsule 2-valved. Seed 
with semiterete cotyledons. Flowers bracted. 

Generic names. Polygala, Veronica, Callistachia, Bartsia, Rhinan- 
thus, Obolaria, Euphrasia, Melampyrum, Erinus, Pediculares, Oro- 


* Here in the three last orders we see, that the advocates for the natural ar- 
rangement are compeiled ‘o force acorol to become a calyx. But the Linnean 
artificial system will guide the student to the true genus, thence to the natura! 
order, and thus secure to him its advantages, 


44 GRAMMAR OF 


banche, Epiphegus. [The two last have been placed ina sub-order, 
and distinguished by their capsules being 1-celled, and bearing seeds 
on a longitudinal nerve.] 

Properties. Deobstruents, cathartics and mild tonics. Ancient au- 
thors, as Divscorides, Pliny and others, valued most plants of this or- 
der for their efficacy in healing wounds, by external application. 


Order XXXVI. Acanthi. 


Calyx divided, permanent, often bracted. Corolirregular. Sta- 
mens 2 or 4. Germ free, style 1, stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled. 
Seed with foliaceous cotyledons. 

Generic names. Justicia, Ruellia. 
Properties. Emolients. 


Order XXXVII. Jesmineae. 


Calyx tubular. Corol tubular, except in Fraxinus. Stamens 2, ex- 
cepting Fraxinus, inserted in or attached to, the corol. Seed with a 
filatcorcle. Stems woody. 

_ Generic names. Jasminum, Ligustrum, Syringa, Chionanthes, Frax- 
inus. 

Properties. Mild tonics and secernant stimulants. Petals of the Sy- 
ringa contain prussic acid. : 


Order XXXVI. _ Vitices. 


Calyx tubular. Corol tubular. Stamens 4, two of them shorter— 
rarely 2 or 6. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple or 2-lobed. Corcle 
of the seed strait. Leaves opposite. 

Generic name. Verbena. 

Properties. Deobsiruent and secernant stimulants. Parkinson, and 
the older authors, consider them as antidotes to the poison of ser- 
pents, &c. ; but the moderns do not ascribe to them any very active 
powers. 


Order XX XIX. Labiatae. 


Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 2-lipped. Corol tubular, irregular, often 
2-lipped, the upper lip mostly 2-cleft, and the lower one 3-cleft. Sta- 
mens sometimes 2, mostly 4, with two of them shorter; they are al- 
ways inserted under the upper lip of the corol. Germ free, 4-lobed ; 
each lobe becoming a naked seed at the bottom of the calyx, with a 
strait corcle and flat cotyledons. Style 1, stigma 2-cleft. Stems gen- 
erally, or perhaps always, 4-sided; leaves opposite. Flowers often 
whorled, and sometimes spiked. 

Generic names. Lycopus, Monarda, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Collinso- 
nia; Tencrium, fsanthus, Lavandula, Lamium, Pycnanthemum, Ne- 
peta, Hyssopus, Mentha, Stachys, Galeopsis, Satureja, Leonurus, Mar- 
rubinm, Ballota, Cunila, Hedeoma, Glechoma, Melissa, Trichostema, 
Ocymum, Scntellaria, Origanum, Thymus, Clinopodium, Prunella, 
Phryma, Moilucella. 

Properties. Very active serernant stimulants, embracing all the most 
valuable sudorifics. The sweel-sccnted are warming stomachics, and the 
hitler ones are fonics. Ancient physicians seem to have drawn & 


BOTANY. 45 


large proportion of their vegetable materia medica from this order. 
They establish the medicinal virtues of these plants very nearly as 
they are now understood. To those virtues ascribed to them by mo- 
dern physicians, they added, however, that they are efficient as ver- 
mifuges, and in the cure of epilepsy, hemorrhagy, bites of serpents, and 
stings of scorpions. 

Parkinson, who wrote almost two centuries ago, cites as authorities 
for the above, the trials and practice of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, 
Galen and Pliny among the ancients ; and Matthiolus, Clusius, Came- 
rarius, Agrippa, Dodoneus, and many others among the oldest of the 
moderns. 


Order XL. Scrophularia. 


Calyx divided, often permanent. Corol irregular, limb divided. 
Stamens rarely 2, mostly 4, with two of them shorter, inserted on the 
corol. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple or 2-tobed. Capsule 1 or 2- 
celled, 2-valved, valves concave. Seeds numerous, affixed to the 
middle of the partition, with a strait corcle and semi-cylindric cotyle- 
dons. Flowers bracted. 

Generic names. Utricularia, Gratiola, Lindernia, Hemianthus, Eri- 
nus, Dracocephalum, Schwalbea, Limosella, Zapania, Scrophularia, 
Antirrhinum, Collinsia, Gerardia, Digitalis, Mimulus. 

Properties. Deobsiruents, absorbants, and mild narcotics. Ancient 
physicians applied them to the wounds externally. Parkinson used 
the Digitalis in the epilepsy two centuries ago with great success. 


Order XLI. WSolaneae. 


Calyx 6-cleft or 5-parted, often permanent. Corol regular, 5-cleft, 
mostly of aflurid hue. Stamens 5, attached to the base of the corol, 
and alternating with its lobes. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple or 
sub-cleft. Fruit 2-celled, many-seeded, either a 2-valved capsule or 
a berry. Seeds with spiral corcles and semi-terete cotyledons. Leaves 
aiternate. 

Generic names. Lycium, Datura, Nicotiana, Verbascum, {Atropa, 
Phacelia, Hyoscyamus, Solanum, Physalis, Capsicum. 

Properties. Cathartic, discusstent, emetic and antiscorbulic. The nau- 
seous-scented are very strong narcotics ; pungent scented are warming 
and deobstruent. Several centuries ago they were much used, exter- 
nally and internally, in gouts and rheumatisms. 


Order XLII. Boragineae. 


Calyx 5-lobed, permanent. Corol 6-lobed, mostly regular, having a 
border and a tube, with the upper entrance of the tube, called the 
throat, naked and open, or more or less choaked up with scales. Sta- 
mens 5, attached to the tube of the corol. Germ free, with 4 lobes, 
whch become 4 naked seeds ; style simple, permanent, springing up 
from among the lobes of the germ; stigma entire, or 2-lobed. Seeds 
attached laterally to the style ; corcle strait, cotyledons foliaceous. 
Leaves alternate, mostly scabrous. 

Generic names. Pulmonaria, Cerinthe, Lithospermum, Cynoglos- 
sum, Batschia, Anchusa, Myosotis, Heliotropium, Onosmodium, Bo- 
rago, Symphitum, Echium, Hydrophyllum. 

Properties. ‘Astringent and vulnerary. 


46 “GRAMMAR OF 


Order XLUIT. Convolvuli. 


Calyx 5-lobed, permanent. Corol regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, at- 
tached to the corol, and alternating with its diwisions. Germ free, hav- 
ing one or many styles. Capsule generally 3-valved and 3-celled, 
sometimes 2 to 4-celled and 2 to 4-valved; columella central, 3-cor- 
nered. Seed bony, cotyledons folded together. Leaves alternate. 
Stem often twining or climbing. 

Generic names. Convolvulus, Diapensia, Ipomaca, Pyxidanthera, 
Cuscuta. 

Properties. Cathartics, mostly very mild. 


Order XLIV. Polemonia. 


Calyx divided. Corol regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, attached to 
the middle of the tube of the corol, alternating with the divisions. 
Germ free, style simple, stigmas generally 3, or 3-cleft. Capsule sur- 
rounded with the permanent calyx, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; 
columella central, 3-cornered. Seed with a straight corcle, and oval 
foliaceous cotyledons. Leaves opposite. 

Generic names. Phlox, Polemonium. 

Properties. Feeble tonics. 


Order XLV. Bignoniae: 


Calyx divided. Corol irregular, ringent and inflated. Stamens 
rarely 2, all others 4, with two of them shorter ; an odd filament-like 
organ accompanies them. Capsule 2 or 4-celled, 2-valved. 

Generic names. Bignonia, Catalpa, Martynia, Pentstemon, Che- 
lone. 

Properties. Mild narcotics, deobstruents and cathartics. 


Order XLVI. Gentiana. 


Calyx monophyllous, divided, permanent. Corol regular, often 
marcessent; limb equally divided into a number of parts equal to 
those of the calyx and of the stamens, which are mostly 6. Stamens 
attached to the corol. Germ free, style 1 or 2, stigmas simple or 2- 
lobed. Capsule 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded ; seeds inserted 
on the inflexed margins of the yalves. Herbage glabrous, bitter; 
leaves opposite. 

Generic names. Gentiana, Spigelia, Swertia, Frasera, Sabbatic, 
Menyanthes, Villarsia. 

Properties. Tonics and mild cathartics. The Spigelia is considered 
as a vermifuge. Dioscorides, Galen, and other ancient physicians, 
considered the Gentiana as a vermifuge and an antidote to poison. 


Order XLVII. Apocyneae. 


Calyx 5-lobed. Corol 5-lobed, regular ; often furnished with 5 
nectariferous appendages. Stamens 5, inserted in the bottom of the 
corol, or suspended from the angles of the stigma.* Germs free, 


*The celebrated Robert Brown says, that in the young state the anthers 
of the Asclepias syriacus are not attached to the stigmas. The reader is re- 
quested to examine the anthers at all stages from the first swelling of the flower 


BOTANY. ° 4? 


double, style 1 or none, stigma capitate. Follicles elongated, gener- - 
ally in pairs, l-celled. Seed attached to the longitudinal margins of 
the follicle. Herbage generally milky. 

Generic names. Apocyoum, Asclepias, Periploca, Vinca, Nerium, 
Gonolobus. 

Properties. Active deobstruents, catharlics, antiscorbutics, and narco- 
tics. Ancient physicians used the Asclepias, Apocynum, &c. as coun< 
ter poisons. 


Order XLVI, WSapotae. 


No plants of this order grow in our district. The southern Iron- 
wood (Bumelia) is placed here. 
Properties. Feeble antispasmodics and cathartics. 


CLASS FIFTH. Corols surrounding the germ, and generally insert- 
ed on the calyx: 


Order XLIX. Guaiacanae. 


No plants of this order grow in this district. The lignum vite and 
benjamin tree are placed here. 
Properties. Very active tonics and warming stomachics, 


Order L. Rhododendra. 


Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, permanent. Coro! inserted in the base of the 
calyx, 4or 5-parted. Stamens definite, distinct. Germ free, style 1, 
stigma 1. Capsule 4 or 5-celled, 4 or 5-valved. Seeds numerous, 
minute, corcle straight. Stems woody ; leaves alternate. 

Generic names. Azalia, Itea, Menziesia, Rhodora, Rhododendron, 
Kalmia, Ledum, Leiophyllum, Disospyros. 

Properties. Tonic. Kalmta ts said io be narcotic. 


Order LE. Ericae. 


Calyx permanent, 4 or 5-parted, often free. Corol 4 or 5-parted or 
cleft, inserted on the calyx or calycine gland, often marcessent and 
permanent. Stamens definite, distinct, inserted on the bottom of the 
corol or calycine gland ; anthers often 2-horned. Germ often tree ; 
style 1, stigma l. Fruit many-celled, many-seeded ; berries or many- 
valved capsules. Seeds minute, with strait corcles and fieshy cotyle- 
dons. Stems more or less woody ; leaves often evergreen. 

Generic names. Oxycoccus, Erica, Clethra, Pyrolo, Chimaphila, 
Arbutus, Gaultheria, Epigaea, Vaccineum, Empetrum, Andromeda. 

Sub order. Destitute of leaves or green herbage ; being ivory- 
white, yellowish-white, or reddish. 

Generic names. Pterospora, Hypopithis, Monotropa. 

Properties. Valuable astrinzents. Some bare refrigerant berries. 
Gerard, and other old physicians, particularly the old Germans, ap- 


_ bud. He will find that although the anthers or masses of pollen adhere to their 
cases, they may be separated wi hout lacerating the cuticle of any organ, but 
that they cannot be separated from the stigma in any stage without rupturing 
capillary fibres or vessels. ‘Therefore the anthers certainly grow on the stigma 
only. A magnifying powerof atleast one hundred is required for this exami- 
mation. 


48 GRAMMAR OF 


plied plants of this order to cancerous ulcers and in hemorrhagy, two 
centuries ago. 


Order LI. Campanulaceac. 


Calyx adhering to the germ, limb divided. Corol inserted near the 
top of the calyx, often marcessent. Stamens inserted on the calyx 
below the corol, often 5, alternating with the divisions of the coro! ; 
anthers either distinct, united, or as thickened as to press against each 
other. Germ glandular above, style 1, stigma simple or divided. Cap- 
sule 2 to 6-celled, many-seeded, laterally dehiscent. Seeds affixed to 
the inner angles of the cells; corcle strait. Leaves alternate. 

Generic names. Campanuly, Lobelia. ‘ 

Properties. The nauseous-scenied are cathartic, emetic, deobstruent 
and narcotic ; the others are mildly aperient. 


CLASS SIXTH. Corols standing on the top of the germ. Stamens 
with united anthers. 


. This class includes all plants with Compounp FLowenrs, and corres- 
pond with the class Syncznsia of Linneus. The flowers have broad 
receptacles, flat or convex, naked (when the florets are removed) or 
chaffy, supporting many florets. Egret generally supplies the place 
of the calyx to each floret, and is inserted on the top of the germ. 
The corol is tubular or ligulate, often 5-toothed. Germ simple, style 
1, stigmas generally 2. Seed single, naked ; corcle straight, cotyle- 
dons flat. 

This class is divided into three orders. 


Order LHI. Cichoraceae. 


Florets all ligulate and perfect. Leaves alternate ; juice in most is 
milky. Corols mostly yellow ; rarely blue. 

Generic names. Troximon, Apargia, Leontodon, Krigia, Prenan- 
thes, Lactuca, Hieracium, Sonchus, Hyoseris, Cichorium. 

Properties. Mild aperiants and weak anodynes. 


Order LIV. Cinarocephalae. 


Corols all tubular. Receptacles fleshy and chaffy. Stigma, above 
the style, articulated. Egret somewhat rigid. Leaves alternate, often 
spinose. Flowers capitate. 

Generic names. Echynops, Cynara, Liatris, Cnicus, Carthamus, 
Onopordon, Carduus, Arctium, Centaurea. 

Properties. Tonics ; the nauseous-scented are cathartics. 


Order LV. Corymbiferae. 


Fiorets tubular and ligulate, mostly radiate. Receptacles scarcely 
fleshy. Stigma, above the style, not articulated. Inflorescence often 
a corymb. 

. Generic names. Scorzonera, Picris, Tolpis, Scholymus, Vernonia, 
Sparganophorus, Bidens, Kuhnia, Eupatorium, Mikania, Chrysocoma, 
Cacalia, Balsamita, Baccharis, Conyza, Gnaphalium, Artemisia, Ta- 


BOTANY. 49 


mnacetum, Chrysanthemum, Zinnia, Tagetes, Bellis, Pyrethrum, Doro- 
nicum, Inula, Erigeron, Solidago, Senecio, Tussilago, Cineraria, As- 
ter, Heliopsis, Buphthalmum, Helenium, Boltonia, Matricaria, Anthe- 
mis, Achillea, Verbesina, Rudbeckia, Helianthus, Coreopsis, Silphium, 
Polymnia, Calendula, Iva, Elephantopos. 

roperties. Most valuable tonics and secernant stimulants. Two or 
three centuries ago, the physicians considered plants of this order as 
the most sovereign remedies for flesh wounds. Parkinson makes a 
elass of them, which he denominates Vutnerary or Wounp Hergss. 
Dioscorides and Galen deemed them very efficacious in pulmonary 
complaints. 


CLASS SEVENTH. Corols standing above the germs. Stamens, 
with anthers distinct, and with filaments attacued to the corol, 


Order LVI. Dipsaceae. 


Flowers aggregated on acommon receptacle, and surrounded by a 
many-leaved involucre. Calyx double, outer one not adhering to the 
germ ; the inner membranaceous or pappose calyx closely contracting 
around its apex. Corol inserted on the top of the inner calyx. Sta- 
mens 3 to 5, attached to the bottom of the tube of the corol, and al- 
ternating with its divisions. Seeds with astrait corcle and oblong co- 
tyledons. Leaves opposite. 

Generic names. Valeriana, Fedia, Dipsacus, Scadiosa, Cephalan- 
thus. 

Properties. Weak tonics. 


Order LVI. Reubiacea. 


Calyx adhering to the germ, 4 or 5-lobed. Corol regular, inserted 
on the germ, 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corol. 
Style 1, stigmas 2. Seeds generally 2, curcle strait, cotyledons folia- 
ceous. Leaves entire, whorled. 

Generic names. Galium, Rubia, Houstonia, Mitcbella. 

Properties. Aperients and tonics ; some abound in colouring matler. 


Order LVUI. Caprifolia. 


Calyx adhering to the germ, often 2-bracted at the base. Corol re- 
gular, 4 or 5-cleft, or 4 or 5-petalled with the petals broader at the 
base. Stamens equalling the number of divisions of the corol. Style 
1 or none, stigmas 1 to3. Berry or capsule often crowned with the 
permanent calyx. Stems mostly woody ; leaves opposite, and some- 
times connate. 

Generic names. Lonicera, Xylosteum, Symphoria, D‘ervilla, Vi- 
burnum, Sambucus, Cornus, Hedera, Linnsa, Triosteum. 

Properties. Tonics ; and the sirong-scented are cathartic. 


Section III. Flowers polypetaious. 


GLASS EIGHTH. Stamens standing on the germ, aod alternating 
with the petals. 
Order LIX. Araliae. 
Calyx superior, 6-toothed, permanent. Stamens 5, styles 2 to 5: 
Fruit a berry. Inflorescence anumbel, Leaves compound. 
Generic names. Panax, Aralia. 
Properties. Valuable tonics and expectorants. 


50 . GRAMMAR OF 


Order LX, Unmbelliferae. 


- Calyx attached to the germ. Petals 5, inserted on the germ, or on 
a gland covering the top of the germ. Stamegs 5, alternating with 
the petals. Styles 2, often permanent. Fruit bipartible, becoming 
2 seeds, often ribbed or grooved on their outsides, and on their 
joining sides, (the commissure.) Stems herbaceous. Leaves alter- 
nate, often compound. Inflorescence an umbel, with the radiating 
peduncles often surrounded at their origin aud sub-divisions with in- 
volucres. 

Generic names. Eryngium, Hydrocotyle, Crantzia, Daucus, Ammi, 
Conium, Selinum, Imperatoria, Heracleum, Pastianaca, Ligusticum, 
Angelica, Sium, Erigenia, Cicuta, Myrrhis, Uraspermum, Cherophyl- 
Yum, Smyrnium, Thaspium, (nanthe, Carum, Apinm. Anethum. 

Properties. Deobstruents and narcotics ; excepting the sweet-scented, 

gp ehich are stomachics. In the time of Dioscorides, Pliny and Galen, 
(during the first and second centuries) the sweet-scented plants of this 
order were in common use as remedies in cases of dyspepsia, flatulen- 
cy, cholic and epilepsy ; and the narcotic kinds* were used as anti- 
dotes to poison, and as remedies in liver complaints, gouts and rheu- 


matisms, and by way of external application in the resolution of in- 
flamed tumors. 


CLASS NINTH. Stamens inserted below the germ. 
Order LXJ. Ranunculaceae. 


Calyx many-leaved, or none. Petals many, often indefinite. Sta- 
mens often indefinite innumber. Germs often numerous, rarely soli- 
tary, inserted on the receptacle, each having a single style. Seed 
with a minute corcle at the apex or base of a corneous albumen. 

Generic names. Zanthorrhiza, Actea, Macrotys, Podophyllum, Del- 
phinium, Aconitum, Aquilegia, Nigella, Hydrastis, Clematis, Atra- 
gene, Thalictrum, Caulophyllum, Helleborus, Anemone, Hepatica, 
Nelumbium, Ranunculus, Trollius, Adonis, Hydropeltis, Caltha, Peo- 
nia, Coptis. 

Properties. Deobstruent, cathartic, caustic and narcotic. The two last 
genera have astringent roots. 


Order LXII. Papaveraceae. 


Calyx free, often 2-leaved and caducous ; sometimes about 5-leaved. 
Stamens many. Germ single ; style often wanting; stigma divided 
or lobed, permanent. Fruit a capsule or pod, 1-celled, many-seeded ; 
seeds attached to lateral columellas; albumen fleshy ; corcle strait. 

Generic names. Chelidonium, Papaver, Sanguinaria, Argemone, 
Nymphea, Nuphar, Sarracenia’ Fumaria, Corydalis. 

Properties. Deobslruent, cathartic, caustic, antiscorbutic, narcotic, and 


* The root of the cicuta maculata is a most deadly poison early in the spring. 
On the 10th of April, 1820, Asa H. Manley and Amos Ramsdell, of Rutland, 
Vermont, ate a small quantity of the root of this plant. The former died in 
two hours, the latter in 36. They were both under ten years of age. I ex- 
amined the plant in the ensuing summer, and took specimens which grew from 
the remainder of the same root; and was particular in questioning ha parents 
and neighbours respecting the above facts at the same time. 


BOTANY. 51 


anodyne. The papaver was in use as an anodyne in the time of Theo- 
phrastus, between three and four hundred years before the Christian 
era. Dioscorides used the fumaria and chelidonium as antiscorbu- 
tics. 


Order EXIT. Crucifera. 


Calyx 4-leaved. Petals 4, disposed in the form ofa cross and al- 
ternating with the leaves of the calyx. Stamens 6, two of them outer 
and shorter. Germ single, sitting on the disk-like receptacles which 
support the stamens ; style 1 or none, stigmas lor2. Fruit asiliqtie 
or silicle. Seeds with incurved corcles. Stems herbaceous; leaves 
alternate. 

Generic names. Cakile, Draba, Alyssum, Lepidium, Thlaspi, Luna- 
ria, Cochlearia, Iberis, Isatis, Dentaria, Cardamine, Barbarea, Sisym- 
brium, Erysimum, Cheiranthus, Hesperis, Arabis, Turritis, Raphanus 
Brassica, Sinapis. 

Properties. Aperient, diuretic, antiscorbutic, nutrientic, and emolient. 
Plants of this order have been used as emolients and diuretics, and as 
remedies in the jaundice, for several centuries. 


Order LXIV. Capparides. 


Calyx polyphyllous, or monophyllous and parted. Petals 4 or 5. 
Stamens often indefinite. Germ stiped, style short or none, stigma 
simple. Pod or berry many-seeded. Corcle of the seed incurved. 

Generic names. Reseda, Parnassia, Cleome. 

Properties. Feeble aperients ; excepting the Cleome, which is.an ac- 
tive cathartic and emetic, and considerably narcotic. 


Order LXV. WSapindi. 


We have no plants of this order in our district. The soap-berry of 
the Southern States is placed here. 
Properties. Emolient. 


Order LXVI. Acera. 


Calyx monophyllous, permanent, 5-cleft.- Petals 5 (or none) with 
claws, inserted on a disk below the germ, and alternating with the 
lobes of the calyx. Stamens distinct and inserted on the disk with the 
eorol. Germ free. Stigmas 1 or2. Capsules 2 or 3-celled, 1-seeded, 
Stems woody ; leaves opposite. 

Generic names. Acer,.Aesculus. 

Properties. Aperient. 


Order LX VIZ, Malpighiae. 


We have no plants of this orderin our district. 
Properties. Aperient. 


Order LX Vili, Hyperica. 


Calyx monophyllous, 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens numer- 
ous, sometimes united by their filaments in several parcels. Germ 
single, free ; styles 3 to 5. Capsule 1 to 5-celled, 3 to 5-valved, with 
inflexed margins, many-seeded. Seed without albumen, corcle strait. 
Leaves opposite, often glandular ; flowers yellow or yellowish. 


52 GRAMMAR OF 


Generic names. Hypericum, Ascyrum, Dionaea, Drosera.* 
Properties. Tonic and vulnerary. 


Order LXIX. Guttiferag 


We have no plants of this order in our district. 
Properties. Expectorants and secernant stimulants. 


Order LXX. Aurantia. 


Calyx monophyllous. Petals 4 or 5; stamens often united by their 
filaments in several parcels. Berry many-seeded. Corcle strait. Stems 
woody ; leaves glandular. 

Generic name. Citrus. * 

Properties. Tonics and refrigerants. 


Order LXXI. Melia. 


? Calyx monophyllous. Petals 4 to 9, often adhering at the base. 
Stamens sometimes adhering by their filaments, equal in number to 
the petals or double. Germ single, free; style 1. Berry or capsule 
many-celled. Seed without albumen, corcle strait. Stems woody ; 
leaves alternate. 

Generic names. Melia, Thea. 
Properties, Aslringent and feebly narcotic. 


Order LXXII.  Viites. 


Calyx monophyllous, short, subentire. Petals 4to 6, broader at the 
base. Stamens equal in number, and opposite to the petals, and in- 
serted on a disk beneath the germ. Germ single, free ; style 1 ornone. 
Berry 1 or many-celled, 1 or many-seeded. Seed bony and destitute 
of albumen, corcle straight, cotyledons flat. Stems woody and climb- 
ing ; leaves alternate ; tendrils opposite to the leaves.. 

Generic names. Vitis, Ampleopsis. 

Properties. Tonics and refrigerants. 


Order LXXIIT. Gerania. 


Calyx permanent, 5-parted or 5-leaved. Petals 5, with claws, gen- 
erally unequal or irregular. Stamens 5 to 10; filaments often une- 
qual, sometimes united at the base. Germ single, free, often 5-angled, 
sometimes surrounded by a gland ; style 1, stigmas often 5. Seed 
‘without albumen, corcle incurved. Stems herbaceous ; leaves often 
stipuled. 

Generic names. Geranium, Palargonium, Erodium. Geranioids. 
Oxalis, Impatiens, Tropoeolum. 

Properties. Tonics, refrigerants, and feeble narcotics. 

The geranioids ought to be disposed of differently. 


Order LX XIV. Malvaceae. 


Calyx often double with the inner one monophyllous. Petals 5, 
regular, generally adhering to the base of the filaments. Stamens in- 
numerable, united by their filaments. Germ free, simple, often lobed, 
stigmas many. Fruit many-capsuled or many-celled. Seed without 


* See Nuttall, page 279. 


BOTANY. 53 


albumen ; corcle lobed, incurved and wrinkled. Leaves alternate, 
simple, stipuled. ‘ ™ 

Generic names. Gordonia, Napaea, Sida, Hibiscus, Malva, Althaea, 
Lavatera, Gossipium. 

Properties. Emolicnt and aperient. Plants of this order were used 
as aperients and for sheathing the stomach when any acrid substance 
had been taken into it, by Dioscorides and other ancient physicians ; 
and Hippocrates valued them highly for their vulnerary qualities. 


Order LXXV. Magnoliae. 


Calyx 3-leaved. Petals 6 or9. Stamens many, not united, Germs 
many, arranged on an elongated receptacle in the form of a cone. 
Capsules many, 1 or 2-seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen and strait 
corcle. Stems woody ; leaves alternate, having caducous stipules. 

Generic names. Magnolia, Liriodendron. 


Properiies. “Tonics. - 


Order LXXVI. Annonae. 


Calyx 3-leaved. Petals 6. Stamens many. Germs 2 or more. 
Berries or capsules 2 or more, l-seeded. Seed compressed, corcle 
minute, albumen solid. Stems shrubby ; leaves alternate and desti- 
tute of stipules. 

Generic name. Porcelia. 

Properties. Tonics. 


Order LXXVIT, Menisperma. 


Calyx 4 or 6-leaved. Corol none or more than 5-petalled. Flow- 
ers dioecious—stamens adnate—germs and styles3 to 6. Drupes-or 
berries l-seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen, corcle at the summit: 
Stems woody, mostly twining or climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, 
destitute of stipules. 

Generic name. Menispermum. 

Properiies. Weak narcotics, 


Order LXXVHI. Berberides. 


Calyx polyphyllous or deeply parted. Petals equalling the divis. 
ions of the calyx in number. Stamens equalling the petals in number 

and opposite to them. Germ simple, free; style 1 or none. Fruit i- 
~ celled, often many-seeded. Seed affixed to the bottom of the cell; 
albumen fleshy, corcle strait. Stems woody; leaves alternate. Flow- 
ers yellow. . 

Generic names. Berberis, Hamamelia. 

Properties, Astringenls and refrigerants. 


Order LX XIX. Tiliaceae. 


Calyx polyphyllous or many parted. Petals alternating with the 
divisions of the calyx. Stamens innumerable. Germ simple, free, 
Berry or capsule 1 or many-celled, 1 or many-seeded. Seed with 
fleshy albumen ; corcle subincuryed, flat. Stems woody ; leaves al- 
ternate, simple, stipuled. . 

Generic name. ‘Tilia. 

Properties. Emolient and aperient, 

. 5% 


54 GRAMMAR OF 


. 


Order LXXX. Cisti. 


Calyx 6-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5 or more. Germ single, free ; 
style 1. Capsule with many seeds attached to the middle of the valves 
or base of the cells. Albumen fleshy or corneous. Leaves stipuled. 

First division. Petals equal. Stamens more than 5. Seed with a 
curved or spiral corcle. 

Generic names. Cistus, Hudsonia.* 

Second division. Petals unequal. Stamens 5. Seed witha strait 
corcle. 

Generic name. Viola. 


Order LXXXI. Rutaceae. 


ee 
Calyx monophylious, 5-lobed. Petals 6, alternating with the lobes 
of the calyx. Stamens 10 or 15. Germ simple, free ; style 1. Fruit 
-many-capsuled or many-celled. Secd with flat cotyledons and strait 
corcle. ; 
Generic name. Ruta. 
Properties. Caustic and cathartic. 


Order LXXXII, Caryop'ylleae. 


Calyx often permanent, 4 or 5-toothed, or4 or 5-leaved. Petals 4 
or 5 (sometimes wanting) with claws, alternating with the divisions of 
the calyx. Stamens often double the number of the petals; some- 
times equal and alternating with them. Germs simple, sometimes 
sub-stiped ; styles 8 to 5. Capsule many-valved, dehiscent at the 
top. Seeds affixed to the centre of the base of the capsule ; albumen 
farinaceous ; corcle involute. Stems wiih joints; leaves opposite, 
entire. 

Generic names. Dianthus, Saponaria, Lychnis, Agrostemma, Silene, 
Cucubalus, Cerastium, Arenaria, Spergula, Linum, Sarothra, Sagina, 
Lechea, Mollago, Queria, Stellaria. 

Properties. Emolient and aperient. This order comprises those 
plants which are called pinks, chickweeds and flax. Flax-seed has 
been used as an emolient and aperient more than two thousand years. 


CLASS TENTH. Stamens surrounding the germ, and attached to a 
monophyllous calyx. 
Order LXXXI. Sempervivae. 

Calyx free, parted. Corol inserted at the base of the calyx; petals 
(or the ceep divisions) equalling in number the divisions of the calyx. 
Stamens equal or double the number of petals. Germs equalling the 
number of petals, or having an equal number of lobes. Capsules (or 
follicles) 1-celled, opening on one side longitudinally, many-seeded. 
Seed with a slender, fleshy albumen, and strait corcle. Stems herba- 
ceous ; leaves mostly fleshy ; inflorescence a cyme. 

Generic names. Sedum, Sempervivum, Penthorum, Tillaca. 

Properties. Emolient and vulnerary. 


Order LXXXNIV. Saxifragae. 


_ Calyx adhering, rarely free, limbs 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 6, (some- 
times wanting) inseried at the top of the calyx, and alternating with its 


* See Nuttall, vol. 2. p. 4, . 


BOTANY. 55 


division. Stamens inserted withthe petals, and are equal or double 

innumber. Style 2, permanent. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-valved, 1 or 

2-celled, dehiscent by a terminal pore. Seeds inserted on the base of 

the capsule or the inflexed edges of the valves ; alyumen fleshy, cor- 

cle strait. 
Generic names. Heuchera, Hedyotis, Saxifraga, Tiarella, Mitella, 

Chrysosplenium, Hydrangea ? Hortensia ? ' 
Properties. Tonies. : 


Order LXXXV. Cactt. 


Calyx adhering to the germ, 6-cleft. Petals inserted on the calys 
Sty™@ 1, stigma cleft. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. 

First division. Petals indefinite. Stamens indefinite. Style tubu- 
lose, stigma many-cleft. Berry umbilicate. Seed without albumen. 
corols incurved. 

Generic name. Cactus. 

Second division. Petals5. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft. Berry glo- 
bose. Seed with corneous albumen, corcle strait. 

Generic name. Ribes. 

Properties. Refrigerants and emolients. 


Order LXXXVI. Portulacceaz. 


Calyx divided at the top. Corol inserted on the calyx, 1 or 5-pe- 
talled (rarely wanting.) Stamens inserted on the corol. Germ free or 
adhering at the base; style 1 to 3, or none. Capsule 1 or many-cell- 
ed, 1 or many-seeded. Seed with an incurved or ring-like corcle, sur- 
rounding a farinaceous albumen. ; 

Generic names. Portulacca, Claytonia, Scleranthus, Crypta. 

Properties. Emoltent. 


Order LXXXVII. Ficoideae. 


Calyx parted, free or adhering to the germ. Petals inserted on the 
top of the calyx, sometimes adhering a little at the base. Stamens in- 
definite in number, inserted with the petals. Styles many. Capsule 
or drupe many-celled, Seed affixed to the inner angles of the cells. 
Corcle incurved, and surrounding a farinaceous albumen. Leaves 
succulent. 

Generic name. Mesembryanthemum. 

Properties. Refrigerant and emolient. 


Order LXXXVHL, Onagrae.., 


Calyx adhering to the germ, tubular, divided at the top. Petals 
generally 4, (rarely none) inserted on the top of the calyx. Stamens 
inserted with the petals, equalling or double their number. Germs 
many; style 1. Fruit many-celled, many-seeded ; seeds affixed to 
the top of the cells ; albumen wanting, corcle strait, rostel superior 
and longer than the cotyledons. 

Generic names, Circaea, Ludwigia, Isnardia, Gaura, Epilobium, 
Oenothera, Myriopbyllum, Serpicula. Onagraoids, with single germs. 
Callitriche, Hippuris. 

Properties, Tonics and aperients. 


56 GRAMMAR OF 


< Order LXXXIX. Myrii. 


Calyx adhering to the germ, permanent, divided. Petals generally 
5, inserted on the top of the calyx. Stamens 2 or more, inserted on 
the calyx under the petals. Style 1. Fruit many-seeded, 1 or many- 
celled. Seed without albumen, corcle strait or curved; cotyledons 
flat. Stems woody ; leaves generally opposite, and often with pellu- 
cid punctures. 

Generic names. Philadelphus, Myrtus. 

Properties. Tonics. 


Order XC. Melastomae. es 


Calyx tubular, 4 or5-cleft. Petals equal in number to thé diviffons 
of the calyx, and alternating with them, inserted on the top ofit. Sta- 
mens double the number of petals. Germ enclosed by the calyx. 
Seed without albumen, corcle incurved. Stems herbaceous ; leaves 
opposite, simple, nerved. 

Generic name. Rhexia. 

Properties. Feebly tonics. 


Order XCI. Sail sSadaics 


Calyx free, tubular, permanent.- Petals inserted at the top of the 
calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted in the middle of the 
calyx, equalling, or double, the number of divisions. Germ singie, 
style 1. Capsule covered by the calyx, lor many-celled. Seeds nu- 
merous, aflixed to a central columella ; without albumen, corele 
strait, rostel inferior. Leaves mostly opposite. -{ 

Generic names. Lythrum, Glaux, Ceratophyllum, Ammannia, Cu- 
phea. . * 

Properties. Deolstruent and cathartic. 


Order XC. “ Rosdeeae. 


Calyx mostly permanent, divided, covering the germ, either adher- 

ing or free. Petals inserted on the top of the calyx, generally 5, alter- 
nating with the divisions of the calyx, Stamens indefinite in number, 
Germs single or many. Fruit various. Seed witha lateral hilum nn- 
der the apex, to which the funicle is attached springing from the bot- 
tom of the pericarp ; albumen none, corcle strait. Stems woody or 
herbaceous ; leaves alternate. 
} First division. Pomaceae. Calyx 5-celled. Petals 5. Germ single, 
adhering to the calyx. Siyles many. Pome umbilicate, crowned 
with the lobes of the calyx, many-celled. Seed with the rostel inferior. 
Stems woody. Flowers complete and perfect. Stamens about 20, 

Generic names. Pyrus, Aronia, Punica, Crataegus, Mespilus, Sor- 
bus. 

Second division. Rosae. Germs many, 1-seeded, concealed within 
the calyx, which is contracted at the neck ; style 1 to each germ. Ros- 
tel of the seed superior. Stem woody. Flowers complete and perfect. 
Stamens about 20. Leaves pinnate, with stipules adhering to the pe- 
tioles. 

Generic name. Rosa. “eS 

Third division. Agrimoniae. Germs generally 2, each with 1-style, 
an l-seeded, concealed within the urceolate calyx. Rostél of the seed 


BOTANY. 57 


superior. Stems herbaceous or woody. Flowers sometimes apetalous 
and monoecious. Leaves pinnate or digitate. 

Generic names. Poterium, Sanguisorba, Agrimonia. 

Fourth division. Dryadeae. Germs many ; each 1-seeded, free, in- 
serted on a general receptacle, style 1 to each. Rostel of the seed 
superior. Stems herbaceous, or suffruticose. Stamens about 20. 

Generic names. Potentilla, Fragaria, Dalibarda, Comarum, Geum, 
Rubus, Calycanthus. 

Fifth division. Ulmariae. Germs many, free, each having 1 style. 
Capsule equal in number to the germs, 1 or many-seeded. Rostel of 
the seed superior. Flowers mostly complete and perfect. Stamens 
indefinite in number. 

Generic names. Spirza, Gillenia. 

Sixth division. Drupaceae. Germ single, free, style one. Drupe 
with a 1 or 2-seeded nucleus ; internal membrane of the seed some- 
what fleshy and tumid. Rostel superior. Stems woody. Flowers 
complete and perfect. Stamens indefinite in number. Leaves sim- 
ple, having glandular bases or petioles. Calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5. 

Generic names. Prunus, Armeniaca, Amygdalus. 

Properties. Refrigerants, tonics and astringents. 


Order XC. Leguminosae. 


Calyx often 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corol 5-petalled, inserted on the 
calyx, consisting of a banner, two wings anda keel. Stamens general- 
ly 10, mostly united in two sets, 9 and 1; sometimes in one set, and 
sometimes they are free. Germ free, style 1. Legume generally 2- 
valved, 1-celled ; sometimes transversely divided into several cells. 
Seeds affixed to the suture of one side; without albumen ; cotyledons 
thick. Stem woody or herbaceous ; leaves alternate, often compound ; 
stipules axillary—leafets often close up at evening. 

First division. Stamens all distinct.’ 

Generic names. Cassia, Cercis, Baptisia. 

Second division. Stamens united by their filaments in one set. 

Generic names. Ulex, Mimosa, Genista, Crotolaria, Arachis, Amor- 
pha, Lupinus, Spartium. 

Third division. Stamens united, 9 in oné set, and one separate. Le- 
gume 1-celled. Cotyledons always rise up out of the earth when the 
plant commences its growth, and become succulent leaves. Leaves 
ternate or pinnate, with a terminal leafet. 

Generic names. Trifolium, Melilotus, Medicago, Trigonella, Phase- 
olus, Glycine, Galactia, Vexillaria, Glycyrrhiza, Galega, Indigofera, 
Robinea, Colutea. 

Fourth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and 1 separate. Le- 
gume partly divided by an imperfect longitudinal partition. 

Generic names. Astragalus, Dolichos ? 

Fifth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and one separate. Le- 
gumes 1-celled. Cotyledons do not rise out of the grouud, nor be- 
come leaves. Leaves pinnate, without a terminal leafet ; but the 
general petiole terminates in a tendril or filament. 

Generic names. Lathyrus, Pisum, Vicia, Ervum. 

_ Sixth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and one separate. 
Legume transversely divided into many cells, each cell 1-seeded, not 
dehiscent spontaneously. 


58 GRAMMAR OF 


Generic names. Coronilla, Gleditschia, Hedysarum, Lespedeza, 
Stylosanthes, Zschynomene. eas 
Properlics. Emolient diuretic and apericnt. In the time of Dios- 


corides and Galen, the same properties weré*ascribed to this order o 
plants as at this day. | 


Order XCIV. Tercbintaceae. 


Calyx often free, parted. Petals inserted on the base of the calyx, 
and alternating with its divisions, (often wanting.) Stamens inserted 
with the petals, equal or double innumber. Fruit various. Seed with- 
out albumen, rostel refiexed into lobes. Stems woody ; leaves alter> 
nate. [This order is not satisfactorily defined.] 

Generic names. Rhus, Juglans, Carya, Zanthoxylum. 

Properties. Cathartic, emetie and narcotic. 


Order XCV. Rhamni. a 


Calyx divided. Corol many-petalled, (sometimes none, and some- 
times deeply divided,) inserted on the calyx, and equalling the divis- 
ions of the calyx in number. Stamens cf the same number. Germs 
single, free, surrounded by the calyx. Fruit a berry or capsule, many- 
celled. Seed with fleshy albumen, corcle straight, rostel inferior. 
Stems woody; leaves stipuled. 

‘i Generic names. Staphylea, Euonymus, Ilex, Ceanothus, Rhamnus, 
rinos. 


Properties. Cathartic, and somewhat tonic. 
Section IV. Diclinious or anomalous. 


CLASS ELEVENTH. Flowers generally without petals ; stamens 
aud pistils mostly in different fiowers. [An imperfect definition ; 
for many plants of this class have petals, and are not diclinious. It 
is a kind of residue class.] 


Order XCVI. Euphorbcae. 


Flowers solitary, spiked, or encircled by involucres. Perianth (or 
corol) many-parted ; sometimes wanting in the pistillate. Stamens 
inserted on the receptacle, filaments often articulated in the middle. 
Germ free, often stiped ; styles 1 to 3, 2-cleft. Capsule. 2 or 3-seed- 
ed; valves elastically dehiscent. Seeds arilled, aflixed at the top of 
a central columella ; corcle flat, involved in a fleshy albumen ; rostel 
superior. 

Generic names. Ricinus, Euphorbia, Phyllanthus, Acalypha, Buxus. 
_ Properties. Cathartics and mild emetics. The seeds of the Ricinus 
communis had been long in use as a cathartic, before the time of Di- 
oscorides in the first century. 


Order XCVIT. Cucurbitaceae. 


Calyx adhering to the germ, contracted above, and then dilated into 
a5-cleft limb. Corol bell-form, inserted on the top of the germ, 5- 
lobed, at length withering and permaneut. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted 
on the contracted part of the calyx, often united; anthers 1-celled, 
oblong, attached to the top of the filament; the staminate flowers have 
abortive germs. Germ single. Fruit a berry, with a solid bark, whick 


— 


ENS ee 


BOTANY. 59 


is often corneous. Seeds many, without albumen; corcle strait; co- 
tyledons flat. Stems herbaceous, mostly climbing ; leaves petioled, 
alternate, broad ; tendrils are often inserted in the axils of the leaves, 

Generic names. Passiflora, Momordica, Sycios, Cucurbita, Cucu- 
mis, Melothria. 


Properties. The fruit is mostly refrigerant ; the herbage and nau- 
seous fruit are emetic and cathartic. 


Order XCVITF. Urticae. 


Flowers small, greenish, solitary, in aments, or surrounded by in- 
volucres. Calyx (or corol) l-leaved, lobed. Stamens inserted on the 
base of the calyx. Germ single, free ; styles 1 or 2-cleft. Leaves 
mostly hispid. 

First division. Artoearpae. Flowers aggregated, sitting on a gen- 


eral receptacle. Fruit fleshy. Seed having fleshy albumen and curv- 
ed corcle. : 


Generic names. Ficus, Morus. 
Second division. Urliceae. Fiowers solitary, on aments or spikes. 
Fruit never fleshy. Seed without albumen; corcle often strait. 


Generic names. Urtica, Behmeria, Parietaria, Cannabis, Humulus, 
Ambrosia, Xanthium.* 


Properties, Tonics. 


Order XCIX. Amentaceae. . 


Staminate flowers in aments, furnished with scales on which the 
stamens are inserted. Pistillate flowers have scales or perianths ; 
germs free ; stigmas many. Fruit bony or membranaceous. Seed 
without albumen ; corcle strait, flat. Stems woody ; leaves alternate 


and caducous. [This description is defective in its application to Cel+ 
tis and Ulmus.] 


First division. Flowers dicecious. 

Generic names. Salix, Populus, Myrica. 

Second division. Flowers monecious. : 

Generic names. Betula, Alnus, Carpinus, Ostrya, Fagus, Castanea, 
Corylus, Quercus, Platanus, Liquedambar, Comptonia. 

Third division. Flowers perfect. 

Generic names. Fothergillia, Celtis, Ulmus. 

Properties. Tonics and astringents. 


Order C. Coniferae. 


Staminate flowers in aments, each furnished with a scale or perianth 
supporting the stamens. Pistillate flowers in strobiles, each furnished 
with a hard scale. Fruit bony or membranaceous. Seed with a cy- 
lindric corcle in the centre of fleshy albumen. Stems woody ; leaves 
evergreen ; juice resinous, 

Generie names. Pinus, Cupressus, Thuja. 

Sub-order, Juniperi. Fruit a berry or drupe. 

Generic names. Juniperus, Taxus, 


* Some botanists place the two last genera in tue order corymbiferz, also in 


the Linnean class syngenesia. I see no good reason for these innovations. See 
De Lamarck and De Candolle, p, 183. 


60 . GRAMMAR OF 


Properties. Secernant stimulants and expectorants. The resinous juice 
obtained from these plants has been applied as a remedy to wounds 
and old ulcers for more thaf two thousand years. Various prepara- 
tions, as tar-water, decoction of the bark, fe. have been used with 
various success from the time of Dioscorides, and probably much ear- 
lier, in pulmonary complaints. 


194 BBE««-- 
GENERAL RouLes FOR AVOIDING Poisons. 


Plants not Poisonous: 


i. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous. As Wheat, Indian 
corn, Foxtail grass, Sedge grass, Oats. Linneus. 
2. Plants whose stamens stand on the calyx, never poisonous. As 
Currant, Apple, Peach, Strawberry, Thorn. Smith, p. 392. 
3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. As Mus- 
tard, Cabbage, Water-cress, Turnip. Smith, p. 487. 
4. Plants with papilionaceous flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. As 
Pea, Bean, Locust tree, Wild indigo, Clover. Smith, p. 446. 
5. Plants with /abiate corols, bearing seeds without pericarps, never 
poisonous. As Catmint, Hyssop, Mint, Mother-wort, Majoram. Smith, 
. 434. 
6. Plants with compound flowers, rarely poisonous. As Sunflower, 
Dandelion, Lettuce, Burdock. Milne. ; 


Poisonous Plants. 


i. Plants with 6 stamens and one pistil, with a dull-coloured lurid 
corol, and of a nauseous sickly smell, always poisonous. As Tobacco, 
Thorn-apple, Henbane, Nightshade. The degree of poison is dimin- 
ished where the flower is brighter coloured and the smell is less nau- 
seous. As potatoe is less poisonous, though of the same genus with 
nightshade. Smith, p. 416. 

2. Umbelliferous plants of the aquatic kind, and of a nauseous scent, 
are always poisonous. As Water-hemlock, Cow-parsley. But if the 
smell be pleasant, and they grow in dry land, they are not poisonous. 
As Fennel, Dill, Coriander, Sweet-cicily. Smith, p. 416. 

3. Plants with ladiate corols and seed in capsules, frequently poi- 
sonous. As Snapdragon, Foxglove. Smith. 

4. Plants from which issues a milky juice on being broken, are poi- 
sonous, unless they bear compound flowers. As Milkweed, Dogbane, 
Milne’s Contorte and Lactescentia. 

5. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or corol, and twelve or 
more stamens, generally poisonous. As Columbine, Crowfoot. Lin- 
NEUS. 

Most general Rule. 


Plants with few stamens, not frequently poisonous, except the num- 
ber be five; butif the number be twelve or more, and the smell nau- 
seous, heavy and sickly, the plants are generally poisonous. Milne’s 
Multisilique and Sapor. : 

Note. Many plants possess some degree of the narcotic principle, 
erbich are still by no means hurtful. 


BOTANY. 61 


VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, 


This Grammar was prepared for aiding students in the study of 
Analytical Botany. But the Physiology of Vegetation should occupy 
“a small proportion of the time devoted to Analytical, or Systematical 
Botany ; to prepare him for understanding some prineiples which lie 
directly in his way. 

Vegetable Physiology, Phytology, and the Philosophy of Vegetation, 
mean nearly the same thing. Itis the science which treats of: 1. The 
germination and growth of a plant from the seed. 2. The propagation 
ofaplant. 3. The increase of the growth of aperennial plant. 4. The 
external and internal structure and constituent organs of a plant, with 
their uses in its economy. 6. The properties of a plant in relation to 
other bodies. 


1. Tee GERMINATION aND GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM THE SEED. 


If a seed be immersed in warm water for a considerable time, and 
then subjected to a high magnifying power, the elementary form of 
the future plant maybe seen. In some seeds even the embryo of the 
future flower becomes manifest. Therefore it may not be absurd to 
say, that the germination and growth is effected by the developement 
of the embryo plant contained in the seed ; and that this developement 
goes on by means of successive supplies of nutriment, which are taken 
into an organized structure adapted to their reception. 

But where shall we stop in our views of these elementary forms > 
Shall we say, that within the embryo of the future flower which some- 
times become manifest under the microscope, there is probably anoth- 
er seed containing the elementary form of the next generation, and so 
on.ad infinitum ? 

Fortunately the present state of the science presents the means of 
fixing the limit in the most satisfactory manner. For nothing in the 
physiology of organized beings is better established, than that a per- 
fect future seed cannot be produced without the application of pollen 
from a stamen to the pistil of a stigma. But if the future seed were 
perfect in the present one, such an operation would not be necessary. 
Therefore by the aid of the microscope and this established law, we 
are enabled to infer, that a seed may contain the elements of a future 
plant as far as the flower and empty tegument of the future seed, and 
no farther. 


2. THE PROPAGATION oF PLants, 


There are,two methods of propagating plants. First, by reprodue- 
tion ; second, by continuation. 

1. A plant is reproduced, when it grows immediately from the seed. 
The potatoe is reproduced, when the seed is taken from the berry, 
peer and grows. Apple trees are reproduced in the nurseries from 
seeds, &c. 

2. A plant is coniinued, when parts taken from its roots, stem, 
- branches, buds, &c. are transferred to different places, and so culti- 
vated as tocontinue to grow in several places at the same time. The 


62 GRAMMAR OF 


living branches or twigs of the same apple tree may continue to grow 
from the original root, and from hundreds of other roots in different 
countries at the same time. And it is a fact now well established, that 
those twigs or grafts, however recently inserte@, feel the effects of age 
in the same degree with the twigs remaining on the original tree ;* all 
other circumstances being similar. 

The roots of potatoes continue in succession in their native torrid 
regions year after year for a limited period, like the Malaxis and some 
others of the Orchis family in our latitude. Agriculturalists and gar- 
deners aid their progress here, by housing the roots in winter, and set- 
ting them in the earth again in the spring season. These too are great- 
ly distributed ; so that this plant is vastly extended by the continuation 
of the same individual. But in due time the effects of age become 
manifest to the cultivator, and he finds it necessary to reproduce this 
useful plant from the seed. 

The Lombardy poplar is becoming enfeebled with age in our coun- 
try, so that very recent shoots will hardly withstand a severe winter. 
The reason is manifest. There has never been a pistillate tree intro- 
duced from Europe ; consequently this tree has never been reproduc- 
ed here from the seed. We therefore see but the feeble limbs of an 
exile in dotage, though yet sustained in a thousand localities. 


3. THe IncREASE or PLANTS, OR THE ENLARGEMENT OF THEIR 
YOLUME. - 


After the first season of growing, all woody plants continue to in- 
crease their size, if no accident occurs, until age terminates their vital 
energies. Their volume is not enlarged from an extension of each 
fibre or pore; but from the annual acquisition of newones. These 
new ones are always deposited between the bark and wood. 

In the spring season a mucilage is formed between the bark and 
wood, called the camb, or cambium. Towards the decline of the year 
it becomes considerably indurated, and separates itself into two con- 
centric hollow cylinders, of very different thicknesses. The thinner. 
one is attached to the bark, and forms itsinnermembrane. The thick 
one is attached to the wood, and becomes tle outer layer of the wood 
for the next year. 

It is on this account that those trees which long retain their expand- 
ing cuticles, present to our land surveyors those paradoxical magic-like 
marks. A beech tree, for example, if lettered or figured witha board- 
marker, will present these marks twenty or thirty years afterwards, 
both on the cuticle and on the wood, of the year when marked ; while 
the intervening layers, are sound and without ascar. These interposed 
woody layers, originating in mucilage annually deposited between the 
bark and wood, gradually separate the marked bark and cuticle from 
the marked wood, while they grow between these marks and become. 


continuous. 


4. THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE, AND CONSTITUENT OR- 
GANS OF PLANTS, WITH THEIR USES IN ITS ECONOMY. 


Plants are bounded externally, in all their parts, with curved lines. 
They are defended by an almost insensible and imperishable membrane 


* See Sinith’s Elements of Botany. 


BOTANY. 63 


called the cuticle. ‘This and the other concentric cylinders have been 
described at p.7. The parenchymous parts of the foliage, consisting 
wholly of the cellular integument covered with the transparent cuti- 
cle, is well adapted to the purpose of subjecting the sap to the requisite 
influence of the atmosphere. ‘This office is, to the plant, very anala- 
gous to that of the lungs to animals—particularly the gills of fish. 

The internal structure of a plant is adapted to the reception and cir- 
culation of the fluids. The tubes and cells are different in different 
plants. Large in aquatics, small in evergreens. 

The organs and parts of a plant are adapted to its situation, soil, and 
nature. The lichen is furnished with organs adapted to its slow growth 
and dry leathery texture. The pompkin to its rapid and gigantic 
growth, succulent herbage, and open texture. The same species will 
often vary some of its characteristics to accommodate itself to a forced 
situation. As some trees bear large and almost intire leaves, while in 
a defended situation, enclosed by othertrees. But when left exposed 
to winds and storms, by having their defenders cut away, their leaves 
will be diminished in size, encrease in number, and present a deeply 
divided form. 

When trees, which have wide-spreading tops, grow upon a steep 
side-hill, they accommodate the direction of their lower spreading 
limbs to the ascent of the hill. 

1 might add those organs with which a plant is furnished for propa- 
gating its seed. Such as the egret of the dandelion and thistle ; and 
the hooks of the hated burdock, which compel shaggy coated animals 
to transport the seed ; and thus become the unwilling instruments for 
propagating a plant, which is never sought but as a loathsome drug. 


5. THe PROPERTIES OF A PLANT IN RELATION TO OTHER BODIES. 


Animals feed on plants and find them essential to their well-being. 
But there are many plants, which affect the animal system very pow- 
erfully. These plants are studied, with a view to check any morbid 
action in the animal system, which may be effected by the uses of 
plants which are found to counteract such morbid action. A classifi- 
cation of plants for this purpose has been described in the Natural 
Orders of Jussieu. 

Vegetables are studied for the purpose of learning their properties 
in relation to unorganized matter also. A profitable application of this 
kind of knowledge is made in dying, calico-printing, reducing ores by 
the aid of charcoal, &c. 

The student will find much information on these subjects in Smith’s 
Elements of Botany, Willdenow’s Elements, Darwin’s Phytology,. 
Sumner’s Botany, &c. 


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BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 


—~<— 


As the language of Botany is now extended to every department of 
Natural Science, I have added the common terms which are peculiar 
to Mineralogy and Zoology, for the purpose of furnishing Schools with 
a general Dictionary of Natural History. 


Norices.—Words, which are defined in the Grammar, will be re- 
ferred to the pages in the Grammar, in order to avoid repetition. 


Latin words are printed in ftalics.§ When a word is the same in 
Latin and English, excepting a terminal letter or two, it is generally 
omitied in one of the languages. 


A, Abbrevia'tus. See abbreviated. 
Aspomi’naL. Belonging to, or sit- 


ABBREVIATED pe’rianth. Short- uated on, the abdomen ; as fins, 


erthan most perianths in pro- rings, &c. 
portion to its breadth. Abor'tiens. See abortive. 
ABEREVIA'TION. Altho’ any bot- | Azor’rive flower. Not arriving 


anist may employ such abbrevi- to perfection; the proof of which 
ations as bestsuithis purpose, by is the want of perfect seed. 
explaining their import ; yet the seed. Not increasing, or not 
following are in such general becoming perfect for want of the 
use, that it is convenient to/ reception of pollen by way of 
know them: the stigma. 

Rad. root. pistil. Defective in some es- 

Fol. leaf. sential part. 

Stip. stipule. stamens. Not furnished with 

Flo. flower. anthers ; or with those which 

Cal. calyx. have no opening cells, or whieh 

Cor. corol. are mere sketches or rudiments 

Pet. petal. of anthers. . 

Stam. stamen. Aprurr’ leaf. <A pinnate leaf, 

Fil. filament. which has not an odd, or termi- 

Anth. anther. nal leafet. 

Pist. pistil. root. Appearing as if bitten 

Stig. stigma. of; as bird-foot violet. 

Fr. fruit. Abrup'te. Abruptly. 

Ph. leafet of calyx, or leaf. Acalycinus. Without a calyx. 

Per. pericarp. Acau'lis. Stemless. 

Mas. staminate flower. Ac/cessory. Additional. Annex- 

Fem. pistillate flower. ed and of a different kind, often 

Neu. neutral flower. applied to the border of the re- 

Her. perfect flower. ceptacle of a lichen. 

& annual. Acrro’ss leaf. Needle-form. Ge- 


é biennial. nerally inserted on the sides 
2f perennial, of branches, asin the pines. 
BR woody. Acero'sus. Acerose. 


6 


AGE : 
Acicula'ris. Form of a small nee-} Adna'ius. Growing together. Ad- 
dle. . nate. 
Acinac’rrorm leaf. Sabre-form. | 4dpres'sus. Appressed. 
One edge sharp and convex, the | 4dscen'doms. Ascending. 
other thicker and strait or con- | Ap'versr leaf. Presenting its un- 
cave. Cutlass-form. der surface to the sun. One 
Acinacifor'mis. Acinaciform. edge presented towards the 
Ac'ine. One ofthe liltle globules! stem. 
constituting a compound berry ; | £quival'vis. Valves of a capsule 
as of the raspberry. equal among themselves. It is 
Aclinus. Acine. also applied to valves (chaffs) of 
AcoTYLED’onous plants. Having! a glume calyx. 
no cotyledons, or seed-lobes: | Hrugino'sus. Light bluish green, 
and consequently producing no|  verdigris colour. 
seminal leaves. See Cotyledon | Mstiva'tio. Summer residence. 
and Seed-leaves. | See Astivation. 
Aculea'tus. Prickly. | ZEstiva’tion. The manner in 
Acu'leus. Prickle. | which petals lie in the flower- 
Acu'minaTE. When the leaf, ca- | bud, and leaves in the leaf-bud, 
lyx, &c. terminate suddenly in before they open. 1. Convolute, 
a point, which is more or less} petals or leaves rolled all one 
curved towards one edge of the | way like a roll of paper or cloth. 
i 


leaf. 2. imbricale, petals or leaves ly- 
Acumina'tus. Awl-pointed. Acu- ing over each other so as to 
minate. break joints, like. shingles on a 


Acutangula'ris. Sharp-cornered. 
Acu'TE. Any part ofaplant end-| tel or leaf having its edges roll- 
ing without a curved orrounded | _ ed in, till the two opposite rolls 
terinination. An obtuse angle or | meet onthe midrib. 4. Valvate, 
any other anglein mathematics,| when, just before they open, 


roof. 3. Conduplicate, each pe- 


is acute in botanical language. they stand like the husks of an 
Acu'te. Acutely. As acute-denia- ear of Indian corn. 5. Unequal- 
tus, sharply toothed. valved, when the petals differ in 


Acutius'culus. Acutish. That is, size. See Foliation. 
the apex, corner, &c. is hardly | @ffi'nis. Having relation, or affi- 
rounded so as to be called ob- nity, to something supposed to 
tuse, and is rather too nearly | be previously known. ; 
round to be denominated acute. | 4ga'mia. (a without gamia ma- 
The termination ish as a dimi- trimony,) Necker’s name for the 
nutive is now sufficiently au- class cryplogamia, 
thorised by Smith and others. A’czs of plants. Some plants 
Apev’pHous. Applied to plants| spring up, flower, ripen seed, 
whose stamens are united by; and die ina few hours or a day, 


their filaments, whether in one,! which are called ephemeral. Oth- 
two, or more sets. ers live a few months, or asum- 
Apwa’te. Adhering. Any two or mer, which are called annual. 
more parts of a plant being at-} Others spring up in one summer 
tached to each Other, in cases| and ripen and die the next, 
where analogous partsare sepa-{ which are called biennial. Oth- 
rate in other plants. Asthe bul-| ers live an indefinite period, ei- 
bous offsets of Daffodil. The ther with the whole stem and 

_ stipule in some cases is detach-}| branches, or only by the root, 


ed from the petiole, in others it} which are called perennial. 
is adnate, &c. ; The ages of trees may be 


AME 


known by counting the concen- 
tric rings, or grains. Our au- 
thor, Richard, supposes that 
trees have their ages. 1. The 
age of increase, or growth. 2. 

-- The age of maturity, when there 
is no increase. 3. The age of 
decay. Butis there not sufficient 
proof, that all trees, whileina 

~ living state, continue to deposit 
new layers of wood every year? 
If so, the age of maturity must 

be rejected. 

Ac'GREGATE. Manyspringing from 
the same point, or from tlie same 
receptacle. Sometimes this term 
is rather loosely applied to heaps 

- or bundles. 

Aggregate flowers are those 
where several stand on the same 
receptacle without united an- 
thers. These flowers have rare- 
ly any inclination to yellow co- 
lour like compound flowers ; 
but are blue, purple, or white. 
Applied to minerals it signifies 
that several simple minerals are 
united ina mass by adhesion, 
or by a cement. 

Ai'areTre, E'eret. The flying, 
feathery or hairy crown of seeds; 
asthe down of thistles and dan- 
delions. It includes whatever 
remains on the top of the seed 
after the corol is removed. 

— stiped (stipulatus) when it is 

supported on a foot-stem. 

simple (simplex) when it con- 

sists of a bundle of simple hairs, 

without branches. 

plumose(plumosus)when each 
hair has other little hairs arrang- 
ed along its sides, like the beards 
on a feather. 

—— membranous, thin transparent 
leaves. 

Martyn recommends this term 
under the word pappus ; Barton 
adopts it, and [ves approves. 
On these authorities, it is intro- 
duced here from the French bo- 
tanists. 

Ai’creTTeD. Bearing egret. 

A'la. See Wine. 


Ava'TreD, Ala'tus. Having wings. 
Al'bicans. Whitish, growing white. 
Asu/mrn. The farinaceous,fleshy, 
or horny substance, which con- 
stitutes the chief bulk of mono- 
cotyledonous seeds ; as wheat, 


rye, &c. 

Albur'num. See Aubier. Sap- 
wood. 

Au'car. Linneus comprised the 


plants of the orders Hepatice 
and Lichenes under this order. 
A'crenaTED. When the first or- 
gans, as the stamens, leaves, &. 
give place to others different 
from the natural habit of the 


plant. 

A.utaceous. Emitting the odour 
of garlick. 

ALLUVION. Detritus, which is 


formed by the process of wash- 
ing from the place of disintegra- 
tion. 

AL'pinr. Growing most natural- 
ly on high mountains. 

ALTER'NATE. Branches, leaves, 
flowers, &c. are alternate, when 
arranged upon opposite sides of 
the stem, or whatever supports 
them ; beginning at different dis- 
tances from its base, and con- 
tinuing in pearly equal series. 
Sometimes they are in three se- 
ries. 

ALTER’NATiInG. When one organ 
is arranged alternately respect- 
ing another; as the stamens, in 
the first ten classes, mostly al- 
ternate with the petals, er divi- 
sions of petals. 

Alier'ne pinna'ia. Alternately pin- 
nate. : 

ALVE/OLATE receptacle. Having 
cells so as to resemble a honey- 

- comb, with more or less of each 
seed imbedded in it. 

Alveola'tus. See alveolate. 

ALutTacreovus. Tan-colour, 
colour of soal-leather. 

Ameitus. Periphery. The outer 
rim of a frond, receptacle, &c. | 

A'mentr. An assemblage of small 
flower-bearing scales, which 
serve as lateral calyces. These 


The 


~ 


ANT 


are arranged along a kind of ra- 
chis, and each encloses either 
the stamens or pistils of flowers. 
The pine, willow, oak, chesnut, 
walnut and nettles are goud ex- 
amples. 

Amenta'ceus. Growing in aments, 
amentaceous. 

Amen'tum. See ament. 

AmpuisioLocy. The department 
of Zoology, embracing animals 
which are capable of suspend- 
ing respiration for a long time 
without producing bad effects. 
As frog, snake, tortoise, lizard. 

Amplexicau'lis. 3ee clasping. Em- 
bracing the stem. 

Am'plius. Enlarged, abundant. 

Ampul'lus. See utriculus. Blad- 
der. 

Anat. Situated near the vent, 
or between it and the tail. 

ANALtuvion. Applied to detritus 
which has not received its pre- 
sent character from being wash- 
ed. 

Anat‘ocy. In botany, it is fre- 
quently necessary to reason 
from analogy. That is, after be- 
coming acquainted with those 
organs which usually accompa- 
ny each other, if we discover 
one of them in analysing plants, 
we frequently assume the exist- 
ence of others when the latter 
are too minute for inspection. 
This principle becomes indis- 
pensable in most cryptogamous 
plants. 

Ana'ysts. To analyse a plant 
botanically, is to search out the 
name by the number, form, po- 
sition, &c. of its organs, as they 
exist in a natural state. 

ANASTOMOSIS, A meeting of 
meuths. When veins, tubes, 
&c. joinin one, at, or towards, 
their extremities. 

Am'ceps. See ancipital. 
edged. 

Ancip'itat. Two-edged. Having 


Two- 


_ two opposite edges or angles. 


ak 


oc'ynous plants. Bearing 


— 
Neen ee nnn stnstn eS ann EnEnnEIEEEEEnER enna 
En 


staminate and pistillate flowers 

on the same root without any 

perfect ones ; as the Indian 

corn. * 

spike, has both staminate and 

pistillate flowers distinct on dif- 

ferent parts of it. 

Jiower, has stamens or pistils 
only, and is on the same plant 
with other-flowers having dif- 
ferent organs from itself. 

Androg'ynus. See androgynous. 

AnFrac’tuous. Winding by an- 
gular turnings. 

Angiocar'pus. Fungi bearing seeds 
internally. 

Ay'GcuLar. By means of interven- 
ing grooves, the stems, calyces, 
capsules, &c. often have ridges 
runaing lengthwise, which give 
them this appellation. Some- 
times the angles project consi- 
derably ; particularly the side- 
points or projections of leaves, 
which are also called angles. 

Angula‘tus. See angular. 

Angustifol’/ius. Narrow-leaved. 

An'noTinE. Of one year. 

An'nuaL. Which springs up, per- 
fects fruit, and dies in the same 
year. ‘The herbage is often an- 
nual with a perennial root. But 
the root is always intended, un- 
less the other parts are particu- 
larly mentioned. 

Annula‘tus. Havinga ring around 
the capsules in ferns ; or a fun- 


gus with a ringed stipe. See 
ring. 

An'nulus. See ring. 

An'nuus. See annual. 


Anom‘aLous. (a without, nomos 
Jaw.) Whatever forms an excep- 
tion to the assumed rules or sys- 
tems. In the attempts of old 
botanists at natural arrangement, 
many plants were necessarily 
thrown into anomalous groups. 

AntennakE. The horns or jointed 
processes on the heads of insects. 

An'THER. See p. 5. 

ANTHERID'1um. Used by Nuttall 
for a mass of pollen. 


ASC 


Anruerif/erovus. Antheriflera. 
Flowers bearing sessile anthers ; 
that is, anthers without fila- 
ments. 

AnTHEROID. Having the appear- 
ance of an anther. 

Antho'dium. See perianth calyx. 

Aper'tio. See blooming. 

Ap’‘erture. In conchology it is 
used for the mouth of ashell, or 
entrance to the animal’s resi- 
dence. It is of various forms, 
as angular, rounded, moon-form, 
linear, &c. 

Aret’atous. A flower without a 
corol. See stamineus. 

Ap‘ex. Thetiporend. Summit 
of the spire of a shell. 

Apuy'tovus. Leafless. 

Apicula'tum. Covered with fleshy, 
erect, short points. 

Apoph'ysis. A process from the 
base of the theca of mosses. 

Apothe'cium. The receptacle of 
lichens, being the part whereon 
the seeds are formed and ripen- 
ed. The saucer-form cups on 
those greenish leathery scabs on 
fences and stones, are examples. 
See Border of Lichens. 

Appren'pacr. As thorns, tendril. 
See p. 10. 

‘Appenpic'uLaTeE. Appendaged. 
Having something attached toa 
leaf, corol, &c. as a wing ona 
petiole, a nectary at the end of a 
petal as in some species of Po- 
lygala, &c, 

ApPEn’DICULE. Appendiculate. 
Having alittle appendage. 

Appres'sep. Closely pressed ; as 
leaves against the stem, &c. 

APPROXIMATE. Growing near each 


other, or near to a different 
part. 
Ar'rerovs. Without wings. 


Aquatic. Growing most natural- 
ly in or near water. 

Arachnoi'deus. Covered with in- 
terwoven hairs, so as to resem- 
ble a spider’s web. 

Araneo’sus. See arachnoideus. 

Ar'bor. Seetree. © 


Arzo’nrous. Tree-like, Applied 
to mineral impressions. 
ARBORES'CENT. Becoming woody 
when approaching maturity. 
Arbus'cula. See suffrutex—some- 
what woody. 
Arbusti'vus. Bush-like. 
Arcu'epD. Curving above. 
vaulted. 
Ar/cuaTE, Arcua'tus. 
bow. See bowed. 
Arcua'tim. Archwise, curved. 
Arena'rius. Growing in sand. 
Areola‘tus. Raised a little so as to 
resemble a garden-bed. Cush- 
ion-like. 
Argen’teus. 


See 


Bent like a 


Silver-coloured. 


Argu'tus. See sharp. 
Argyroc'omus. Silky and silvery 
white. 


Ar'ip, 4’ridus. Dry and rough. 

A/rit, Aril'lus. The outer coat of 
a seed, which, not contracting 
with it in ripening, falls off. 
Scopoli calls it Theca, but this 
name is now exclusively appro- 
priated to the capsule of mos- 
ses. 

Arts'TaTE, 4ris'ta and Arista'tus. 
See awn andawned. Bearded. 


Arms. The spines and prickles of 
plants, 

Aromal'icus. Aromatic, sweet- 
scented. : 


Ar’row-rorm. Shaped like an ar- 
row-head. It differs from heart- 
form in having the hind-lobes 
acute. 

Artic'ulus. See joint. 

Artic'uLaTED. Jointed; which 
see. Articulated division of ani- 
mals includes those which have 
jointed abdomens ; as angle- 
worms, lobsters, spiders, and 
wasps. 

Articula'te. Jointedly. 

Arundina'ceus. Resembling reeds. 

Arven'sis. Growing in cultivated 
fields. 

Ascen‘pinG. Rising gradually be- 
tween a horizontal and vertical 
position. * 

Acid'ium. Bottle-form leaf or ap- 


6* 


BEA 


pendage ; as on the Sarrace- 


nia. 

As'PERATE, 4s'per. See rugged. 
Rough. 

Asperifol'ius. Rough-leaved. 


Assur'GENT, Assur'gens, Rising in 
a curve from a declined base. 
Asti'pep. Pappus, or a fungus 

without a stem, or stipe. 

Atropurpu'reus. Dark purple. 

AttTEen'UATED, Jltenua'ius. Taper- 
ing gradually till it becomes 
slender. Long and slender. 

Avu'zirr. Sap-wood, the last year’s 
deposit. 

Auc'tus cal'yx. Waving an outer 
row of leafets; as the Dande- 
lion. 

Ave'nium. Veinless. 

AVERTEBRAL. Animals without 
back bones; as insects, oysters, 
angle-worms, 

AvLULET. Spurious wings. A 
tuft of 3 or 5 feathers on the out- 
er fore-joint of a bird’s wing. 

Aurauti'acus. Orange-coloured. 

Aiure'us. Gold-coloured. 

AuricLes. Appendages to the 
heart ; being. small cavities a- 
bove the ventricles. 


Auricula'tus or auri'tus. See ear- 
‘ed. Ear-like. 
Autumna'lis. Coming to maturi- 


ty in autumn. 

Autumna'tio. The effect of autumn 
on plants. 

Awt'-rorm. Linear at, and ad- 
joining, the base ; and becoming 
sharp and more or less curved 
to one side at the point. 

Awt'-PoInTED. Acuminate. 

Awnx. A short slender,process, or 
stiff beard, proceeding from the 
top or back of glumes, or chaff. 
Processes resembling awns are 
called by this name, which pro- 
ceed from anthers or any other 

arts of vegetables. 

Aws'rep. Having awns. 

Without awns ; some- 


wn'LEss. 
a it means a blunt pointless 


Ax'z-roru. Nearly cylindric to- 


wards the base, with one side 
projecting towards the end ; 
which projection is sharp-edg- 
ed. 

Ax'it. The arm-pit. Applied to 
vegetables, it means the angle 
formed by the meeting of a leaf 
or petiole with the stem, or of 
a branch with the main stem. 

Ax'rttary. Any thing growing 
from the axils. 

Azu'reus. See Ceruleus. Blue. 


Bet) ee 


Bac'ca. See berry. 

Baccif'erous. Berry-bearing. 

Baccil'lum. Pedicel of lichens. 

Back. The side of a univalve shell, 
which is opposite to the side in 
which the aperture is placed. 

Ba‘dius. Liver-brown. 

Ban’ner. The upper petal in a 
papilionaceous flower. 

Bare. A strait process armed with 
teeth pointing backwards. 

Bar'ba. See beard. 

Barba'tus. See bearded. 

Barx. Properly the inner strong 
fibrous part of the covering of 
vegetables. But in a more ex- 
tended sense it includes also the 
culicle and cellular integument ; 
which see. .Also see Cortex. 

Bar'ren. Producing no ripe seed. 
See staminate, neutral and abor- 
live. 

Bas'is. Base. The part of astem, 
leaf, flower, &c. nearest to the 
place through which it derives 
itsnutriment. The extreme end 
of a univalve shell, opposite to 
the apex of the spire; and the 
side or end opposite to the hinge 
of the bivalve shells. 

Beak. One side of the aperture 
of a univalve shell extended in 
the form of a beak ; as murex. 
In a bivalve, it is the tip of the 
spiral part near the hinge. 

Beax‘ep. Terminated by a pro- 
cess, formed like a bird’s bill. 


BOD 


Bearp. Parallel hairs. It is ap- 
plied to the filamentous necta- 
ries on the petals of Iris. The 
lower lips of ringent corols are 
sometimes called beard. Ten- 
dril-like ‘appendages near the 
mouth of the sturgeon and of 
some other fish. 

Br‘arviess. Destitute of beard. 

Betu'-rorm. Swelling out at the 
base and without a tube. Pro- 
perly applied to monopetalous 
corols only ; but it is frequently 
extended to liliaceous flowers, 
and some others. 

Betty. It is the swollen part of 
the body of a univalve shell. 
See Body. 

Bet’tyine. 
flated. 

Ber'ry. A pulpy pericarp enclos- 
ing seeds without capsules. 

Bib‘ulus. Sucking water. 

Bicap'sutar. Two capsules to 
one flower. 

Bicor'nis. Anthers with two horns, 
or two horn-form processes. 

Bicus'pipate. Having two length- 
ened points, each terminated 
with a small bristle. 

Bid'ens. Waving two teeth. 

Bren'niau. Springing up one sum- 
mer, flowering and dying the 
next, as wheat. 

Bifa'rius. Facing two ways, pre- 
senting two opposite series. 

Bir‘eERovus. Bearing twice in a 
year. Common in hot climates. 

Bi'rip. Two cleft, split into two 
divisions. 

Bif'idus. Bifid. 

Biflo'rus. . See two-fiowered. 

Bif‘arus. Having two openings 
or holes. 

Bifurca'tus or Bifur'cus. Forked. 

Bigem'inaTE. Twin-forked. Hav- 
ing a forked stem with two 
leaves on each part. 


See Ventricose. In- 


Bieran‘putous. Having two 
glands. 
Bis‘ucous. A pinnate leaf with 


_ two pairs of leaves on each part. 
Bila‘biate. Corol with two lips ; 


as in most of the class didyna- 
mid. 

Bitam/ELLATE. Composed of two 
lamelle ; it applies to a flattened 
stigma split lengthwise. 


Bito'BATE. Divided into two 
lobes. 

Bitoc’/uLar. Two-celled. 

Bi'nate. Two standing up to- 


gether on the top of one stalk. 
If they spread out horizontally, 
they are called conjugate, 
Biner'vis. Two-nerved. 
BirarrT/1BiLeE, or Brear'tite. Nae 
turally divisible into two parts. 
Biparti‘tus. Divided into two 
parts to the base, but still re- 
maining in one piece ; as the 
petals of stellaria, 
Bipin'naTE. Doubly pinnate. 


Birinnat'irip, Doubly pinnati- 
fid. 
Brros'tRATE. Having two beaks. 


Biseria'lis. See Lamella. In two 
thin series. 

Bistri'aTeE. 
lines. 

Bisut'caTE. Having two furrows 
or grooves. 

Birter'naTEeE. Doubly-ternate. 

Bi/vaLve. When a capsule is com- 
posed of two pieces, or valves ; 
or when the glume calyx of 
grass, &c. consist of two chaffs, 
or husks. When used in Zoolo- 
gy, it refers to the two parts of 
the shell of such molluscous 
animals as oysters, clams, &c. 

Bivasscula'ris. | With two horn- 
form or cup-form cells. 

Buis'‘TERED. See bullate. 

Bioom’inc. The precise time 
when all parts of the flower are 
completely developed. 

Bros‘som. ‘The corol. 

Biont. Round-obtuse. 

Boat'-rorm. Hollowed one side 
with a compressed longitudinal 
ridge on the opposite side. 

Bopy. It is the first whorl at the 
base of a univalve shell - 
most swollen part of wilde a 
called the belly. ; 


Having two slender 


BUT 


Borz. The naked trunk of a tree. 

Bor’pER in Licuens. The edg- 
ing of their receptacles (apothe- 
cium.) It is proper, when of the 
same substance and colour of 
the receptacle. It is accessory, 
when of a different substance or 
colour from the disk of the re- 
ceptacle. 

Bor'peEr of corols, leaves, fungus- 
es, &c. The spreading brim. 

—— tenuis. Thin border ofa fun- 
gus. 

colorata. Coloured border. 

— egualis. When the stem ofa 
fungus is in the centre. 

—crassa. Thick border, &c. 

Bos'sEp. Bunched up in the cen- 
tre ; as insome agarics. 

BotTan’icaAt NAMES Of plants. They 
should always have a Latin ter- 
mination, in order to be equally 
convenient for all nations. 

Bot'rus. A cluster, like grapes. 

Boven. See branch, 

Boutper. A large fragment of a 
rock. This term is applied to all 
masses of rock, which are sever- 
ed froma main rock, if the size 
is above that which is usually 
denominated a pebble. 

Bow’rep. Curved over downwards. 

Bowt!-rorm. About half of a hol- 
low sphere. 

Brac'miaTe. Branches nearly 
horizontal and decussate. 

Brach'ium. See Measures. Arms- 
length. 

Bract. Brac'ted. Floralleaf. A 
leaf near or among flowers, 
which differs in shape, or col- 
our, or both, from the other 
leaves of the plant; as on the 
bass-wood, (filia. ) 

Bractea'tus. Bracted,having bracts. 

Bracteifor'mis. Resembling bracts. 

BRancu. 
stem, or main root. 

Brancu’ep. Divided into branch- 
es. Applied to roots of trees. 

Brancu-Leaves. Leaves growing 
on branches. 

Brancu'!Lert, 
branch ; atwig. 


A division of the main | 


Subdivision of a| Bur'rons, Tri'ce. 


BRANCH-PE'DUNCLE. A peduncle 
proceeding from a branch. 

Brev'is. Short. 

Brevis'simils. Very short. 

Brist'Les. Very stiff hairs. They 
are simple or hooked. 

Brist‘Le-ForM. Nearly propor- 
tioned to a bristle in length and 
breadth. 

Brist’Ly. Set with bristles. 
BroncwiaLt. Applied to fish it 
means, pertaining to the gills. 
Bruma'lis. See Hyemalis. Win- 

tery. 

Brun'nEvs. Brown, dusky, dun. 

Bup. The winter residence of 
leaves and flowers. Generally 
wanting in hot countries. They 
are defended by imbricate scales 
and mostly by a clammy glutin- 
ous substance also. They are ; 

1. Leaf-bearing. Which are 
more slender and sharp. 

2. Flow'er-bearing. Which are 
thicker, not so hard nor so sharp. 

3, Leaf and flow'er-bearing. 
Which are generally smaller 
than either of the other kinds. 
See foliation. 

Bute. Bulbus. Bulbous roots. 
Though we call the turnip, the 
onion, &c. roots, they are strict- 
ly buds ; or the winter residence 
of the future plants. Some bulbs 
are borne above ground, as on 
several species of onion, (alli- 


um. 

Bulbif‘erous. Producing bulbs a- 
bove ground. 

Bulbo'sas. Bulbous. Growing from 
bulbs. 

Buxs‘ous root. Fleshy and sphe- 
rical. 

Bul'bulus. Small lateral bulbs 
shooting from larger ones. 

Bou/caTE. Raised in bunches or 
blisters ; as when the parenchy- 
mous substance of a leaf rises 
up between the veins. 


Bun'pie. See fascicle. 
Bur'tERFLY-ForRM. See papilion- 
aceous. 


That kind of 
receptacle of lichens which 


CAL 


when magnified resembles a) Ca’tycrep. See auctus. Having 


coiled horse-hair. They are 
roundish, sessile, unexpanding, 
compact, black, and solid ; con- 
tinued along their whole sur- 
face. Upper side they are in 
concentric, or coiled, plaited 
and twisted folds ; covered eve- 
ry where with the same mem- 
brane ; containing seeds with- 
out cells, or cases. Smith. 

Byssus, Flax-like, silky, or hair- 
like fibres at the hinge of some 
bivalve shells. It is applied to 
some fungi, &c. 


C. 


Capvu'covs. Any part of a plant 
is caducous, which falls off ear- 
lier, compared with other parts 
of the same plant, than is usual 
for similar parts in most plants. 
As the calyx of the poppy falls 
off before the corol is hardly ex- 


panded. 

Cesius. Sky-blue, pale-blue, 
grey. 

Caes’pivose. Turfy. Several 


plants growing together, or from 
the same root, forming a turf. 

Cal'amus. Reed-like. 

Cai'car. Aconicspur. See Spur. 

Cat’caraTE. See spurred. 

CatcireRous. Bearing calx. An 
old term for carbonate of lime. 
Applied to sand rocks, &c.which 
contain carbonate of lime. 

Cauic'1rorm. See Calyciform. 
Cup-like. 

Cauic'uLaTE, Calicula’'tus. 
ing a smaller outer calyx. 
auctus. 

Ca'tix. See calyx. 

CaLyce'1 FORM. 
rianth calyx. 

Ca'‘LYCINE. 
calyx. 

Calyc'inus or Calic'inus. 
lycine. 

Ca'tycte. The outer calyx-like 
part of the crown of some seeds. 
Also see auctus, 


Hav- 
See 


Leaf-cup. 
Resembling a pe- 


Appertaining to a 
See Ca- 


an outer calyx. 
Calyc'ulus. See calycie. 
Calyp'tra. Calyptre, or veil. The 
cap or hood of pistillate mosses ; 
resembling in form and position 
an extinguisher set on a candle. 
It is ranked among calyxes, and 
so used in descriptions. But in 
reality it is the corol closed ; 
which after being detached at 
the. base like other corols, its 
form still keeps it on the cap- 
sule a while. See villose, also 
Perichetium, which is the true 
calyx of mosses. 
Calyptra'lus. Having a calyptre. 
Ca'tyx. (Kaluz, Gr.) That flo- 
ral organ which proceeds from 
the germ, receptacle, or pedun- 
cle, below all the other organs. 
If the stamens alternate with 
the leafets or divisions, Linneus 
calls it acorol ; and if the sta- 
mens stand opposite to the leaf- 
ets or divisions, he calls ita ca- 
lyx, without regarding the col- 
our or texture. Where the sta- 
mens are numerous, this rule 
eannot apply ; neither has Lin- 
neus made it necessary in his 
descriptions. 
Wildenow’s rule. The calyx 
is hardly as long as the stamen ; 
the corol quite as long or long- 
er; the calyx green and firm; 
the corol coloured and tender. 
This rule is to apply where but 
one of the organs is present ; 
and he allows a few exceptions 
to this. 
double. When one calyx is 
outside of another ; as in the 
holly-hock, (althea.) ~ 
common. When one calyx 
includes many florets, as the 
thistle. 
proper. When a floret is in- 
cluded in a general calyx of its 
own. 

There are seven kinds of ca- 
lyx: 1. Perianth. 2. Involucre, 
3. Spathe, 4. Glume. 5. Ament. 


CEL 


6. Calyptre. 7. Volva. See 
each. 
Camp, Cam'bium. Du Hamel’s 


name for the mucilaginous or 
gelatinous substance between 
the wood and bark. See p.7. 

Gampan'uLATE, Campanula’‘ius. 
See bell-form. 

Campes'tris. Growing in unculti- 
vated fields. 

Carat. The channel or gutter 
along the beak of a univalve 
shell. 

Canalicula'tus. See channelled. 
Can‘ceLtaTe, Cancella'tus. , See 
latticed. 
CANESCENT, 
hoary. 

Capula'ceus. See capillary. 

Cap'ittary, Capilla'ris, Capilla'- 
ceus. Hair-form ; longer than 
bristle-form in proportion to its 
thickness. 

Capilius. Hair. See pilus. 

Cap'itaTE, Capita'tus. Head- 
form ; growing in heads. 

Capit'ulum. See head. 

Capre'olus. See tendril. 

Capririca'tion. The fertilizing 
of pistillate flowers~by~sprink- 
ling pollen upon them. This is 
important in raising figs. 

Cap’suLe, (cap’sula,) a little 
chest. That kind of periearp, 
which opens by valves and be- 
comes dry when ripe; not in- 
cluding siliques nor legumes. 
When it is one-valved, it is call- 
ed a Foxuicte, folliculus, which 
see. It consists of valves, par- 
titions, columella, and_ cells, 
which see. One kind of cap- 
sule never opens and is called 
samara. 

Cari'na. See keel. - 

Car'tnatE. See keeled. 

Carina'tus. See keeled. 

Car'sEovs, Car'neus.. Flesh-col- 
oured. Nuttall uses it for fleshy. 

Carno'sr, Carno/sus. Fleéshy. 

Car''pocEna'rion. (Karpos, fruit ; 
£ennao, to bring forth.) A sub- 

- stitute for the word fruclifica- 
tion, 


Becoming white or 


Cartinacr. Flexible, fibrous, 
compact substance ; often call- 
ed gristlg. Applied to animals 
mostly. 

CarTILAG'1novus. Hard and some- 
what flexible. It applies toa 
leaf, when it is bound around 
with a strong margin, different 
from the disk of the leaf. 

CaruncLe. Fleshy protuberance 
on the heads of some birds, as 
turkies. 

CaryoPpuyL'ieovs. Pink-like, as 
to the corol; having five petals 
with long claws, all regular and 
set in a tubular calyx. 

CaTarHRacTEeD. Callous skin, or 
cartilaginous scabs. 

Castra‘ta. Filaments being with- 
out anthers. 

Cate'nula. Athread in some mos- 
ses, serving to unite or chain to- 
gether the seeds. 

Cat’xin, Caiulus. See ament. 

CaupaL. Pertaining to the tail or 
posterior extremity. 


Cau'pate, Cau'da. See tail. 
Cau'dex. The main body of a 
tree or root. - 


~CAvxes’cEnr, caulescens. Having 


acaulis, or stem, exclusive of 
the peduncle or scape. 

Cav/.ing, cau/linus.. Growing on 
the main stem. 

Cau'lis. The main herbage-bear- 
ing stem of all plants, except of 
the grassy kind ; as trees, weeds, 
&e. We have no English name 
for this stem, unless we adopt 
the French, tige. 

Crit. The hollow part, or cavity 
of a pericarp or anther. It is 
more generally applied to the 
cavities of pericarps, where 
seeds are lodged. According to 
the numbers of these the peri- 
carps are called one-celled, two- 
celled, &c. 

CEL/LULAR INTEG’UMENT. The 
parenchymatous substance be- 
tween the cuticle and bark. 
This substance is generally 
green. It constitutes the most 


considerable part of leaves; in 


CIR 


which the juices are operated 
upon by air and light, and the 
peculiar secretions of vegetables 
principally elaborated. 
Crex/tues, cis‘tule. That kind of 
receptacle of lichens, which is 
globose, terminal, and formed 
of the substance of the frond. 
It is filled with uncoated seeds, 
intermixed with fibres ; atlength 
- it bursts irregularly, Smith. 
Cellulo'sus. Cellular. Having 
cavities within, which are small 
and irregular; and in which 
sometimes granules are nested. 
Centra'lis. In the centre. 
Cephalo'dia. See knobs. 
Crerz. Membrane covering the 
base of a bird’s bill. 


Cerea'lis. (Cer'es, goddess of 
corn.) Any grain of which 
bread is made. 

Cer'nuus. When the apex or top 


only droops or bends down. 
See nutans, and the difference 
in the two terms. 

Crervinus. Fawn-coloured. The 
colour of the fine light hair of a 
deer. Very pale reddish yellow. 


Ces/PITOSE. See Cespitose. 
Turfy. 
Cuarr. Thin membranous cov- 


ering of the seeds of grass, grain, 
&c. See glume. It is also ap- 
plied to whatever resembles 
chaff; as the substance left on 
the receptacles of some com- 
pound flowers, after the seeds 
are removed ; to the crown of 
some seeds, &c. 
Cuar’ry. Bearing chaff. 
CuHamBers, The cells, or sepa- 
rate spaces, in shells. They are 
connected by a siphunculus. 
CHan'NELLED. JHollowed out 
longitudinally with a rounded 
groove of considerable depth. 
Cuar’/acTterR. That description 
ofaplant, which distinguishes 
it from all others. In making 
out the character, situation, 
proportion, connection, num- 
ber and figure, are considered, 


The two last are not so constant 
as the other three. 

Generic characters are limited 
to the flower and fruit. 

Specific characters are re- 
stricted no farther, than to avoid 
running into the characters of 
the genus. 

CHELATE cLAws. At the end of 
fore-legs of some insects. They 
resemble foréeps, like lobsters’ 
claws. 

Cuo‘rion. A clear limpid liquor 
contained in aseed in the time 
of flowering. This liquor, after 
the pollen is received, becomes 
a perfect embryo of a new plant, 
and takes the consistence usual 
in perfect seeds. But without 
the reception of the pollen, nei- 
ther any thing like the embryo 
or perfect seed, is ever formed. 
Malpighi. 

Chrysoe'vmous. Golden locks ; or 
a yellow bundle of thread. 

Cic/atrice, Cica'irixz. The mark 
or natural scar from whence the 
leaf has fallen. 

Cit'sate, eilia/‘tus. -Edged with 
parallel hairs or bristles, resem- 
bling eye-lashes. 

Cinz’reous. Of the colour of 
_wood-ashes. 

Cin'gens. Surrounding, girding 
around. 

Cir‘cinaL. Rolled in spirally be- 
ginning with the tip, which con- 
tinually occupies the centre ; as 
ferns. 

Circina'tus. Circinal. Also com- 
passed about. 
Circumsi'sus. Cut round. Open- 
ing transversely, not lengthwise; 

as the capsule of purslane. 

Circumscrip'tio. The circumfer- 
ance of a leaf. ; 

Cirrif'erus. Bearing tendrils. 

Crirro’se, cirro'sus. Terminating 
in atendril. 

Cir'rus. (Curled bushy hair.) 
A tendril or climber. 

Cis'tule. See Ceillules. 


Little 
hollows. 


CLO. 


Cram'my. ‘See viscid. 
Cras'perR. See tendril. 
Cxras'’pine. The base of the leaf 


being more or less heart-form 
and sessile, so that the two hind 
lobes partly surround the stem. 

Crass, clas'sis. The highest divi- 
sion of bodies in a system. Each 
class is defined to be the agree- 
ment of several genera in the 
parts of fructification, accord- 
ing to the principles of nature, 
distinguished by art. Linneus 
divided all plants by their sta- 
mers and pistils, into 24 clas- 
ses ; but Persoon and other ap- 
proved systematic writers have 
distributed the plants of the 18th 
and 23d classes among the oth- 
ers, and rejected these two ; 
leaving but 22 classes. These 
are rejected on account of the 
lability of their characters to 
perpetual variations. On the 
same ground the class dodecan- 
dra may be rejected; leaving 
but 21 classes. 

Cra'vate, clava/ius.. Club-form. 
Growing larger toward the end. 

Clavie'ula. See tendril. 

Clau'sus. Closed, shut up. 

Cla'vus. See spurred rye. Ergot. 

CLAW. 
a petal by which it is fixed o: 
the calyxorreceptacle. It can 
exist only in polypetalous co- 
rols. 

Crert. Split down, not exceed- 
ing half way to the base; with 
nearly strait edges on both sides 
of the fissure. The paris into 
which itis splitare numbered in 
descriptions ; as once split mak- 
ing two divisions, is called 2- 
cleft ; two splits 3-cleft, &c. 

Cuierts, lirel‘le, That kind of re- 
ceptacle of lichens, which is 
open, elongated, sessile, black, 
very narrow or linear, with a 
somewhat spongy disk ; the bor- 
der is parallel on each side and 
proper. Sometimes it has an 
accessory border from the crust 


The lower narrow part of | 


besides. The clefts are either 
simple and solitary ; or aggre- 
gate, confluent and branched. 
Smith. * 

Cui'mginc. Ascending by means 
of tendrils, as grapes ; by leaf- 
stalks, as virgin’s bower ; by 
cauline radicles, or rootlets, as 
the creeping American ivy, 
(rhus radicans.) It differs from 
twining, which see. 

Croaca. A general vent for eggs, 
ay and foeces, as of birds, 

ci 

CLoups. They may be divided 
into the Regular and Irregular. 


Reeutar Cuooups. 


1. Strato'se clouds. They are 
those stratified horizontal ranges 
of vapour, which often appear in 
the morning, near and adjoining 
the earth ; usually called fog. 
When the sun shines upon them, 
they ascend gradually in a highly 
rarified state ; and at length re- 
unite in another form and take the 
name of 

2. Cumulo’se clouds. They are 
those bright shining clouds, which 
have their bases straitish with their 
upper sides in roundish brilliant 
heaps. They mostly float awhile 
near the horizon in detached mas- 
ses, and then gradually break up 
and ascend still higher in fine 
flakes or sprays, and form 

3. Cirro'se clouds. They are 
those fibrous clouds which resem- 
ble flax when it is gradually pulled 
from the distaff. They are the 
highest of all clouds; often form- 
ing at the height of five or six 
miles. After a few hours, they 
generally settle down gradually, 
and become 

4. Cir'ro-cumulo'se clouds. They 
are those which are formed by the 
knotting or curdling of cirrose 
clouds. When first forming, they 
exhibit rows of small heaps, often 
in long regular curved lines very 


COL 


near each other. Sometimes 
they become confluent, and at 
length cover the whole sky. This 
last variety furnishes the :materi- 
als for long steady rains. But 
they generally break up in fair 
weather in the afternoon, and 
out of their fragments are made 

5. Cir'ro-strato'se clouds. They 
are those stratified patches, seen 
tear the horizon,mostly at even- 
ing; generally disappearing en- 
tirely after dark. 

Remark. This is the usual 
process during the pleasant part 
of spring, summer and autumn. 
In the year 1815, I kept an exact 
diary of clouds at Greenwich, in 
New-York, more than five 
months. I found this to be their 
regular course more than half of 
that period. 


IRREGULAR CLoUDs. 


6. Nimbo'se clouds. They are 
those dense clouds, which as- 
cend from the horizon, at first 
with heads like the cumulose, 
which soon shoot into cirrose 
branches extending towards the 
zenith. They are usually called 
thunder-clouds, and almost al- 
ways bring showers. 

7. Vello'se clouds. They are 
those fleecy clouds, which fly 
swiftly about the sky, of an open 
texture, without any defined 
sides or bases. One variety of 

those clouds is called seud. 

8. Cu'mulo-stralo'se clouds. 
They are the most rare, as well 
asthe mostremarkable of cleuds. 
But one appeared in the veer 
1815, and I have observed but 
two since, (13 years.) A cu- 
mulous-like cloud seems to rise 
up from the horizon in a com- 
pressed channel, and to become 
united witha cirrostratose cloud. 
Soon after this union, the cloud 
spreads out to great extent, and 
finally covers a great proportion 


7 


of the hemisphere ; while its 
base or stem remains as at the 
commencement. Its form and 
sudden growth have given it the 
appellation of mushroom-cloud. 
I have never seen this cloud 
except at six or seven o’clock 
in the afternoon. 

Cro'ven. See cleft. 

Crus. The clavate part of a fun- 
gus, which supports the fruit er 
bears the seed. 

Cxivus'-rorm. See clavate. 

Crus'/TERED. See racemed. 

Cry'PEATE, Clypea'tus. Form of 
a buckler. See peltate. 

Coap!/unaTe. With united bases. 

Coarra'nEous,'Coaeta'nus. Exist- 
ing at the same time. Applied 
to willows and to some other 
plants, it implies that the flow- 
ers and leaves appear at the 
same time. 

Co'srit, Coali'tus. Thickened, 
increased, or pressed together, 
as the anthers of potatee flow- 
ers. 

Coanrc'Tate. Compact. Press- 
ed or squeezed close together. 

Coat’‘ep. Consisting of concer- 
tric coats, layers or skins, as the 
bulbous roots of onions. 

Cop’weBBED. See arachnoideus, 

Coccin'eus. Scarlet-coloured. 

Coc’cum. A grain or seed.  Tri- 
coccous, 3-seeded ; pentacor- 
cous, 5-seeded, &e. 

Cocn’LEATE, cochlea'lus.. Coiled 
spirally, like a snail-shell. 

Coeruleo-purpu'reus. Bluish-pur- 
ple, violet colour. 

Coru'leus. Blue. 

Cohe'rens. Cohering, attached. 

Coit'ep. Twisted like a rope ; 
or rather resembling the form of 
one thread of a rope, after the 
other threads are removed. 

Colli'nus. Growing on hills. 

Cot‘ourep. Of any hue except 
green ; but in the language of 
botanists green parts are not co- 
loured. See temperature, also’ 
glaucous. 


CON 


€olora’tus. Coloured. 

~ Coxrumen'ta. That which con- 
nects the seeds to the inside of 
a pericarp. It is generally ap- 
plied to a central pillar in a cap- 
sule ; which takes its rise from 
the receptacle, and has seeds at- 
tached to it on all sides. In mos- 
ses it is called sporangidium by 
Willdenow ; and he sometimes 
applies this term as a substitute 
for columella ; and says it is 
found only in 2-valved capsules. 
Applied to shells, it means the 
pillar formed by the spire, com- 
mencing with the left lip. 

Corumn. Applied to a thick strong 


style. 

Cotum'nar. See terete. Round 
and tapering. 

Columnif'era. Stamens and pis- 


tils disposed in the form of a co- 
lumn. 

Com'a. (Kom'e, a head of hair.) 
A tuft of bracts on the top of a 
spike of flowers. 

Commis'sure. The place where 


one thing or part is joined to an- | 


other. Nuttall applies it to sides 
or edges of two seeds, growing 
on umbelliferous plants, where 
they are joined together; as 
those of the carrot and fennel. 

Gom'mon. Any part is common, 
which serves to include or sus- 
tain several parts, similar among 
themselves. 

pertanth. Including several 
florets ; as in the thistle. 

—— involucre. Surrounding the 
base of the peduncles, in an um- 
bel, which aresubdivided above. 

This term is often used for 
frequent also. 

Commu'nis. See common. 

Como'sr. Having agome, or lock 
of hair. ’ 

Comrac’t. See coarctus. 

Comp.e’re, comple'lus. Having 
both calyx and corol. When the 
corol is wanting, the flower is 
sncomplete. When the calyx is 
wanting, the flower is naked if 
it bas a corol. 


Com!pricaTE, complica'tus. Fold- 
ed together. 

Composi'tus.. Compound. 

Com’pounp. One whole, formed 
of many similar parts. 

flowers. Those comprised in 

the class syngenesia, with sever- 

al florets on one receptacle, 

each with united anthers. See 

p-6& 10. 

leaf. When several leafets 

grow on one petiole. 

raceme. When several ra- 

cemes grow along the side of a 

peduncle. 

spike. When several spike- 

lets grow along the side of a 

fruit-stalk, or general spike. 

umbel. Having the peduncles 

subdivided into peduncles of les- 

ser umbels, &c. 


—— petiole. A divided leaf-stalk. 


peduncle. A divided flower- 
stalk. 

Com’pounp TERMS. When any 
part of a plant is to be deserib- 
ed, which does not agree with 
the definition of anyterm in use, 
two or more terms must be com- 
pounded, so as to convey to the 
mind correct descriptions. For 

_ example, the chesnut leaf has 
notches on the margin pointing 
towards the apex, which answers 
to the description of serrate 
leaves; excepting that the notch- 
es are hollowed out. But these 
hollowed notches are not deep 
enough for sinuses ; therefore 
the two terms are compound, 
making sinuale-serrate. Com- 
pound terms are always united 
by a hyphen. ° 

Compres'sepD, compres'sus. Flat- 
tened, as if squeezed or pressed. 

Con'cave, con'cavus. Hollowed 
a little on one side. Itis some- 
times applied to deeper hollows ; 
though rarely. 

Concepta'culum. See follicle, sin- 
gle-valved capsule. 

Concuorocy. ‘The science of 
shells. It is divided into the 
Univalve, Bivalye, and Multi- 


COR 


valve ; which see—also see the 
terms, apex, base, front, back, 
sides, body, whorl, spire, aper- 
ture, lip, beak, operculum, cham- 
bers, siphunculus, slope, lunule, 
hinge, ligament, cicatrix, &c. 

Con'color. The same colour in all 
parts. 

ConpeEn'sep. See coarctate. 

Conpu’piicate. That kind of fo- 
liation where the leaf, while in 
the bud, has its two sides shut 
together, like two leaves ina 
book. 

Cong, co/nus. See strobile. 

Correr't, confer'tus. Thick-set ; 
leaves, flowers, &c. standing so 
closely together, as to seem to 
crowd each other. 

Con'riuenT. Running together. 
It is applied more particularly to 

- the receptacles of some lichens, 
which run together in disorder, 
and become indistinct. 

ConGE!NERES. 
milar habits, &c. 

Conges'tus. See heaped. ; 

Conetom’ERATE. See glomerate. 
When used in geology, it is ap- 
plied to aggregates of rounded 
pebbles. 

Con'ic. With a broad base and ap- 
proaching a point towards the 
top. 

Conif'era. Bearing cones. 

Con’3ucate. See binate. . In 
pairs. 

Conna'tE. Leaves being opposite 
with their bases growing toge- 
ther, so as to form the appear- 
ance of a single leaf. Anthers 
are sometimes connate also. 

Connt'vent, Conni'vens. See con- 


verging. 
Coneim'ilis. Resembling. 
Contig’uus. Near, next. 
Contin'vous. Uninterrupted. 


Contor'TED, contor'tus. Twisted. 
It is also applied to  corols, 
which have the edge of one 
petal lying obliquely over the 
next. 


Contrac'tus. Close, narrow. 


Plants of very si- 


Conira'rium. See partition. 

Conver’GInc. Approaching, or 
bending towards each other, 

Con'vex. Swelling out in a round- 
ish form. 

Convex'us. Convex. 

Con'votute, convolu'tus. Rolled 
into a cylindric-form, like aroll 
of paper, lengthwise with the 
mid-rib. Applied to the situa- 
tion of leaves in the bud. 

Cor’ctE, cor'culum. (Cor, the 
heart.) The embryo of the new 
plant in a seed, situated between 
the cotyledons in dicotyledon- 
ous seeds. It consists of the 
plume and rostel, which show 
themselves soon after vegeta- 
tion commences. See plume 
and rostel. 

Cor'pate. Heart-form ; so called 
from its supposed resemblanee 
to the heart. It is hollowed be- 
hind with the side-lobes round- 


ed at the base. See arrow- 
form. 
Cor! pDATE-oB/LONG, COR'DATE- 


LANCE/OLATE, &c. partake of 
the formation of both com- 
pounds. 

Corra/ceeus. Leathery or parch- 
ment-like. 

Cor'nNERED. Having angles or 
corners. Three-cornered, four- 
cornered, &c. is often expressed 
trigonus, &c. 

Cor'sirorm. Horn-form. 

Cor‘nu. A horn or spur. 

Cornu'tE, Cornu'tus. Horn-form, 
or having borns or spurs. 

Co’rox, corol'la. (A diminutive 
of corona,acrown.) The inner 
delicate covering of the flower, 
which constitutes its principal 
ornament in most cases. Ina 
few cases the bartsia cocci- 
nea, the corol is dull and un- 
sightly, while the calyx is gaily 
coloured. See petal and nec- 
tary. ye 

Corot’'tet, corollula. 
corol. 

Corollif'erous. Bearing the corel 


A little 


ae 
te 


CUL 


Corol'limus. Resembling, or ap- 

* pertaining to, a corol. 

Coro na. See crown. 

Corona'rius. Forming a crown. 

Corona'tus. Crowned ; as the this- 
tle seed is crowned with down. 

Coro/nula. A little crown. 

Cor'RuGATED, Corruga'lus. Wrin- 
kled. Applied also to ridges, 
in some measure resembling 
wrinkles. 

Cor'tex. The bark, which see. 
It consists of a number of lay- 
ers equal to the number of years 
the tree has been growing ; 
though they are often too thin 
to be numbered. The inmost 
layer is called the liber. 

Cor'ticat, Cor’'ricatre. Having 
its origin from the bark, or hav- 
ing bark. 

Cortina. Used by Persoon for a 
spiderweb-like valve, being ve- 
ry thin and filamentous. 

Coryda'lis. (Kor'os, a helmet.) 
Plants with helmet-form corols. 

Co'nymB, Corym/ bus. Flowers um- 
bel-like in their general external 
appearance, but their peduncles 
or supporting stems stand at dif- 
ferent distances down the main 
stem ; as yarrow. 

Corymbif'era. Bearing corymbs. 

Ges'tatez, costa'tum. Ribbed. 

Coi'tony. See tomentose. 

CotyLx’pon. See p. 6. 

Cow'Ltep. When the edges meet 
below and expand above, and 
generally separate ; as the spathe 
of the arusn, Indian turnip. 

Cras'sus. Thick. 

Cree'pinc. Running along the 


oredge. Not the mar- 
gin of a leaf, which do not point 
or incline towards either the 


apex or base. When large cre- 
natures have smaller ones on 
them, they are doubly-crenate. 

Cre'sutate. Very finely cre- 
nated. 


‘Cru'crroRM. 


Cres'cENt-Frorm. Resembling the 
form of the moon from its 
change to half-fulled. 

Crest’ep. gHaving an appendage 
somewhat resembling a cock’s 
comb in form. 

Cre'la. Growing on chalky land. 

CrigpeosE. Sieve-like. 

Crini'tus. Long-haired. 

Cris'pus. See curled. 

Cris/TaTE, Crista'lus. See crest- 
ed. 

Cross!-aRMED. 

Crowp’‘Ep. See confert. 

Crown. The calycle, hair, or 
feathers, on the top of some 
seeds; as the dandelion. 

Crown’‘ep. See coronatus. 

Crou'ciate. Cruciform, or resem- 
bling the cruciform. 

Crucia‘tim. Crosswise. Oppo- 
site pairs of branches or leaves 
successively crossing each oth- 
er. See decussate. 

(Crux, a cross.) 
Corols with four petals, whose 
lamina form a cross. Plants 
with such corols belong to the 
class telradynamia. 

Crusta‘crous. Leafy appearance, 
but consisting of small crusty 
substances lying one upon an- 
other. 

CRYPTOGA'MIA. (Krupios, con- 
cealed; gamos, marriage.) See 
p- 3, 15. 

Cryptoc/amous. (Kruptos, con- 
cealed, gamos, marriage.) Be- 
longing to the class cryptoga- 
mia. Applied to plants whose 
stamens are never manifest un- 
der the highest magnifying pow- 
er. 

Co'sit. A measure from the el- 
bow to the end of the middle 
finger. 

Cucut'LaTE. See cowled. Hood- 
form, as the spathe of the Indian 


See brachiate. 


turnip. 

Cucurgita’creovs. Resembling 
gourds or melons. 
Cu’tinary. Suitable for kitchen 
cookery. Aes 


Cum, Cul'mus. The stem of grain 


DEC 


and grass, when dry it is usually 
called straw. It is applied to 
all grassy plants; as Indian corn, 
sedge, sugar-cane, &c. 

Curmir’erovus. Having culms, as 
wheat, Indian corn. 


Curmin‘gcous. Like the roof ofa 
house. Top. 
Curtrate. Coulter-form. The 


beak of a bird resembling a 
plough-coulter. 

Cum'ulus. Heaped. 

Cune'irorm, Cune'tforme. 
wedge-form. 

Cup’rorm. Hollow within, re- 
sembling a little cup. 

Cupula. Cup. The pileus of a 
fungus, which is open at the top; 
as those of the genus Peziza. 

Cupula'ris. Cup-form. 

Curnt’ep. When the periphery of 
a teaf is too large for the disk, it 
becomes waved or curled. 


See 


Cury’ep. Bent inwards. See in- 
curved. 
Cusp. The bristle of a cuspidate 


leaf, calyx, &c. Nuttall. 

Cus'pipate. Eye-tooth. Having 
a sharpened point and that tip- 
ped with a bristle, a prickle, or 
lengthened apex, not curved, 
See mucronate and observe the 
distinction; also acuminate. 

Cu'ticre. The thin outside coat 
of the bark, which has no life 
and is very durable, often trans- 
parent. It greatly resembles 
the scarf-skin of animals. Very 
distinct on elder, currant and 
birch ; on one species of birch 
it resembles paper. 

Cya'neus. Blue. 

Cyathifor'mis. | Wineglass-form. 
Cylindric widening gradually 
upwards, margin not revolute. 

Cyuin'pric. A cylindrical shaft, of 
nearly equal diameter through- 
out its whole extent. 

Cymbifor'mis. See boat-form. 

CymeE, cy'ma. Flowers uinbel-like 
in their general external appear- 
ance. It agrees with an umbel 
in having its common stalks 


7% 


spring from one centre ; but 
differs in having those stalks 
variously and alternately subdi-. 
vided ; as the elder, (sambucus. ) 
Smith. 


Cymo'sus, crmo'sE. Being in 
cymes. oS 
Cyphel'la. See pits. 
D. 
Dedal'eus. The end broad, wav- 


ing and torn. Neatly formed. 
DAGGER-POINTED. See cuspidate. 
De'bilis. Weak, feeble, lax. 
Dregpris. Ruined rocks. The 
broken fragments of coarsely 
disintegrated rocks. 
DECAGYN'IA. (Deka, ten; gune, 
female.) See p. 13. 


Decanprovs. Plants haying ten 
stamens in each flower. 

Dechaphyl'lus. Ten-leaved. 

Decem'fidus. Cut into ten parts, 
or 10-cleft. 

Decemlocula're. Ten-celled. 

Deeip'vous. Falling off in the 


usual season for similar parts to 
fall; as leaves falling at the de- 
cline of the year; corols falling 
off at the time the stamens fall, 


&c. See caducous and perma- 
nent. 
Decipens. Terminating. 


Decui'NATE, Decti'sEp, dectina’- 


tus. Curved downwards arch- 
wise. 
Decomposition. Separating the 


chemical elements of bodies. 
It differs from disintegration, 
which subdivides without de- 


composition. 
Decompoun’D, Decompost'tus— 
Doubly-co ind. When a 


compound, or divided, petiote 
has a compound leaf on each 
part, the whole is a decompound 
leaf. The same with umbels, 
&c. See supra-decompositus. 
Decorlica’bilis. Easily peeled. 
Decum’sent, decum'bens. When 
the base is erect, and the re 


2 


 Defolia'tio no'tha. 


DES 


mainder is procumbent. It ap- 
plies to stems, stamens, &c. 

Decur'rent. When the two edg- 
es of a leaf extend downwards 
below points of insertion 
a ome projecting wings to 
the st The gills of agarics 
are decurrent, when they run 
down the stipe in a single ridge. 

Decursi've. Decurrently. 

Decur'stveELy Pin‘naTE. When 
the leafets of a pinnate leaf run 
along the petiole with their ex- 
tended bases. 

Decus'sate, decussa’'tus. When 
leaves or branches are opposite | 
in pairs, and each pair stands at | 
right angles with the next pair | 
above or below on the same | 
stem. ; 

Derrec'reD, deflex'us. Bending | 
down archwise. 

Deflora'tus. Having discharged | 
the pollen. 

Derouia'tion, defolia'tio. The 
shedding of leaves in the proper 
season. 


The shedding | 
of leaves before the proper time, 
on account of injuries received. 

Deuis'cent, dehiscen'tia. The na- 
tural opening of capsules in the 
proper season. 

Delig'uium. 
watery. 

Det'tor, deltoi'deus. A leaf with 
four corners ; that is, one at the 
stem, one at the apex, and one 
each side ; but the side ones are 
nearer to the base than to the | 
apex. When the side angles | 
are about as near to the apex as | 
to the base, it is called a rhom- | 
botd leaf.. Both kinds are call- 


ed diamond-form in English. | 
Willdenow condiliers & = 


Jeaf as a thick 3-sided leaf, a 
transverse section of which he 
supposes intended, as giving the 
deltoid form. ast 

Demur'sus. See submersed. Un- 
der water. 


See debilis. Weak, | 


Dense, den'sus. Close, compact. 
A panicle with abundance of 
flowers wery close is dense. See 
thyrse. 

Den'tate, denta‘tus. Toothed. 

leaf. (This term is of such 
almost unlimited extent, it is 
best defined negatively.) Pro- 
jections from the margin of a 
leaf, which are of its own sub- 
stance ; and not serratures, nor 
crenatnres. — 

—— root. That kind of granulat- 
ed root, which resembles teeth 
strung togetber. 

Dewtic'uLarg. Having very small 
teeth. : 

Den'‘toip. Remotely resembling 
teeth, or having processes some- 
what of that form. 

Den'ture. A tooth. 

Denv‘pate. Plants whose flow- 
ers appear before the leaves, 
consequently have a naked ap- 
pearance. Naked. 

Deor'sum. Downwards. 


| Depaupera'tus. Few-flowered. 


Depen'dens. Hanging down. 
Depres'sep. When the upper sur- 
face of a succulent leaf is a little 


concave. It applies to seeds al- 
so with flat tops. 
Descen'dens. The entering of a 


root into the ground. The di- 
rection is veritcal, as the beet ; 
horizontal, as the mint; oblique, 
as the branching roots of most 
trees. 

Descriptions of plants. In writ- 
ing a complete description of a 
plant, begin with the fructifica- 
tion, and describe; 1. Calyx. 2. 
Coro}. 3. Stamens. 4. Pistil. 6. 
Pericarp. 6. Seed. 7. Recepta- 
cle. Then go through with the 
root and herbage, thus: 1. Root. 
2. Stern and Branches. 3. Buds, 
including the Foliation. 4. 
Leaves. 5. The Appendages. 6, 
Inflorescence. 

Then add the general appeéar- 
ance and size of the plant, and 


e 


DIF 


what well known plant it most 
resembles. Give an account of 
the soil and situation where it 
grew ; whether high or low, wet 
or dry ; the precise time of flow- 
ering ; colour of al! parts ; whe- 
ther annual, biennial or peren- 
nial. Then close with the name 
of the town, county, &c. and 


what quantity of the same kind 


of plant is to be found there ; 
and what name the common 
people callit by, #any. Accom- 
pany this description with se- 
veral specimens, so selected as 
te exhibit the plant in all its 
parts. 

There can be no better exer- 
cise for students, than to write 


several such descriptions every: 


day. See Diagnosis. 

Desicca'tio. Dryness. 

Dest‘nens. Terminating. 

Derrirvs. That part of the sur- 
face of the earth, which is nei- 
they rock nor recently decom- 
Sa animal or vegetable mat- 

- Ground or worn-down 
rocks in the state of soil. 

Dextror‘sum. Twining from left 
to right ; that is, with the appa- 
rent motion of the sun; as the 
hop-vine. 

DIADEL’PHIA. (Dis, twice ; 
adelphos, brother.) See p. 14. 
Diapet'pHous. Belonging to, or 
varying into, the class diadel- 

phia. 

Diagno'sis. A short description 
containing only what is essen- 
tial. Linneus made it his rule, 
never toletaspecific description 
exceed twelve Latin words. 
Willdenow says more must be 
added if necessary. It should 
extend no farther than to express 
the difference between that and 
the other species. 

Di'amMonD-Form. See Deltoid. 

DIAN'DRIA,. (Dis, twice; aner, 
male.) Seep, 12. 

DiapH’anous. Admitting the 
transmission of light obscurely. 
Translucent. 


Dicnor/omous. Forked. Stem, 
&c. parted in pairs, each branch 
parted in pairs again, and so on. 
When it is parted but once it is 
more properly d forked, 
furcatus. Pen’ 

Dicurn'1a. (Dis, twi kline, 
bed,) stamens in one flower ang 
pistils in another, whether on 
the same or on different plants. 
This is the name of a classin 
Pursh’s Flora, comprising most 
of the plants of the classes Mo- 
necia and Diecia. 

This class Pursh {divides into 
three orders. 1, Segregate, 
which includes plants, whose 
flowers are moneecious or dice- 
cious; but are not in aments or 
strobiles. 2. Amentacez, which 
includes plants, whose flowers 
are in aments and not in stro- 
biles. 3. Conifere, which in- 
cludes plants, whose flowers are 
in strobiles. 

Dictinious. (Dis, two ; kline, 
bed.) Plants, whose stamens 
and pistils are in different flow- 
ers, whether on the same plant, 
or on different plants. . 

Dicoc’cous. Two-grained. Con- 
sisting of cohering grains, or 
cells with one seed in each. 


DicotryLep‘onous. Plants with 
two cotyledons. See Cotyle- 
don. 


Dip‘ysovs, di'dyma. Twinned, as 
some anthers. 

DIDYNAM‘A. (Dis, twice ; du- 
namis, power.) Seep. 13. 

Dipyn'amovus. Belonging to, or 
varying into, the class Didyna- 
mila. 

Diffor'mis. Applied toa monope- 
talous corol, whose tube widens. 
above gradually, and is divided 
into irregular or unequal parts. 
Willdenow. It is also applied 
to any distorted parts of a plant. 

DirrracteD. Twice bent. An- 
tennae are diffracted, when bent 
outwardly, then forward, at 
short turns. 

Dirru’sep, diffu'sus. Spreading.. 


DOT 


Expanded inan open loose man- 
ner. 

Dic'itate. Fingered. When the 
base of several leafets rest on 
the end of one petiole ; as the 
strawberry and fivefinger. 

DIGYN’IA. (Dis, twice, gune, 
female.) See p. 16. 

Dilata'ius. Expanded, widened. 

Dilu'te. Prefixed toa colour im- 
plies, that it is reduced ; as di- 
lute-purpureus, pale purple. 

Dimidia'tus. See halved. 

DIG'CIA. (Dis, twice ; oikos, 
house.) See p. 15. 

Dia'ciovs, dioi'ca. Belonging to, 
or varying into, the class diw- 
cia. 

Direr’atovus. Having two petals. 

Dirnyt'Lous. Having two leaves. 

Dipterye/ia. See wings. Wing- 
ed seeds. 

Dis'coip. Resembling adisk. A 
tuft of leaves spread out so as 
to resemble a disk. Having a 
disk without rays. Such com- 
pound flowers as are wholly 
made up of tubular florets; that 
is, though they may have mar- 
ginal florets differing from those 
in the disk in the essential or- 
gans, yet the corols will be all 
tubular, and not capitate. 

DistntEGRATIoN. The process of 
destroying the integral charac- 
ter of a body. Applied to geolo- 
gy it signifies, the process of 
crumbling down a rock, or re- 
ducing it to grains, pebbles or 
soil, by the two disintegrating 
agents, the variations of tem- 
perature and moisture. 

Disk, dis'cus. The whole surface 
of a leaf, or of the top of acom- 
pound flower, as opposed to its 
edge or periphery, This term 
is also applied to the aggregate 
florets of an umbel, and to the 
broad or thickened top of a re- 
ceptacle. It is applied to the 
outer surface of each valve of a 
shell. 

Disper'mus. 


Containing but two 
seeds. 


Dorsir/eRouvs. 


Dissec'tus. Gashed in deeply. — 

DisseP/imENT,  Dissepimen'lum. 
See partition. 

Dissil‘iens. A pericarp is dissili- 
ent, when it bursts open with a 
spring ; as the touch-me-not, 
(impatiens.) 

Dis'tans. Standing off remotely. 

Dis/TICHALLY. See distichus. 
This is a very odd adverb intro- 
duced by Nuttall. 

Di'stichus. (Dis, twice ; stichos, 
row.) Two ranked. When 
branches, leaves, or flowers are 
arranged along opposite sides of 
the stem or spike, so as to point 
two opposite ways ; as the 
leaves of the hemlock tree, (pin- 
us canadensis.) 

Distinc’r,distinc'tus. Separate, op- 
posed to connate or confluent. 

Divar’icaTE, divarica'tus. Branch- 
es spreading out from the stem 
so far, as to form more than a 
right angle with it above. - 

Diver'cine, Diver'gens. Br - 
es spreading out from the Wem 
so far, as to form almost a right 
angle with it. 


Diur'nus. Enduring but a day. 

Divi'pep, divi’sus. Severed into 
parts. 

DODECAN’DRIA, (Dodeka, 


twelve; aner, male.) See Re- 
jected Classes. 

Doprcan’provus. Belonging to, 
or varying into, the class dode- 
candria. 


Dodecaphyl'lus. Having twelve. 
leafets. 
Do'drans. Longspan. Distance 


between the ends of the thumb 
and little finger, both being ex- 
tended. 

Dolabrifor'me. See axe-form. 

Dor’sax, dorsa'lis. Fixed to the 
back. Back fins. Awns are 
dorsal, when proceeding from 
the outside of a glume and not 
from the tip. 

Bearing the fruit 
on the back ; as ferns. 
Dor'trep, Besprinkled with dots. 
See punctate and perforated, 


EMA 


Dovs’tz. Two in the place where 
most plants have but one ; as 
the double calyx uf the holly- 
hock, (althea.) 

Dovus'LE-FrLow’ERED. 
flowered. 

Dovs'ty. See duplicate. In Eng- 
lish it has its common appro- 
priate meaning ; as doubly-cre- 
nate, when the crenatures are 
crenated, &c. 

Dovs'ty-pix'NaTE. See bipinnate. 

Down or pown'y. See tomentose. 

Droop'inc. See cernuus. 

Drovre, drup'a. That kind of pe- 
ricarp which consists of a thick, 
fleshy, succulent, or cartilagin- 
ous coat, enclosing a nut or 
stone. Itis berry-like (baccata) 
as in the cherry, or dry (exsuc- 
ca) as in the walnut (juglans. ) 

Drupa'crous. Bearing drupes, or 
fruit resembling them. 

Droses. Any cavities in miner- 
als, which are lined with crys- 
tals. 

Dublius. 

Dul'@s. 

Dumo'sus. 
bushes. 

Duodecem'fidus, Cleft in 12 divis- 
ions. 

Du'plex. Double. 

Duplica'to. Doubly. This term 
is often prefixed to others, in all 
which cases if simply means 
doubly. As duplico-ternatum, 
doubly-ternate or biternate. 

Duplica'tus. Doubled. 

Dura'tion. See ages. 

Dyrnamovus. Applied to plants 
whose flowers contain two, or 
four, stamens, longer than two 
others in the same flower. 


See full- 


Doubtful. | 
Sweet. 
Bushy, or resembling 


E. 


Far’ep. This term appties ; Ist, 
to the round extended, or ap- 
endaged lobes of a heart-form 
leaf: 2d, to the side lobes near 
the base of some leaves: and 


3d, to twisted parts, in some 
ferns and some _ liverworts, 
which are supposed to resemble 
the conchus, or passage into the 
ear. Applied to shells, it means 
the flat processes near the hinge 
in bivalves; as the pecten (scol- 


lop.) 
Ebractea'tus. Without bracts. 
Ebur'neus. Ivory white ; as the 


whole plant monotropa, called 
beechdrops, or birdsnest. 

Ecaleara'tus. Without a spur. 

Ecui'nate, echina'ius. Hedge- 
hog-like. Beset with erect 
prickles. 

Ecos‘tate. Nerveless or ribless. 

EFFLores'cencre. The powdery 
substance on some _ Lichens, 
composed of minute deciduous 
globules. . 

Effiorescen'tia. Flowering season 
of different sorts of plants. 
More simple flowers come out 
in June thanin any other month, 
in North America. Very few 
compound flowers appear be- 
fore August. 

Errouia’Tion. Unnatural falling 
of leaves by means of improper 
culture, worms, &e. 

Erruse. Open, or having an 
opening, so that seeds, liquids, 
&c. may be poured out. 

Eaa’-rorm. See avate. 

Eglandulo'sus. Glandless. 


Eecret. See aigrette. 

Exas'tic. See dissiliens. Spring- 
ing. 

Evipr’rIic. Longer than wide, 


rounded at or near both ends, 
and [nearly equal in breadth to- 
wards both base and apex. 

Exton'GaTep. Lengthened out, as 
if extended beyond what is usu- 
al in similar parts. 

Erytra. The outer, or upper, 
shelly wings of some order of 
insects. 

Emar'cidus. See withering. 

Emar‘cinate. Notched in the 
end at the termination of the 
midrib. See Retuse. 


EXS 


Empra/cine. See clasping. 

Em‘sryon. See hilum. Eye of 
a bear, &c. 

Emzrsep. Out of water. 

Empa'tement, See calyx. 

Enp!-pitten. See premorsus, 

Ener’/vyaTe. Nerveless. 

ENNEAN'DRIA. (Ennea, nine ; 
aner,male.) See p. 13. 

Enxean'provs. Belonging to, or 
varying into, the class ennean- 
dria. 

Enneapet'alus. Nine-petalled. 
Ene'dis,exno'pE. Knotless. Hay- 
ing no joints; as the bulrush. 
En'‘saTeE, énsa'lus. Having sword- 

form leaves. 

En'sirorm. Sword-form. Two- 
edged, tapering from base to 
apex mostly, and a little arch- 
ing towards one edge ; as flag 
and cat-tail, (Iris and Typha.) 

Exti’re. Continued without in- 
terruption. A margin of a leaf, 
calyx, corol, &c. is entire, when 
it is neither serrate, toothed, 
notched, nor in any manner in- 
dented. 

Extomotoey. The science of in- 
sects. It embraces the whole 
articulated division, excepting 
Annelida. 


Ephe'merus. Of very short dura- 
tion. 

Epicar'peus. On the germ. See 
superior. 

Epider'mis. See cuticle. 

Epiphrag'na. A thin membrane 


stretched over the mouth of the 
moss, polytriehum. 

E‘quaL. Similar parts equal a- 
mong themselves. The calyx, 
corol, &c. are equal, when the 
leafets, petals, or subdivisions, 
are similar in form, size and di- 
rection. Opposed to unequal. 

Equinoc’TIAL FLow’ers. Open- 
ing at stated hours each day. 

Eq‘ciTant. Opposite leaves em- 
bracing each other, so that they 
alternately enclose each other's 
adges; as the leaves near the 
roots of the Iris and yellow gar- 


den lilies, (hemerocallis ;) alse 
the position of the leaves in 
some unopened buds. 

Erec't, @ec'tus. Upright. Not 
so perfectly strait and unbend- 
ing as strictus. When applied 
to any thing laterally attached 
to the stem, as leaves, &c. it 
implies that it makes a very 
acute angle with it. 

Erectius'culus. Erectish. 

Er'cot. See spurred rye. 

Erina'ceous. Hedge-hog-like — 
See echinalus, 

Ero!se, ero'sus. Gnawed. Un- 
equally sinuated, as if the sinu- 
ses had been eaten by insects. 

Es'cuLent. Eatable. 

Escutcneon. A plate between 
the bases of wings of inseets. 

Essen‘tiax character. See diag- 
nosis. 

EssEn’TIALS. 
pistils. 

Ey'ERGREENS. Such plants as re- 
tain their leaves throughout the 


The stamens and 


year; as white pine, laurel, &c. 
Ey’ercreen. Verdant through- 
out the year. 
Exan/NuLaTe. Ferns whose cap- 


sules are without rings. This 
comprises one section of ferns. 
Those which have an apparent 
vestige of, but not in reality, a 
ring, form another section. 
Those with a ring, another. See 
annulatus. 
Exara'tus. See sulcate, 
Exaspera'tus. See roughened. 
Excava'tus. Bollowed out. 
Exor/ic, exot'icus. Plants not 
growing spoutaneouslyin a wild 
state in that particular country, 
or section of a country. 


Expan'pDED, expan‘sus. Spread. 

ExpansiLe. — Capable of being 
spread. 

Explana'tus, Unfolded. Spread 
out flat. _ 

Exsert', exser'lus. Standing out. 


Stamens are exsert when pro- 
truded out of the corols. Pe- 
duncles of spikes in culmiferous 


-—_- 


F1B 


plants are exsert, when protrud- 
ed out of the sheaths; as carex 
folliculataand pubescens. Teeth 
may be exsert. 

Exstip'uratz. Without stipules. 

Ezsic'cus. Juiceless. 

Ezx'timus. At the very top, or ex- 
treme end. 

Exrrarouia'ceovus. Outside of 
the leaf. A stipule is extrafoli- 
aceous when it comes out a lit- 
tle lower than the leaf. 

Exirors'um. Outwardly. 

Erg. See hilum. 


FP. 


Faci'es. The general external ap- 
pearance of a plant. 

Factitious. Produced by art ; 

- not natural. 

Factir’rous character. A charac- 
ter, where the number of parts 
or some other circumstance, not 
of essential importance, are 
taken into it. It admits of fewer 

or 
than are absolutely necessary. 


Fat'cats. See acinaciform. 
Fam'tties. See gentes, 
Fan’rorm. Spread out, or taper- 


ing towards the base like a fan. 
Farc'tus. Stuffed, full. It is op- 
posed to fistulous, hollow. 
Fari'na. See pollen. Meal, flour. 
Farino'sus. Mealy, powdery. 
Fasci'atus. Having parallel bands, 
or coloured stripes. 
Fas'creLe, fascic’ulus. A bundle. 


Flowers level-topped, umbel-' 


like in the general external ap- 


pearance, with footstalks irre-— 


gular in their origin and subdi- 
vision. 
little from the corymb, except- 
ing in having shorter footstalks, 
which do not extend so far down 
the main stem. Sweet-william 
(dianthus) isa good example. 

A bundle of tuberous roots is 
called a fascicle ; as the aspara- 
gus root. Also a bundle of 
leaves; as of the white pine. 


ore characteristic marks, 


The fascicle differs but | 


Faseic’/orate. An unnatural bun: 
dle of branchlets. 
Fastic tate, fastigia‘tus. Level- 
topped. Applied to aggregate 
flowers, which are elevated to 
an equal height or nearly so ; 
forming a level, convex or con- 
cave top, differing but little 
froma plane. It is also applied 
to leaves ; as the hog-weed (am- 
brosia artemisifolia.) 
Favo'sus. See alveolate. Resem- 
bling honey-comb. 
Faux. Jaws. The throat or open- 
ing into a corol. That precise 
spot, where the tubular part of 
aringent corol begins to sepa- 
rate or expand into lips or 
mouth, is the faux. 
EAT'HER. See Aigrette. 
plumose crown of seeds. 
Fre'mALeE, femin‘eus. See pistil- 


| F The 


late. 
Fence. Involucre of Withering. 
\Fen‘cep. Walled around, as the 


stamens are by the seales in 
brookweed (samolus.) 
| Fe're. Almost. 
|Frerns. See filices. 
FERRIFEROUS. Containing iron.. 
Ferr'uainous, ferrugin’eus. The 
colour of iron-rust. Applied to 
masses of minute quartz crys- 
tals. 
Fer’tite. See pistillate. 
|Fertiziza’tion. The application 
of the pollen, which is formed 
in the cells of anthers, to the 
stigma ; which is essential to 
the production of perfect seed. 
See choricn. Richard is too 
lengthy upon this subject for the 
plan of this Dictionary ; which 
is intended’ for definitions and 
illustrations, but not for physio- 
logical discussions. 
(Ferrerep. Having entangling 
feathers on or near the legs. 
Fi/sre, filra. Any thread-form 
part. The small flexible thread- 
form roots of grasses and man 
other plants, are called fibres. 
Fi‘zrovus. Composed of fibres. 


FLO 


Fip'puie-rorm. See pandurifor- 
mis. 

Figu'ra. See Icones. 
drawings. } j 

Figura'tum. This term is applied 
to the mouth of the capsule of 
a moss, whenit is set round with 
membranaceous teeth. 

Fit'ament, filamen'tum. That 
part of the stamen which is be- 
tween and connects together 
the anther and the receptacle, 
calyx or pistil. When the. f- 
lament is wanting, the anther is 
sessile. In monopetalous corols, 
the filaments are generally in- 
serted into, or are attached to, 
their bases. 

FILI/CES, Ferns. See p. 18. 

Fit‘tironm. Thread-like. Of 
nearly equal thickness through- 
out, round and cylindric. It is 
applied to spikes which are very 
long in proportion to their dia- 
meters. But it is generally con- 
fined to smaller parts. 

Fimbria'tus. Fringed. Differs 
from ciliate in being less regu- 
lar and of coarser parts. 

Fimeta'rius. Growing naturally 
on manure heaps. 

Fin'cerED. See digitate. 

Fissire. Easily split in the direc- 
tion of the laminae. 

Fis'sure. A cleft or slitted apper- 
ture. 

Fis'sus. See cleft. 

Fis'TuLovs. 
flute or reed. 

Fras’etirorm. See fan-form. 

Frac'ip, flac'cidus. ‘Too lax or 
limber to support its own weight. 
See lax. 

Flagel'lum. See runner. 

Flagellifor'mis. Resembling a 
whip-lash. 

Flam'meus. Flame-coloured. 

Frat. See planus. 

Fla'vus. Yellow. 

Fursn’y. Thick and filled with 
pulp within. 

Frex'ipie, fler'ilis. Easily bent. 

Faaxu'ose. Bending and frequent- 


Figures, 


Hollow like a pipe, 


ly changing direction. A stem 
is flexuose, or zigzag, which uni- 
formly bends at regular inter- 
vals ; a8 from joint to joint, 
ribet to branch, leaf to leaf, 
é . 
Flex'us. Bent. This relates to but 
one bending. See geniculate. 
Fro’atinc. See natant. 
FLocco’sr. Woolly, or resem- 
bling the flocks sheared from 
cloth. 
Fro’rat. Relating to a flower. 
bud. Containing an unopen- 
ed flower. 
leaf. See bract. 
Florescen'tia. See efflorescentia. 
Fio/ret. Little flower. Whether 
he flower is large or small, it is 
a floret, if it is one of a number 
all of which constitute an ag- 
gregate or compound. As the 
little flowers which make up the 
head of a thistle, a head of 
wheat, the umbel of a carrot, 


&e. 

Floribun'dus. Abounding in flow- 
ers. 

Frorir’grovus. Bearing flowers. 
A leaf is floriferous when a flow- 
er grows out of its disk or mar- 


in. 

Frohiss: One whose employment 
is that of creating monsters ; 
that is, double and various co- 
loured corols; as carnations, 
double roses, &c. These meet 
a more ready sale than the most 
interesting plants in their native 
state, among persons of a coarse 
unscientific taste. Such persons, 
to be consistent, should prefer 
the high colouring daubings ofa 
sign painter, to the delicate 
touches of a Savage, a Trumbull 
or a Vanderlin. 


Flos. See flower. 

Fros’cutaR, flosculo'sus. See tu- 
bulous. 

Floscu'lus. Tubular floret. Nutt- 


all applies it to the florets of 
rasses ; but ought not to be 
ollowed. 


FRU 


Frowser. The stamens and pis- 
tils with their covering. These 
two organs, or rather their an- 
thers and stigmas, are essential 
to all plants. But the calyx, 
corol, and even nectaries when 
present, are parts of the flower. 

Frow’rerine se’ason. See efilo- 

_ rescentia. 

Frow’er-statK. See peduncle. 

Fluvia'tilis. Growing naturally in 
rivers and brooks. 

Fe'tidus. Smelling disagreeably. 

Fotp. Annexed to numerals de- 
noting so often combined ; as 5- 
fold leaves, growing in fives, &c. 

Fouia’ceovus. See leafy. 

Fotta’ris. Atendril on a leaf. 

gemma. A bud containing 
leaves only. 

Foria'tion, folia‘ttio. The man- 
ner in which unopened leaves 
are situated within the bud. The 
modes of foliation are: 1. Invo- 
lute. 2. Revolute. 3. Obvolute. 
4. Convolute. 
Equitant. 7. Conduplicate. 8. 
Plaited. 9. Reclinate. 10. Cir- 


einal. See each in its proper 
place. 
Folia'tus. Leafy. 
Foliferous. Particularly adapted 


to bearing leaves. 

Fovicre, foliolum. See leafet. 
Oné of a compound leaf. 

Folio’sus. See leafy. 

Folium. See leaf. 

For'ticie, Folicu'lus. A pericarp 
with one valve, which opens 
lengthwise on one side only ; 
as milk-weed (asclepias.) 

Fontina'lis. Growing naturally 
about springs. 

Foorstatx. See peduncle and 
petiole, it is put for both. 

Foramen. Ahole. 

Foraminulo'sus. 
ny small holes. 

Fors’eED. See dichotomous. 

Formation, A term used by ge- 
ologists to express more or less 
than a definite stratum ; as de- 
tritus is called alluvial ferma- 


5. Imbricate. 6. 


Pierced with ma- } 


tion, iron formation may apply 
to the ferriferous rocks and 
their iron contents. 


Fornicatus. Arched. See vault- 
ed. 
Fov'ea. A _ nectariferous cavity 


for the reception of honey. 
Honey-comb like. 

Fovil'la. The fine substance con- 
tained inthe particles of pollen. 
When the ripe pollen comes in 
contact with the moist stigma, 
it explodes and diseharges the 
fovilla. 

Frag'ilis. Breaking easily and not 


bending. 

FREE. See libera. 

Freq'uens. Very common, or fre- 
quent. 


Fri'gidus. Growing uaturally in 
cold countries. 

Frin’cep. See fimbriatus. 

Fronp. An herbaceous, a leath- 
ery, a crustaceous, or gelatinous 
leaf, or somewhat of a leaf-like 
substance, from which or with- 
in which the fruit is produced. 
It is applied exclusively to the 
class cryptogamia—Smith. But 

. formerly it was also applied to 
palms. 

Frondescen'tia, See leafing. 

Fronpo'se, Frondo’sus. Leafy, or 
leaf-like. It is applied to mosses 
to distinguish them from liver- 
wortsby Willdenow ; who retains 
them in the same order. 

Frons. See frond. 

Frontirett. The part back of the 
base of a bird’s bill. Generally 
bristly. 

Frutescen'tia. Applied to palms 
and such others as have a smple 
stem, and leaves only ai top. 
Willdenow. 

It is applied by Martyn to the 
time when vegetables scatter 
their ripe seeds. 

Fructir'grovus. Bearing, or be- 
coming, fruit. 

Froctirica'tion, Fructifica’tio.— 
“‘ The temporary part of vegeta- 
bles, which is destined for the 


8 


GAL 


reproductions of the species, ter- 
minating the old individual and 
beginning the new.”.—Linneus. 
It consists of seven parts—l. 
Calyx. 2. Corol. 
4. Pistil. 5. Pericarp. 6. Seed. 
7. Receptacle. See each in its 
proper place. 

Fruit, fruc'tus. The seed with its 
enclosing pericarp. If the seed 
grows naked, the seed alone is 
the fruit ; as of the sage. 

Fruit-pots. Assembiages of cap- 


sules on the backs of ferns. Also 
small assemblages of powdery | Funco'sr. 
bodies on the fronds of lichens, | Fun’gus. 


called soredia. 
Frvuir-staLK. See peduncle. 
FRUSTRA'NEA. (Frustra, 
vain,) polygamia. Sce p. 18. 
Frotes'cent, frutes'cens. Wocdy, 
or from herbaceous becoming 


in 


woody. 
Frut'ex. Ashrub, which see. 
Frutico’sus. See shrubby. 
Fug'ax. Fugacious. Soon dis- 
appearing. Flying off. ‘See 
ring. 


Fulcra'tus. Having appendages. 

Ful'crum. These are seven—1. 
Stipule. 2. Bract. 3. Thorn. 
4, Prickle. 5. Sting. 6. Gland. 
7. Tendril. See each in its pro- 
per place. 

Fuuieineus. Sooty, dark dull co- 
lour. 

FuLL-FLoOwERED. When the pe- 
tals of the corol are so multipli- 
ed as to exclude the stamens ; 
which is effected by the stamens 
becoming petals; as the peony, 
rose, &c. This rarely takes 
place in monopetalous corols, 
Double flowers are totally unfit 
subjects for botanical exercises. 
See florist. 

Fuu'vous, Ful'vus, 
rust-colour. 

FUN'GI, funguses. They are now 
known to be organized bodies, 
propagating their kind by seeds, 
like other vegetables. Howev- 
er unsightly a common toad- 


Yellowish 


3. Stamen.- 


stool, the mould on old scraps 
of leather in damp places, or the 
blight in grain, may appear to 
the careless observer ; they are 
all beautifully organized, and 
highly interesting to the student 
in Natural History. But “ their 
sequestered and obscure habita- 
tion, their short duration, their 
mutability of form and_ sub- 
stance,render them indeed more 
dificult of investigation than 
common plants.”—Smith. See 

p- 19 & 25, 

Fleshy and spongy. 

This term is sometimes 
put for pileus. 

Fu‘nicuLe, Funic'ulus umbilica'- 
lis. The thread by whicha seed 
‘is fastened at the hilum. 

Fun’nEL-Form. A corol with a 
tubular base, and a border open- 
ing gradually into the form of a 
reversed cone. 

Furca'tus. See dichotomous. 

Furruracevus. Bran-like. 

Fur’RowepD. See suleate. 

Fus'cus. Sooty-yellow, dark-yel- 
low. 

Fo'sirorm, fustfor'mis. Spindle- 
form. A root thick at the top 
and tapering downward to the 
point is fusiform ; as the beet 
and carrot. A worm, ilarva,shell, 
&c. may be fusiform. 


G. 


Gal'ea. Seelabiate. A helmet. 

Ga'reaTE, Galea'tus. Resembling 
a helmet. 

Gaxxs, Gal'le. Excresences pro- 
duced by the stings of insects. 
The balls found on oaks which 
are usedin dyeing, the common 
large green oak-balls, the singu- 
lar green lumps found on the 
wild honey-suckle, &c. are ex- 
amples. The irritation upon 
the delicate sap-vessels, pro- 
duced by the sting and egg of 
the insect, causes a greater flow 
of sap in that direction. This 


GEN 


pressure of sap distends and dis- 
torts the capillary tubes and 
membranes, until those excres- 
ences are formed around the 
egg. In due time the egg be- 
comes a larva, or maggot, which 
afier feeding a while upon the 
gall, changes into the pupa, or 
chrysalis, and at last escapes a 
perfect insect, or fly. Each fly 
produces a gall of a peculiar 
form.—Willdenew. 

Gancve. The part of a rock which 
lines a vein and embraces a min- 
eral, and is unlike the rest of 
the rock. 

Gare. The opening between two 
lips of a labiate, or irregular, 
corol. Applied to mouths of 


birds. 
Gap'ine. See hians. 
Gas'HED. See incisus. 
Gem'inus. Seedouble. It is also 
used for paired, in pairs or twins. 
Gem'ma. See bud. 


Gemma'tio. Budding. The gem- 
mation of plants comprehends 
the developement of a new plant 
from the bud, as wellas the fo- 
liation ; according to Richard. 
See foliation. Buds are of four 
kinds. 1. Bud, properly so call- 
ed, which see. 2. Turion, the 
radical bud, or tender shoot 
which rises from the root in the 
spring, before it expands its 
leaves; as the early asparagus 
shoots. 3. Bulb, which see. 4. 
Propago, a longish round body 
proceeding from the mother 
plantin mosses, which itself be- 
comes a new plant. This is 
placed among the buds by Ri- 
chard ; but Linneus calls it the 
seed ; and Gertner applies it to 
the seed of lichens also. 

GruMip’arovs. Producing buds 
in the axils of leaves. ‘ 


Gen‘erat. See partial. 
GEN‘/ERAL FENCE. Universal in- 
volucre. 


The defi- 
It is confin- 


GENER'IC CHARACTER. 
nition of a genus. 


ed entirely to the flower and 
fruit. It is essential, factiiious, 
or natural ; which see. 

Generic NAME. The name ofa 
genus. Milne enumerates 21 
rules respecting the naming of 
genera; which with his exam- 
ples, occupy 40 pages. The 
principal names are founded 
upon some supposed virtues of 
plants, expressed in Latin or 
Greek—the habit, place of 
growth, &c. expressed in the 
same manner—given in honour 
of some distinguished botanist— 
or borrowed from the fables of 
poets. 

It seems to be an established 
modern rule, that no genus shall 
have the name of a politican, or 
of any other character however 
distinguished, unless liberal pa- 
tronage, or skill in the science 
of botany, will warrant it. 

Genic‘uLaTE. Kneed. Forming 
a very obtuse angle, like a mod- 
erate bending of the knee. 

Gen'les. Nations. Linneus divid- 
ed plants into nine great natural 
tribes or casts. 1. Pars (pal- 
me ;) as the date and cocoa-nut. 
2. Grasses (gramina;)as wheat, 
Indian-corn, sugar-cane, rice, 
timothy-grass, &c. 8, Litres 
(lilia;) as lily, tulip, daffodil, 
&c. 4. Heres (berbe ;) as this- 
ties, nettles, peas, mint, pota- 
toes, hemp, plantain, beets, and 
all other herbaceous plants ex- 
cept the above. 5. TREEs (ar- 
bores ;) as oak, chesnut, pine, 
willow, dogwood, currants, li- 
lac, whortleberry, cranberry, 
and all other plants with a woody 
stem. 6. Ferns (filices;) as 
brake, polypod, maidenhair, 
ground pine, and ail other plants 
of this order, which see. 7. 
Mosses (musci.) See the order 
8. Arex. This tribe includes 
the plants of the orders, hepati- 
ca, alge and lichenes, which see. 
9. Funer. As mushroom, toad- 


# 


GLA 


stool, puff-ball, mould, blight, 
&e 


Ge'xvus, (plural gen/era,) Anum- 
ber of plants which agree with 
ene another in the structure of 
the flower and fruit.—Willde- 
now. ‘The classes are divided 
into orders, and then the orders 
are divided into genera, the gen- 
era into species. This is the ana- 
lytic method. The species are 
united into their respective gen- 
era by rejecting the specific dis- 
tinctions ; genera are united in- 
to their respective orders, by re- 
jecting the generic distinctions ; 
orders are united under their re- 
spective classes by rejecting the 
taxinal character. This is the 
synthetic method. Thus it will 
be readily perceived, that scien- 
tific botany is practical logic. 

Piants of the same genus pos- 
sess similar medical powers, 
though in very different de- 
grees.—Milne. This rule is cer- 
tainly liable to some excep- 
tions. 

Geopr. A cavity in a mineral 
whose sides within are more or 
less spherical. It may be empty, 
or may contain minerals diifer- 
ent from the mineral containing 
the geode. 

GERM, germen. That part of the 
pistil, which, after the pollen is 
received, soon contains the ru- 
diment of one young plant, or 
more. Its whole substance be- 
comes the pericarp and seed, as 
it enlarges itself. 

When the calyx comes out be- 
low the germ, the germ is supe- 
rior, and the calyx inferior ; 
when the calyx comes out of the 
upper part of the germ, the germ 
is inferior, and the calyx supe- 
rior. 

The mirabilis and sanguisor- 
ba, have the germ between the 
calyx and corol. But Smith 
says, the corol can be traced to 


the base of the germ in the san- 
guisorba ; and the mirabilis 
(called the four-o-elock) may 
be treated in the same man- 
ner. It is therefore very doubt- 
ful, whether there is a plant, 
whose germ is between the ca- 
lyx and corol. 

Ger'minaTz. Appertaining to the 
germ. 

Germina’‘Tion. The swelling of 
a seed, and the unfolding of its 
embryo. 

Giz'sous. Bunehed out. When 
one or both sides are swelled 
out. 

Git-coverRs. The bony or cartila- 
ginous covering placed over, or 
outside of the gill-membranes. 

GILL-MEMBRANES. The membranes 
immediately covering the gills. 

Gitts. See lamella. Lungs of fish. 


Gil'vus. Iron-grey, and brick-co- 
lour. 
Glabel'lus. Bald. Without hairs. 


Guia'prous, glab'er. Sleek. Hay- 
ing no pubescence. Glaber is 
often translated smooth, which 
in most cases conveys a correct 
idea ; or at least does not lead 
toerror. But a leaf with soft 
cottony pubescence is smooth, 
though it is not glabrous. 

Gladia'tus. A sword-form legume 
is sometimes called gladiate. 
See ensiform. 

Guanp, glan'dula. A round, or 
roundish appendage which 
serves for transpiration and se- 
cretion. They are situated on 
leaves, stems, calyxes, and par- 
ticularly at the base of stamens 
in some cruciform flowers ; as 
mustard. Glandular hairs, or 
hairs with glandular heads, are 
very abundant on the common 
hazlenut calyx, of North Ameri- 
ca, (corylus americana.) 

Guan'DuLAR, GLan/putovs, glan- 
dulosus. Having glands. 

GLanpvuLir'ERovs. Bearing glands. 

Grass’-Form. See cyathiform. 


aw 


GRA 


Guias'‘sy. See hyaline. 

Giav'covs. Clothed with a sea- 
green mealiness, which is easily 
rubbed off. It is sometimes put 
for a greenish-grey colour. This 
colour, ferruginous and hoary, 
are so constant, that they are 
used in specific descriptions, 
All other colours are excluded 
on account of their being too 
variable to be relied on. 

Gtogo'se, Globo'sus. Spherical, 
round on all sides like a ball. 
This term is often applied in 
cases where the part is rather 
roundish than perfectly globu- 
lar. 

Guios‘utes. That kind of recep- 
tacle of lichens, which is glo- 
bose, solid and crustaceous, 
formed of the substance of the 
frond, and terminating its points 
or branches ; from whence they 
fall oif entire, leaving a pit or 
cavity. They are supposed to 
be covered all over with a co- 
loured seed-bearing membrane. 
Smith. 


Glob'uli. Globules. 
Glo'chis. See barb. 
Giomse. A roundish head of fow- 


ers. 

Gtiom’ERaTE, glomera’‘tus. When 
many branchlets are terminated 
by little heads—Richard. A 
spike is glomerate when it con- 
sists of a collection of spherieal 
heads.— Willdenow. 

Giom’ERULE, glomer'ulus. The 
small heads constituting aglome, 
or a small glome. 

Guiuma’ceous. Glume-like, or 
bearing glumes. 

GLUME, glu’ma. Consists of the 
scales of chaffs which surround 
or enclose the stamens and pis- 
tils in the flowers of grasses. 
The lower ones are called the 
calyx, all others the corol. 

Each scale, chaff, or husk, is 
called a valve ; which gives the 
names bivalve, with 2 husks or 


chaffs ; univalve, with one, &e. 

When several flowers are ar- 
ranged along a rachis in a spike- 
let with a valve or two, or more, 
below the lowest flower, these 
are called the common or gen- 
eral calyx (gluma communis ;) 
and the glume to each floret on 
the spikelet above is called par- 
tial (gluma partialis.) 

Richard says, glumes ought to 
be called bracts ; as they are not 
properly either calyx or corol. 

Gtumo'seE. Having glumes. 

Guvu‘tinovus, Having on some 
part more or less of adhesive 
moisture, 

Gnraw’‘ep. Seeerose. 

GoxseyLous, Gon'gulous. Aknot. 
It is applied to around, hard 
body, which falls off upon the 
death of the mother plant or 
animal, and becomes a new 
one; asin the fucus and some 
radiated animals. 

Gonop’TERIDES. Angle-fruit fern. 
one of the new orders of ferns. 
It is adopted by Pursh, Torrey 
and a few oer writers on 
American botany. The recep- 
tacles of the fruit are polygons ; 
as of the genus Equisetum. 

Gram'ina. The family of grasses. 
See gentes. But in a limited 
sense, the sedges, rush-grasses, 
&c. are not included. See Na- 
tural Orders. Culmiferous is 
the most extensive term ; and 
most of this vast family have 
three stamens in each flower, 
though many of them are mo- 
necious. The rice, star-grass 
and rush-grass have six stamens 
to the flower. 

Graminifol'ius, Having leaves 
resembling those of grasses. 

Grandiflo‘rus. Having large flow- 
ers. 

Granif‘erus. 
kernels ; as those on the valves 
of dock-flowers. 

Gran/ULATE, granula‘tus. In the 


S¥ 


Bearing grains or — 


HEM 


form of grains. A granulate root 
consists of several little knobs 
strung together along the side 
of a filiform radicle. It differs 
from the knobbed tuberousroots 
in this ; that the latter are 
strung together by rootlets, 
which proceed from near the 
middle of one knob to another. 

Granuta'tTions. Grain-like sub- 
stances. 

Grave'olens. Having a strong odour 
or scent. 

Greearious. In flocks. Applied 
to fungi and other plants grow- 
ing together in groups; but not 
so as to be cespitose, or to form 
a turfy mass. 

GressoraL. Birds’ feet, which 
are formed for running ; hay- 
ing three toes forward and one 
back, and the two onter toes 
mostly joined towards the base. 

Groov'ED. See sulcate. 

GrossiFica'Tion. The enlarging 
of the fruit after the florescence. 

GouiTAr'-Form, See panduriformis. 

Gymnocar'pi fun'gi. Such as bear 
seeds in a naked hymenium, 
which see. 

Gymnosper'mus. (Gumnos, naked ; 
sperma, seed.) With seeds nak- 
ed, or growing without peri- 
carps. 

GynanpRovus. (Gune, woman ; 
aner, man.) Applied when sta- 
mens grow on pistils, but not in 
immediate connexion with the 
calyx or corol. 


H. 


Habia'tio. The native residence 
of plants ; or the situation 
wherein they grow most natur- 
ally. 

Haps'it, habitus. The external 
appearance of a plant by a ge- 
neral view of which we know it 
without attending to any of its 
essential characters. 

A knowledge of the habits of 


plants is to be acquired ; by first 
seeing them in a growing state, 
and then by repeatedly review- 
ing them®in an HERBARIUM, 
which see. 

Hair. See pilus. 

Hair’-Like. See capillary. 

Hair'y. See pilose. 

Haw'BERT-FORM. See hastate. 

Haters. Globules on slender 
stems under the wings of some 
two-winged insects, called poi- 
sers. 

Hatv‘ep. One-sided, as if one 
half had. been taken off; as the 
halved spathe of some Indian- 
tus one-sided involucres, 
BG. 

Ha'mus. A hook, as the hooked 
spines on burdock. 

Hamo'sus. Hooked. 


Hamulo‘sus. With very small 
hooks. 
Hanp'-rorm. See palmate. 


Hane/‘ing, See pendent. 

Has'tars. Halbert-form, or shap- 
ed like an espontoon. A leaf 
with processes near the base 
from each edge, which are acu- 
tish ; as common sorrel leaves. 
When these processes point con- 
siderably backwards the leaf is 


sagittate. 
Hatcu'et-rorm. See axe-form. 
Heap. Flowers heaped together 


in aroundish form with no pe- 
duncles or very short ones ; as 
clover-heads. This term is ap- 
plied to a globular stigma also. 
Hear‘ep. Compact, but hardly 
as close as dense. 
Heart. See corcle. 
Hearr!-rorm. See cordate. 
HepG’E-HOGGED. See ferinace- 


ous. 

Hex'met. See labiate. Upper- 
lip. 

HetmintHotocy. The science of 


worms, including molluscous 

and radiated animals. 
Hetvotus. Pale red. 

bloom. 
Hem’ isPHERE,. 


Peach- 


Half a sphere. 


eK 


HER 


HEPATIC. See cryptogamia. 
Liverworts, p. 19 & 26. 

HEPTAGYN'IA. Seven-styled. 

HEPTAN’DRIA. (Hepta, seven ; 
aner, male.) See p. 12 & 17. 
Seven stamened. 

Heprtan'provs. Belonging to, or 
varying into, the class heptan- 
dria. 

Here, her'ba. Any plant which 
has not a woody stem. But 
when applied to the nine fami- 
lies (see gentes) it includes nei- 
ther grasses nor lilies. 

Hersa'ceous. Not woody. Also 
applied to plants which perish 
annually down to the root. 

Here/ace. All that part of vege- 
tables which is bounded by the 
root below, and by the fructifi- 
cation above. It comprises all 
parts of every plant, except the 
root and fructification, whether 
herbaceous or woody. See 
partes. 

Herea’rivm. A collection of dried 
plants. No person can ever 
become a good practical bota- 
nist without an herbarium. 

The uses of an herbarium are 
principally these : 

1. To revive in the memory the 
names and habits of plants. No 
memory is sufficiently retentive 
to permit nothing to slip, relat- 
ing to several hundred species 
of plants; unless they are fre- 
quently presented to the eye. 

2. When plants are not in flow- 
er, they often want some of their 
most striking habits also. It is 
therefore very convenient and 
satisfactory to compare the 
more minute parts, in order to 
insure correctness in relation to 
plants, which we have occasion 
to examine at various seasons 
of the year, 


Directions for making an herba- 
rium. 


i, Provide yourself with a- 
bout 100 old newspapers ; or 


other coarse paper about equal 
to that in quantity and texture. 
Let these papers be very thor- 
oughly dried. This will be a 
sufficient stock for the season. 

2. Procure two smooth inch- 
boards of the size of half of a 
paper ; also a weight of lead, 
stone, or other substance, of 
twenty pounds. 

3. Gather 3 or 4 specimens of 
each plant, as it comes in flow- 
er. If you collect but few spe- 
cimens, and wish to preserve 
them in the most beautiful form, 
put them between the leaves of 
a port folio in the field. Let the 
specimens be so large as to in- 
clude the various parts of the 
plant. If it be a small plant, 
take the root also. If large, take 
itin two pieces; one to include 
the flower and parts adjoining, 
the other the root-leaves, if any, 
and those near the root. Piace 
these between the folds of the 
papers, as nearly in their natu- 
ral state as possible. If the plant 
curved, let it curve in the pa- 
pers ; if the flower drooped in 
the field or woods, let it droop 
in the papers, &c. Lay the pa- 
pers between the boards with 
the weight uponthem. If20or 
80 filled papers lie upon each 
other, it is all the same. 

4. Twice or three times each 
week lay your papers, contain- 
ing plants, separately in the sun, 
with small stones on the cor- 
ners, for three or four hours. 
When taken in, put the plants 
in press again. This exposure 
to the sun is not necessary, how- 
ever with single specimens of 
small plants. Orif several leaves 
of paper be allowed to each spe- 
cimen. 

5. As fast as your plants be 
come dry by absorption,put them 
up in books made of the same 
paper, with about a dozen sheets 
in each. Most plants will be 


HO L 


fit to put up, after sunning the 
papers five iimes, and pressing 
two weeks. When the roots are 
taken up,if bulbous, they should 
be split and immersed in boiling 
water, or they will be very long 
in drying. Most ever-greens 
and succulent plants, except 
aquatics, should be immersed in 
boiling water, orthey will drop 
their flowers, &c. 

6. After the season is past, 
{which is about the end of No- 
vember,) make a large book of 
stiff printing paper; and fasten 
one or more of your best speci- 
mens of each species to the first 
page of each leaf. Put as many 
specimens on a leaf as will Gill it 
up ; leaving room for names,&c. 
under each. 
on ; others cut through the pa- 
pers and raise up slips, like loops, 
and run the specimens under 
these loops. The latter method 
is best and cheapest. 

It may be proper to observe, 
that if a long season of wet wea- 
ther occur, or if you have not 
time or convenience for drying 
your papers in the sun, you may 
effect the same object by drying 
other papers thoroughly by a 
fire,and then shifting yourplants 
into them. 

Plants should never be dried 
so as to become hrittle. The 
object in drying them between 
papers is ; to prevent their crisp- 
ing, to make them tough, and to 
retain their natural colour and 
texture. But still many plants 
cannot possibly be made to re- 
tain their natural colours. 

Simple and woods fowers 
abound in the fore part of the 
season ; compound and field 
flowers come mostafter the mid- 
dle of July. Anindustrious col- 
lector will have 400 species by 
the first of July ; and 250 species 
afterwards, before the season 
closes, 


Some glue them |. 


Herba'rius. An herbist. One who 
collects and sells plants. 

HermarH’ropitE. See perfect 
flower. 

Hexac/onat, hexago'nus. Six- 
cornered, 

HEXAGYN'IA. (Hex, six; gune, 
female.) Seep. 16. 

HEXAN’DRIA. (Hez, six ; aner, 
male.) Seep. 12. 


Hexax'provus. Belonging to, or 
varying into, the class hexan- 


dria. 
Hexapret’atous, Six-petalled. 
Hexapetaloi‘des. A one-petalled 


corol so deeply divided as to ap- 
pear 6-petalled. 

Hexaphyl'lus. Six-leaved. 

Hi'ans. See gaping. 

H1'tum. The external scar or mark 
on a seed, where the funicle, or 
thread, is attached to it and con- 
veys its nutriment till ripe. 

Hiner. The part of a bivalve 
shell, where the two valves are 
united by a flexible cartilage. 

Hirsv’TE, Airsu/tus. Rough-hair- 
ed. Covered with stiffish hairs, 
but hardly stiff enough to be 
called bristles. 


Hir'ius. Covered with short stiff 
hairs. Nearly the same as hir- 
sute. 


His‘Pip, His'pidus. Bristly. Beset 
with stiff hairs, or rather with 
bristles, which are very short. 
Perhaps it differs from hirtus on- 
ly in having the hairs shorter 
and stiffer. It seems to be ap- 
plied in some cases, however, 
where the bristles are not very 
short. 

Hiuleus. Cracked open ; a gaping 
chink. 

Ho/ary. Whitish coloured, aris- 
ing from ascaly mealiness. See 
glaucus. 

Hotera‘cevs. Suitable fora pot- 
herb. 
Hot'tows, (thalamia,) That kind 
of receptacle of lichens, which is 
spherical, nearly closed, lodged 
in the substance of the frond, 


IMM 


lined with its proper coat, un- 
der which are cells 2 or 4-seed- 
ed. Each hollow finally opens 
by an orifice in the surface of 
the frond above-—Smith. 
Hon’ry-cup. See nectary. 


Hoon'rep. See cowled. 
- Hoox'-rorm. See ungulatus. 
Hoox. See hamus. 
Hora'rius. Continuing but an 
hour. : 
Horizon'rat. Parallel to the ho- 
rizon. Leaves are horizontal, 


when they form right angles 
with erect stems. 

Horn. See spur. 

Horn'-rorm. Shaped like ahorn, 
or rather like a cock’s spur. See 
spur. 

Horolog'ium. A botanist, who 
watches the progress of vegeta- 
bles as they approach maturity, 
particularly the developement 
ot flowers, through every hour 
of the day. A table kept of such 
progress is called,by the French, 
horologue. 

Hu'midus. Moist, humid. 

Hu'/siruse, humifusus. Spread 
over the ground. Richard de- 
fines it ; spread on the ground 
and not rooting. 

Hum'ilis. Low, humble. 

Husk. The larger kind of glume ; 
as the husks of Indian corn. 

Hy‘arine, hyali'nus. Colourless. 
Transparent like glass or water ; 
as quartz in granite. 

Hyper’nic ie, hybernac'ulum. See 
bud. 

Hybernaiis. 
ter season. 

Hy’srip, hy/brida. A mule. A 
vegetable produced by the mix- 
ture of two different species. 
The seeds of hybrids will not 
propagate. They are produced 
by sprinkling the stigma with 
the pollen of a different species. 
Care must be taken in such 
cases to prevent any pollen of 
its own species from falling on 
it first. 


Growing in the win- 


Hyprop’reriDEs. Waterfern. A 
new order of ferns. It is adopt- 
ed by Pursh, Torrey, &c. Isoe- 
tes, azolla and salvina are plac- 
ed here. 

Hyema'lis. 
ter season. 

Hyme'nium. An exposed or nak- 
ed, dilated, appropriate mem- 
brane of gymnocarp fungi, in 
which the seeds are imbedded. 

HyprerpecanpDrous. Flowers con- 
taining more than ten stamens. 


Growing in the win- 


Hypocraterifor'mis. See salver- 
form. ; 
Hypoprcanprovs. Flowers con- 


taining fewer than ten stamens. 
Hypog'ynus. Under the style. 


Led. 


Jac'ceD. See laciniate. 

Jaws. See faux. 

IcutHyoLocy. The department of 
Zoology, which treats of fish. It 
includes those aquatic animals 
which have gills and fins. 

I'cones plania'rum. -Figures 
drawings of plants. 

ICOSAN'DRIA. (Eikosi, twen- 
ty ; aner, male.) Seep. 13. 

The calyx is always mono- 
phyllons, and the claws of the 
petals fixed into the inside of it 
along with the stamens. 

Icosan'DRovus. Belonging to, or 
varying. into, the elass tcosan- 


or 


ria. 

Ic'terus. The change of colour in 
leaves in autumn. 

Imaco. A perfect, full-formed in- 
sect. It is applied to express 
the state of an insect, after it has 
passed from the crysalis to the 
insect state. 

Imber'bis. Beardless. See beard. 

Im/BRricaTE, imbrica‘tus.. Leaves, 
scales, &c. lying over each 
other, or one covering the place 
where two others meet, like the 
shingles or tiles on a roof. 

ImmarcinaTE. Having no border 
or peculiar margin. 


INF 


Jumer'sep. See submersed. 

Im‘pari-pinna'tus. Unequally pin- 
nate. When a pinnate leaf is 
terminated by a single or odd 
leafet. 

Iuper'rrct, imperfec'tus. Want- 
ing the stamen or pistil. No 
flower is perfect without both 
organs ; but with an anther and 
stigma the flower is perfect, 
though destitute of calyx and 
corol. 

Impunc'raTE. See punctate. 

Inzqua'lis, Unequal, which see. 

Inequivalva'tus. Valves of cap- 
sule or glume unequal. 

Ina'nis. Having a spongy pith. 

Inaper'tus. Hollow, but without 
any opening. 

Inca'nus. See hoary. 

Zacarna'tus. Flesh-coloured. 

Inci'sep, Jnci’sus. Cut in Jike a 
gash with a knife, but not deep 
enough to be calledacleft. If 
the crenatures or serratures of a 
leaf are cut down, to appear- 
ance, witha slit or gash, this 
term applies. 

Incisor. Fore tooth. The flattish 
front cutting-teeth. 

IxcLi’NED, tnclina/ius. Bent to- 
wards each other. Also bent to- 
wards something different. 

incLu’p1NaG, inclu'dens. One thing 
containing another within it ; as 
the calyx shutting up the seed, 
capsule or corol. 

Inclu'sus. Enclosing. Opposed to 
exsert. 

IncompLe'TE. See complete. 

Inconspic'uus. Not apparent with- 
out the aid of a magnifier. 

Incras‘/satE. Thickening. When 
a flower-stem grows thicker up- 
wards towards the flower. 

In‘cremextT. The quantity of in- 
crease. . 

Ixncum'Bent, incumbens. Leaning 
upon or against. When an an- 
ther lies, as it were, somewhat 
horizontally upon the top of the 
filament. 


In‘cuRVED, incurratus. Bent in- 


wards. Asa leaf bent inat the 
point towards the stem, a fila- 
ment towards the pistil,a prickle 
towards the stem, 

Inpic'rnovs. Plants, growing na- 
turally and originally in a coan- 
try. It is often very difficult to 
determine,whether a plant is ex- 
otic or indigenous. Who can 
say, whether the chess (bromus 
secalinus) stone-seed (lithosper- 
mum arvense)and cockle(agros- 
temma githago) are native or 
exotic ? 

Ixpistinct. Applied to insects, 
whose heads and trunks are in 
one piece. 

Indivi'sus. Undivided. Not cleft 
into parts. It may however be 
serrate, crenate or toothed; it 
is therefore not the same as en- 
tire. 

In'DURATED, indures'cens. Becom- 
ing hard, tough, or leathery. 
Indu'sium. A shirt. It is used by 
some authors for the thin mem- 
branous covering on the fruit of 
ferns. But Smith prefers retain- 
ing the old name, involucre, 

which see. 

Iner'mis. See unarmed. 

Infer'ne. Downwards. Towards 
or near the base or root. 

InFE'RiOR, inferus. Below. A ca- 
lyx or corol is inferior when it 
comes out below the germ. See 

germ. 

In'fimus. At the very bottom or 
base, lowest. 

Inria'TED, infla‘tus. Appearing 
as if blown up with wind, A 
very small degree of inflation is 
sometimes noticed in descrip- 
tions ; as the calyx in silene. 

InFLEX/ED, inflex'us. The same 
as incurved.—Smith. 

InFLORES’CENCE, nflorescen'tia. 
The mode by which flowers are 
connected to the plant by the 
peduncle. It is of 10kinds. 1. 
Whorl. 2. Raceme. 3. Panicle. 
4. Thyrse. 4. Spike. 6. Um- 
bel. 7.Cyme. 8. Corymh. 9. 


ae 


Fascicle. 10. Head. See each 
in its place. 

Infrac'tus. Bent in with such an 
acute angle as to appear as if 
broken. 


Infundibilifor'mis. See funnel- 
form. 
Inodo'rus. Having no smell. 


Inguinans. Stained. Applied to | {xvotu'cre, involu'crum. 


fungi, &c. when the colour ap- 
pears as if painted on artificial- 


y- 

Inser'tus. Inserted, fixed to or 
on. 

Insi'dens. Sitting upon. 


Insigni'tus. Marked. 
Instruc'tus. Furnished with. 
In'teger. See entire. 
Integer'rimus. Very entire, having 
no dentation whatever. 
Inrerro.ia'ceovs. Situated along 
the stem between the origin of 
the leaves, not opposite to them. 
Intermed'ius. Between two ex- 
tremes. 
IntERNO'DE, interno’dius. The 
space between joints or knots. 
Inter'nus. Within the inside. 
Inierpos'itus. Placed between. 
Inlerrup'te. Interruptedly. 
InTERRUP'TED, interrup'ius. <A 
spike is interrupted, when leaves 
or smaller flowers are interpos- 
ed at intervals. 
INTERRUPTEDLY PIN'NATE. When 
smaller leafets are interposed 
among the larger; as the pota- 
toe and agrimone leaves. 
INTERSCAPULARS. The back fea- 
thers of a bird, between the 
bases of the wings. 
Inti'mus. Entirely within. 
Ixtor’sion, intor'sio. Twisting, 
twining, or bending from a strait 
upright position. See twining, 
contorted and twisted. 
Intor'tus. Twisted inwards. 
InrraroLia'ceous. Within the 
leaf. Astipule is intrafoliaceous, 
when it originates a little above 
the origin of the petiole, which 
brings it, as it were, within the 
‘bosom of the leaf. 


ec i nnn 


IntRopu'ceD. Not originally na~ 


tive. Brought from some other 
country. 
Iniror'sum. Inwardly. 


INVER'SELY HEART’-FORM. See ob- 
cordate. 

Inunda’ tus. See submersus. 

Invotu’/craTE. See involucred. 

That 
kind of calyx which comes out 
at adistance below the flower, 
and never encloses it like the 
spathe. It is further distinguish- 
ed from the spathe in being of a 
leafy texture and colour, where- 
as the spathe is generally mem- 
branaceous or coloured. It is ge- 
neraily found at the origin of the 
peduncles of umbels; and some- 
times attached to other aggre- 
gate flowers. When it is allon 
one side, it is called dtmidiate, 
halved. See partial. 

Involucres of ferns generally 
lie on the tops of the capsules, 
like a piece of linen spread out 
to dry; hence they are called 
indusium, a shirt. They are de- 
nominated corniculatum, when 
eylindric, hollow and enclosing 
the seed. 

Invyotu'cRED, tnvolucra'tus. Hav- 
ing involucres. 

Invotu'ceL. A partial involucre, 
or a little involucre. 

Tavol'vens. Arching over. 

In'voLuTE, involu’tus. Rolled in- 
wards. Aterm in foliation; ap- 
plied to leaves whose opposite 
margins are rolled in and con- 
tinued rolling, till the two rolls 
meet on the midrib and parallel 
to it. Applied to shells, it sig- 
nifies, that the spire is in whorls 
which are concealed within the 
shell, as cypraea.- 

Joints. Swelling knots, rings, or 
narrowed interstices, at regular 
intervals along culms, pods, 
spikes, leaves, &e. 

Joint’ep. Having joints. 


Inip'cous, IripEs’crnt. Rellect- 


LAC 


— bow. 

RREG'ULAR, irregula'ris. Differ- 
ing in figure, size or proportion 
of parts, among themselves. 

InniITABIL'ITy. The power of be- 
ing excited so as to produce con- 
tractile motion. That there is 
such ® thing as vegetable irrita- 
bility is evident to every one, 
who examines the common bar- 
berry flower. Touch the inside 
of a stamen near its base with 
the end of a horse-hair, or any 
thing about the same size, and 
it will instantly strike its anther 
against the pistil and shoot a 
quantity of pollen upen the stig- 
ma, or in that direction. 

Ism. See acutiusculus. 

Isthmus. Long narrow joints in 
legumes or loments. 

Jug'um. Yoke. In pairs. 


be light somewhat like a rain- 


Ju'lus. See ament. 
K. 
Kerr. The lower petal of a pa- 


pilionaceous corol. The sta- 
mens and pistils lie enclosed in 
it. 

Kert‘ep. Having aridge resem- 
bling the keel of a boat or ship. 
A leaf, capsule, calyx, &c. is 
keeled when it has the midrib, 
angle, or peculiar process, run- 
ning along the back of a com- 
pressed form, and attached by 
one edge. 

Ker'net. See nucleus. 

Kip'xry-Frorm. Hollowed in at the 
base with rounded lobes and 
rounded end. Its breadth is gen- 
erally as great as its length. 

Kyr‘ep. See geniculate. 

Knos‘sep. In thick lumps; as po- 
tatoes. 

Knoss. (Cephalo’dia.) That kind 
of receptacle of lichens, which 
is convex, more or less globular, 
covered externally with a co- 
loured seed-bearing crust, and 


placed generally at the extremi- 
ties of stalks, originating from 
the frond, permanent ; rarely 
sessile. Sometime they are at 
first spangles on filamentous lich- 
ens, and afterwards become 
convex irregular knobs. They 
are simple, compound or con- 
glomerate.—Smith. 

Kyor. A swelling joint. 
joints. 

Kyot‘tep. Having swelling joints. 


See 


Kyor’tzss. Without swelling 
joints. See enode. 
L. 
_La'prate. Having lips; or a ca- 


lyx or corol divided at top into 
two general parts, somewhat re- 
sembling the lips of a horse or 
other animal. 

Labiate corols are divided into 
ringent and personate. 

Ringent, such as have the lips 
open or gaping. 

Personate, such as have the 
lips closed or muffled. 

Labyrinthifor'mis. Winding and 
turning by various involutions 
and contortions like a labyrinth. 

Lac’ERATED, lac'erus. Torn. Cut, 
or apparently torn, into irre gu- 
lar segments. 

Lacin'ia. The divisions of a calyx, 
corol, leaf, &c. into which they 
are cleft, torn or divided. 

Lacin'1atTe, lacinia'tus. Jagged. 
Irregularly divided and subdi- 
vided, cut or torn. Hardly dif- 
ferent from lacerated. 

Lacrus'crnce, lactescen'tia. Milk- 
iness. The milky juice of some 
plants ; as the milkweed (ascle- 
pias.) It is also called by this 
name, when the juice is red ; as 
in the bloodroot (sanguinaria.) 

Lac'ieus. Milk-white. 

Lacu'nosk, Lacuno'sus. Pitted. 
Hollow between the veins of a 
leaf. When the blisters are un- 
der side of the leaf instead of the 
upper. See bullate, 


LEA 


Lacu'stris. Growing most natur- 
ally in or about lakes. 

Le'vis. Smooth, even, polished ; 
not striate, or wrinkled. 

Lamel'la. A thin plate. Applied 
to the gills or vertical plates un- 
der the hat or pileus of the aga- 
ric fungus, or toadstool. 

equa’‘lis. When all the gills 

reach from the stem to the mar- 
gin of the hat. 

inequa'lis, or inierrup'tus. 
When some reach but part of the 
way. 

—— biseria'lis. Whena long and 
short gill alternate. 

— lriseria'lis, When 2 long and 
2 short gills alternate in pairs. 
ramo‘sa. When several gills 
unite in one, so as to appear 

branched. 

decur'rens. When they run 

down the stem more or less. 

veno'se. When so narrow as 
to have the appearance of veins. 

Lamec'tate. In the form of thia 
plates, or having thin plates. 

Lam‘ina. The broad upper part 
of the petal of a polypetalous 
corol. See petal. 

LaminaTep. Consisting of seve- 
al thin flat portions. 

La'sarr, lana'tus. Woolly. Cov- 
ered with curly, crooked, close, 
thick pubescence. Not so fine, 
nor so closely matted together 
as tomentose. 

Lance/oxare, lanceola'tus. In the 
form of the lance of the ancients. 
When the length greatly exceeds 
the breadth; and it tapers gra- 
dually from near the base to the 
apex. oF at 

Lance-o'vate, &c. lanceala’to- 

_ova'lus, &c. Pertaking of the 
lanceolate form and of that with 
which it is compounded. 

Lanu'go. Down, or wool. 

Lappula'ceus, Burr-like. 

Larva. The caterpillar state of 
an insect. It is called maggot, 
skipper and grub, while in this 
state. 


9 


Laterifol'ius. Side-leaved. 


* 
Lat’ERAL, latera'lis. On one ir 


T 


Lalifol'ius. Broad-leaved- 
Lateri'tius. Brick-coloured. 
Lati'tans. Hidden, concealed. 


Lat'ticep. Resembling net-work. 

Lax, Lax'us. Limber. See flac- 
cid. 

Lear. That part of most vegeta- 
bles, which presents more sur- 
face to the atmosphere, than all 
other parts; and consists prin- 
cipally of the cellular integu- 
ment covered with the cuticle. 
Leaves imbibe and give out mois- 
ture; generally more with one 
surface than the other. Aqua- 
tic leaves perspire faster than 
dry-land leaves; which is the 
reason for their drying so much 
sooner. Some leaves imbibe 
sufficient moisture from tbe at- 
mosphere for their support for 
a long time; as the common 
liveforever will grow if broken 
off and stuck up in a dry place. 

Leaves are divided into sim- 

ple, when one leaf grows on one 
petiole ; and compound, when 
several leafets grow on cne pe- 
tiole. 
_ They are ev/ergrecn, remain- 
ing through the winter; or de- 
cid'uous, falling off at the close 
of the year. 

They are farther distinguish- 
ed by their forms, surfaces and 
positions. All of which are de- 
scribed under their peculiar 
names. 

Le/aFING season. That time in 
the year when most leaves 
come out. In North America, 
the proper leafing season is in 
April. 

Le’aret, or Le/arret. One of 
the Jesser leaves which, with 
others, constitute a compound 
leaf. A simple leaf is never a 
leafet, however small. 

Le/arcess. Destitute of leaves, 
naturally. This term does not 


LIT 


we 
’ apply in cases of defoliation, 
which see. 

Le‘ar-stark. See petiole. 

L#ary. Furnished with leaves. 
Abounding in leaves. Leaves 
intermixed with flowers on a 
spike. 

- Leat/uery. See coriaceous, 

Lecu' mx, legu'men. <A pod, with- 
out a longitudinal partition, 
with its enclosed seeds attached 
to one suture only ; as the pea. 
Those with transverse partitions 
are usually called loments, which 
see. 

Lrevu'minovs. Bearing legumes. 

Leyeru and BreaptH. When ap- 
plied to bivalve shells, /ength is 
measured from the beak or car- 
tilage to the margin below, and 
breadth is taken in a transverse 
direction to the length.. 

Lentic’uLar, lenticula'ris. Lentil- 
form. It is applied toa kind of 
glandular roughness on the sur- 
face ofsome plants. Form ofa 
convex lens. 

Lepan'thium. Used as asubstitute 
for some kinds of nectary by 
Nuttall, De Lamark, &c. 

Ley'ex-rop’PepD. See fastigiate. 

Li’zsEr. The innermost layer of 
the bark, or the last year’s de- 


posit. Smith, p. 25. 
Li'bera. Free, not adnate, or at- 
tached. 


LIC'HENES. See p. 19 & 26. 

Lip oF mosses. Seé@ operculum. 

LIGAMENT PERFORATION. A per- 
foration through the shell of the 
anomia genus, by which it is at- 
tached to rocks, &c. 

Licut. Various motions and in- 
clinations of plants prove the 
effect of light upon them. Trees 
present their leaves outward in 
guest of light, because itis dark- 
est in the centre. Plants ina 
green-house all present the up- 
per surfaces of their leaves to- 
wards the enlightened side of it. 

' Wheat-heads hang towards the 


sun. Most compound flowers 
follow } Aw through the day. 
Plants deprived of the light lose 
their green hue ; as potatoe tops 
growing in a dark cellar. 

Lieno'se, ligno'sus. Woody. 

Lig'num. See wood. 

Lie'ura. A strap or strap-form 
organ. It is generally applied 
to the membrane or stipule at 
the top of the sheath of a grass- 
leaf. 

Lie'utare, ligula'ius. That kind 
offloret,in some compound flow- 
ers, which consists of a single 
strap-like petal which becomes 
tubular at the base only ; as all 
the florets in a dandelion, and 
the ray florets in a sunflower. 

Li'lia, vix'ms. The family of lilies. 
See gentes; 

Lixia’ceous. A corol with six pe- 
tals spreading gradually from the 
base, so as altogether to exhibit 
a bell-form appearance. 

Lins, lim'bus. The broad spread- 
ing part of the petal of a mono- 
petalous corol. When applied 
to shells it means the whole cir- 
cumference or outlines of them. 

Live, li’nea. The breadth of the 
crescent at the root of the fin- 
ger nail. 

Lin’EAR, linea'ris. Continuing of 
the same breadth throughout 
most of the extent. Linear 
leaves always, or with very few 
exceptions, become narrowed or 
pointed at one or both ends. 

Lin’caTE, linea'tus. Marked with 
lines. 

Lin'guiform. Tongue-like. Thick, 
fleshy, linear, blunt at the end. 

Li‘ox-rootn'ep. See runcinate. 

Lip, or tip/pep. See labiate. 
When applied tounivalve shells, 
it means the outer expanded 
part of the opening. 

Lirel'la. See clefts. 

Liitora'lis. Growing on the sea- 
coast ; also on the shores of riv--_ 
ers. 


7 


i 
Lon'gus. 


MEA 
Li'vidus. Dark grey, inclining tu | Lures'cent, [utes’cens. Approach- 
violet. ing toa yellow colour. ‘ 
Loss, lo'bus. Divisions, which are | Lu'tens. Yellow. 6 


rounded, or parted by rounded 
or curved incisions. Sometimes 
it seems to be applied to cases 
where it has nothing to distin- 
guish it from a segment cut off 
by a cleft incision, except by its 
being larger. 

Lo'zep, loba'tus. Divided into 
lobes. Deeply parted with the 
segments distant or spreading 
and large. 

Loculamen'ium. See cell. 
ties containing seeds. 

Loc'ulus. The little cell of an an- 
ther, which contains pollen. 

Lo’mrnt, lomen’tum. A legume 
pod with transverse partitions. 
This term is generally applied to 
the legumes in the natural order 
Lomentace. 

Longifol'ius. Long-leaved. See 
relative proportions. 

Longis'simus. Very long. 

Rather long. See rela- 
tive proportions. 

Loose. Open, not compact. 

Lores, The naked lines or spots 
on a bird’s head, between the 
eyes and the base of the bill. 

Lo'rula. The long threads of Us- 
nea. This lichen, so common 
on trees, is erroneously called 
moss by most people. 

Lu'cidus. Bright, shining. Nearly 
the same as nitidus. 

Lu‘nuvare, lunula‘tus. Shaped 
like a crescent, which see. 

Lunuvr. A half-moon-like depres- 
sion just below the beak of a bi- 
valve shell. It is anterior or pos- 
terior according tothe slope it is 
on. See slope. 

Lu'rip, lu‘ridus. Ofa palish, dull, 
deathly colour. Most plants 
with lurid petals are more or 
less poisonous ; as tobacco, hen- 
bane, thorn-apple. 

Lustre. The peculiar appear- 
ance of reflected light, as pre- 
sented by a mineral. 


Cavi- 


Loxu/riant, luxur'ians. See full 
flowered. 
Ly’rate, lyra'tus. Pinnatifid, with 
the divisions at the apex largest. 
Ly’RaTE-Pin’NATE. Pinnate with 
the odd terminal leafet largest. 


M. 


Macula‘ius. Spotted. 

Mairep. Covered with a hard sub- 
stance resembling armour. 

Marr. See staminate. 

Manpistes. The upper jaws of 
a bird’s bill. It is also applied 
to the horizontal pincers at- 
tached to the mouth of some in- 
sects. 

Manifes'tus. Very apparent. 

Ma’ny. Whenever there are more 
than are usually numbered of 
that kind; as we say, l-seeded, 
2-seeded, 38-seeded, 4-seeded, 
many-seeded. 

Marcss!cEenT, marces'cens, or mar'- 
cidus, See withering. 

Mar'GinaTEeD, margina'tus. Hav- 
ing a margin differing in some 
measure from the disk. 

Mar’ein, mar'go. The circumfer- 
ence or edge. See border. The 
circumference of a shell. 

Marit'imus. Growing naturally 
near the seaboard. It may be 
extended several miles from the 
water. 

Mar’row. See pith. 


Mas'culus. See staminate. 
Mas/krep. Personate. See labi- 
ate. 


Matrix. Gangue. The mineral 
immediately embracing an ore, 
within a vein in a rock. 

Mato’re, malu‘rus. Full-grown, 
but not entered upon a state of 
decay. 

Meas‘ures. Proportion between 
parts is better than any measure. 
But when measures are adopt- 


“ 


MET 


ed, they should be taken from 
eC of the hand and arm ; be- 

ause the parts of plants vary 
about as much as the hand ; and 
in adopting these measures the 
same allowance should be made. 

1. Line, the crescent at the 
root of the nail. About one- 
twelfth ofan inch. 2. Vail (un- 
guis.) Length of the nail. About 
halfaninch. 3. Inch (pollex.) 
‘Length of the first joint of the 
thumb. 4. Palm. Breadth of 
the four fingers, About three 
inches. 65. Short'-span (spitha- 
ma.) Distance between ends of 
thumb and fore-finger. About 
seven inches, 

Long'-span (dodrans.)  Dis- 
tance between ends of thumb 
and little finger. About nine 
inches. 

Foot (pes.) Distance between 
the point of the elbow and the 
second joint of the thumb. 
About twelve inches. 

Cu'bit (cub‘itus.) Distance 
between the point of the elbow 
and of the middle finger. About 
isinches. — 

rm (brachium.) Distance 
between armpit and the end of 
middle finger. About 24 inch- 


es. 
Fathom (orgya.) Distance be- 
tween the ends of the middle 
fingers, when the arms are ex- 
tended, 

Mepic'tnar, medicina'lis. Plants 
possessing principles sufficiently 
active to entitle them to a place 
in the materia medica. Many 
physicians daily trample under 
foot plants, which possess simi- 
lar qualities with those which 
they purchase from Europe, and 
often the very same plants ; but 
being ignorant of those botani- 
cal principles by which the 
names and properties of plants 
are ascertained, they are conse- 
quently ignorant of the absurdi- 
ty. See qualities. 


Medio'cris. Averaging in dimen- 
sions compared with other parts. 
See relative proportions. 

Med'ius. Inthe middle: This term 
is used when one part is between 
the other parts, though some- 
times much nearer one than the 
other ; as a bract is in the mid- 
dle of the peduncle, when it is 
much nearer the flower than to 
the base of the peduncle. This 
name is sometimes given to spe- 
cies holding a middle place be- 
tween extremities, expressed by 
the names of other species of the 
same genus. 

Medul'la, See pith. 

Metxir'erous, mellifera. Pro- 
ducing or containing honey. 

Melli'go. Honey-dew on leaves. 

Memprana‘ceous. Made up, ap- 
parently, of the two plates of the 
cuticle, without any cellular in- 
tegument between them. Near- 
ly transparent, very thin and 
colourless. 

Memtrana'tus. Flattened and re- 
sembling a membrane. 

Mensu'ra. See measures. 

Meta'op, method'us. A mode of 
arranging plants in classes, or- 
ders, &c. Richard has 14 pages 
on this head ; in which he gives 
the methods of Tournefort and 
Linneus at length. But as we 
have given the method of Lin- 
neus under Grammar of Bota- 
ny, and throughout the Dictio- 
nary; and as Tournefort’s me- 
thod is no where adopted in this 
country ; this article is princi- 
pally omitted. 

It may be observed that : 

TouRNEFORD’S METHOD 
Divides plants into herbs and 
trees. The Herpacrous plants 
are divided into 17 classes. Four- 
teen of these are distinguished 
by the form of the corols ; as, 1. 
Infundibiliformis. 2. Personate, 
&c. The other 3 classes are ape- 
talous and distinguished by hav- 
ing stamens, but no apparent flow- 


MU L 


ers nor apparent seed. The Tree 
kinds are divided into 5 classes. 

Mip/ris. The main or middle rib 
of a leaf running from the stem 
to the apex. 

Milia'ris. In the form of millet 
seed. 

Minia'tus. Scarlet, vermillion co- 
lour. 

Minulis'simus. 
or minute. 

Missi_e-roncur. When the ani- 
mal can thrust the tongue far out 
of the mouth. 

Mi‘rre-ForM. Terminating in two 
divisions, in some measure re- 
sembling a bishop’s mitre. 

Motares. Grinders. Teeth far- 
thest back—double teeth. 

Molendina‘cea. Many winged. 

Mol'lis. Soft. 

Motvuscous animats. Those that 
have the medulary masses, in 
which the sentient principle re- 
sides, inveloped in a soft body ; 
as the oyster. 

MONADEL’PHIA,. (Monos, one ; 
adelphos, brother.) See p, 13. 

MonaDEt'puous. Belonging to, 
or varying into, the class mona- 
delphia. 

MONAN‘DRIA. (Monos, one ; 
aner, male.) See p. 42, 

Monit'irorm. See granulate. Glo- 
balar joints of antennae. 

MonocotyLe’pons. See cotyle- 
don. 

MONG 'CIA. (Monos, one ; oikos, 
house,) See p. 14. 

Monq@’‘ciovus, monoi'cus. Belong- 
ing to, or varying into the class 
monecia. 

MONOGYN'TA. (Monos, one ; 
gune, female.) Seep.16. — 
Mownopet‘atous. The whole co- 
rolin one piece. Sometimes it 
is so deeply parted, that it ap- 
pears to be polypetalous until it 
is pulled off and closely examin- 
ed at the base. In most mono- 
petalous corols, the stamens are 
attached tothe tube, They are 


Extremely small 


divided into bell-form, funnel- 
form, salver-form, wheel-form, 
and labiate, which see. 

Monopny.t'tous. (Mon'os, one ; 
phullon, a leaf.) One-leafed. A 
calyx allin one piece. All the 
calyxes in the class tcosandria 
are of thiskind, They are often 
so deeply divided, that a student 
may mistake them for polyphyl- 
lous, without particular atten- 
tion. 7 

Monopteryg'ia. One 
winged. 

Monopyre'nus. Enclosing but one 
nut or stone. 

Monosper'mus. 
flower. 

Monostac’hyos. (Monos, one; sta- 
chus, spike.) Single spiked. 

Mon’strovs. Plants producing 
any part different from the same 
part, when growing wild. As 
the rose has but five petals ina 
wild state ; but, by rich cultiva- 
tion in gardens, the stamens are 
mostly changed to petals. Car- 
nations and peony are exam- 


See wings. 


One seed to a 


ples also, These are all mon- 
sters. See florist and full-flow- 
ered. 

Monta'nus. Growing most natur- 
ally on mountains. 

Moon’rorm. See crescent-form. 

Mos!ses. See musci. 

MoutnH. See faux. 

Mu'cidus. Resembling mouldi- 


ness, or mucor. 

Mvu!cronats, mucrona'ius. Hav. 
ing a rounded end, tipped with 
a prickle ; which often appears 
rather an extension of the mid- 
rib. 

Mute. See hybrid. 

Multangula'ris. Many-angled, 
Having several corners or ridg- 
es. 

Multicapsula'ris. Many-capsuled, 
Several capsules to each flower, 

Multicau'lis. Producing many 
stems. 

Mullidenta'tus, Many-toothed, 


9* 


NAT 


Mur'tiriv, Mullifidus. 
cleit. 

Multifio'rus. Many-flowered. 

Multil'obus. Many-lobed. 

Multilocula’ris. Many-celled. 

MuttTipaR TITE. Multiparii'tus. 
Many-parted. 

Mul'iiplex. Many-fold. Having 
petals lying over each other in 
two rows. 

Mo 'tipLiep, multiplica'tus. 
full-flowered. 

Multisiliquo'sus. Many pods pro- 
ceeding from the same point. 

MUuLtTivaLve, multival'vis. A 
glame with many chaffs or 
valves. Applied to sheils it em- 
braces the order, which has 
more than two shells to each 
animal. 

Multot'ies. Often times. 

Mu'niens. Leaves drooping down 
and hanging over the stem, &c. 
at night. 

Muni'tus. See fenced. 

Mov’'ricatr, murica'tus. Armed 
with sharp spines. Covered with 
subulate prickles. 

MUS'CI, mosses. The second or- 
der of the class cryptogamia. All 
mosses have lids on the capsules. 
See p. 18 & 27. 

Mut'icus. See awnless. 

Mv'riLateD, mutila’‘tus. Not pro- 
ducing parts with their full com- 
plete forms, 


Many- 


See 


N. 


Na’kep. Wanting a covering 
analagous to that of most plants. 
As stem without leaves, leaves 
without pubescence, corol with- 
out a calyx, seed without a peri- 
carp, receptacle without chaff, 
pubescence, &c. 

Na'nus, Dwarfish, very small. 


Nap. See tomentose. Downy or 
like fur. 

Napifor'mis. Resembling a tur- 
nip. 


Na’Tant, nat/ans, Floating. When ' 


the plant is fixed by the root at 
the bottom and its leaves float 
on the top of the water, as the 
pond lily, (nymphbea.) Animals 
with the faculty of swimming. 

Na'rions. See gentes. 

Na’tivE. Originally of that coun- 
try. Not introduced. 

NaT URAL CHAR’‘acTER. The de- 
scription of the parts of fructifi- 
cation at large ; without regard 
to any method: or at least so 
given as to be capable of being 


used under any method. See 
descriptions. 

Nat’vuRAL cLass. See natural or- 
ders. 


Nat/uRAL uis'tory. That de- 
partment of science, which 
treats of the productions of na- 
ture as they come from the hand 
of the Creator ; without any de- 
composition or chemical chang- 
es. 

It is generally divided into 
three branches. 

1. Zoox'oey. Which includes 
all animals ; as Beasts, Birds, 
Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, Snails, 
Clams, Worms and Corals. 

2. Bot’any. Which includes 
all plants. As Palms, Grasses, 
Lilies, Herbs, Trees, Ferns, 
Mosses, Liverworts, Seaweeds 
and Mushrooms. 

3. Minerat’ocy. Which in- 
cludes the unorganized mass of 
our globe. As Pit-coal, Com- 
mon Salt, Flint, Lime, Clay, 
eeKas Silver-ore, Lead-ore, 

2. 

Nat‘URAL or’pERs. An arrange- 
ment of plants according to their 
natural affinities. Such an ar- 
rangement is of great use both 
in finding out a plant, and exam- 
ining its relations and qualities. 
See p. 22 & 25. 

Linneus supposed that plants 
of the same natural order pos- 
sessed similar medical qualities: 
But the odour of plants must be 
taken into consideration ; as all — 


OBL 


nauseous-scented umbelliferous 

* plants are poisonous, while the 
sweet-scented are pleasant sto- 
machics, &c. 

Na'vELLED. See umbilicatus. 

Navic'utar, navicula'ris. 
boat-form. 

Nayant. Floating. When animals 
float, without the effort of swim- 
ming, they are nayant. 

NECESSARIA, polygamia. 
p- 18. 

Neck. The upper part of the tube 
ofa corol. 

NecTARIFEROUS. Bearing necta- 
ries. Producing honey. 

Nec/rary, necta‘rium. The part 
of a flower, which secretes hon- 
ey. It is either a distinet horn, 
gland, spur, seale, cup, &c. or 
the claw or some other part of 
the corol secreting honey. This 
name is applied to any appen- 
dage to the flower, which has no 
other name. 

Nemorosus. Growing naturally in 
groves, where the under brush 
is cleared away, 

Neryo'sE, NER‘VED, nervo!sus. 
Leayes are nerved, when they 
have rib-like fibres running from 
the base towards the apex. In 
numbering nerves for a specific 
character, the midrib is counted 
with the lateral nerves. 

Nev’trat. Having neither sta- 
mens nor pistils, consequently 
barren ; as the ray-florets of the 
sun-flower. 

Nicxs'sp. See emarginate. 

NicT‘vTANT MEMBRANE. A semi- 
transparent membrane, which 
covers the eyes of some animals 
at pleasure. 

Ni‘dulans. Nesting. When seeds 
are placed in cotton, &c. as in a 
nest. 

Nig'er. Black. 

Nig'ricans. Blackish, sooty. 

Ni'gro-cerul'eus. Dark-blue. 

Ni'sus formati'vus. That principle 
of vital energy, which tends to 
restore lost or injured parts, 


See 


See 


Nit'idus. Glossy, glittering. 
Niv'eus. Snow-white. 


Nop/pine. See nutans. 
Nope, No'dus. See knot. Used 
by Barton for internode. FI. 


Ph. p. 61. 

Nopvute. A spheroidal mass of any 
mineral substance. 

No'men, NAME. See generic name 
and specific name. 

Notcu’ep. See crenate. 

Nu'bilus. Grey and white, cloudy. 
Resembling cumulous clouds. 
See cumulus. 

Nucamen'tum. 

Nv’cirorm. Resemblinga nut. 

Nuc'leus. Nutorkernel. The in- 
ner seed or kernel is properly 
the nucleus ; and its hard shell 
is the putamen. But the whole 
including both putamen and 
nucleus, is the nut, nuz. 

Nu'dus. See naked. 


See ament. 


Nudius'culus. Nakedish. 

Nul'lus. None. 

Numero'si. Many. An indefinite 
number. 

Num'erus. A determinate num- 
ber. 

Nut, nuz. See nucleus. 

No‘tant, NVu'tans. Nodding. 


When above half of whatever it 
is applied to, droops or hangs 
down. See pendulus. 

Nuta'tio. The various inclinations 
of the parts arising from the ef- 
fect of the sun’s rays. 


O. 


Ob, obver'se. Reversed or invers- 
ed. Often combined with ovate, 
cordate, &c. as obcordate, in- 
versely heart-form. 

Oxscon'ic. Conic with the point, 
or apex, downwards. 

Oxscor’paTE. Heart-form, with 
the apex next to the stem, or 
place of insertion. 

Oprance‘oxaTe. Lanceolate with 
the base the narrowest. 

Osxi'que, obli‘quus. A position 
between horizontal and verti- 


ORB 


cal ; or between perpendicular 
and the plane of the base. It is 
also applied to leaves, petals, 
calyxes, &c. which are, as it 
were, cut obliquely ; or whose 
bases are shorter on one side 
than on the other. 

Oxztone, oblon'gus. Having the 
length twice or more than that 
of the breadth, with the opposite 
sides somewhat parallel. 

Oblongius'culus. Somewhat ob- 
long. ‘ 

Oxso'vaL, obova'lis. If it differs 
at all from obovate, it must be 
more nearly oval—having the 
ends nearer equal in width, 

Oxzo'yaTe. Ovate, with the nar- 
rowest end towards the stem or 
place of insertion. * 

Obscu're. Obscurely. 

Oxn'sOLETE, OB SOLETELY, obsole’- 
tus, obsolete. When teeth, notch- 
es, serratures, &c. are obscure 
and appear as if worn out. 

Obtu'se. Obtusely. 

Oxztu'sr. See obtusus. 

Obiu'se-acumina'tus. Blunt with 
a small point. 

Obtusius'culus. Obtusish, 

Obtu'sus, optu'sE. Ending blunt- 
ly, or in an apex more or less 
rounded. 

Obver'sus obver'se. See ob. 

Os'voture, obvolu'tus, A term in 
foliation ; applied to leaves 
where two opposite ones are 
conduplicate, with one edge of 
each leaf between the edges of 
the other, 

OccipiTat. Pertaining to the back 
part of the head. 

OcELLATE. Eye-like spots, as on 
the wings of some butterflies, 

Occlu'sus, Closed, 

Oc'hrea. A cylindric sheath or sti- 
pule, It is applied to the mem- 
branaceous stipules of most of 
the species of Polygonum; al- 
so of some species of Cyperus. 

OCTAN’DRIA. (Octo, eight ; aner, 
male.) Seep. 13. 

Ocran’pRovs, Belongingto, or 


dria, 

Octo'fidus. . Kight-cleft. 

OCTOGYN'IA. (Octo, eight ; 
gune, female.) See p. 16. 

Octolocula'ris. 8-celled. 

Octopet'alus. 8-petalled. 

Octophyl lus. 8-leaved. 

Odora'tus. Scented, odorous. 

Officina'lis. Such plants as are 
sold in the shops for some use, 
either in medicine or the arts. 

Orn, Oi'des. When this terminates 
a word it imports resemblance 
to the part or plant to whose 
name it is annexed, Petaloid, 
resembling a petal ; thalictroi- 
des, resembling a Thalictrum, 
&e. 

Oligosper'mus. Few-seeded. 

One-si'ded. Flowers, &c. on one 
side of a stem, &c. 

Opa’queE, opa'cus. Neither trans- 
parent nor shining. 

OrER'cuLATE, opercula' tus. Hay- 
ing a lid. 

Oper'culum, The lid or covering 
on the capsule of mosses. This 
is generally covered by the ca- 
lyptre.when young. After the 
calyptre is gone and the seeds 
are ripe, the lid fallsalso. This 
term is also applied to the cover- 
ing of other capsules,resembling 
the lids of mosses, When ap- 
plied to Conchology, it means a 
cartilaginous, crusty, or shelly 
appendage to the animal by 
which it closes its shell after 
its body is drawn into a univalve 
shell, 

Op'posiTE, opposi‘lus. Standing 
at the same height with base 
against base, on different sides 
of a stem. 

Oppos'ite. Oppositely. 

Opposilifol’ius, Set opposite to the 
base of a leaf; as some pedun- 
cles and stipules are placed. 

Oppos‘ile-pinna'ius. Leafets of a 
pinnate leaf set opposite to each 
other, 

Orbicula'ris, Nearly circular, © 


varying into, the class octan- 


8 PiA:P 


Orbil'le. See orbs. Little orbs. 
Orss. ‘That kind of receptacle of 


lichens, which is flat, orbicular | Pat/mate, palma'tus, 


and dilated, of the substance of 
the frond, terminal, peltate, with- 
outa border, but often surround- 
ed with radiating shoots. The 
membrane, or disk, under which 
the seeds are lodged, is smooth, 
nearly of the colour of the frond. 
Spurious orbs, bordered like 
shields or spangles when young, 
are sometimes found in the ge- 
nus cornicularia.—Smith. 

Orcuip’£0us co‘Rot. Like the or- 
chis; having4 arched petals, and 
the fifth longer. 

Or'cya. Fathom. See measures. 

Or'irice. Any hole or opening 
into a capsule, corol, &c. 

OrniTHoLoGy. That department of 
zoology, which treats of birds. 

Os. See faux. Mouth, jaws. 

Os'szous. Bony, hard. 

Ov'at, ova'lis. The length exceed- 
ing the breadth in any propor- 
tion, with the two ends of an 
equal breadth, curvature and 
form, or nearly so; the sides 
curving from end to end. 

Ova'rium. Used by Nuttall for an 
ovate germ. 

O'vate. Egg-form. The length 
exceeding the breadth, in any 
proportion, the end next to the 
stem, exceeding the other in 
breadth; the sides curving from 
end to end. 

Ovrearovs. Animals produced 
from eggs, as birds, fish, &c. 

OvorpaL. Somewhat egg-shaped. 


Ovum. An egg. 
of 
Pa'gina. The surface of a leaf. 


The upper surface is pagina su- 
perior ; the lower surface, pa- 
gina inferior. 

Pat‘ate. A prominence, process 
or elevation in the lower lip of 
a labiate corol, which tends 


Patea‘crous. See chaffy. 

Palma'ris. Hand's breadth. 

Divided 
deeply and spreading, so as to 
resemble the hand with spread 
fingers. When the divisions are 
very narrow and almost down 
to the stem ofa leaf, it is called 
pedate, from its supposed resem- 
blance to a bird’s foot. Some 
pedaie leaves are hardly con- 
nected at all at the base, and al- 
most run into the compound ai- 
gitate Jeaf. 

Patri. Feelers. Processes or fi- 
bres attached to the mouths of 
insects. 

Palu'siris. Growing naturally in 
swamps and marshes. 

Pandurifor'mis. Guitar-form, or 
fiddle-form. Oblong, broadish 
near the base and contracted 
on the sides. 

Pan‘icte, panic'ula. When the 
peduncles along the sides of the 
main peduncle of a raceme, are 
divided, it takes the name of pa- 
nicle; as oats. But if it is still 
in a close, compact form, it is 
called a thyrse, as the lilac. 

Pan'iciep, panicula'‘tus. Dispos: 
ed in the form of a panicle ; or 
bearing panicles. 

Papitiona'ceovus. (Papilio, a but- 
terfly.) Butterfly-form ; as the 
pea-flower. When complete, it 
consists of the banner, the upper 
petal which generally spreads 
over or above the others; the 
wings, the two side petals, next. 
below the banner; the keel, the 
lower boat-form petal, general- 
ly enclosing the stamens and 
pistil. It is sometimes called the 
pea-bloom flower. 

PaPiLya. Fleshy process or 
point. 

Papitto’se, papillo'sus. (Papilla, 
anipple.) Covered with fleshy 
points or protuberances. See - 
verrucose. 


more or less to lose the throat. | Parro'sz, pappo'sus. Bearing pap- 


Pal'ca. See chaff. 


pus or aigrette. 
. * 


PEL ‘ 


Pap'pus. 
down. 
Paputo'se, papulo’sus. (Papula, 


See aigrette. Seed 


a pimple.) Pimply, bladdery 
or blistered. 
Parapot'ic. Conic, with the top 


rounded off, considerably below 
where it would terminate in the 
apex, if completed in the conic 
form. 

Par’aLLeL, parallel'lus. Two lines 
or opposite sides, running near- 
ly equal distances from each 
other. The opposite edges of a 
leaf are parallel when the leaf 
is linear. 

Parasir'ic. Drawingsupportfrom 
another plant. Growing out of 
another ; as the dodder. 

Paren'chyma. A succulent vege- 
table substance; as the thick 
part of leaves between the op- 
posite cuticles, the substance 
around the pith of herbs, the pul- 
py part of apples, &c. 

Parvetat, parieta'lis, Walled 
around. Having an enclosing or 
encircling ring. 

Par'rED, parti'tus. Deeply divid- 
ed, almost to the base. 

_ Par'tes prima'rie. The three pri- 
mary parts of a vegetable are : 
1. The root, or descending part. 
2. The herbage, or ascending 
part, except; 3. The fructifica- 
tion, comprising the flower and 
fruit. 

Par’T1aL, partia'lis. Particular, 
not general. Applying to an 
entire part of a general whole. 
The perianth,involucre, petiole, 
&c. of one floret, or of a sepa- 
rate part of all the florets, which 
with others constitute a com- 
pound or aggregate. The pe- 
rianth, involucre, &c. to the 
whole is called general or uni- 
versal, 

Par'TIBLE, parli'bilis. Easily se- 
parating into parts. Bipartible, 
into 2 parts. Tripartible, into 3 
parts, &c, 

Partirion. The membrane, &c. 


which divides periearps into 
cells. It is parallel, when it 
unites with the valves, where 
they umite with each other. It 

_is contrary or transverse, when it 
meets a valve in the middle, or 
in any part not at its suture, or 
juncture with another. 

Patel'lule. See spangles. 

Pa'tens. Spreading so as to form 
a moderately acute angle ; con- 
siderably less than a right one, 
or a square. 

Patentis'simus. Spreading almost 
to aright angle. 

Pat'ulus. Somewhat spreading. 
Open, loose. | 

Pau'ct. Few in number. 

Paucifio'rus and paucifol'ius. Few- 
flowered and few-leaved. 

Pr‘a-BLoom. See papilionaceous, 

Prc/TINATE, PEC'TINATED, pecti- 
na'tus. So finely pinnate or pin- 
natifid as to resemble the teeth 
of a comb. 

PEcToRAL Fins. A pair growing 
en each side of the thorax, or 
breast. 

Peda'lis. About a foot high. 

Pre'paTE, peda'tus. See palmate. 
Bird-foot like. 

Pepat‘iF1D, pedatif‘idus. Nearly 
the same as pedate ; perhaps 
hardly so deep-cut. 

Pep/icEL, pedicellus. A partial pe- 
duncle. ; 

Prep‘IicELLED, PrepiceL'LATE, pe- 
Pteia'ius. Having a pedicel. 

Pe’puncte. See pedunculus.— 
Flower stem. 

Pr/puNncLeD, peduncula'tus. Hay. 
ing a peduncle. 

Peduncula'ris. Appertaining to, 
or fixed on, a peduncle. 

Pedun'culus, pe'puNcLE. The stem 
bearing the flower and fruit, 
which does not spring naked 
from the root. Those which 
spring immediately from the root 
without leaves, are called scape. 
As the dandelion has a scape, the 
apple a peduncle. iv. 

Pevv'ice, pellic'ula, A thin mem- 


PER 


brane-like substance. The close 
covering of some seeds; some- 
times it is a little mucilaginous 
or downy. 

Pertvucip. Transparent, translu- 
cent, or limpid. 

Pel'te. See targets. 

Pes’tate, pelta'tus. Having the 
petiole attached to the under 
side of the leaf. In all cases of 
leaves and flat stigmas, when the 
petiole or style is attached to the 
disk instead of the margin, they 
are peltate; as the leaf of nas- 
turtion and the stigmaof the yel- 
low water-lily. 

Pen’pant. Hanging down. 

Pen’putous. When the whole of 
the part droops, or hangs dewn. 

Pen’cit-rorm,  pencil'lifor'mis. 
Shaped like a painter’s pencil, 
or little round paint-brush. 

Pentacoc'cus. A 5-grained cap- 
sule. 

PrenTaGo'NAL, pentago'nus. Five- 
cornered. 

PENTAGYN'lA. (Pente, five ; 
gune, female.) See p. 16. 

PENTAN’DRIA. (Penle, five ; 
aner, male.) See p. 17. 

Pentan'drous. 
varying into, the class pentan- 
dria. 


Pentapetalus. 5-petalled. 

Pentapteryg'ia. See wings. Five- | 
winged. a 

Pentaphyl'lus. 5-leaved. — 


Percminc. A bird having grasp- 
ing feet. 


Peregri/nus. Foreign, strange, 
wandering. 
Peren’NIAL, peren'nis. Continu- 


ing more than two years. 

Perexi'lis: Slender. 

Pzr'rect FLow’er. Having both 
stamens and pistils. 

PERFOLIATE, perfolia'tus. Perfor- 
ating a leaf. Having the stem 
running through the leaf. But 
the leaf is not formed by the 
union of opposite bases, as in 
the boneset (eupatorium ;) for in 
this case the leaves are connate, 


Belonging to, or| 


It is applied to antennae when 
the main thread passes through 
the joints. 

Perfoliate is sometimes the 
specific name where the leaves 
are nearly connate (as eupato- 
rium perfojiatum ;) and even 
where the leaves are merely 
clasping (as campanula perfo- 
liata.) 

Per’FoRaTe, Prr’FORATED, per- 
fora'tus. Having holes as if 
pricked through. Punctate may 
differ in presenting spots like 
points, which are not holes. Per- 
tuse perhaps is synonymous with 
perforated. These dots may be 
seen by holding St. John’s wort 
and many other leaves to the 
light. This term is applied to 
stigmas, drupes, &c. 

PERIANTH, perian’thum. (Peri, 
about; anthos, flower.) That kind 
of calyx, which is immediately 
adjoining the corol, stamens and 
pistil, or to such of these organs 
as are present. It is superior, 
when it grows on the germ; it 
is inferior, when it grows out 
from below the germ. See mo- 
nophyllous and polyphyllous. 

PER'ICARP, pericarpium. (Peri, 
about ; karpos, fruit.) Seed- 
case. Any bag, shell, pod, pulp, 
berry, or other substance, en- 
closing the seed. 

Per'icHETH, periche'lium. (Peri, 
about ; chatte, crest.) An invo- 
lucre surrounding the base of 
the peduncle of mosses, among 
the leafets, but differing from 
them in form. See calyptre. 

Peri'dium. A round membrane- 
ous dry case, enclosing the 
seeds in some angiocarp fungus- 
Ses. 

Per'icone. A periant calyx, or 
corol. 

Prr'isperM. A substitute for peri- 
carp.—Nuttall. 

Prerispor/ium. Capsule. Nuttall 
uses it to express a chaffy cover- 
ing to seed. 


PIS 


Peristom'ium. The fringe, teeth, | Jogos,a treatise or discourse.) 


or membrane, around the mouth 
of the capsules of mosses, under 
the lid. 

Perithecium. A perianth-like or- 
gan surrounding the seed-cases 
of lichens, or capsules of mosses 
and fungi. 

Per’manent. Any part ofaplant 
is permanent, which remains 
Jonger cumpared with other 
parts of the same plant, than is 
usual for similar parts in most 
plants. As the calyx of the 
quince remains on the endof the 
fruit, till it ripens. 

Perpusil'lum. Very little. 

Persis'tens. See permanent and 
ring. 


Per'sonaTE, persona'tus. See la- 


biate. Muffled, lipped flower. 
Pertu’ss, pertu'sus. Punched.— 
See perforated. 
Pes. See measures. One foot. 


Pr'tax, pet'alum. The coloured. 
leaf or leaves of the corol. The 
petal of a monopeta!ous corol is 
divided into the (ube and limb; 
which see. Each petal of a po- 
lypetalous corol is divided into 
the claw and lamina ; which see. 

Pe'raL-Form, petalifor’mis. Re- 
sembling a petal in shape. 

Petali'nus. Attached to, or being 
part of, a petal. 

Pr'ratoip, petaloi'des. Having 
petals, resembling petals. 

Pe'TIOLE, petio'lus. The footstalk 
of a leaf. Leaves which have no 
footstems are sessile. 

PrTioLa’TE, PE'TIOLED, peiiola’- 
tus. Having a petiole. 

Petiol'ulus. A partial petiole, 
which connects the leafet to the 
main petiole ; as the butternut. 

Puenoe’amous, (of phaino, to 
shew.) Having the stamens and 
pistils suffictently apparent for 
classification. Applied to all 


The science which treats of the 
principles of vegetables. It is 
nearly synonymous with the phy- 
siology of vegetables. 

Pic'eus. Blueish-black, resembling 
dark pitch. 

Pi'leus. The hat of a fungus. The 
top and most spreading part. It 
may be without stype, and thus 
constitute the whole ascending 
part. It always contains the 
seeds, though it requires the high- 
est magnifiers to discover them 
in most cases. See Lamella. 

Pilid'ia. See puffs. 

Pitir'gerous. Bearing hairs. 

Pitrar. Columella. The column 
of a univalve shell. 

Pito'sE, pilo/sus. Hairy. Having 
distinct straitish hairs. Pappus 
is pilose, or it is simple, when 
each hair is without any lateral 
branches. See aigrette. 

Pil'us. Ahair. An excretory duct 
of a bristly form, leading off a 
fluid. See sting. 

Pim'pLep. Seepapulose. | 

Pin'na. A wing-feather. It is ap- 
plied to leafets, which resemble 
feathers by their positions. 

Pin'Nate, pinna'(us. Winged, or 
feathered. Leaves are pinnate, 
when distinct leafets are arrang- 
ed along opposite sides of a sim- 
ple petiole. See bipinnate and 
tripinnate. 

Piynat/irip, pinnatifiidus. Cut- 
winged. Leaves are pinnatifid, 
when, instead of leatets as in 
pinnate leaves, segments or di- 
visions of aleaf are along oppo- 
site sides of the midrib. Pinnate 
are compound, but pinnatifid 
are simple; because the divis- 
ions never reach the midrib. 
When pinnatifid leafets are on 
a pinnate leaf, it is called pin- 
nate-pinnalifid. 


plants, not included in the class| Pis/tixtate Fiow’er. Having 


cryptogamia. 
Pheni'ceus. Purple, dark-red. 
Puytor’ocy. (Phule, a plant; 


pistils only, without stamens ; 
as the flower of the fertile cu- 
cumber. 


POL 


Pis'riz, pistil'lum. The central 
organ of most flowers. It 
generally consists of the ger- 
men, style and stigma. But the 
styleis frequently wanting; then 
the stigma is seated on the germ, 
or sessile. The stigma receives 
pollen from the anther, and, in 
some manner not yet discover- 
ed, fertilizes the germ. With- 
out this operation, no perfect 
seeds are produced. See flower, 
style and stigma. 

Pisiillifierous. See pistillate. 

Pircn’eR-rorm. See urceolate. 

Pity. The spongy substance in 
the centre of the stems and roots 
of most plants. Most woody 
stems have no appearance of a 

. pith after they become old. 

Pits, (syphelle.) That kind of re- 
ceptacle of lichens, which con- 
sists of open, cup-like, naked, 
white or yellow little spots, on 
the under side of the frond ; 
which is generally downy. They 
are at first immersed, globose, 
minute dots, which at length 
barst with irregular margins, 
and discharge a powder. 

Pir'tep. See lacunose. 

Placen'ta. Fleshy receptacle. 

Pracenta’tion. The disposition 
of the cotyledons in the germi- 
nation of the seeds. 

Pra/irep. Folded somewhat like 
afan, when nearly full spread. 
In foliation it is more closely 

_ folded. 

PLARE. 
face. 

Pia'xo-con'veEx. Convex or 
roundish on one side and flat 
the other. 

Praxt. Any substance growing 
from seed. As tree, grass, puff- 
ball, mould. See vegetable. 


Flat, with an even sur- 


Ple'nus-flos. See full-flowered. 
Plica'tus. See plaited. Folded 
hike a fan. 


Puiumo’sr. Feather-like. 


hairs arranged on opposite sides 
of it. Applied to a mineral bav- 
ing fibres diverging from a line 
or kind of midrib. 

Plu'mula. The ascending part of 
a plant at its first germination. 

Plu'rimus. Very many. 

Pop. Thatkind of pericarp which 
is composed of two valves with 
the seeds attached to oneorboth 
sutures, or a longitudinal parti- 
tion at the edges immediately 
adjoining the sutures. The pod 
is either a legume or silique. 

Pode'tia. The peduncles of lich- 
ens, whether hollow or solid. 

Poin'tat. See pistil. Central or- 
gans of a flower. 

Potsers. Globules on slender 
stems under the wings of some 
dipterous insects. 

Por‘sons. The definition of poi- 
sons and the manner of their 
operations has not yet been satis- 
factorily explained. It will here 
be no farther noticed, than as it 
respects vegetables. See natur- 
al orders, and p. 50. 

Pot‘sonous VEG‘ETABLES.  Per- 
sons of all descriptions have fre- 
quent occasion to make some 
use of plants, when they are not 
in a situation minutely to inves- 
tigate their nature and qualities. 
As many plants are narcotic and 
injurious to the human consti- 
tution, it is very convenient to 
have at hand, or in the mentory, 
a few concise rules on this sub- 
ject. Such have been selected 
with great care, and set down 
at p. 50. 

Potten. See p. 5. On being 
viewed through a magnifier, 
they are found of various forms. 
In the sunflower, if is a prickly 
ball ; in geranium, perforated ; 
in comfrey, double ; in mallows, 
a toothed wheel ; in violet, an- 
ger > in daffodil, kidney-form, 

ec. 


Proumo'sE, pap'pus. Feather-like | Potrin'1a. Rolls or masses of pol- 


down. When a hair has other 


len, not included in cells of an- 


10 


PRO 


thers of the common form and 
texture ; as of the orchis, as- 
clepias, &c.—Nuttall. 

Potunir'erovs. Bearing pollen. 

POLYADEL’PHIA. (Polus, ma- 
ny ; adelphos, brother.) See Re- 
jected classes. 

PoryapeEL’pHous. Belonging to, 
or varying into, the class poly- 
adelphia. 

POLYAN'DRIA. (Polus, many ; 
aner, male.) See p. 13. 

Potyan'orovus. Belonging to, or 
varying into, the class polyan- 
dria. 

PotycoTyLep/onous. Plants with 
more than two cotyledons. See 
cotyledon. 

POLYGA'MIA. (Polus, many ; 
gamos, marriage.) Many unions. 
The name of the twenty-third 
class as established by Linneus. 
It comprises all plants, which 
have some perfect flowers, and 
others which are staminate and 
pistillate, or both kinds. This 
class is divided into three orders. 
1, Monecia, having perfect flow- 
ers and either staminate or pis- 
tillate ones or both on the same 
plants. 2. Diewcia, having per- 
fect flowers on some plants, and 
either staminate or pistillate 
flowers on others, of the same 
species. 3. Triecia, having per- 
fect fiowers on some plants, sta- 
minate on others, and pistillate 
on others of the same species. 
This class, like the 18th, is abo- 
lished by Persoon and others, 
and tle plants under it distribut- 
ed among the other classes. 
President Smith thinks it ought 
to be disearded. 

Porye/amous. Varying into, or 
inclining to, the class polygamia. 


Polygo'nus. Many cornered, or 
many-angled. 
POLYGYN'IA. (Polus, many ; 


gune, female.) See p. 16. 
Potymor'pHous. Presenting vari- 

ous forms and appearances. 
Poryrer/aLous. Many-petaled. 


If the corol consists of more — 
than one petal, it is polypetal- — 
ous. 

Potypuyt Lous. Many-leaved. A 
calyx of more than one distinct 
piece is polyphyllous. 

Polypre'nus. Enclosing more than 
one nut, or stone. 

Polysperma. Many-seeded. 

Polystach'tus. Many-spiked. 

Pome, po mum. A pulpy pericarp 
without valves, which contains 
within it a capsule. See berry, 
and note the difference. Apples, 
quinces, &c. are pomes. 

Pomif'erus. Bearing pomes, or 
apple-like fruif. 

Po'rous, poro'sus. Full of holes, 
cellules, or tubular openings. 
Porrec' tus. Lengthened out, 

stretched, straitened. 

PosTERIOR sLopE. See slope. 

Pre'cox. Rare-ripe. Coming to 
anaturity, early in the season. 
Flowering before leafing. 

Premor'se, Premor'sus. Bitten 
off. Terminating bluntly, as if 
bitten off. As the root of the pe- 
date or birdfoot violet. 

Pras'inus. Green, like a leek. 

Praten'sis. Growing naturally in 
meadow land. 

Prenensite. ‘The tail of an ani- 
mal, or other limb, formed for 
coiling around other bodies for 

, the purpose of holding on by 
them. 

Prem'ens. Pressing. 

Prick’te. A sharp process fixed 
to the bark only, not to the 
wood ; as on the raspberry, 
rose, barberry. 

Prismatic, prismat'icus. Linear, 
with several flattish sides. A 
cylinder with flat sides, 

Probos'cides. Proboscis-like. Re- 
sembling a projecting horn. | 

Prososcis. An elongated nose or 
snout. It is a tubular process, 
whether a ait” elapri 
of the snout, as of the elephant, 
or a tubular sucker, as eb: 
musquetoe, it is always adapted. 


| 
¥ 


PUS 


to the structure of the animal in 
furnishing itself with food. 

Proce'rus. Tall, elevated. 

Proc’rss. A projecting part. 

Procum'2ENT, procumbens. 
ing on the ground. 

Profun'de. Deeply. * 

Pro.ir‘nrovs, pro‘lifer. Putting 
forth branches or flowers from 
the centre of the top of a pre- 
ceding one. 

Proa'inzntT, pro'minens. Stand- 
ing out more or less beyond 
what is usual in other plants. 

Promin'ulus. <A little prominent. 

Pro'nus-dis'cus. The under side, 
or back of a leaf, upwards. 

Prop. See fulcrum. Tendrils and 
other climbers. 

Propaca’tion. See flower. Ex- 
tending plants by seeds, roots, 
&e. 

Propa'go. 


Ly- 


See gemmatio. 

Propa'gula. See efflorescence. 

Propen'dens. Apparently on the 
point of falling. 

Prop’sR, prop!erus. 
Part of a whole. 

Pros/rratk, prostra‘tus. See pro- 
cumbent and humifuse. Lying 
on the ground. 


See partial. 


Protru‘pED. See exsert. Pro- 
jecting out. ; 
Protrusizze. Capable of being 


protruded. It is applied to the 
heads of animals, which may be 
thrust out or forward, as that of 
the tortoise. 

Prox'imus. Very near. 

Prui'na. The mealiness or hoari- 
ness on plums, peaches, &c. 


Pruimosk. Covered with a frost- 
like meal. 

Pru'riens. Hairs which excite 
itching. 


Pseu'do, When prefixed to a word, 
it implies obsolete or false. 

Pszupo-morpHovus, False faced. 
It is applied to crystals which 


are formed in, or upon, other 


crystals and take their form. As 
pseudo-morphous quartz crys- 
tals, are such as are formed in 


the inner castings of disintegrat- 
ed cubic cry$tals of iron pyrites, 
or on the outside of calc spar, 
fluor spar, &c. 

Puses'cent, pubes'cens. Hairy, 
having hairs, wool, down, glan- 
dular hairs, &c. 

Purrs, (pilidia.) That kind of re- 
ceptacle of lichens, which con- 
sists of little round bordered 
knobs, whose disk finally turns 
to powder. It is at first covered 
with a membrane and often 
clothed with a fine grey hoari- 
ness. These receptacles are 
elongated below into a stalk fix- 
ed to the crust, but totally dif- 
ferent from it. 

Puz’tus. Dull brownish colour. 

Puxr'y, pulpo'sus. Filled with a 
tenacious kind of parenchyma. 
Thick and succulent or spongy. 

PULVERULENT, pulverulen'tus. 
Turning to dust. 

Purvinatus. ‘Cushion-like. Ap- 
plied to the pileus of a fungus, 
which is thick and corky or 
spongy. 

Pulvi‘nult, (garden beds.) Cush- 
ions. Excresences found on the 
surface of the fronds of some 
lichens, sometimes clustered or 


branched. Their use is un- 
knewn. 
Pu'milus. Small, low. 


Puncn’eD. See perforated. 

Punc’'rate. Dotted or sprinkled 
with coloured, generally diapha- 
nous, specks. See perforated. 

Ponctic’utate. Having minute 
punctures. 

Pon’ GENT, pun'gens. Sharp, piere- 
ing, pricking. 

Punic'cus. Scarlet-coloured. 

Pura, Chrysalis, nymph, amelia. 
The quiescent state of an insect 
after passing from the larva state 
and before it becomes a perfect 
insect. 

Purpuras‘cens. Inclining to a pur- 
ple colour. 

Purpur'eus. Purple. 

Pusil'lus. Low, small, diminutive 


RAD 


Puta'men. Nut-shell. See nucleus. 

Pyramida'lis. Conic, pyramid- 
form. 

Pyrifor'mis. Pear-shaped. 

Pyritirerovs. Bearing iron py- 
rites. Containing sulphuret of 
iron. 


Q. 


QuapDrRan’GULAR, quadrangula'ris. 
Having four corners, or angles. 


Quapricap/suLaR. Having four 
capsules. 
Quadridenta'tus. Four-toothed. 


Quadrifa'rius. Pacing 4 ways. 


Quav'ririp, quadrifidus. Four- 
cleft. 

Quadrifio'rus. Four-flowered. 
Quadriyy'ugus. Four-paired. 
Quadril'obus. Four-lobed. 
Quadrilocula'ris. Four-celled. 
Quadriner'vis. Four-nerved. 


Quadriparti'tus. Four-parted. 
Quadrival'vis, Four-valved. 
Quadrivascula'ris. Four cup-form 
cells. 

Quat'iT1ES OF PLANTS. Richard 
says that plants of the same 
taste and odour, are generally 
possessed of similar qualities. 
Also that the smell and taste are 
always the same. He divides 
the odours of plants into, 1. Fra- 
grant. 2. Aromatic. 3. Ambro- 
stac (resembling amber.) 4. .4l- 
liaceous (resembling garlic.) 5. 
Fetid (as asafetida, &c.) 6. Vau- 
seous (causing the stomach to 

eave.) Asthe fragrant, the aro- 

matic and ambrosiac, are always 
free from all hurtful qualities, 
and as the fetid and nauseous 
are generally poisonous ; it 
seems that mankind have in 
some measure an instinctive 
principle by which their food is 
to be selected. 

Quater‘nus. Four together in a 
whorl. . 

Qui'nus. Five together in a whorl. 


Qui’naTE, guina‘ius. Five leafets 
on one petiole. 

Quinguangula'ris. | Five-corner- 
ed. When a leaf has five points ; 
as the cucumber. , 

Quinguecapsula'ris. Having five 
capsules. ° 


Quinguecos'laie. Five-nerved. 
Quinqueflidus. Five-cleft. 
Quinqueflo'rus. Five-flowered. 


Quinguej'ugus. Five-paired. 
Quinquel'obus. Five-lobed. 
Quinguelocula'ris. Five-celled. 
Quinquener'vis. Five-nerved. 
Quinqueparti'tus. Five-parted. 
Quinqueval'vis. Five-valved. 
Quinquevascula'ris. Five cup: 
form cells. 


R.. 


Race’ME, race'mus. (Raz, abunch 
of grapes.) That kind of inflo- 
rescence, wherein the florets 
have undivided pedicels arrang- 
ed along the sides of a general 
peduncle. As currants. 

Race!/mED, racemo'sus. Flowers 
in racemes. 

Rac’uis, (Rachis, the back-bone.)} 
The filiform receptacle connect- 
ing the floretsin a spike. Asin 
wheat-heads. It is sometimes 
put for the midrib in ferns, 

Ra‘piac. Belonging to the ray. 

Ra'piaTe, radia'tus. The spread- 
ing florets around the margin of 
a compound flower. It is also 
applied to a division of animals ; 
as the animals inhabiting coral 
rocks and sponges. 

RaApIATED ANIMALS. Those whose 
sentient principle resides in a 
medulary globule, spheroid, or 
ring, with radiating branches ; 
as the polypus which inhabits 
coral rocks, the tape-worm, &c. 

Rap/icat, radica'lis. Proceeding 
from the root without the in- 
tervention of a stalk. As the 
leaves of plantain, iets 


REJ 


Ra'dicans. See rooting. Roots 
proceeding from stems, leaves, 
&c. 

Radica'tus. Sending off roots. 

Rapicte, radic/ula. The little 
fibrous branches proceeding 
from the main root; which im- 
bibe the moisture and other 
nourishment for the plant. 

Rad'ius. See ray. Edging florets. 

Radix. See root. 

Rae'‘cep. See squarrose. 

Ramen'tum. Applied to the loose 
scales frequently in the angles 
of petioles, &c. called in Eng- 
lish, raments. 

Ra'meum fol'ium. 
leaves. 

Rami' ferns. 

Ramossis' simus. 

Ramo'sus, RAMO!SE. 


See branch 


Producing branches. 
Very branching. 
Branching. 


Ra mulus. See branchlet. Little 
branch. 
Ra'mus. See branch. 


Rarifio'rus, Flowers few and dis- 
tant. 

Rarifol'tus. Leaves few and dis- 
tant. . 

Ray. The outer margin or cir- 
cumference of acompound flow- 
er. It is also applied to the pe- 
duncles and outer florets of an 
umbel ; particularly when they 
differ in any respect from the 
inuer, or disk, florets. Also to 
the bony spines of the fins and 
gill-membranes of fish. 

Ra'yep. Having rays. 

Recep Tac e, recepla'culum. The 
base by which the other parts of 
the fructification are connected 
and supported ; being the end, 
or at the end, of the peduncle. 
It is considerably used in the 
generic characters of compound 
flowers ; but very little noticed 
in any others. Perhaps this part 
may hereafter be noticed on ac- 
count of the change, it in some 
way produces on the vegetable 
secretions. Dr. Smith mentions 
the wholesomeness of some 
fruits, while the other parts of 


the plant are poisonous. See 
page 392, Every one has notic- 
ed the delicate flavour of the 
pond-lily, (Nymphea odorata,) 
while all back of the receptacle 
is extremely different. Numer- 
ous similar instances may be 
cited to prove the very great 
change in some way effected by 
the receptacle. When Persoon 
applies receptacle (receptacu- 
lum) to a capsule, he intends 
the columella. 

Recut'Nep, reelini’Jus. Bent down 
so that the apex of a leaf, &e. is 
lower than the base. Applied 
to the stem it implies that it is 
bowed towards the earth. 

Recompos'itus. .Twice compound. 

Recon'ditus, Concealed. 

Rectius'culus. Straitish. 

Rec'lus. Strait, 

Recur'vep, recurva'tus. Carved 
downwards. 

Recuii'tus. Appears as if peeled. 

REFLEX’ED, reflex'us. Bent back, 
nearly or quite to touch the stem 
or peduncle. 

Rerrac'rep, refrac'tus. Bent 
back in an angular form, so as 
to appear as if broken. 

Reg'num veget'abile. The vegeta- 
ble kingdom as taken into view 
with the antmal and mineral. 

Ree‘uar, regula'ris. See equal. 

Rrsectep Crasses. Linneus dis- 
tributed all plants into 24 artifi- 
cial classes ; but his eleventh, 
eighteenth and _ twenty-third 
classes, are considered by many 
botanists, as very inconstant in 
their character. In the annex- 
ed Grammar of Botany, they are 
omitted, and the plants of each 
are distributed among the other 
classes. 

The rejected classes being re- 
tained by Muhlenberg, Bigelow, 
and some other distinguished 
botanists, they are defined 
here. 

Dodecandria, the 11th class of 
Linneus. 


10* 


REY 


It includes those plants whose 
flowers are perfect, and contain 
from twelve to nineteen sta- 
mens to cach; as the wild gin- 
ger, purslane, agrimony, and 
houseleek. 

Polyadelphia, the 18th class 
‘of Linneus. 

It includes those plants whose 
flowers are perfect, and contain 
stamensunited by their filaments 
in more than three parcels ; as 
the St. John’s wort. 

Polygamia, the 23d class of 
Linneus. 

It includes those plants whose 
flowersare perfect andstaminate 
or pistillate on the same plant, 
or on different individuals of the 
same species; as the ginseng, 
itch-weed, maple tree, ash tree, 
and peperidge tree. 

ReseEcteED OrveERS. Some ofthe 
artificial orders of Linneus are 
omitted in the annexed Gram- 
mar of Botany, and their plants 
distributed among other classes 
and orders. They are the fol- 
lowing: 

Monogamia, the 6th order of 
Linneus in the class Syngenesia. 

It includes those plants whose 
flowers are perfect and not com- 
pound,and contain stamens with 
united anthers ; as the lobelia 
and touch-me-not. 

Monoecia, Dieecia, and Trioe- 
cia, are the three orders of the 
rejected class Polygamia. The 
order monoecia includes those 
plants, which comprise all that 
is necessary for the character of 
the class in one plant—dioecia, 
in two plants—irioecia, in three 
plants. 

‘The orders between decagynia 
and polygynia, also beyond mo- 
madelphia, are unnecessary. 
Their definitions are implied un- 
der their associate orders. 
Rex'ative Propo'rtions. When 

dimensions are expressed inde- 

finitely, as long, very long, short, 


large, &c. such expressions are 
to be understood as long, &c. 
Diag dehy s the proportion 
which similar parts usually bear 
to other parts, in plants general- 
ly. But when such terms are 
used for specific names, the pro- 
portion between the parts of 
species of the same genus, which 
were known when the names 
were given, are compared. Thus 
kalmia latifolia has a broader 
leaf than Kalmia angustifolia ; 
but it has a narrow leaf compar- 
ed with any species of trillium. 
Remo're, remo'tus. See relative 
proportion. 
Re'ni-rorm. See kidney-form. 
Repanp', repan'dus. Having small 
sinuses, separated by teeth in the 
form of segments of small cir- 
cles. Spread, , 
Re'pens. See creeping, 
RepLtacement. Applied toa crys- 
tal when its angles or edges are 
wanting, and are supplied by a 
plane face or other angles. 


Rep'tans. See creeping and run- 
ner, 

Res'tans. See permanent. Re- 
maining. 

Resupina'tus. Upside down. 

Retic/utaTeE. Netted. Having 


veins crossing each other like 
net-work. 

Re't1-rorm. Net-form, net-like. 

Retractite. When the head, or 
other organ, may be drawn back, 
as the drawing in of the head of 
a tortoise. 

Ret’/rorrex, retroflex'us. Bending 
in various directions. 

Retrofrac'tus. See refracted. Bent 
suddenly back. 

Retror'so-denia'tus. See runcinate. 
Teeth bent back. 

Retu'sE, retu’sus. Ending in a 
sinus generally hollowed out 


but very little. See emarginate. 


Rever’sep. Bent back towards the 
base. 

Rev'o.tute, revolu'tus. 
outwards. Aterm in foliation ; 


Rolled 


— 


RUT 


applied to leaves whose oppo- 
site margins are rolled outwards 
and continued rolling, till the 
tworolls meet on the back of 
the midrib and parallel to it. It 
is the reverse of involute, 

Rhizosper'ma. Fruit on the root 
of some ferns. 

Ruom sic, rhom’'beus. See deltoid. 
Diamond-form. 

Rhomboi'deus. Diamond-spot like. 

Ris. A nerve-like support to a 
leaf. 

Ris‘zep. When the midrib sends 
off lateral ribs nearly strait to 
the margin. It is sometimes put 
for nerved. 

Ric'tus. See gape. 
the mouth. 

Rie'1p, rig'tdus. Stiff, inflexible, 
or not pliable ; or, if attempted 
to be bent, will rather break, 

Rimo’se, rimo'sus. Chinked, a- 
bounding in cracks, as the outer 
surface of the pitch-pine tree. 

Ring. 
sules of ferns, which is elastic. 
See exanulatus. 

It is also the thin membrane 
attached to the stem of a fun- 
gus. When young it is attached 
to the‘pileus. It is erect when 
the upper edge is not fastened 
—inverse, When the Jower edge 
is not fastened—-sessile, when it 
is attached by one side only— 
mobile, when it may be pushed 
up and down—persistent, when 
itis as durable as the pileus— 
fugacious, when it disappears at 
the opening of the fungus. 

Rin/cent, rin'gens. See labiate. 
Grinning. 

Ru'sine, See assurgens. 

Root. The descending part of a 
vegetable, which enters the 
earth, or other substance, in 
search of nourishment for the 
plant. Reots are annual, bien- 
nial, or perennial. See ages. 
They are branching, fibrous, 
creeping, spindle-form, tuber- 


Opening of 


The band around the cap- |. 


ous, bulbous, or granulated, 
See each term in its place. 
Roor'ine. Bending or extending 
to the earih and striking root. 
Root’-Ltesr. See radical. 
Roor’ter. A fibre of a root. 
Ro‘ridus. Humid. Appearing as 
if covered with dew. 
Rosa'crous. A corol formed of 
roundish spreading petals, with- 
out claws or with extremely 
short ones. 
Ros'eus. Rose-coloured. 
Ros'retr, rostel'lum. That pointed 
part, which tends downwards at 
the first germination of the seed. 
See corcle. 
Rostra'tus. See beaked. Having 
a bill. 


Ro’rate, rofa'tus. See wheel- 
form. 

Rotun'dus.. Round. Without an- 
gles. 


Roveu. Covered with dots, which 
are harsh to the touch, but not 
apparent to the naked eye. See 
rugged. 

Rovunp. 
lar. 

Ru'bra. Red. 

Rubigino'sus. Rust-coloured. 

Rudera'lis, Growing among rub: 
bish about buildings, &c. 

Ru‘rous. Reddish yellow. 

Rue’exrp. Covered with invisible 
dots, which are harsh to the 
touch. See rough. 

Rueo’sr. Wrinkled. Veins more 
contracted than the disk, so that 
the intermediate pyrenchyma 
rises up between them. 

Run‘crnare. Pinnatifid, with the 
divisions pointing backwards ; 
as the dandelion. 

Run‘ner. A shoot producing roots 
and leaves at the end only, and 
from that place giving rise to an- 
other plant. 

Rupes'iris. Growing naturally 
among rocks, 

Rutilus. Shining, bright, glossy. 


See rotundus. Circu- 


SCA 


S. 


‘ 


Sa'pre-rorm. See acinaciform. 

Sac'cate. Furnished with a little 
bag. Bag-like. 

Sac'ittaTe, sagitla'tus. See ar- 
row-form. 

Satirerous. Salt bearing. Ap- 
plied to a secondary rock in 
which salt springs are found. 

Sal'sus. Salt-tasted. 

Sa.'ver-Form. A monopetalous 
coro! with a flat spreading limb 
proceeding from the top of a 
tube. 

Samara. A winged pericarp not 
opening by valves; as the ma- 

le, 

Rey cases. Resembling a samara, 
or winged capsule. 

Sar. The watery fluid contained 
in the tubes, and cellules of ve- 
getables, which furnishes the 


means, or is itself, the support | Sapin'dus. 


of their growth and life, and 
their preservation from decay. 
That part of the sap which sup- 
plies materials for the growth, 
foilage and fructification, evi- 
dently ascends by way of the 
camb. See camb. But that, 
which fills the interstices among 
the woody fibres, and serves to 
preserve them from decay, is 
probably raised by capillary at- 
traction, Freezing and thawing 
in some way or’other suspends 
for a day or two the effect of 
capillary attraction It then de- 
scends by its natural gravity ; at 
which season only can the sap 
be obtained from the sugar ma- 
ple. That it descends is evident 
from the fact, that no sap is ob- 
tained from below the incision, 
except afew drops at the first 
moment after itis made. That 
the sap descends from the woo- 
dy fibres and not from the camb 
appears from inspection, That 
this sap serves only to preserve 


the wood appears from the rapid 
decay of the wood in the sugar 
maple directly above the in- 
cision fo the whole extent of the 
bole ; while the incision pro- 
duces but little effect below it. 
And the herbage of the tree with 
the outer layers of wood con- 
tinue as flourishing after the tree 
has been drained of its sap an- 
nually for half a century, as its 
neighbours, which have never 
lost any sap. It may be observ- 
ed further ; that sap can never 
be drawn from the same vessels 
above the incision where it kas 
been drawn in any preceding 
year; unless a new incision be 
made several feet above the old 
one. Nor even then, if the pre- 
ceding draining had been very 
considerable, or, in other words, 
if the sugar-making season had 
been very favourable, and the 
incision large. 

Having some kind of 
taste. 

Sap'or. Having a relish, pleasant, 
any taste. Colour sometimes in- 
dicates the taste. White berries 
are generally sweet; red, sour ; 
blue, sweet and sour; black, in- 
sipid and poisonous—Willde- 
now. But certainly our spicy 
wintergreen (gaultheria,) par- 
tridge-berry (mitchella,) and 
whortleberries (vaccinium,) are 
exceptions to Willdenow’s 
rules. 

SarmenTo'sE, sarmentio'sus. Arune 
ning shoot, which strikes root 
at the knots or joints only. Ge- 
nerally applied to shrubs. See 


runner. ; 

Savu‘cer-rorm. Shaped like a 
common tea-saucer, 

Seab’er, sca'srous, See rough. 

Scabrit'ies. Roughness. 

Scar’Loprpep. See repand. 

Sca‘ty, Covered more or less 
with scaly appendages, as fern 
roots ; or consisting of substan- 
ces, in some measure resembling 


SEM 


coarse fish-scales ; as the scales 
of lily roots. 

Sean'dens. See climbing. 

Scawsorat. Having feet formed 
for climbing—two toes forward 
and two backward. 

Scare, scap'us. See peduncle. 
Flower stem from the root. 

Scarurars. The feathers, which 
descend down each side of the 
back. 

Sca‘riovs, scario'sus. Dry and 
membranous, generally transpa- 
rent. 

Scart'terxp. Standing without any 
zeguiar order; that is, neither 
opposite, alternate, nor in any 
detinable series. 

Scnismarop'rrripEs. Dehiscent 
ferns. One of the new orders of 
ferns. It is adopted by Pursh, 
Torrey, &c. Osmunda, lygo- 
dium and schizea are placed 
here. 

Sc‘tox. Shoots proceeding later- 
ally from the roots or bulb ofa 
root. 

Sco‘nen. See sulcate. Furrow- 
ed. 

Scrae. Back of a bird’s neck. 

Scrozic’uLatr, — scrobicula'tus. 
‘Deep round pits on the recepta- 
cle gives it this name. 

Scutel'lz. See shields. 

Scutellatus. See saucer-form. 

Scrm‘trar-rorm. See acivaciform. 
Cutlass-form. 

Scyph'ifer, Scyph'us. Cup-bearing. 
See cyathiform. 

Sxc'tion. The genera of some 
orders and the species of some 
genera are divided into sections. 
Sections judiciously construct- 
ed greatly facilitate the investi- 
gation fiers But they of- 
ten mislead ; and must be some- 
times disregarded, and the whole 
order read over ; especially un- 
der those orders which are made 
up of natural families. See the 
orders siloguosa in the class 
tetradynamia of Linneus’s sys- 
fem, 


Secun'dus. Turned to one side, 
One-sided, one-ranked. 

Seep. The matured part of fruc- 
tification, destined for the repro- 
duction of the species. It con- 
tains the rudiment of a new 
plant and is analogous to the egg 
of animals, It consists of the 
corcle, cotyledons, tegument 
and hilum ; which see. 

Srex’/p-sup. See germen. 

Sexr‘p-coat. See aril. Shelly cov- 
ering of seeds. 

Sex’p-teaves. The cotyledons 
expanded into leaves. 

Szr'p-LopEes. See cotyledons. 
Fleshy part ofseeds. 

Srex'p-vessets. See 
Covering of seeds. 

Sre/mext. The parts intc which 
a ealyx, corol, leaf, &c.is divid- 
ed or cut. 

SEGREGA'TA polygamiz 
p. 18. 

Se'jugus. Six-paired. 

Se'men. The seed. 

Semiamplexicaw'lis. Half casping: 
the stem. 

Semicotum’nar. See semferete. 
Tapering half cylinder. 

Semicylindra'ceus. Half-cytndrie., 
In form of a round rulir split 
lengthwise. 

Lemifios'culus, sem1rLo'RES. 
ligulate. Strap-like. 

Semi-in' ferus. Half-inferior When. 
the calyx grows on the iide of 
the germ, so that it is aeither 
superior nor inferior. 

Semina‘lis, See seed-leaves. Cox 
tyledonous leaves. 

Semina'tio. The sowing of seeds. 

Seminif‘era. Bearing the seed. 

SEMIORBIC‘ULAR, semiorbicula‘tus. 
In form of a half circle. 

Semiquinqueflidus. Half &cleft. 

Semisagitia'tus. Half arrow-form. 
That is, one side wanting; as in 
the vicia pusilla. 

Semisex'fidus. Half 6-cleft. 

SEMITER'ETE, semiter'es. Half te- 
rete. See terete. 

Semper'virens. Living through 


pericarp. 


See: 


See. 


SHO 
the winter and retaining the , Sexangula’ris. Six-angled. 
leaves, Sez'fidus. Six-cleft. — 
Se'nus. Six-fold. Growing in | Sex'florus. Six-flowered. 
sixes. Sexljugus. Six-paired. | 


Sen'silis, sex'sirrveE. Moving on 
being touched. See irritabili- 


ty. 

asin. Gradually, by little and 
little. Applied to a form, &c, 
which arises graduaily from 
some other form. 

Sencient principte. The know- 
ing principle. That faculty by 
which animals are enabled to 
take notice of external abjects. 

Ssep/ats. The divisions of a calyx, 
orcorol. Raf. ‘ 

Szptir‘srovus. Supporting parti- 
tions. 

Seria‘tusa Ina row, or in rows. 

Seric'eus. Silky. Covered with soft 

. close-pressed hairs. 

Seroti'nug. Coming to maturity 
late in the season. Applied to 
willows, and to some other 
plants, it implies, that the time 
of flowering is after the leaf- 
ing. | 

Smr'remrinz mar'Gin. See repand. 
Waving edges. 


Ser/rary, serra/tus, (Serra, a 


saw.) Maving sharp notches, ap- 


pearing as if cut, about the edge 

or margin, pointing towards the 

apex. 

Szr‘RuLate, serrula‘ius. Whena 
serrat¢ lenf has the teeth serrate 
again. Itis also applied to any 
serrateres, which are very fine. 

Sesquialter. When a large fertile 
floret is accompanied by a small 


abortive one. 
Srs/siza. Sittingdown. When a 
Jeaf, dower, seed-down, pileus 


ofa fungus, receptacle of a lich- 
en, &¢, are destitute ofa petiole, 
pedunele, stape, &c, 

Se/ia. Abristle. 

Seta'ceus. Bristle-form. Applied 
to antennae, 

Setig’erous. Bearing bristles. 

Seto'sus, skro’sx. Bristly. Having 
the surface set with bristles, or 
stiff strait hairs, 


ee eee ag EER RDC RE 6 eee 


Sexlocula'ris. Six-celled. 

Sez'us. Sex. When Linneus first 
adopted the stamens and pistils 
as the organs of classification, 
he addressed his arguments to 
physicians, who were conyver- 
sant with animal anatomy. He 
therefore took advantage of the 
analogy between animals and 
vegetables in the reproduction 
of their kind, in order to illus- 
trate his theory. He called the 
stamens males, and the pistils 
females, &c, But nothing can 
be more ridiculous and disgust- 
ing than to keep up these refer- 
ences at this day. 

Sexval'vus. Six-valved. 

Suart. Seestyle. A name for the 
central organ of a flower. 

Suacicy, See hirsute. 
tangled hair, 

Suarp. Tapering to a point. Acute 
differs from sharp, as it may ap- 
ply to the tip of a leaf, which 
becomes broad immediately 
back of the point. 

SueatH. The prolongation of a 
leaf down the stem, which it en- 
closes ; as in most culmiferous 
plants, 

Saz/aruEeD, Having a sheath. 

SHietps, scuttel‘le. That kind of 
receptacle of lichens, which is 
open, orbicular, saucer-like. The 
under side and border are of the 
substance and colour of the 
frond. The disk is of a different 
colour and substance from the 
border and frond, containing the 
seeds in extremely minute ver- 
tical cells. The shields are thick 
and tumid, when they are ses+ 
sile ; and membranous, when 
stalked or elevated, Very rarely 
they are perforated in the cen- 
tre.—Smith. Sia 

Sui‘xinc. See lucidus. at 

Soot. Each tree and shrub sends 
forth annually a large shoot in 


Rough 


Sry” 


SOM 


the spring, called the spring 
shoot ; and from the end of that 
a smallerone about the 24th of 
June, called St. John’s skoot. 
There is always the appearance 
ofa joint where the latter springs 
out, very perceptible after the 
whole shoot is matured. 

Suriv’ettine. See withering. 

Sxrve. A vegetable with a woody 
stem. It is generally put for that 
kind of woody plant, whose 
stem divides into branches near 
the ground, without being ele- 
vated by a bole, like trees. See 
tree and suffrutex. 

Survuz’sy. Having woody stems 
or branches. 

Sic’cus. Dry, neither humid nor 
succulent. 

Sick’LE-roru. A very much curv- 
ed keel. 

Sives. Applied to shells means 
the right and left, when viewed 
from the front, (opening side) 
or back. 

SiL’icxe, silic'ula. A little silique, 
whose length and breadth are 
nearly equal. 

SILICULO’SA. See p. 16. 

SiLiqve, sil’iqua. See p. 5. 

SrLiqvuE-rorm. Shaped like a si- 
lique without its essential cha- 
racter. 

SILIQUO'’SA. See p. 17. 

Sin’xy. See sericeus. 

Siw’pLe, sim’plex. Undivided. 
Single, opposed to compound, 
aggregate, or branched. 

Simplicis'simus. Very simple. 

Sry’eLx. Only one. Also opposed 
to full-flowered. 

Sinistror’sum. Twining from right 
to left, that is, contrary to the 
apparent motion of the sun; as 
the pole-bean. 

Six‘uatx, sinua’tus.. (Sinus, a 

- bay.) Having rounded incisions. 
The margin hollowed out, re- 
‘sembling a bay; as the white 
oak leaf. 

Sin’vaTE-szR'RATE. Haying ser- 


ratures hollowed out; as the 
chestnut. 

Si/xus. A roundish incision into 
the edge of a leaf or other organ. 

Sirmuncutus, A canal, or succes- 
sion of perforations, connecting 
the chambers of some univalve 
spiral shells. 

Srr/tine. See sessile. 

Si/tus. Situation ; as opposite, al- 
ternate, &c. 

Sreex. See glabrous. 

Steep or pyants. The effect of 
night upon the external appear- 
ance of some plants; as the 
leaves of peas closing over the 
very young flowers. 

Sten’per. See tenuis. 

Storrs. The edges of an oblique 
bivalve shell. Anterior slope, is 
the edge in which the ligament 
is situated. Posterior slope, is 
the edge in which the beaks of 
the shell turn forward; being 
the edge opposite to that in 
which the ligament is situated. 

Smarag'dinus. Grass-green. 

SmootH. Sometimes put for gla- 
brous, but not synonymous with 
it. For glabrous means sleek or 
slippery ; whereas smooth may 
be applied to fine chamois lea- 
ther. 

Sozsowir’ERovus. Bearing shoots. 

Sot'ip, sol'idus. Of an uniform 
substance, not naturally parti- 
ble; as the turnip. See coated 
and scaly. 

Sox'itary, solita'rius, Standing 
alone, or very distant from oth- 
ers of the same kind. 

Solu'tus. Disengaged. Not ad- 
nate, or growing together. 

Somewnat. Used as a diminn- 
tive ; implying in some degree, 
not fully. President Smith 
translates sub, by somewhat, 
when combined with an adjec- 
tive ; as subtrifidus, somewhat 
three-cleft. 

Somnus planta'rum. See sleep of 
plants. 


SPI 


Sor'dide al/bicans. Dirty white. 

So'rus and Sore'dia. See fruit- 
dots. Clusters of the fruit of 
ferns. 

Spadi'ceus. Chestnut brown. 

Spa'’pix. An elungated recepta- 
cle proceeding from a spathe, or 
resembling such in texture and 
appearance. 

Span’crezs, palel'lule. Open and 
orbicular, like shields, but ses- 
sile and not formed of any part 
of the crust, from which they 
differ in colour, being most usu- 
ally black. The seeds are lodg- 
ed beneath the membrane that 
covers their disk, as in the for- 
mer, and the disk is surrounded 

by aproper border. Their seeds 
are observed to be naked in the 
cellular substance of the disk, 
not enclosed in cases. Disk 
sometimes concave or flat, of- 
tener convex, and even globose 

- without any apparent border 
when in an advanced state. 

Spatha'meus. A span high, or a 
span long. 

Spa'rHe. That kind of calyx, 
which first encloses the flower 
and after it expands is left at a 
distance below it. As daffodil, 
onion, Indian turnip. 

Spa'THE-FORM. Resembing a 
spathe. 

Spar’oLaTe, spatula'tus, or spa- 
thula’‘tus. Roundish and dimin- 
ishing into a long, narrow, lin- 
ear base. 

Spzr'cies. The lowest division of 
vegetables. There have been 
about forty-five thousand spe- 
cies described. In North Ameri- 
ca about four thousand pheno- 
gamous species have been de- 
scribed; of these about twenty- 
five hundred are found to the 
north and northeast of Virginia. 
De Lamark and De Candolle 
make 4866 species of plants in 
France, including the crypto- 
gamia. Inthe year 1822, in the 
third edition of the Manual of 


Botany for the states north of 
Virginia, 3065 species were des- 
cribed. Gommon cultivated ex- 
-etics and some cryptogamous 
plants are included in this num- 
ber. About one thousand phen- 
ogamous species have been ex- 
amined by” Professor Ives ina 
wild state, within five miles of 
Yale College. Very few places 
of the same extent will afford 
more than eight hundred, and 
few less than six hundred,inthe | 
Northern States. Phelps gives 
a catalogue of thirteen hundred 
and forty phenogamous species 
as a complete list of al the 
British plants. 
Specir'rc emar’acTeR. See di- 
agnosis and descriptions. 
Srectrr’rc NAME. In common use 
we apply this to what Linneus 
called the trivial name. The 
specific name he calls all those 
several descriptive words, which 
express the essential difference, 
or diagnosis. 

The rage for changing specific 
names has become @ great nuis- 
ance to the sciences Richard 
proposes the establishment of a 
literary tribunal, having author- 
ity to fix the names in every de- 
partment of scienceforthe whole 
globe ; in order to check the 
growth of this child of vanity 
and ignorance. 

Spua‘ceLaTe. Withering, becom- 
ing blackened. 
SpHacno’se. Wet, mossy, swam- 


ye 

Biclisuns, Small globules of near- 
ly a regular spherical form. 

Spr'culus. See spikelet. 

Sprxe, spi'ca. Having florets ar- 
ranged along the sides of a gen- 
eral elongated peduncle or re- 
ceptacle, without partial pedun- 
cles, or with extremely short 
ones. Asa wheat-head, or mul- 
lein. 

Spi'KELET, spi'cula. One of the 
subdivisions of a spike. 


Stisx’pte-rorm. See fusiform. 

Spine, spina. See thorn. 

SpinEs’cENT, spines'cens. Becom- 
ing thorny. 

Spino'sE, spino'sus. Thorny. 

Spi'RAL, spira'lis. Twisted like a 
screw. 

Spree. Is applied to all the whoris 
of a univalve shell, which ex- 
tend upwards above the first 
whorl, called the body or belly 
of the shell. 

Spir-poin'Tep. Barton substitutes 
this for cuspidate: 

Spith'ama. Short span. See meas- 
ures. 

Spongio'sus. Spongy. 

Spor'e. The seeds of lichéns. 

Sporan'ginum. A name given to 
the pericarp by Hedwig. 

Sporangid‘ium. Willdenow’s name 
for the columeila of mosses. See 
columella. 

Sror‘tep. Having spots differing 
in colour from the principal 

_ part. 

Spreap'inc. See patens. 

Spur. An elongated process from 
the base, or from near the base 
of the calyx or corol or nectary, 
somewhat resembling a horn or 
cock’s spur. As the Larkspur, 
Orchis and Nasturtion. 

Spur‘reD. Having a spur, or pro- 
cess from the base. 

Spur’RED-RY‘’E, OR spuR’RED- 
Gra'in. An enlarged, elongat- 
ed seed, projecting out of a 
glume, of a black or violet cul- 
our, brittle texture, somewhat 
spur-form: It is that morbid 
swelling of the seed, called er- 
got bythe French. The black 
or dark coloured kind is called 
the malignant ergot. “ Large 
doses of which cause head-ache 
and febrile symptoms. Under 
proper regulations it may be 
considered a valuable addition 
to the present stock of medicin- 
alagents. The dose usually ad- 
ministered is from ten grains to 
half a drachm, in decoction.” 


STE 


Bigelow. The pale violet kind; 
called simple ergot, is harmless 
and inactive —Willdenow,. 
Grain growing in low moist 
ground or new land, is most sub- 
ject toit. Also spring grain more 
than winter grain ; andrye more 
than wheat, barley or oats. 
When crops are so much in- 
fected with it as greatly to in- 
jure them, the loss may be in a 
great measure made up by col- 
lecting the ergot, and selling it 
to druggists. It should be thor- 
oughly winnowed out of the 
grain, as itis said to be very in- 
jurious in bread. The ergot 
may then be collected from the 
chaff. 
Squami-rorm. Of the form of 
scabs or scales. 
SquaMULo’SE, squamo'sus, OF squa- 
ma'tus. See scaly. 
Squarro’se, squarro'sus. Ragged. . 
When the points of scales, &e. 
bend outwards, so as to make a 
‘ragged appearance. It is also 
used for scurfy, or when cover- 
ed with a bran-like seurf. 
Stacnyop’TeRDeEs. Spiked ferns. 
One of the new orders of ferns. 
It is adopted by Pursh and oth- 
ers. Lycopodium, Botrychium, 
Bernhardia and Ophioglossum 
are placed here. 
Strate. See stem. 
Sra'men. Seep. 3. 

Sram'inaTE. Having stamens on- 
ly, without a pistil. Seep. 6. 
Stamin'eus. Having no corol, the 

stamens serving in its stead.— 


Ray. 
Staminif‘erous. See staminate. 
Bearing stamens only. 
Stan’parp. See banner. Upper 
petal of pea-flowers. 
Sreu'care, stella'tus. Spreading 


out in aradiate manner: Leaves 
are stellate, when three or more 
surround the stem in a whorl. 
Flowers and the volva of a fun- 
gus are stellate, when the petals 
or segments spread out, so as to 


il 


SUB 


resemble the vulgar representa- 
tion of a star. : 

Stem. The main base or support- 
er of the fructification and her- 
bage. It is either Tige, Culm, 

, Scape, Peduncle, Petiole, Frond 
or Stipe; which see. 

Srem-cias/Pinc. See clasping. 

Srem’-LeaF. Inserted on the stem. 
See cauline. 

Srem’itess. Having no stem. 

Sremmata. Small globules, often 
lucid, resembling eyes. They 
are generally three in number 
on the top of the head. 

Ster’ive, sfer'ilis. Barren flower. 
Staminate flower. 

Stirr. See rigid. 

Sria'ma. The top of the pistil. It 
is generally moist when in full 
perfection, for the better recep- 
tion of the pollen. 

Stines, slim'uli. Hair-like pro- 
cesses, which excite itching 
punctures ; as on the Nettle. 
They are generally hollow with 
a sack at the base, containing 
an acrid liquor. By pushing 
against their points, the sacks 
are compressed, and thrust out 
the liquid. 

Stipe, sti’pes. The lower part of 
the midrib of a fern ; the stem 
of a fungus ; or the stem of the 
down on the seedsof Dandelion; 
the stem of a germ elevating it 
above the receptacle ; or any 
oiber stem-like organ, not other- 
wise particularly named. 

‘Stip‘iraTe, sTi/PED, stipita'tus. 
Having a stipe. . 

Srip/uve, stip'ula. A leafet or 
scale at or near the base of a 
petiole, which in some respect 
differs from the leaves. 

Stip/uvar, stipula'ris. Formed of, 
or connected with, stipules. 

Srip'uvep, stipula'tus, or stipula'- 
ceous. Having stipules. 

tol’o. See sucker. 

Slolonif'erus. Putting forth suck- 
ers, or shoots. 


“tRap'pLinc. See diyaricate. 


Srrarent, or strait. In nearly 
aright line. 

Srra'itisa. A little curving, but 
not sufficiently to take the ap- 
pellation of curved. 

Slramin’eus. Straw-coloured ; 
straw-like. 

Strap’-Form. See ligulate. 

Stratum. A layer. It is applied 
in a general or partial sense. A 
general stratum of rock, or of 
detritus, may include several 
partial strata. These partial 
strata, or sub-strata, should be 
called layers, to avoid cireumlo- 
cution and confusion. 

Stra'tum prolig'erum. The seed- 
bearing disk of the receptacle of 
lichens. 

Srriaz. Marks or lines on miner- 
als, on elytra of insects, &c. 

Stri/aTE, STRE/AKED,  stria’tus. 
Marked or grooved with slender 
lines. 

Stric'tus. Both stiff and strait, or 
perfectly strait. See erect. | 
Slrictis'simus. Very stiff and strait. 
Srrico’sE, strigo'sus. Armed with 
small, close, rigid bristles, which 
are thickest below.—Willde- 

now. 

Strobila‘ceus. In form rasembling 
a strobile. 

Stro’siLe, strob/ilus. An ament 
with woody scales; as the fruit 
of pine. 

Strobilifor'mis. See strobilaceus. 

Stroma. The layer or covering 
of some fungi. 

Sty xe, slyl'us. (Stulos, a column.) 
That part ofa pistil, which is 
between the germ and stigma. 
It is often wanting; as in the 
Tulip. 

Sty'loid. Resemblinga style. 

Sua'vis. Sweet, agreeable. | 

Sud. Used in combination as a 
diminutive. See somewhat. 

SuBERo’sz, subero'sus. Corky. 

SuBMER'SED, submer'sus. Growing 
under water. ae 

Subler‘raneus. Growing and flow- 
ering underground. Thismey 


SYS 


be applied to the shoots of the {| Sur’culus. A little branch or twig. 


Polygala rubella. © 
Sud'tus. Beneath. 
Sup/oLaTE, subula/lus. 

form. 

Subuniflo'rus. Generally one-flow- 
ered, but sometimes more, 

Succulen'lus, suc'cuLENnT. Juicy, 
abounding in juice. Itis also 

- applied to a pulpy leaf, whether 
juicy or not. 

Sue'cus, See sap. 

Suc'xer. A shoot from the root 
by which the plant may be pro- 
pagated. 

Surrrvu’ricose, suff’rutex. Anun- 
der-shrub. A plant whose branch- 
es annually die, but the lower 
part of the stem is woody and 
remains, as the Spirea alba, 
white steeple-bush ; also Sage. 

Suffrutico'sus. Undershrubby. 

Suu'care, sulca'‘tus. Furrowed. 
Marked with deep lines. 

Sulphur'eus. Sualphur-coloured. 

Sup'erans. Exceeding in height. 

Suprrax’/ittary. Above the axil, 

SurErRpDecompounn’. See supra- 
decompositus. 


See awl- 


Surerric/1es. See pagina. 

SUPER'FLUA polyga'mia. See 
18. 

fo int Upwards, towards the 


top. 

Surr/rior, sup/erus. A calyx or 
corol is superior when it pro- 
ceeds from the upper part of the 
germ. See germ. 

Supi'nus. Face upwards. See re- 
supinatus. Upside down. 

Suppo/rt. See fulcrum. 

Supra-axilla'ris. See suprafelia- 
ceus. 

Supradecompos'itus. More than 
decompound; which see. When 
a petiole is divided and the di- 
visions divided at least once 
more,and the last divisions have 
leafets, 

Suprafolia'ceus. Inserted above 
the axil, or base, of the leaf. 


Applied to the stem or shoot 
which bears the leaves of mos- 
ses. 

Su’ture, sutu'ra. A seam-like 
appearance at the meeting of 
two parts ; as the valves of pea- 
pod, the parts ofa skull, &c. 

Swim’mine, See natant. 

Sworp’-rorm. See ensiform. 

Sylvati'eus. Growing in woods. 

Sylves'tris. Altogether wild; grow- 
ing in wild woods. 

Syyernzsious. (Sun, together ; 
genesis, springing up.) Anthers 
growing up together in an unit- 
ed tubular set. It is applied to 
all those plants, whose flowers 
are compound, having the an- 
thers in each floret with more 
or less of their edges adnate; so 
that the whole (which are al- 
ways 5) form a tube. See p. 14. 

Syno/nyms, synon'yma. Different 
names for the same plant. 

Synop'sts. A condensed syste- 
matic view of a subject, or sci- 
ence, 

Sys'rem, syste’ma. An arrange- 
ment of natural bodies accord- 
ing to assumed characters ; for 
the purpose of aiding the mind 
and memory in acquiring and 
retaining a knowledge of them, 
systems have been proposed in 
abundance. And we are still 
infested with system-makers and 
reformers, which are among the 
greatest evils incident to Natur- 
al Science. Any man of ordi- 


nary talents may make a toler- . 


able system iu half a day; that 
is, sixty systems per month.— 
But why not adhere to that 
which is universally known and 
established? There may be im- 
provements in the Linnean sys- 
tem. But let them be adopted 
with caution, and on the author- 
ity of the oldest and most expes 
rienced botanists. 


654 
\ *3) 


TER 


T. 


Tenia'nus. Ribbon-form. Tape- 
orm. 

Tam. A filiform proeess termi- 
nating a seed, &c. As the Vir- 
gin’s bower. 

Tair-coverts. A clump of feath- 
ers above the tails of birds, ad- 
joining the bases. 

Tai-reaTHers. The large feath- 
ers of the tails of birds—gener- 
ally either 10, 18, 20, or 24—but 
12 is the most common number. 

Tale'a, Sucker. 

Ta‘perinc. See attenuatus. 

Tar'cets, pel'te. That kind of 
receptacle of lichens which is 
flat, close-pressed, and attached 
to the frond by its whole under- 
side, as if glued ; sometimes at- 
tached to the bark of the frond. 
Itis broad, kidney-form, or ob- 
long, rarely irregular ; covered 
with a thin coloured disk, with 
no border except occasionally 
a very minute accessory one, 
which seems to circumscribe it. 
In an early stage it is concave, 
and concealed by a thin gela- 
tinous fugacious membrane, or 
veil.— Smith. 

Tar'cet-rorm. See peltate. 

Tarsus. The ancle and foot of 
an insect, excepting the hook or 
claw at the extremity. 

Taste. See sapor. 

Trectrics. Wing coverts. The 
longest feathers of a bird’s wing, 
next above the quills. Minor 
tectrics are sometimes found 
above the larger. 

Yec'tus. Covered. 

TreTH oF mosses. The outer 
fringe of the peristomium is gen- 
erally in 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 divi- 
sions, which are called teeth. 
See peristomium. 

Teg'ens. Covering. 

Tra@’ument. The skin or bark of 
seeds ; as appears very distinct 
on a boiled pea or bean. 


Tem’peRaturE. The degree of 
heat and cold to which any place 
is subject® This is not limited 
to degrees of latitude; as high 
mountains in Pennsylvania pro- 
duce many plants, most na- 
tural about Hudson’s bay. In 
cold regions white and blue pe- 
tals principally prevail; in warm 
regions red and other bright 
strong colours. 

In the spring season white pe- 
tals predominate ; towards au- 
tumn the yellow are most pre- 
valent.—Willdenow. 

Ten’pric. That kind of appen- 
cage, which is filiform and 
reaches out to grasp bodies to 
climb by, As the climbers of 
grapes and peas. 

Tenel'lus. Tender, delicate and 
fragile. 

Tenracuta. The arms, or feelers, 
of insects, and of other ani- 
mals. 

Tenuifol'ius. Slender-leaved. 

Ten'uis. Thin and slender. 

Ter'es. See terete. Tapering cy- 
linder. 

Ter’ere. Round, columnar, and 
tapering from the base to the 
other end. 

Terelius' culus. 


Somewhat terete. 

Tergem'inus, (TERGEM'INATE.— 
Thrice paired. The petiole is 
forked, these branches forked, 
and the last branches with pair- 
ed leafets. 

Terms. Technical terms should 
be defined in a dictionary of 
each science and art. But words 
used in their common accepta- 
tion, whether Greek, Latin, Eng- 
lish, French, &c. should not be 
defined in such a dictionary, 
however frequently applied in 
such science or art. 

Ter’minaL, termina'lis. Proceed- 
ing from, or occupying, the end 
of a stem, branch, style, &c. 

Termina’tions. In expressing re- 
semblances it would greatly 


TOR 


lengthen descriptions to intro- 
duce words drawing full-length 
comparisons. Asa leaf resem- 
bling the form of anarrow. To 
avoid this, terminations united 
to the substantive word by a 
hyphen have been used ; as ar- 
row-shape, or arrow-form. I 
prefer the termination form, 
making the whole a compound 
adjective noun. ‘There are cas- 
es where like becomes a con- 
venient; termination ; as petal- 
like stigma in the Iris, Here 
form or shaped would be inade- 
quate ; as its resemblance con- 
sists rather in texture and gene- 
ral appearance, than in shape. 

Ter'nate. Three-fold. In threes. 
This term is also applied to com- 
pound leaves, where 3 leafets 
proceed from the end of one 
petiole ; as in the Strawberry. 
See biternate and triternate. 

Terra'neus. Appertaining to the 
earth. 

Ter'yeus. Earth-coloured. 

Trs’sEvareE, tessela‘tus. Chequer- 
ed. 

Tesracgeous. Shelly, crusty. Ap- 

_ plied to insects it generally 
means light brick-colour, ap- 
proaching the colour of tanned 


sheepskin. 

Te‘ler. Having a disagreeable 
smell. 

TETRADYNAMI, ( Tessares, 


four ; dunamis, power,) See 
p. 13. 

Terrapyn'amous, Belonging to 
the class tetradynamia, or vary- 
ing into it, 

Tetrago'nus. Four-cornered, 

TETRAGYN'IA. (Tessares, four ; 
gune, female.) See p. 16. 

TETRAN'DRIA. (Tessares, four ; 
aner, male.) See p, 12, 

Terran‘provus, Belonging to, or 
varying into, the class tetran- 


Tetrapet'alous, Four-petalled, 
Telraphyl’lus, Calyx with four 
leafets, Hiv 


Tetrapleryg’ia. See wings. 
Tetrasper'mus. Having 4 seeds ta 
a flower. 


Telre'dra. A 4-sided pod. 
Thalam'ia. See hollows. 
Tuatius. The frond of a lichen, 


being the bed or general recep- 
tacle whereon the proper recep- 
tacles are reposed, or in which 
they are imbedded. 

The'ca, The capsules of mosses. 

The'ce, The frond, or whole her- 
bage of lichens, The cases or 
cells containing the seeds in the 
disk of scutellz and some other 
receptacles of lichens. 

TuHorn, or SPINE. A sharp pro-. 
cess from the woody part of.a 
plant. It isan indurated imper- 
fect bud, which, when the plant 
grows in a rich soil, changes to 
a branch. Pears bear thorns in 
a poor soil, which disappear in 
richer.—Willdenow. 

Tureap!-rorm. See filiform. 

Turee’-FoLD. See ternate, 

THRICE-PIN NATE. See tripinnate, 

THRICE-PINNATIFID. See tripin- 
natifid. 

Turoat. Seefaux. Jaws. 

Thyrsioi'des. Flowers disposed in 
the form of a nosegay. 

TuyrsE, thyr'sus. See panicle. 

Tice. See caulis. The most com- 
mon stem. 

Tincto’rius, Plants suitable for 
dying or pigments. 

TomentTo'seE, lomentio’sus, Cover- 
ed with fine downy or cottouy 
substance matted together, See 
lanate. 

Tone'vE-Form. See linguiform, 


| Tooru‘ep. See dentate. 


TootH’LeTTED. See denticulate, 
Top’rorm. See turbinate. ‘ 
Torn. See lacerated. 

Toro’sr, toro'sus. Protuberant. 
Raised in bunches or vein-like 
protuberances or ridges. Knobs 
on a toad, 

Tor'sio. See intorsion. Turning 


inwards, 
Tor'tilis, See cailed. 


11* 


TRI 


Torvto'sx, torulo'sus. With swell- 
ing ridges ; like the muskmel- 


on. 

Trachea. The air-vessels of 
Grew. They are spiral channels 
supposed by Grew to be design- 
ed for receiving and distribut- 
ing air in vegetables. 

Trailing. See procumbent. Ly- 
ing or hanging down. 

Transiu'cent. Transmitting light 
faintly. 

Trans/VERSE, trans'versus. Cross- 

"wise. It is applied to a partition 
when it meets the valves of a 
pericarp in any other part than 
at the sutures. 

Trapezifor'mis. Having four un- 

equal sides. 

Tree, (arbor.) A large woody 
plant. The word large is very 
indefinite ; but the distinction 
between tree and shrub is very 
difficult to express. Perhaps 
large and small, interpreted ac- 
cording to the rules relating to 
parts under Relative proportions, 
will serve to distinguish trees 
and shrubs as well as an elabo- 
rate definition. These terms are 
not used in specific descriptions. 
See shrub and suffrutex. 

TRIAN'DRIA. (Tris, thrice ; aner, 
male.) Seep. 12. 

Trian'DROUS. 


dria. 


Trian'aurar, triangula'ris. Hav- 


"ing three angles or corners. Itis 
applied to a leaf with 3 points 
or corners. 


Trizes, tri'bus. See gentes and | 


cotyledon. 
TrIBRAC'TEATE. 
bracts. 
Trice. See buttons. Button-form. 
Trichol'omus. Three-forked. See 
forked. 
Tricoc'cus. A 3-seeded capsule ; or 
‘rather 3-grained. It is applied 
to capsules, which appear as if 
three of one cell, and one seed 
gach, were grown together. 


Having three 


Belonging to, or} 
varying into, the class Trian-} 


| Trip'teris. 


Tricuspida'tus.. Three pointed. See 
cuspidate. 

TripEN TATE. Three-toothed. 
Trid'wus. Fnduriug 3 days. 
Trifa'rius. Facing 3 ways. 
Trif'idus. Three-cleft. See cleft. 
Triflor'rus. Three-flowered. 
Trifolia'tus. Three-leaved. 
Triglo'chis. Three-barbed. See 
barb. 

Trigo'nus. Three-cornered. See 
triangular. 

TRIGYN'IA. (Tris, thrice ; gune,. 
female.) See p. 16. 

Trij'ugus. Three-paired. Three- 
yoked. 

Tritoza’crous, tri'lobus. Three- 
lobed. See lobed. 

Tritoc’uxar, trilocula'ris. Three- 
celled. 


Triner'vis. Three-nerved. See 
nerved. 
Tri‘nus. Leaves in threes. 


Triparti'tus. Deeply divided into 
three parts. 

Tripet'alus. Three-petalled. 

Triphyl'lus. Three leafets to a ea- 
lyx. 

Tripin'NATE, tripinnatus. Having 
the petiole pinnated with other 
petioles ; and this second range 
of petioles supporting a third 
range with leafets. 

TRiPInnAT'IFID, tripinnatif'idus. 
A pinnatifid leaf, with the divi- 
sions pinnatifid, and those latter 
divisions pinnatifid again. See 
pinnatifid and bipinnatifid. 

Triplinervis. See trinervis. Three- 
nerved. 

Fripty-com’pounp. See suprade- 
compositus. 

Three-winged. 

Trique'tRovs, triqueter. Three-. 
sided. e 

Trisper'ma. Three-seeded. 

Tris'tis. Dull-coloured, melan-, 
choly. 

TRITER'NATE, triterna'tus. When 
a petiole is divided into three. 
branches ; and the branches. 
again divided, each in three. 
parts ; and on each of the last, 


VAL 


ivisions three leafets. See bit- 
" ernate. 

Trival'vis, A pericarp with three 
valves. 

Trivascula'ris. Having three cup- 
form cells. 

Taiv'taL NAME, frivia'lia no'mina. 
The name of a species, not in- 
cluding the descriptive terms. 
President Smith says, trivial 
name is now superfluous; as spe- 
cific name is no longer used for 
the descriptive terms. See spe- 
cific name. 

Trun'cate, trunca'tus. The end 
appearing as if cut off. Termi- 


nating in a strait edge, either } 


perpendicularly or obliquely 
transverse. 

Trunk, trun'cus. The bole of a 
tree. See bole. It is also ap- 


plied to the stem of plants not 
woody ; and sometimes to the 
caudex of a root. 

Tugs. The lower hollow cylin- 
der of a monopetalous corol. 
Tou'serctes, tuber'cula. That kind 
of receptacle of lichens, which 
is sphericab or slightly conic, 
nearly closed, crustaceous, 
black ; more or less immersed 
in the surface of the crustaceous 


frond, which it elevates; or}. 
sometimes it is, exposed, being | 


merely sessile. Each contains 


a ball, or mass, of connected } 


seeds, destitute of cells, enve- 
loped ina common membrane. 
‘The whole mass of seeds is at 
length discharged together. by 
an orifice at the top of the tu- 
bercle. We often find these tu- 
bercles after the seeds are dis- 
charged. 

Tuser'curaTe, tuber'cula. See 


times applied to rough points on 
leaves, &c., 

To'serovs, itubero’sus. Roots, 
which are thick and fleshy, but 
not of any regularly globular 
form. They are knobbed, as po- 


tatoe ; oval, as orchis, and some | 


anemones; abrupt, as the bird» 
foot violet ; fascicled, as the as- 
paragus. 

Tu‘suLar, tubula'tus. Having a 
tube, or being in the form of a 
tube. 

Tu‘suLous, Tusuto’sE, tubulo'sus. 
That corol ofa compound flow- 
er, which forms a whole. tube, 
not a ligulate floret. It is also 
applied to a perianth, if the 
whole or the lower part is a hol- 
low cylinder. 

Turt’ep. See fascicle. 
bunch or bundle. 

Tu'nica?E. See coated. Covered 
as with a garment. 

Tur'Binate, turbina‘tus. Top- 
form. A cone with the point 
downwards, 

Tur'ein, tur'gidus. Thickened, 
swollen, but not inflated. 

Tu'rion, tu‘rie, See gemmation. 
Budding. 

Twin. Two connected. or grow- 
ing together. 

Twi'ninc. Ascending spirally. 
See dextrorsum and. sinistror- 
sum. 

Twist’ep. See coiled. 

Two-rank'ED, or TWO-ROW’ED, 
See distichus. 


In a 


V.. 


Vagi'na. Sheath. That prolon-. 
gation of a leaf, which forms a 
cylinder around the stem. See 
sheath. 

Vagi'nans. Sheathing. 

Vagina'tus. Sheathed. 

Valva'tus. Resembling.the valves. 
of a glume. . 


Vatve, val'va. The.several pieces. 
tubercles. This word is some- |} 


of a pericarp, which separate 
naturally on ripening, are called 
valves. - Also. the. leaves, or 
chaifs, ofa glume. Each piece 
is called a valve. This name is 
sometimes applied to the scales, 
which. close the tube in some. 
corols, 


BARR VER 


Vaz’ vever, val'rula. Little valve. 

Variega'tus. Variously coloured. 

Variety, vari'etas. The changes 
produced among plants of the 
same species by. accidental 
causes ; as by soil, situation, cul- 
ture, climate, &c. These changes 
respect magnilude, fullness of 
flowers, crisping of leaves, co- 
lour, taste and smell. If the 
same kind of plant can possibl 
be produced from the seed of 
other kinds, these are but varie- 
ties of the same species. All ap- 
ples are but varielies of the same 
species ; because if the seeds of 
a sour apple be planted, they 
will produce trees bearing sour, 
sweet, tart, red, green, large and 
small apples promiscuously. But 
the quince is a different species ; 
because it cannot possibly be 
produced from apple seeds. 

Va'sa, vessets. The sap-vessels 
of vegetables have formed the 
subject of much inquiry and dis- 
cussion. The best summary of 
the various theories may be 
found in Smith’s Elements. See 
sapandcamb, By cutting very 
thin transverse segments of a- 
quatic plants, and holding them 
to, the light, considerable prac- 
tical knowledge may be obtain- 
ed on this subject. 

Vavt'tep. Arched over like the 
roof of the mouth ; as the upper 
lip of some labiate corols. 

Vec'starie. An organized sub- 
stance, whose procreative or- 
gans decay before the individual 
dies, As in the pea; the sta- 
mens and pistils decay before 
the rest of the plant. It is di- 
vided into the fructification, 
root and herbage. See natural 
history. 

Vec'rraste xino'pom. This is 
the name Linneus gives to all 
the subjects of the science of bo- 
tany. See Natural history, 

Vae'xTance sus’sTance. The ¢le- 


mentary principles of vegetables 
are carbon, hydrogen and ox- 
ygen; some conlain nitrogen. 
The p7Oximate principles are 
very complicated, and belong 
to the department of chemistry. 
Vew. See calyptra, and volva. — 
Vel'lus. Fleecy, ora fleece. This 
term is also applied to that kind 
-of clouds which float swiftly a- 
bout the sky, without any strait 
side,andresemble an open fleece 
of wool. See clouds. 
Vein’ED, vENO’sE, venosus. A leaf 
with the ribs or tendinous fibres 
variously branched. a 
Vent. Aperture for the discharge 
of both feces and urine. 
VenrricLes. The large cavities 
of the heart. All animals of 
the classes mammalia and aves 
have two ventricles to the heart 
—amphibia and pisces but one. 
Venrrico’'sE, venirico'sus. Swell- 
ing out asif blown up with wind. 
Or rather bellied out. See in- 
flated. \ 
Ventriculosus. A little ventricose. 
Veemes, All avertebral animals, 
excepting insects.—Linneus. , 
Veraa'lis. Coming forth early in 
the spring. 


Verna'tion, verna'tio. See folia- 
tion. : 
Verru'ca. Variously formed pro- 


tuberances, solid and usually 
smooth, on the crust of some 
lichens. Sometimes the recep- 
tacles grow on them, . 
Vrrguco sz, verucosus. Warty. 
Having little warty knob-like 
substances on the surface. 
Vir'saTice, versa‘iilis. Lying ho-~ 
rizontally and moving freely on 
a point. Particularly applied to, 
anthers lying on the point of the 
filaments. . 
Ver'lex. The summit. 
Ver'ticat, verlicalis. Standing 
or hanging up and down at right 
angles with the horizon ; or pa- 
rallel to the ster. 


UND 


WERTEBRAL ANimaLs. One of the 


four grand divisions of animals, | 


characterised by having back 
bones. Avertebral animals have 
no back bones, as oysters, lob- 
sters, &c. 
Verticilla'tus.. See whorled. 
Vesic'uLAR, vesicula’ris, Contain- 
ing, or consisting of, a cellular 


substance. 

Ves'seLs. See vasa. 

Vexil'lum. See banner of pea- 
flowers. 

VisrissaE. Smellers. Hairs of 


a peculiar kind, generally very 
stiffy, growing on or near the 
nostrils. 

Vigi'lie planta'rum. The determin- 
ed hoursof the day, when certain 
plants expand and shut their 
flowers. See sleep. 

Vitto’sz, villo’sus. Having a su- 
perficial covering of long soft 
whitish hairs. The calyptra of 
some mosses consist wholly of 
a mat of hairs. 

Vil'lus.. Fine soft hairs. 

Vi'men. A withe. A twig which 
_is slender and flexible. 

Viola'ceous. Violet coloured. 

Vires'cens. Inclining to green. 

Vir'Gate, virga'tus. Wand-like. 
Slender rod. 

Vir'idis. Green. 

Virgul'tum. Small twig. 

Viro'sus. | Nauseous disgusting 
smell. 

Vis'cip, wis'cidus. Covered su- 
perficially with a tenaceous 
juice. 

Viscip I1Ty, visco'sitas. Clammi- 
ness. Possessing an adhesive 
quality. 

Vitel'linus. Yellow with a tinge 
of red. 

Vitel‘lus. A thin substance in the 
seeds of some plants, closely 
connected with the embryo, but 
never rising out of the ground 
with it in germination. It is 
never in plants with genuine as- 
cending cotyledons ; and per- 


haps it may serve to perform the 
functions of cotyledons. It is 
between the albumen and em- 
bryo, when albumen is present: 
It composes the bulk of the 
seeds of mosses and ferns.— 
Smith. 

Vit'reus. 
hyaline. 

Re pete, Producing its off- 
spring alive, either by bulbs in- 
stead of seeds, or by seeds ger- 
minating onthe plant. Itis ap- 
plied to animals produced alive, 
not from the egg. 

Uligino'sus. Growing in damp 
places. 

Ul'na. Arm’s length. 

Um'sext, umbel'la. That kind of 
inflorescence, where several 
flower-stems diverge from one 
place, like the braces of an um- 
brella; bearing florets on their 
extremities. If these flower- 
stems are subdivided, a partial 
umbel is formed. 

Umseuuir'eERovs. Bearing um- 
bels ; as carrot, dill, fennel. 

Um'BELert, umbel'lula. A partial 
or lesser umbel. 

Umbi'licus. A naval. Applied to 
shells, it means the perforation 
in the direction of the spire, as 
in the nerita, &c. 

Umain/icate, umbilica'tus. Navel- 
led. Havinga kind of central 
roundish hollow or protuber- 
ance ; as on the end of an apple, 
or of a pompion. 

Umbona'tus. See bossed. 

Umbrinus. Umber colour. 
brown. A brown shade. 

Unangula'tus. One-angled. 

Unarm/ep. Having no thorns nor 
prickles. 

Uneia' lis. 
nail. 

Un'crnaTE, uncina'tus. Hooked at 
the end. See hamus. 

Unctuo'sus, Greasy, unctuous. 

Un’putats, undula'tus or unda'tus. 
Wavy. Rising and falling, om 


Glassy, colourless. See 


Snuff- 


As long as the thumb- 


extending and receding in 
waves. 

Un’pgrsHRvB. See suffrutex. 

Unpivi'pep. See indivisus. 

Unz'quat. The parts not corres- 
ponding in size, form and dura- 
tion. 

Unevic'utate, unguicula'tus. A 
petal with a claw. 

Un'guis. A claw, which see. 

Un'cunats, ungula'tus. In t 
form of a horse’s hoof; as the 
common touch-wood, (boleteus 
igniarius. ) : 

Unicapsula'ris. Having one cap- 
sule to each flower. 

U'nicus. Single. Only one. 

Uniflo'rus. One-flowered. 

Unifor'mis. All parts alike, or 
corresponding. 

Unilabia'tus. One-lipped. 

Univat’erat, unilatera'lis. See 
one-sided. 

Unilocula'ris. One-celled. 

Uniner'viaL. One-nerved. 

Unisex'us. Either staminate or 
pistillate, not perfect. 

Unival'vis, One-valved. 

Univaseula'ris. Having one cup- 
form cell. 

Univer'sar, universa'lis. See par- 
tial, to which it is applied. 

Vou'va. The ring or wrapper of 
some fungous plants, which con- 
tracts in size as the plant grows 
older; as the mushroom. Will- 
denow calls that the volva only 
which encloses the fungus in the 
young state; and remains close 
upon the ground ever after. The 
ring around the stem above, he 
callsannulus. See ring. 

Volu‘bilis. See twining. 

Upri‘cut. See erect. 

Urceota TE, urceolatus. Bellying 
out like a pitcher, and not con- 
tracting much at top. 

 U'lrens. Stinging, armed with 

stings. 

_ Urn’-rorm. Swelling in the mid- 

dle and contracting at the top ; 

-___as the calyx of the rose. 

_. Wropreiav. Several long feathers 


i, 


above, on each side of the tail, 
differing inform from the oth- 
ers. 
Ustila'go. Stnut in grain. 
U'rricces. The little bag-like re- 
servoirs for sap, air, &c. 
Utric'ulus. A little bladder. 
Utrin'que acu'tus. Sharpening at. 
both ends. 


downy, &c. both sides. 


W. 


Wanp-iice. See virgatus. 

Wart ies. Pendant fleshy appen- 
dages under the chin of some 
swine and other animals. 

Wa'vep, or wa'vy. See undulate. 

Wenpe’r-rorm. Obovate with 
straitish sides. ; 

Weee.’-rorm. A monopetalous 
eorol with a spreading border, 
and an extremely short tube. 

Wouort'sp. Surrounding the stem 
in numbers at intervals; as the 
leaves of bedstraw, and the flow- 
ers of motherwort. Itis applied 
to the spiral convolutions of uni- 
valve shells. 

Wines. The two side petals in a 
papilionaceous corol. 

lt is also applied to the mem- 
branes affixed to seeds or peri- 
carps. Monopterygia, 1-winged. 
Dipterygia, 2-winged. Triptery- 
gia, 3-winged. Tetrapterygia, 
4-winged. Pentaplerygia, 5- 
winged. Polypterygia, many- 
winged. 

Wirne. See Vimen. A flexible 
wand. ‘ 

Wirn'erinc. Having a shrivel- 
led and decaying appearance 
though not actually ina state of 
decay; as the flowers of elm, 
(ulmus.) 

Woop. The most solid part of 
trunks and roots of trees and 
shrubs. It is also applied to the 
part of herbaceous plants be- 
tween the bark and pith. 


glab'er villo'sus, &c. sleek, 


YY : 
el ' 


_ Woon!'r. Not herbaceous. 
Woot'ty. See lanate. 
Wrinx'tep. See rugose. 
‘Wri'tHep. Seecoiled. Twisted. 


Z. 


Ziezac. See flexuose. 


. 


Zootocy. The science of ani- 
mals. 

Zooruytes. Animal-plants. The 
radiated animals, which resem- 


ble plants in many respettss. 


Such as the sea fan, &c: 


